公共建筑能源效率与室内空气质量外文翻译中英文2018
高效节能建筑技术的研究与应用(英文中文双语版优质文档)
高效节能建筑技术的研究与应用（英文中文双语版优质文档）With the development of human society, buildings, as an integral part of human life, consume more and more energy. At the same time, due to the increasingly serious problems of global warming and environmental pollution, energy conservation and emission reduction has become an urgent problem to be solved in the current construction field. To achieve sustainable development, the construction industry must adopt energy-efficient building technologies that minimize energy consumption and pollution. This article will discuss the research and application of energy-efficient building technologies.1. Research and application of building insulation technologyBuilding insulation technology is one of the important means of building energy saving. In winter, building insulation technology can reduce the loss of indoor heat, increase the indoor temperature, and reduce the consumption of heating energy. In summer, building insulation technology can reduce the entry of outdoor heat, lower the indoor temperature, and reduce the energy consumption of air conditioning. The research and application of building insulation technology can be realized by optimizing building materials, designing building structures, and improving the external environment of buildings. For example, the use of thermal insulation materials can improve the thermal insulation performance of buildings, and improving the external environment of buildings can reduce the impact of heat on buildings in summer.2. Research and application of architectural lighting technologyBuilding daylighting technology is another important means of energy saving. By adopting a reasonable lighting system, the use of natural light can be maximized and the use of artificial lighting can be reduced. At the same time, the daylighting system can also improve indoor air quality and increase living comfort. The research and application of architectural lighting technology can be realized by optimizing architectural design, adopting efficient lighting system, and improving the surrounding environment of buildings. For example, in the architectural design process, windows and skylights can be properly arranged to maximize the use of natural light and reduce the use of artificial lighting.3. Research and application of building solar energy utilization technologySolar energy is a clean and renewable energy, and building solar energy utilization technology is one of the important means of building energy conservation. By adopting technologies such as solar panels, solar water heaters, and solar air conditioners, solar energy can be converted into electricity or heat, reducing the dependence of buildings on traditional energy sources. The research and application of building solar energy utilization technology can be realized by optimizing building design, selecting suitable solar energy utilization technology, and improving solar energy utilization efficiency. For example, in architectural design, the orientation and inclination angle of solar panels can be reasonably set to maximize the use of solar energy.4. Research and application of building water-saving technologyBuilding water saving technology is an important part of building energy saving. In modern cities, the problem of water shortage is becoming more and more prominent. Building water-saving technology can reduce the demand for water resources in buildings and protect water resources. The research and application of building water-saving technology can be realized by optimizing building design, adopting water-saving equipment, and improving the surrounding environment of buildings. For example, water-saving devices such as low-flow faucets and water-saving toilets can reduce the building's water demand.5. Research and application of building intelligent technologyBuilding intelligent technology is an emerging field of building energy conservation. By adopting intelligent systems, buildings can realize automatic control, maximize the use of energy and reduce energy waste. The research and application of building intelligent technology can be realized by designing intelligent systems, adopting intelligent equipment, and improving the management of intelligent systems. For example, in the design of intelligent building systems, the automatic control of environmental parameters such as indoor temperature, humidity, and light can be realized to achieve the maximum utilization of energy.6. Research and Application of Building Ecological TechnologyBuilding ecological technology is another important means of building energy saving. By adopting green building materials, building greening, recycling and other technologies, the impact of buildings on the environment can be reduced, and the harmonious coexistence of buildings and the environment can be realized. The research and application of building ecological technology can be realized by choosing green building materials, building greening design, and realizing building recycling. For example, degradable materials can be used in architectural design to realize the recycling of building materials and reduce the impact on the environment.To sum up, the research and application of high-efficiency and energy-saving building technologies is an important direction for future building development. By adopting various means such as energy-saving technology, solar energy utilization technology, water-saving technology, intelligent technology and ecological technology, it is possible to achieve building energy conservation, reduce dependence on traditional energy sources, reduce demand for water resources, maximize energy use, reduce The impact on the environment, to achieve the harmonious coexistence of architecture and the environment. This can not only reduce building operating costs and improve building quality, but also make positive contributions to protecting the environment and promoting sustainable development. Therefore, the research and application of high-efficiency and energy-saving technologies for buildings should be valued and promoted.随着人类社会的发展，建筑作为人类生活中不可或缺的一部分，对于能源的消耗也越来越多。
外文翻译--浅谈加强公共建筑节能和节能设计的重要性
外文翻译--浅谈加强公共建筑节能和节能设计的重要性中文3886字附录附录A 外文翻译Talking About The Importance Of Strengthening PublicBuilding Energy Efficiency And Energy Saving DesignAbstract：In recent years, with the rapid development of national economy and accelerating urbanization, China's building energy consumption accounts for the proportion of the community is also growing rapidly, increasing by one percentage point more than a year, of which, many large public buildings to "seek Yang, Innovation, and big" building energy consumption and become a "black hole." Strengthening building energy efficiency, especially in public buildings and promoting energy efficiency and the rational use of energy and resource conservation fundamentally ease the contradiction between supply of energy resources and economic and social development, improve people's quality of life. Building energy efficiency design which is also a very important part. This paper focuses on the importance of energy efficiency in public buildings and how the implementation of building energy efficiency in building design are described, and made some personal advice.Keywords：Public buildings Building energy efficiency Building energy efficiency design Importance1IntroductionOur country is a developing country, it is a big country building, housing a total construction area of the country has more than 400 million square meters of new housing area per year up to 17~18 million square meters, more than the sum of all the developed countries each year completed the construction area. Withthe gradual advance of building a well-off society, the rapid development of construction, building energy consumption growing rapidly and has become the world's second largest energy consumer. Some public buildings are often used as a symbol of the modern city, but due to the special nature of its structure and purpose, and often also public buildings energy-hungry, energy-saving potential of such buildings urgently mining. Second, strengthen the construction of energy-saving, especially the importance of energy efficiency in public buildings. 2Strengthen the construction of energy-saving, especially the importance of energy efficiency in public buildings2.1The need to strengthen the energy efficiency of public buildings and social developmentWith the rapid economic and social development, and constantly improve the living standards of technology and science and technology, energy problem has become one of the important countries in the world. The total energy consumption in the world, 25% to 40% of energy consumption in buildings. At present, China's total energy consumption building society accounts for the total energy consumption of 27%, gradually, refrain. Especially in recent years, with the European style of vogue, many large public buildings as "seeking ocean, Innovation, and big", the pursuit of facade effect, a large area with glass walls, winter cold, summer heat, must resort to air conditioning adjust the room temperature, so that the air conditioning energy consumption than the general construction of such buildings to be three times higher. According to the survey, China has about 500 million of large public buildings, power consumption 70~300⋅kW years for residential 8~15 times. China's large public building ⋅2h/menergy consumption per square meter in the 10~20 times that of ordinary residential buildings, public buildings, including many large energy government offices, commercial buildings in the course of its heating, air conditioning, ventilation, lighting and other aspects of consumption construction accounts for about 30% of the country's total energy consumption. Thus, strengthening building energy efficiency, especially in public building energy efficiency is imperative.2.2To enhance public building energy efficiency is needed to improve the working and living environmentWith the gradual advance of building a moderately prosperous society,comfortable thermal environment is increasingly becoming the need of people's work and life. In developed countries, the suitable temperature has become a basic needs. In China, people are gradually increased requirements for quality of life. Meanwhile, China's vast territory, continental climate performance significantly: compared with other regions of the same latitude, the winter of the world's coldest countries in the same latitude, the average January temperature Northeast than other regions of the same latitude average low 15~20 ℃, the Huang-Huai basin low 10~15℃, south of the Yangtze low 6~10℃, southern coastal also low 5℃; summer is on the same latitude in the world average warmest countries (except the desert), the average temperature in July northeast than other regions of the same latitude the average high 4℃, North high 2.5℃, the Yangtze River is high 1.5 ~ 2℃. Therefore, hot summer and cold winter, long plagued the nation. More to improve people's lives, the more unbearable winter heat toss, heating in winter to the summer to cool, which consumes energy. Initial investigation found that summer air conditioning power consumption is a major factor in recent years, increasing in civilian electricity. The energy consumption of public buildings is to become the "black hole", air-conditioning systems in public buildings energy consumption of buildings accounts for the proportion of total energy consumption is increasing year by year. From a macro perspective, only to achieve the conservation and rational use of energy resources in order to meet people's need for a comfortable thermal environment. Thus, strengthening building energy efficiency, especially in public buildings energy- delay.2.3Strengthen public building energy efficiency is to realize the need for national energy saving targetsChina's "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" proposed to reduce by about 20% during the "Eleventh Five-Year" energy consumption per unit of gross domestic product, the total discharge of major pollutants by 10%. "Twelve Five-Year" Plan also proposed that "five" period of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to 11.4%; reduce energy consumption per unit of GDP by 16%, reduce carbon dioxide per unit of GDP by 17%; major significantly reduce pollutant emissions and chemical oxygen demand and sulfur dioxide emissions were reduced by 8%, ammonia, nitrogen oxide emissions were reduced by 10%. With the rapid development of urbanization, heating and air conditioning building energy increasing, the rapid growth of emissions of pollutants into theatmosphere. China's carbon dioxide emissions have been accounted for second in the world, while building carbon dioxide emissions can be caused also accounted for using the country's total emissions of carbon dioxide can cause 1/4. In a period of time, this situation still exists, energy saving long way to go.2.4The need to strengthen public building energy efficiency building technology advancesOn the one hand, increasing as the country's energy requirements of the building, a fundamental part of the walls, doors, windows, roofs, floors and heating, lighting and other buildings have undergone tremendous changes. Housing construction is no longer a world of several traditional masonry and other materials, learning materials and processes used in practice for many years may have to quit the stage of history. Sprung up many new efficient insulation materials, sealing materials, energy efficient equipment and insulation pipes. On the other hand, the emergence of new energy-saving materials also contributed to the continuous development and create technology. Construction-related industries, such as design, construction and other sectors have to adjust the technical structure, create better meet people's needs energy-efficient buildings. 3The importance of strengthening public building energy efficiency design Building energy efficiency is the sum of the whole life of the whole building process every step of energy. Refers to the building planning, design, new (renovation, expansion), transformation and use of the process, the implementation of building energy efficiency standards, using energy-saving technologies, processes, equipment, materials and products to improve building insulation and heating performance heating, air conditioning, refrigeration and heating system efficiency, strengthening building energy systems operation and management, use of renewable energy, to ensure the quality of indoor thermal environment, reduce the number of heating, air conditioning, refrigeration and heating, lighting, hot water supply energy consumption. Building energy efficiency design is a comprehensive building energy efficiency is a very important part, is to enhance energy efficiency in buildings first gate.3.1The overall energy-saving design and the external environment3.1.1Reasonable sitingConstruction site is mainly based on the factors of local climate, soil, water, topography and the surrounding environmental conditions, considering.Architectural design, both to make the building suitable microclimate maintained throughout its life cycle, while also achieve the harmony of architecture and nature.3.1.2Rational design of the external environmentAfter building address is determined, according to the needs of architectural features, the external environment through rational design, to improve the existing micro-climate, creating an enabling environment for building energy efficiency.3.1.3Reasonable planning and program designReasonable construction planning and program design can effectively adapt to the harsh micro- climate. It includes determining the amount of the overall body building, body building and construction portfolio size, construction and other aspects of sunshine and orientation. Like yurt circular plane, conical roofs can effectively adapt to the harsh prairie climate, serve to reduce building cooling area, resist sand effect. For most areas, the introduction of energy-efficient natural ventilation of the building is very important. On the layout, you can create different pressure through the sunny side and the shady side of the building, ventilation can be formed even in no wind. Forming a tunnel in the body design of the building, so that the natural wind in which the roundabout, get good ventilation, so as to achieve the purpose of energy conservation. Sunshine principles and towards the choice is to get enough sunlight in winter and avoid the dominant wind, summer can take advantage of natural ventilation and minimize solar radiation. However, the orientation towards the construction program and the design of the building is often constrained by social history, culture, topography, urban planning, roads, environmental conditions, in order to make towards the building while meeting the summer heat and winter insulation is often difficult. Therefore, only trade-offs between various factors, to find a balance, try to be reasonable.3.2Energy-saving design monomers3.2.1Energy-saving structural design of various parts of the buildingEnergy-efficient structural design of various parts of the building, mainly to meet the same building as a fundamental part of the function, to be further design aspects of the material through the various parts (roof, floors, walls, doors, windows, etc.), construction and so on. Make full use of the building exteriorclimate conditions, to save energy and improve the effect of indoor microclimate environment.(1)Energy-saving design for roofThe roof is an important part of the building and the outdoor air in contact with the main energy saving measures: ①the use of sloping roof; ②Set roof insulation layer; ③If necessary, an additional roof insulation (insulated overhead roofing, water roofing, green roofs, etc.).(2)Energy-saving design for floor layerThe main structure is the use of a hollow space, and the design of the floor to the ceiling shape. If the circulating water disposed therein, the summer can reduce the indoor temperature of cold water circulating in winter and hot water circulation heating.(3)Energy-saving design for building envelope wallIn addition to energy-saving design of the wall to adapt to climate conditions, good insulation, moisture, insulation and other measures, should be reflected in the special structure can improve the micro-climate conditions, such as cold regions of the sandwich wall design, passive solar house in various regenerative wall (water wall) design, the Baghdad area in order to adapt to local climatic conditions are hot and dry in the wall of the outlet design.(4)Energy-efficient doors and windows designAccording to statistics, in our existing buildings with high energy consumption, 40% of the energy is dissipated through the doors. Therefore, to solve the problem of energy-saving windows and doors is important.(5)Energy-efficient building envelope design detailEnergy-saving design detail, the overall energy efficiency of the building is also very important. Should proceed with the following parts: ①thermal bridge, take a reliable insulation and the "bridge" measure; ②the external walls and overhangs member attached to the wall components, such as balconies, rain cover, by the facades balcony railing, air conditioner outdoor unit shelf, with pilasters, bay windows, decorative lines, bridges and shall take off the heat insulation measures; ③window around the walls should be insulated; ④doors, window frames and wall the gap between the insulation material should be used efficiently caulking; ⑤the gap doors, window frames and plaster layers around, should adopt caulking sealant insulation materials and seal the interface ofdifferent materials to avoid cracking, impact doors, thermal performance windows; ⑥all-glass curtain wall, the gap walls, floor or between beams and walls should be filled with insulation material.3.2.2Rational design of building spaceReasonable space is designed in a fully meet the functional requirements of the building using the premise of reasonable architectural space delimited (delimited flat and vertical separator) to improve indoor insulation, ventilation, lighting and other micro-climatic conditions, to save energy.3.2.3Selection of energy-saving building materialsAn important aspect of the rational use of energy-saving building materials are also comprehensive building energy efficiency. Building materials should be selected to follow a healthy, efficient, economical, energy-saving principles. On the one hand, with the development of technology, a lot of new efficient materials continue to be developed and applied to architectural design to better achieve energy savings. Such as new insulation material, waterproof material used in walls, roofs, and achieve a better insulation moisture effects; new translucent insulating glass (such as Low-E glass, etc.) in windows applications, played a better aluminum with adjustable visor to shade the purpose; translucent insulation.4ConclusionIn recent years, a series of national regulations and local building energy efficiency standards were introduced, from government officials to the construction industry all employees, not just from the thought of the importance of energy efficiency in buildings have a certain visual recognition, and in particular work has also made certain achievements. However, with China's energy goals, there is a considerable gap, particularly public building energy efficiency, hesitant, far more than other civil difficulty saving. The reason for the policy on both factors, there are also reasons for funding. But I think the key is thinking and understanding is not in place, as long as the profound understanding of the importance of strengthening public building energy efficiency, we will be able to achieve our energy efficiency goals.From:Theoretical Studies Of Urban Construction浅谈加强公共建筑节能和节能设计的重要性摘要：近年来，随着国民经济的快速发展，城市化进程的不断加快，我国建筑能耗占社会能耗的比重也在快速增长，每年增加一个百分点以上，而其中，不少大型公共建筑为“求洋、求新、求大”而成为建筑能耗的“黑洞”。
能耗 翻译
能耗翻译【释义】energy consumption[物] 能量损耗【短语】1能耗强度energy intensity2单位国内生产总值能耗energy consumption per unit of GDP3能耗制动机dynamic braking ; DWDB ; resistance braking ; Energy consumption brake4建筑能耗building energy consumption ; construction energy consumption ; building energy consuming ; energy consumption in buildings5能耗监测Energy-consuming Supervising ; energy consumption monitoring ; energy monitoring6低能耗Bluetooth Low Energy ; BLE ; low power7综合能耗comprehensive energy consumption ; kgce ; integrated energyconsumption ; total production energy consumption8单位能耗specific energy consumption ; unit energy consumption ; unit consumption of energy ; specific power consumption9建筑能耗分项计量building energy- subentry measure【例句】1第十八天：评估你的支出——能耗。
Day 18: Evaluating Your Expenses - energy.2比如说，能耗强度正在攀升。
Energy intensity, for instance, is going up.3一是完善并严格执行能耗和环保标准。
公共建筑节能设计标准 英文
公共建筑节能设计标准英文Public buildings play a crucial role in society, providing essential services to millions of people around the world. However, these buildings also consume a staggering amount of energy, contributing to the global carbon footprint and ultimately affecting the environment. The importance of energy conservation in public buildings cannot be overstated, and that is why governments and international organizations have created standards for energy-efficient building design, with guidelines provided for architects, designers, and builders. In this article, we will discuss the steps involved in designing energy-efficient public buildings, according to the established standards.Step 1: Building Orientation and DesignThe orientation and design of a building have a significant impact on its energy efficiency. Building orientation should be such that the south-facing facade of the building receives maximum exposure to sunlight, while minimizing exposure to the north-facing facade, which receives the least amount of sunlight. The design of the building should also include strategic placement of windows and shading to maximizenatural light while minimizing heat gain.Step 2: Energy Efficient LightingLighting accounts for a significant portion of a building's energy consumption. Energy-efficient lighting, such as LED and CFL, should be used extensively throughout the building. Daylighting techniques can also be employed to reduce the need for artificial lighting during the day.Step 3: HVAC SystemsHeating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems represent a significant portion of a building's energy consumption. Energy-efficient HVAC systems, such as variable refrigerant flow (VRF) and geothermal systems, should be used in the building design. It is also essential to design the HVAC systems to provide optimal temperature control and reduce heat loss.Step 4: InsulationProper insulation is critical for energy conservation in public buildings. The insulation should be installed throughout the building, including walls, floors, and ceilings, to reduce heat gain or loss.Step 5: Renewable EnergyIncorporating renewable energy sources, such as solar panels and wind turbines, into the building design can significantly reduce the building's energy consumption. The use of renewable energy systems should be optimal, integrated with the building design, and minimize the carbon footprint.The establishment of energy-efficient standards for public building design represents a significant step toward reducing the carbon footprint of public buildings. These standards act as a guide for architects, designers, and builders to create buildings and facilities that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impact. The adoption of these standards will contribute to a sustainable future, making public buildings an energy-efficient spacethat reduces costs for the government and taxpayers. Overall, efficient public building design is beneficial for the environment, the economy, and society as a whole.。
住宅节能分步外文文献翻译
RESIDENTIAL ENERGY SA VINGSSTEP BY STEPSANDSTROM.G,GUSTA VSSON.S1INTRODUCTIONAll too many homeowner-level guides to building technology are written by authors who have little more than a homeowner-level of understanding themselves. No one can make that complaint about Bruce Harley’s excellent Cut Your Energy Bills Now: 150 Smart Ways to Save Money & Make Your Home More Comfortable & Green(see Figure 9). As an engineer and well-known energy expert, Harley knows his way around a blower door. Equally important, he writes clearly and well, and doesn’t try to do too much: at 122 pages long, the richly photographed and illustrated book is short enough that one can actually imagine a motivated homeowner sitting down and reading the entire thing from cover to cover, rather than simply flipping through before running amok with a caulking gun.2A Systems ApproachWith the perspective of long experience, Harley starts by describing the systematic approach through which he will guide the reader. “Before we start looking at the projects themselves, we’ll talk about the house as a series of systems, and the ways these systems use energy,〞he writes. “Understanding your energy use will help you create a strategy that works for you and will help you capitalize on opportunities to reduce costs or leverage benefits whenever you are doing other remodeling work on your house. I’ll provide an overview of environmental impact and health and safety concerns right in your home. Then I’ll show you how to get outside help when you need it: financial help, technical help, and contractor help. This will help you plan ahead so you can get the maximum benefit from these steps and projects at a minimum of cost and effort.〞The heads of the seven chapters that follow pretty much sum up the range of possibilities for residential energy savings: Lighting and Plug-ins; Big Appliances; Hot Water; Heating and Cooling; Your Leaky House; Insulation; and Windows and Doors. A particular highlight of the“Heating and Cooling〞chapter is an excellent three-page section on do-it-yourself duct sealing that Harley approaches with his usual common-sense realism: “Sealing your leaky air ducts may be the most important single thing you can do to improve the energy performance of your house. This can be a big project, but it often doesn’t require any special skills–just a willingness to crawl into some difficult spots and get dirty.〞The accompanying photo spread of the right way to seal leaky metal duct with mastic and fiberglass tape wouldn’t be out of place in a technical manual for HVAC professionals, but the author never forgets who his readers are.〞Just make sure you don’t seal the chimney or furnace flue connector–it’s not a duct,〞he cautions. “(Furnace flues should be tight and secure, but if you see any gaps, have a heating contractor fix them–never use duct mastic.)〞3Low Cost, High ValueThe longest chapter in the book deals with finding and sealing building envelope leaks; appropriately, it also precedes the insulation chapter–a welcome change from home energy books that extol the benefits of piling added insulation in the attic, but give little or no consideration to fixing air leaks. As in the section on duct leaks, Harley honestly describes thepotential size of the problem and the level of effort required to adequately address it. His introductory passage perfectly sets the tone for the detailed directions that follow, and will bring a rueful smile of recognition to many energy-conscious builders:〞In most homes, the biggest and most costly leaks–which means the biggest opportunities for savings–are in the attic or basement. Here’s why: Sealing the living area of your house means keeping out air that comes in from any area of the home that’s not heated or air-conditioned. In most homes, basements and attics are big, unheated spaces. These two areas are typically riddled with holes from pipes, wiring, ductwork, and even interior wall cavities that are open to the attic and basement.〞“You don’t see these holes from inside your house, but they’re there, and they are sometimes big enough to stick your arm into. I’ve even crawled through some. Attic sealing is a medium-size project that can take several hours or several afternoons, but it’s well worth your time. And it should always be tackled before you cover things up by adding more insulation.〞4SUMMARYIn the book’s opening sentence, Harley states that his “goal is to steer you toward value by focusing on steps that are low cost or high benefit; some are both.〞He clearly achieves that goal, although a few questionable assertions creep in here and there. His contention that a light tube or tubular skylight–also known as a TDD, or tubular day lighting device–may eventually pay for itself in saved electricity seems unlikely; there are several good reasons to install a TDD, but reducing lighting costs probably isn’t one of them.The author also speaks approvingly of investing $6,000 to $12,000 in a solar hot water heater for domestic hot water, noting that it “[is] less expensive and offers a faster payback than today’s trendier solar equipment, photovoltaic panels.〞In reality, many solar thermal systems pay back extremely slowly. There’s also a substantial and growing body of evidence to suggest that a photovoltaic system, in conjunction with net metering and a heat-pump water heater, may be a more cost-effective option than solar thermal (see 〞Why Solar Thermal Payback Calculations are Tricky,〞EDU, March 2021).Finally, there are a few suggestions that, while technically sound, are unlikely to be followed by many readers, such as the recommendation to brush and vacuum the refrigerant coils under the refrigerator at least once every two months, or more often if there are pets in the home. It may be a good idea, but it’s just not going to happen.All in all, though, Cut Your Energy Bills Now offers a lot of bang for the buck. It covers a great many things that homeowners should know, without getting bogged down in complex and(to most homeowners) potentially confusing subjects like mechanical ventilation. If I were running a utility efficiency program, I’d find a way to buy this book in bulk, sell it at cost or give it away to customers, and consider it money well spent.住宅节能分步SANDSTROM.G,1引言有太多的关于没有比作者自己是房主更理解的建筑技术程度的指南。
建筑节能技术的推广与应用(英文中文双语版优质文档)
建筑节能技术的推广与应用（英文中文双语版优质文档）With the continuous aggravation of global climate change, energy and environmental issues have become the focus of attention. The construction industry is a major industry that consumes global energy. How to reduce building energy consumption and impact on the environment has become a key issue facing the global construction industry. In this context, building energy-saving technology has been widely concerned and applied.1. The development history of building energy-saving technologyThe development of building energy-saving technology can be traced back to the 1970s, when, due to the impact of the energy crisis, people began to pay attention to energy-saving issues. Since then, building energy-saving technology has gradually developed, and after decades of development, important progress has been made. The development of building energy-saving technology can be divided into the following stages:1. The first stage: 1970s to 1980sFrom the 1970s to the 1980s, people began to pay attention to building energy conservation. The main energy-saving measures adopted included adding heat insulation layers, installing energy-saving glass, and adopting energy-saving lamps.2. The second stage: 1990s to 2000sFrom the 1990s to the 2000s, building energy efficiency technologies were further developed. In addition to adopting traditional energy-saving measures such as heat insulation and lighting, advanced building energy-saving technologies such as solar energy and ground-source heat pumps have also been introduced.3. The third stage: the 21st centurySince the 21st century, building energy-saving technologies have been further developed and promoted. Governments and enterprises of various countries have begun to adopt more advanced technologies to improve building energy-saving levels, such as the use of high-efficiency heat insulation materials and building integration technologies.2. Application of building energy-saving technologyBuilding energy-saving technologies have been widely used around the world. Some typical cases are listed below.1. Nordic countriesThe Nordic countries are one of the regions in the world where building energy-saving technologies are widely used. The governments of these countries have very strict requirements on building energy saving, so building energy saving technologies have been widely used in these countries. For example, in countries such as Denmark and Sweden, the government encourages the use of renewable energy and low-carbon materials in the construction industry, while also setting strict energy consumption standards and building codes. These measures promote the sustainable development of the construction industry and at the same time contribute to environmental protection.2. ChinaChina is a big country in the global construction industry, and building energy-saving technologies have been widely used in China. For example, in big cities such as Beijing and Shanghai, the government has implemented building energy conservation standards, requiring new buildings to meet certain energy consumption standards. At the same time, China is also promoting new building energy-saving materials and technologies, such as the use of new heat insulation materials and integrated building design, to improve the level of building energy conservation.3. United StatesThe United States is also one of the important application countries of building energy-saving technology. The US government has invested a lot of money and manpower in the promotion of energy-saving technologies, for example, by formulating energy consumption standards and tax incentives to encourage enterprises to adopt energy-saving technologies. In addition, the United States is also researching and developing new building energy-saving technologies, such as using renewable energy such as solar energy and wind energy.3. Future development of building energy-saving technologyBuilding energy-saving technology will face some challenges and opportunities in the future development.1. ChallengeThe main challenges facing building energy efficiency technologies include:(1) Cost issue: At present, many building energy-saving technologies have relatively high costs, and long-term investment is required to obtain returns.(2) Technical issues: Some new building energy-saving technologies are still in the research and development and testing stage, and need to be further improved and promoted.(3) Awareness problem: In some areas, people's awareness of building energy conservation is not strong enough, and publicity and education need to be strengthened.2. OpportunitiesThe future development of building energy-saving technology also faces some opportunities:(1) Policy support: Governments of various countries have higher and higher requirements for building energy efficiency, and policy support has become more and more powerful.(2) Technological progress: new building energy-saving technologies are constantly emerging, and it is expected to achieve more efficient and economical energy-saving effects in the future.(3) Market demand: With the improvement of people's awareness of environmental protection, the market demand for building energy-saving technologies will gradually increase.Generally speaking, building energy-saving technology will face challenges and opportunities in the future development. It requires the joint efforts of the government, enterprises and all parties in society to promote the development of building energy-saving technology and promote the sustainable development of the building industry and environmental protection.随着全球气候变化的不断加剧，能源和环境问题成为了人们关注的焦点。
建筑能效-1-刘珊-中英文
建筑节能联盟企业委员会 Enterprise Committee
•参与项目设计Project design； •给项目提供示范工程、试验平台及研究经费Provide demonstration project, test platform and research funding； •为成员提供与国内外有关科研院所、大学和企业沟通合作、相互了解的机会Promote mutual cooperation and understanding with the enterprise.
CERC建筑节能联盟成立背景
CERC-BEE Founding Background
CERC建筑节能合作项目合作进展
U.S.-China Cooperation Progress
CERC建筑节能合作项目2011年度标志性成果
Annual Achievements
2012/6/12
住房和城乡建设部科技发展促进中心
2012/6/12 住房和城乡建设部科技发展促进中心 4
2011年1月18日，中美双方代表签署了中美清洁能源联合研究中心建筑节能 联盟联合工作计划。
On January 18, 2011,representatives of US and China have signed the joint work plan for research project on CERC Building Energy Efficiency.
2011年7月完成了所有课题任务书的签订。
In July 2011, all task contracts were signed.
2012/6/12
住房和城乡建设部科技发展促进中心
14
建筑节能中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译现代办公建筑发展新趋势绿色决定价值个性赢得市场进入二十一世纪后，美国人做过一项统计，发现美国税收来源的83.5%来自于写字楼，而不是工厂。
中国的比例估计还没那么高，但同样，写字楼已经不再像二十世纪工业文明时代那样，仅仅是工厂的管理附属，仅仅是企业的接待站，仅仅是管理者的门面，而真正成为了财富的聚集地。
因为写字楼性质的这一种根本性变化，写字楼开发，自然也越来越关注使用者，尤其是创造最大价值的员工本身的舒适、健康、个性化需求，能否激发使用者的灵感，进行更有效率的脑力创造，成为衡量新时代写字楼的主要标准。
现代办公建筑开发，因而出现了以下一些新的趋势。
生态办公：绿色决定价值好几年前，IBM就因为环境因素从中关村搬了出去，因为IBM的全球写字楼都要遵循22摄氏度的办公温度标准，用养热带鱼的标准养人、养设备，而中关村达不到这个要求。
大企业的挑剔显示了现代写字楼的最大特征———生态办公成为一种趋势，最贵的楼不再是最高的楼，而是环境最好、最舒适的楼。
当然，生态办公不仅意味着小环境的绿色舒适，还意味着针对大环境的节能环保，既让员工快乐工作，提高效率，更能节省使用费用，让老板快乐赚钱。
高层生态写字楼对于依赖市中心商务圈的高层写字楼而言，大环境无法选择，小环境的生态环保还是有很多作为的。
比如，通过薄板楼体、外遮阳设备、呼吸幕墙、隔热玻璃、新型空调、立体绿化等方式，来营造生态写字楼。
外遮阳设备在国外的高档写字楼中应用非常广泛，像英国的诺丁汉国内税务中心，就采用轻质遮阳板和自动控制的遮阳百叶，使整组建筑既能充分利用白天的自然光，有可以有效地遮挡室外的直射光线，避免室内炫光。
国内的高档写字楼，也开始慢慢采用外遮阳设备，如北京顶级写字楼新保利大厦，则在大楼的西侧和南侧采用了竖向石材遮阳百页，按照北京的四季光照设置最佳角度，确保夏天最大的遮阳效果和冬天最佳的日照效果。
墙体的保温隔热是建筑节能的重要部分，在现代办公建筑中，比一般幕墙更为保温、通风的可呼吸幕墙和LOW—E玻璃等带有特殊功能的玻璃成为首选。
Indoor Air Quality
(2)CO
CO是公共场所中最为常见的有毒气体 CO是公共场所中最为常见的有毒气体，主要来自燃料的 是公共场所中最为常见的有毒气体， 不完全燃烧和吸烟，工业排放、 不完全燃烧和吸烟 ， 工业排放 、 汽车尾气排放污染外界大 气环境， 气环境 ， 由于不合理的建筑格局和通风系统也可造成公共 场所CO含量过高。 CO含量过高 场所CO含量过高。
室 外
固定来源
工厂位置，产生能源
机动车 土壤 建筑材料
室 内
石料、水泥 木制品、镶面板 绝缘材料 阻燃材料 油漆
Occupational Health and Safety Assistance Shanghai
最常见的室内污染物及其来源(2) 最常见的室内污染物及其来源(2)
位置 来源 污染物 一氧化碳和二氧化碳、氮氧化物、 有机化合物、颗粒物 臭氧 纤维、微生物 二氧化碳、水蒸汽、气味 微生物 一氧化碳、其他化合物、颗粒物、 碳氟化合物、气味 有机化合物、气味 有机化合物、气味
Occupational Health and Safety Assistance Shanghai
为什么要重视室内环境问题？ 为什么要重视室内环境问题？
美国科学家在80年代末的一项调查中发现，室内有害污染 美国科学家在80年代末的一项调查中发现，室内有害污染 物浓度比室外高，有的可高达100倍。我国有关部门在 物浓度比室外高，有的可高达100倍。我国有关部门在 1994年的一次调查中也发现，城市室内空气的污染程度比 1994年的一次调查中也发现，城市室内空气的污染程度比 室外严重，有的超过室外56倍。现已查明，受污染的室内 室外严重，有的超过室外56倍。现已查明，受污染的室内 空气中除了一些我们所熟知的有毒有害物质外，存在着30 空气中除了一些我们所熟知的有毒有害物质外，存在着30 余种致癌物质，其中主要有多环芳烃及其衍生物、重金属 (铅、砷、铍、镍、铬 )、石棉和放射性氡及其子体等。 室内环境质量的恶化可以产生很多后果：对人体健康造成 危害，人们感觉不适等，同时影响工作效率，使整个社会 经济受到损失，据美国职业安全及健康管理局估计因室内 环境质量恶劣而导致每个员工每天损失14~15分钟的工作 环境质量恶劣而导致每个员工每天损失14~15分钟的工作 时间，除了个别商业因损失生产力使成本上升外；恶劣室 内环境质量也导致医疗费用的增多，使得广大社群的成本 上升。根据美国的另一项调查显示由于恶劣室内环境质量 而导致总经济成本的损失每年高达47~54亿美元，当然还 而导致总经济成本的损失每年高达47~54亿美元，当然还 没有包括对建筑材料及各种器材的损失。
1.6 Green and healthy housing 建筑 专业英语 翻译 蒋山 宜应文
In recent years, house design and construction issues have brosdened beyond energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality to include embodied energy content and durability of construction materials.A green house is s highperformance home with respect to its energy use and a healthy home regarding its indoor environmental quality. Its small carbon footprint also makes it an earth-friendly home. The challenge facing designers facing designers and builders is to incorporate each of these concerns into the housing process without compromising affordability, aesthetics, or function . In other words, green design represents construction techniques that minimize impacts on the natural environment and create healthy indoor spaces for building occupants. 近年来,房子的设计和建设问题已经扩大超出能源效率和室 内环境质量,包括具体能源内容和耐久性的建筑材料。一个绿色的房子年代高性 能回家就其能源使用和一个健康的家庭室内环境质量关于其。它的小的碳足迹 也使它成为一种环境友好的家。设计师所面临的挑战和建筑商面临设计师是将 每个这些担忧房地产过程不影响负担能力、美学、或函数。换句话说,绿色设计 代表了施工技术,减少对自然环境和创造健康的室内空间的住户。
绿色建筑翻译资料
1 point 1分
Monitoring of electricity consumption.监控电能消耗
1 point 1分
1-3 Air-conditioning空调
鼓励办公室设定节能计划，设定目标提高办公室节能效率。提出今后3年节能计划的内容，措施，以及实施策略。
2 points 2分
1-2 Electricity Usage电能的利用
Encourage the design of system that monitor and manage electricity consumption鼓励使用具有监控以及可管理电能消耗功能的设计软件。
(iii) Meeting rooms, pantry, etc with specialty occupancies having control capable of sensing space use and respond to space demand
会议室，储藏室等特殊地方配置能够感应空间温度的开关
Encourage the use of energy efficient office equipment to save energy. Use of energy efficient office equipment such as • Computer • Monitor • Fax machine • Printer • Photocopier
1-5 Office Equipment办公设备
1-6 Energy Efficient Features高效能源的特征
住宅建筑节能外文翻译中英文2019
住宅建筑节能外文翻译中英文2019英文Environmental and economic implications of energy efficiency in new residential buildings: A multi-criteria selection approachDelia D'Agostino, Danny Parker, Paco MeliaAbstractThe choice of the most appropriate technologies in buildings is often a challenge at the design stage, especially when many different criteria are taken into account. Consequently, the decision process relies often on one criterion only, such as costs or energy savings. We propose a multi-criteria approach based on multi-attribute utility theory to assess alternative energy efficiency measures, explicitly considering both environmental and economic criteria. We apply it to the design of a new residential building in Milan (Italy), with the aim to maximize CO2 emission savings related to electricity and gas consumption, and to minimize embodied energy and investment costs. After modelling the building prototype, alternative energy efficiency measures are assessed and ranked according to the selected criteria.The building optimized through the implementation of the best performing measures showed an overall 90% reduction in operational primary energy compared to the baseline building. The inclusion of the embodied energy altered the energy performance calculations resulting in55–67% reduction in total energy over a 10-year period, and 77–82% over a 30-year period. Results point to the importance of a comprehensive implementation of measures, such as thermal improvements, high efficiency equipment, appliances, and renewable energy generation. The paper demonstrates the feasibility of this framework to support the decision process from a multi-criteria perspective, proposing a flexible method that can be adapted to other building types, environmental conditions, materials and technologies. It also highlights the importance of considering both environmental and economic criteria when designing a new building. It stresses how the embodied energy should be a criterion for technology selection, as current strategies to reduce operational energy often increase the amount of energy embodied into buildings with environmental consequences.Keywords：Multi-criteria decision making，Energy efficiency measures，Embodied energy，Multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT)，Building modelling and simulation，CO2emission savingsIntroductionEnergy efficiency is recognized as one of the priorities of the Energy Union strategy. Improving energy efficiency is expected to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy import dependency, create jobs, boost energy security, support research, innovation and competitiveness. Accounting for approximately 40% of primary energyand 36% of greenhouse emissions, the building sector is currently the largest end-use sector in Europe. In particular, the residential sector consumes more than a quarter of total energy and accounts for two thirds of building consumption.The European Union has launched a policy framework aimed at reducing energy consumption and obtaining considerable savings from buildings. The Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) and the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) contain important provisions, but a major step forward is represented by the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive recast. The Directive establishes the implementation of nearly zero energy buildings (NZEBs) as the building target from 2018 onwards. NZEBs are defined as buildings with a very high energy performance, where energy requirements should mostly be covered by renewable energy sources. Another important novelty is the introduction of cost-optimality. A methodology is described to derive cost-optimal levels of minimum energy performance requirements. The cost-optimal level represents the energy performance which leads to the lowest cost over the building lifecycle.Combining NZEBs and cost-optimality remains challenging and often performed only at a research level. Additionally, although different studies have highlighted that reaching the NZEBs target is achievable, it is not always proven that the selected design choices are the most suitablefrom both an environmental and economic perspective.Moreover, improving energy efficiency in buildings has been mainly focused on reducing operational emissions (e.g. linked to heating, ventilation, air conditioning systems (HV AC), domestic hot water, lighting, appliances), but it is estimated that about 30% of the energy consumed throughout the lifetime of a building is within its embodied energy.Research aimsThis study aims at illustrating a method able to select the technology measures that are most convenient from an economic and environmental perspective. A new residential building located in Milan (Italy) is chosen as a case study. An assessment approach based on multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT) has been developed to support a multi-criteria evaluation of selected technology measures. The study considers at the same time the minimization of embodied energy and investment costs, as well as the maximization of electricity and gas savings associated with each measure. The proposed approach allows a comparison of alternative technologies to be potentially implemented in the building prototype. The research involves the following steps:•identification of appropriate criteria representing the different objectives of the decision and their organization into a hierarchy;•establishment of mathematical functions to evaluate the satisfaction(utility) associated with each alternative with respect to different criteria;•determination of a set of weights that represent the relative importance of each criterion to the overall utility;•evaluation and ranking of the alternatives.The baseline and the optimized building are then simulated and compared in terms of energy consumption, costs and CO2 emissions. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed to assess how the outputs are affected by the uncertainty on the relative importance of the selected criteria as well as embodied energy estimations.Literature reviewA literature review is now given in relation to the main topics linked to this paper: embodied energy, technology measures, and multi-criteria decision-making methods.Embodied energyAlthough largely ignored, the embodied energy comprises the materials used in the building and technical installations, as well as the energy consumed at the time of construction or renovation of the building. In particular, it includes: the energy used to extract raw resources, process materials, assemble product components, transport between each step, construction, maintenance and repair, deconstruction and disposal. The estimated embodied energy depends on factors such as building age, climate, and materials.The building envelope is a key element for both embodied and operational energy in buildings. In more detail, the building envelope (floors, walls, roof, and finishes) contributes for about 48–50% to the overall embodied energy of a standard house. Although envelope improvements contribute to lower operational energy consumption, there are concerns about the global warming potential and other impacts that some technologies can have on the environment.Embodied energy and costs of recycled and reused materials widely vary Recent literature emphasizes standard protocols for the estimation of embodied energy. Although there are standards, such as EN 15978 and subsequent standards, questions on embodied energy quantification remain. For instance, there is extensive uncertainty regarding the embodied energy evaluation, mainly linked to available data sources, estimation methodologies, variability of time and location.Both operational energy and embodied energy are subject to performance gaps. The gap can be between simulated and monitored data in relation to the operational energy. It is subject to measurement boundaries and empirical data sources for embodied energy data. Relative to building simulation, there have frequently been performance gaps where savings from simulation have been higher than that realized in real buildings. However, there are many efforts to address these shortcomings through the use of real monitored data to guide and validate simulationinputs.The most commonly used means to estimate embodied energy for materials or products is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) framework. This is a standardized environmental tool to quantify the energy, carbon or water liabilities which a product or process imposes on the physical environment. This is usually carried out as life-cycle energy assessment, a form of LCA where energy consumption of the various phases is measured to account for all energy inputs over the building life. Differences in embodied energy factors arise in embodied energy estimations due to differences in scope as well as in the technology used for material production and transportation.Besides the embodied energy, it is worth mentioning the embodied carbon which considers how GHGs are released throughout the supply chain to provide a material or service. It represents the carbon footprint of a material or process. It is an alternative metric which can be more comprehensive in accounting for the emissions intensity of the energy carrier.To date, a number of studies consider the embodied carbon or embodied energy as a criteria for technology selection along with energy savings and costs in low energy buildings. In particular, Thormark and others have shown that very low energy buildings typically have embodied energies that are much higher than conventional structures. Theadditional embodied energy must be recaptured by successful reductions in operational energy. As buildings become more efficient or approach NZEBs, embodied energy can become more than half the total building energy over its useful life. For the evaluation of a Passive House design, embodied energy has been found to be so high that 80 years are required to recapture through reduced operational energy. Thus, to reach a useful reduction in embodied energy, a comprehensive approach is needed beyond operational energy alone. Other studies have considered a multi-criteria approach to assist with measure selection. However, none of these have used a multi-attribute utility theory approach along with operational energy, carbon or embodied energy data together.Technology measuresThe choice of the technologies to be implemented is not an easy task at the building design stage. In the light of the European energy policy framework, a wide range of technologies to increase energy savings have become available during the last decade, enabling more interactive buildings. Generally, in efficient buildings, summer heat gains and winter heat losses are minimized, passive heating and cooling techniques are available, a rational use of daylight reduces lighting, the envelope dynamically controls the heat exchange between indoors and outdoors, renewable energy production compensates energy consumption, ICT guarantees a smarter use of energy, insulation reduces thermal losses, andsystems are more efficient.The envelope can considerably reduce energy needs in a building. New insulation materials are able to decrease heat transfer. Among them, there are fibreglass, polyurethane foam, polystyrene foam, cellulose insulation, and rock wool able to fill or coat walls, roofs, floors and façades. Nanotechnology is enabling the creation of new nanomaterials. Cool roofs can help minimize solar absorption and maximize thermal emission reducing the incoming heat flow and the energy used for cooling, in addition to reducing heat losses. The use of natural building materials can be an effective way to reduce embodied energy and in some cases can also determine a net CO2 uptake.Windows are a key element for the building performance. They provide shelter from the outside while allowing for admission of natural light, visual continuity, and natural ventilation. Thermal energy, daylighting, and acoustical performances are some of the key considerations in the selection of windows. Double or triple glazed windows with low emissivity reduce energy consumption by more than 40%. Films and coatings can be used on existing glazing to limit solar gains. A frequent measure is the installation of external shading devices.Innovative building façades, integrating different technologies, such as ventilated façades, solar chimneys, infra-red reflective paints, humidity control foils, solar energy absorbing thermal mass for night ventilation,contribute to the overall energy performance. The usefulness of green façades and green walls is also evident to mitigate the heat island effect.Efficient mechanical and smart systems significantly contribute to the energy performance. Heat recovery can reduce energy consumption recovering hot or cold air from ventilation exhausts and supplying it to the incoming air. Chillers can be up to three times more efficient than typical air conditioners. Condensing boilers use an additional heat exchanger to extract extra heat by condensing water vapour from combustion products.Photovoltaic (PV) systems are becoming ubiquitous and efficient, integrated as a building material. Biomass products are used in heating, and heat pumps (geo- and aero-thermal energy) are often used for ground-coupled and air-to-air heat exchange.Control automation and smart metering devices for interaction with utilities are rapidly developing. They allow the control of the energy demand/supply through ICT technologies, allowing field data to be gathered. Control systems include daylight, presence and motion control.The dynamic assessment of the impact of such technology measures on building energy performance is crucial, and requires the development of specific analysis and simulation techniques to select the most appropriate technologies to be implemented.Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methodsMulti-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods analyse a decision process by breaking it down into different steps and assigning a relative importance to specific decision criteria. The aim is to help the decision maker to deal with specific problems, compare and rank alternatives based on an evaluation of multiple, sometimes conflicting criteria. Mathematical models are then used to weight criteria, score alternatives, and synthesize the final results to identify the best alternatives. These methods have rapidly grown in research in recent years. They can clarify conflicts and trade-offs among criteria and support the selection. The following phases can be generally distinguished:• objective identification;• criteria development;• eneration, evaluation and selection of alternatives;• implementation and monitoring.As multi-criteria analysis can be affected by several sources of uncertainty, sensitivity analysis is desirable in most cases to evaluate the robustness of the results. A wide range of elements can contribute to the variability of the outcomes. The subjectivity of judgments, the imperfect knowledge of the system under investigation, the variability of the system parameters, which depend on several conditions, are some of the uncertain elements of the analysis. Table 2synthetises and describes some common MCDM methods.In the literature, MCDM methods have been used for several applications, such as procurement related regulation and environmental impact analyses. In relation to buildings, MCDM methods have been applied with different purposes. Among them: to assist with the selection of green technologies, to support low carbon building design, to evaluate climate change mitigation policy instruments, to assess the thermal renovation of buildings, to assist with building certification, to optimise NZEB design, to compare passive and active technology options, to evaluate the energy supply chain, to improve thermal and energy performance.However, due to a lack of confidence and established best practices within MCDM methods, designers and building managers rarely refer to decision-making tools. Moreover, in relation to buildings, the decision-making process often relies only on the economic criterion, which is mainly related to the cost-benefit ratio obtained with a financial performance analysis. Therefore, there is a need to investigate how MCDM methods can effectively support the decision-making process in relation to the choice of energy-efficient technology alternatives considering more criteria in the selection. In this paper, a multi-criteria decision analysis has been developed in the framework of multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT).Building technology offers large potential to improve the energyperformances of new and existing buildings. However, the choice of the technologies to be implemented is challenging, and the selection process often rests only on a single criterion, usually the economic one. This paper proposes a multi-criteria approach relying on multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT) to evaluate energy efficiency alternatives and rank them according to a set of selected criteria. The method allows a comparative assessment of alternative technology measures with the aim to improve electricity and gas savings, and reduce embodied energy and investment costs.The paper demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed method to integrate a range of information representing the impacts of design choices from multiple perspectives and to support the selection process. Our work provides a case study of energy-related decision making for a new residential building in Milan to illustrate the proposed multi-criteria analysis method. We considered technologies related to envelope, appliances and system, but the method may be applied to drive the decision process for a specific building part only, such as the envelope.A reduction of 90% in operational primary energy was achieved from the baseline to the optimized building. Including embodied energy, the reduction dropped to 55–67% in total energy over a 10-year period after construction, and 77–82% over a 30-year period. Uncertainty regarding embodied energy factors was shown to potentially reduce thisadvantage to 73–80%.The inclusion of embodied energy in the analysis is therefore crucial, as current strategies to reduce operational energy often increase substantially the amount of energy embodied into buildings, partially nullifying the benefits coming from improved thermal efficiency. Examples are metal or concrete overhangs in the South façade to reduce heat gain, extensive use of thermal insulation to reduce heat transfer through the envelope, and multi-glazed efficient windows.The MAUT method was used to rank the relative performances of the analyzed technologies. These can vary significantly depending on climate, materials, and local conditions. Although wool insulation is common in the city under investigation, the method indicates cavity wall insulation with wood construction and cellulose insulation as the most performing technology, a choice confirmed by the sensitivity analysis. This wall has a lower cost and embodied energy, and yields similar performances. In general, locally available, recyclable, and renewable technologies should be preferred while selecting the measures to be implemented at the design stage. Selected technologies for Milan show a combination of good insulation, building airtightness as well as efficient appliances, and lighting. PV is selected as the last measure to be implemented due to their high impact in terms of embodied energy, but can provide a substantial contribution to the energy balance of thebuilding and to decreasing utility bills.In future research, indicators for embodied carbon in addition to embodied energy are recommended. This is because embodied carbon may better capture the related emissions associated with the construction materials and processes being evaluated. There is rationale for this conservative approach as the embodied energy impact happens immediately upon construction. Little can be done after the energy is consumed with construction and the carbon emitted. This is contrary to the operational energy of the building which occurs over many years.The method can support stakeholders in the formulation of the problem, to investigate opportunities and limits of adopting specific technologies, as well as to facilitate the screening of unsuitable choices. A large-scale diffusion of affordable and easy to implement decision-making methods at the design stage is therefore desirable. Results can be also useful for the development of future energy policies in the light of the European Roadmap 2050 of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80% by 2050 compared to 1990 levels.中文新住宅建筑节能对环境和经济的影响：多准则选择方法摘要在设计阶段，尤其是在考虑许多不同标准时，在建筑物中选择最合适的技术通常是一个挑战。
外文翻译----浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗
Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with thewarmSummary:The research constructs environment, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason and influencing factor, can be more and reasonably put forward solve problem of method.Keyword:Constructing a warm of environment an air condition can consumeShallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with the warmThe energy provided motive for the development of the economy, but because of various reason, the development of the energy is a usually behind in economy of development.In the last few years, the growth rate maintenance of citizen's total output value of China are in about 10%, but the growth rate of the energy only have 3% ～s 4%.Such situation's requesting us has to economize on energy.The comparison that constructs the energy depletion in the society always the ability consume compares greatly, the building of the flourishing nations' use can have to the whole country generally and always can consume of 30% ～s 40%;China adopts the town population of the warm area although only 13.6% that have national population, adopt warm use an ability but have a whole country and always can consume of 9.6%.Construct the economy energy is the basic trend of the building development, is also a new growth of[with] the contemporary building science technique to order.The necessity of the modern building constitutes a part of warm, the air condition realm has already received the influence of this kind of trend as well, warm the economy energy within air condition system is cause a warm the attention of the air condition worker, and aims at different of the adopt of energy characteristics and the dissimilarity building of the nation,region is warm,well ventilated,the air condition request develop a related economy energy technique.The research constructs environment, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason and influencing factor, can be more and reasonably put forward solve problem of method.Warm the air condition can consume of constituteFor creating comfortable indoor air condition environment, have to consume a great deal of energy.Warm the air condition can consume is the building can consume medium of big door, reside to statistics a warm an air condition in the flourishing nation and can consume to have 65% that building can consume, canning consume to share by building always can consume of 356% calculation, warm the air condition can consume to share and always can consume of the comparison is up to 22.75% unexpectedly, be showed from this the building economy energy work of point should be warm the economy energy of the air condition.The air condition can consume to constitute and can see from the warm:Warm the air condition system can consume main the decision is cold in the air condition,hot the burden really certainly installs with the reasonable of the air condition system, the decoration of the air condition system and the choice of the air-condition take the air condition burden as basis of.So warm air condition economy energy of the key is the air condition the external world to carry to carry and inner part really settle, and warm air condition economy energy the work should also begin from this aspect, reasonable decoration building of position, the exactitude chooses the shape and material etc.s of the outside wall,door,window,roof, reducing air condition burden as far as possible.The influence of the indoor environmentWarm the target of the air condition is for people to provide comfortable life and produce indoor hot environment。
(建筑暖通工程)采暖通风与空气调节术语标准中英文对照
采暖通风与空气调节术语标准中英文对照AA-weighted sound pressure level A声级absolute humidity绝对湿度absolute roughness绝对粗糙度absorbate 吸收质absorbent 吸收剂absorbent吸声材料absorber吸收器absorptance for solar radiation太阳辐射热吸收系数absorption equipment吸收装置absorption of gas and vapor气体吸收absorptiong refrige rationg cycle吸收式制冷循环absorption-type refrigerating machine吸收式制冷机access door检查门acoustic absorptivity吸声系数actual density真密度actuating element执行机构actuator执行机构adaptive control system自适应控制系统additional factor for exterior door外门附加率additional factor for intermittent heating间歇附加率additional factor for wind force高度附加率additional heat loss风力附加率adiabatic humidification附加耗热量adiabatic humidiflcation绝热加湿adsorbate吸附质adsorbent吸附剂adsorber吸附装置adsorption equipment吸附装置adsorption of gas and vapor气体吸附aerodynamic noise空气动力噪声aerosol气溶胶air balance风量平衡air changes换气次数air channel风道air cleanliness空气洁净度air collector集气罐air conditioning空气调节air conditioning condition空调工况air conditioning equipment空气调节设备air conditioning machine room空气调节机房air conditioning system空气调节系统air conditioning system cooling load空气调节系统冷负荷air contaminant空气污染物air-cooled condenser风冷式冷凝器air cooler空气冷却器air curtain空气幕air cushion shock absorber空气弹簧隔振器air distribution气流组织air distributor空气分布器air-douche unit with water atomization喷雾风扇air duct风管、风道air filter空气过滤器air handling equipment空气调节设备air handling unit room空气调节机房air header集合管air humidity空气湿度air inlet风口air intake进风口air manifold集合管air opening风口air pollutant空气污染物air pollution大气污染air preheater空气预热器air return method回风方式air return mode回风方式air return through corridor走廊回风air space空气间层air supply method送风方式air supply mode送风方式air supply (suction) opening with slide plate插板式送（吸）风口air supply volume per unit area单位面积送风量air temperature空气温度air through tunnel地道风air-to-air total heat exchanger全热换热器air-to-cloth ratio气布比air velocity at work area作业地带空气流速air velocity at work place工作地点空气流速air vent放气阀air-water systen空气—水系统airborne particles大气尘air hater空气加热器airspace空气间层alarm signal报警信号ail-air system全空气系统all-water system全水系统allowed indoor fluctuation of temperature and relative humidity室内温湿度允许波动范围ambient noise环境噪声ammonia氨amplification factor of centrolled plant调节对象放大系数amplitude振幅anergy@angle of repose安息角ange of slide滑动角angle scale热湿比angle valve角阀annual [value]历年值annual coldest month历年最冷月annual hottest month历年最热月anticorrosive缓蚀剂antifreeze agent防冻剂antifreeze agent防冻剂apparatus dew point机器露点apparent density堆积密度aqua-ammonia absorptiontype-refrigerating machine氨—水吸收式制冷机aspiation psychrometer通风温湿度计Assmann aspiration psychrometer通风温湿度计atmospheric condenser淋激式冷凝器atmospheric diffusion大气扩散atmospheric dust大气尘atmospheric pollution大气污染atmospheric pressure大气压力（atmospheric stability大气稳定度atmospheric transparency大气透明度atmospheric turblence大气湍流automatic control自动控制automatic roll filter自动卷绕式过滤器automatic vent自动放气阀available pressure资用压力average daily sol-air temperature日平均综合温度axial fan轴流式通风机azeotropic mixture refrigerant共沸溶液制冷剂Bback-flow preventer防回流装置back pressure of steam trap凝结水背压力back pressure return余压回水background noise背景噪声back plate挡风板bag filler袋式除尘器baghouse袋式除尘器barometric pressure大气压力basic heat loss基本耗热量hend muffler消声弯头bimetallic thermometer双金属温度计black globe temperature黑球温度blow off pipe排污管blowdown排污管boiler锅炉boiller house锅炉房boiler plant锅炉房boiler room锅炉房booster加压泵branch支管branch duct(通风) 支管branch pipe支管building envelope围护结构building flow zones建筑气流区building heating entry热力入口bulk density堆积密度bushing补心butterfly damper蝶阀by-pass damper空气加热器〕旁通阀by-pass pipe旁通管Ccanopy hood 伞形罩capillary tube毛细管capture velocity控制风速capture velocity外部吸气罩capturing hood 卡诺循环Carnot cycle串级调节系统cascade control system铸铁散热器cast iron radiator催化燃烧catalytic oxidation 催化燃烧ceilling fan吊扇ceiling panelheating顶棚辐射采暖center frequency中心频率central air conditionint system 集中式空气调节系统central heating集中采暖central ventilation system新风系统centralized control集中控制centrifugal compressor离心式压缩机entrifugal fan离心式通风机check damper(通风〕止回阀check valve止回阀chilled water冷水chilled water system with primary-secondary pumps一、二次泵冷水系统chimney(排气〕烟囱circuit环路circulating fan风扇circulating pipe循环管circulating pump循环泵clean room洁净室cleaning hole清扫孔cleaning vacuum plant真空吸尘装置cleanout opening清扫孔clogging capacity容尘量close nipple长丝closed booth大容积密闭罩closed full flow return闭式满管回水closed loop control闭环控制closed return闭式回水closed shell and tube condenser卧式壳管式冷凝器closed shell and tube evaporator卧式壳管式蒸发器closed tank闭式水箱coefficient of accumulation of heat蓄热系数coefficient of atmospheric transpareney大气透明度coefficient of effective heat emission散热量有效系数coficient of effective heat emission传热系数coefficient of locall resistance局部阻力系数coefficient of thermal storage蓄热系数coefficient of vapor蒸汽渗透系数coefficient of vapor蒸汽渗透系数coil盘管collection efficiency除尘效率combustion of gas and vapor气体燃烧comfort air conditioning舒适性空气调节common section共同段compensator补偿器components(通风〕部件compression压缩compression-type refrigerating machine压缩式制冷机compression-type refrigerating system压缩式制冷系统compression-type refrigeration压缩式制冷compression-type refrigeration cycle压缩式制冷循环compression-type water chiller压缩式冷水机组concentratcd heating集中采暖concentration of narmful substance有害物质浓度condensate drain pan凝结水盘condensate pipe凝结水管condensate pump凝缩水泵condensate tank凝结水箱condensation冷凝condensation of vapor气体冷凝condenser冷凝器condensing pressure冷凝压力condensing temperature冷凝温度condensing unit压缩冷凝机组conditioned space空气调节房间conditioned zone空气调节区conical cowl锥形风帽constant humidity system恒湿系统constant temperature and humidity system恒温恒湿系统constant temperature system 恒温系统constant value control 定值调节constant volume air conditioning system定风量空气调节系统continuous dust dislodging连续除灰continuous dust dislodging连续除灰continuous heating连续采暖contour zone稳定气流区control device控制装置control panel控制屏control valve调节阀control velocity控制风速controlled natural ventilation有组织自然通风controlled plant调节对象controlled variable被控参数controller调节器convection heating对流采暖convector对流散热器cooling降温、冷却（、）cooling air curtain冷风幕cooling coil冷盘管cooling coil section冷却段cooling load from heat传热冷负荷cooling load from outdoor air新风冷负荷cooling load from ventilation新风冷负荷cooling load temperature冷负荷温度cooling system降温系统cooling tower冷却塔cooling unit冷风机组cooling water冷却水correcting element调节机构correcting unit执行器correction factor for orientaion朝向修正率corrosion inhibitor缓蚀剂coupling管接头cowl伞形风帽criteria for noise control cross噪声控频标准cross fan四通crross-flow fan贯流式通风机cross-ventilation穿堂风cut diameter分割粒径cyclone旋风除尘器cyclone dust separator旋风除尘器cylindrical ventilator筒形风帽Ddaily range日较差damping factot衰减倍数data scaning巡回检测days of heating period采暖期天数deafener消声器decibel(dB)分贝degree-days of heating period采暖期度日数degree of subcooling过冷度degree of superheat过热度dehumidification减湿dehumidifying cooling减湿冷却density of dust particle真密度derivative time微分时间design conditions计算参数desorption解吸detecting element检测元件detention period延迟时间deviation偏差dew-point temperature露点温度dimond-shaped damper菱形叶片调节阀differential pressure type flowmeter差压流量计diffuser air supply散流器diffuser air supply散流器送风direct air conditioning system 直流式空气调节系统direct combustion 直接燃烧direct-contact heat exchanger 汽水混合式换热器direct digital control (DDC) system 直接数字控制系统direct evaporator 直接式蒸发器direct-fired lithiumbromide absorption-type refrigerating machine 直燃式溴化锂吸收式制冷机direct refrigerating system 直接制冷系统direct return system 异程式系统direct solar radiation 太阳直接辐射discharge pressure 排气压力discharge temperature 排气温度dispersion 大气扩散district heat supply 区域供热district heating 区域供热disturbance frequency 扰动频率dominant wind direction 最多风向double-effect lithium-bromide absorption-type refigerating machine 双效溴化锂吸收式制冷机double pipe condenser 套管式冷凝器down draft 倒灌downfeed system 上分式系统downstream spray pattern 顺喷drain pipe 泄水管drain pipe 排污管droplet 液滴drv air 干空气dry-and-wet-bulb thermometer 干湿球温度表dry-bulb temperature 干球温度dry cooling condition 干工况dry dust separator 干式除尘器dry expansion evaporator 干式蒸发器dry return pipe 干式凝结水管dry steam humidifler 干蒸汽加湿器dualductairconing ition 双风管空气调节系统dual duct system 双风管空气调节系统duct 风管、风道dust 粉尘dust capacity 容尘量dust collector 除尘器dust concentration 含尘浓度dust control 除尘dust-holding capacity 容尘量dust removal 除尘dust removing system 除尘系统dust sampler 粉尘采样仪dust sampling meter 粉尘采样仪dust separation 除尘dust separator 除尘器dust source 尘源dynamic deviation动态偏差Eeconomic resistance of heat transfer经济传热阻economic velocity经济流速efective coefficient of local resistance折算局部阻力系数effective legth折算长度effective stack height烟囱有效高度effective temperature difference送风温差ejector喷射器ejetor弯头elbow电加热器electric heater电加热段electric panel heating电热辐射采暖electric precipitator电除尘器electricradian theating 电热辐射采暖electricresistance hu-midkfier电阻式加湿器electro-pneumatic convertor电—气转换器electrode humidifler电极式加湿器electrostatic precipi-tator电除尘器eliminator挡水板emergency ventilation事故通风emergency ventilation system事故通风系统emission concentration排放浓度enclosed hood密闭罩enthalpy焓enthalpy control system新风〕焓值控制系统enthalpy entropy chart焓熵图entirely ventilation全面通风entropy熵environmental noise环境噪声equal percentage flow characteristic等百分比流量特性equivalent coefficient of local resistance当量局部阻力系数equivalent length当量长度equivalent[continuous A] sound level等效〔连续A〕声级evaporating pressure蒸发压力evaporating temperature蒸发温度evaporative condenser蒸发式冷凝器evaporator蒸发器excess heat余热excess pressure余压excessive heat 余热cxergy@exhaust air rate排风量exhaust fan排风机exhaust fan room排风机室exhaust hood局部排风罩exhaust inlet吸风口exhaust opening吸风口exhaust opening orinlet风口exhaust outlet排风口exaust vertical pipe排气〕烟囱exhausted enclosure密闭罩exit排风口expansion膨胀expansion pipe膨胀管explosion proofing防爆expansion steam trap恒温式疏水器expansion tank膨胀水箱extreme maximum temperature极端最高温度extreme minimum temperature极端最低温度Ffabric collector袋式除尘器face tube皮托管face velocity罩口风速fan通风机fan-coil air-conditioning system风机盘管空气调节系统fan-coil system风机盘管空气调节系统fan-coil unit风机盘管机组fan house通风机室fan room通风机室fan section风机段feed-forward control前馈控制feedback反馈feeding branch tlo radiator散热器供热支管fibrous dust纤维性粉尘fillter cylinder for sampling滤筒采样管fillter efficiency过滤效率fillter section过滤段filltration velocity过滤速度final resistance of filter过滤器终阻力fire damper防火阀fire prevention防火fire protection防火fire-resisting damper防火阀fittings(通风〕配件fixed set-point control定值调节fixed support固定支架fixed time temperature (humidity)定时温（湿）度flame combustion热力燃烧flash gas闪发气体flash steam二次蒸汽flexible duct软管flexible joint柔性接头float type steam trap浮球式疏水器float valve浮球阀floating control无定位调节flooded evaporator满液式蒸发器floor panel heating地板辐射采暖flow capacity of control valve调节阀流通能力flow characteristic of control valve调节阀流量特性foam dust separator泡沫除尘器follow-up control system随动系统forced ventilation机械通风forward flow zone射流区foul gas不凝性气体four-pipe water system四管制水系统fractional separation efficiency分级除尘效率free jet自由射流free sillica游离二氧化硅free silicon dioxide游离二氧化硅freon氟利昂frequency interval频程frequency of wind direction风向频率fresh air handling unit新风机组resh air requirement新风量friction factor摩擦系数friction loss摩擦阻力frictional resistance摩擦阻力fume烟〔雾〕fumehood排风柜fumes烟气Ggas-fired infrared heating 煤气红外线辐射采暖gas-fired unit heater 燃气热风器gas purger 不凝性气体分离器gate valve 闸阀general air change 全面通风general exhaust ventilation (GEV) 全面排风general ventilation 全面通风generator 发生器global radiation总辐射grade efficiency分级除尘效率granular bed filter颗粒层除尘器granulometric distribution粒径分布gravel bed filter颗粒层除尘器gravity separator沉降室ground-level concentration落地浓度guide vane导流板Hhair hygrometor毛发湿度计hand pump手摇泵harmful gas andvapo有害气体harmful substance有害物质header分水器、集水器（、）heat and moisture热湿交换transfer热平衡heat conduction coefficient导热系数heat conductivity导热系数heat distributing network热网heat emitter散热器heat endurance热稳定性heat exchanger换热器heat flowmeter热流计heat flow rate热流量heat gain from lighting设备散热量heat gain from lighting照明散热量heat gain from occupant人体散热量heat insulating window保温窗heat(thermal)insuation隔热heat(thermal)lag延迟时间heat loss耗热量heat loss by infiltration冷风渗透耗热量heat-operated refrigerating system热力制冷系统heat-operated refrigetation热力制冷heat pipe热管heat pump热泵heat pump air conditioner热泵式空气调节器heat release散热量heat resistance热阻heat screen隔热屏heat shield隔热屏heat source热源heat storage蓄热heat storage capacity蓄热特性heat supply供热heat supply network热网heat transfer传热heat transmission传热heat wheel转轮式换热器heated thermometer anemometer热风速仪heating采暖、供热、加热（、、）heating appliance采暖设备heating coil热盘管heating coil section加热段heating equipment采暖设备heating load热负荷heating medium热媒heating medium parameter热媒参数heating pipeline采暖管道heating system采暖系统heavy work重作业high-frequency noise高频噪声high-pressure ho twater heating高温热水采暖high-pressure steam heating高压蒸汽采暖high temperature water heating高温热水采暖hood局部排风罩horizontal water-film syclonet卧式旋风水膜除尘器hot air heating热风采暖hot air heating system热风采暖系统hot shop热车间hot water boiler热水锅炉hot water heating热水采暖hot water system热水采暖系统hot water pipe热水管hot workshop热车间hourly cooling load逐时冷负荷hourly sol-air temperature逐时综合温度humidification加湿humidifier加湿器humididier section加湿段humidistat恒湿器humidity ratio含湿量hydraulic calculation水力计算hydraulic disordeer水力失调hydraulic dust removal水力除尘hydraulic resistance balance阻力平衡hydraulicity水硬性hydrophilic dust亲水性粉尘hydrophobic dust疏水性粉尘Iimpact dust collector冲激式除尘器impact tube皮托管impedance muffler阻抗复合消声器inclined damper斜插板阀index circuit最不利环路indec of thermal inertia (valueD)热惰性指标（D值）indirect heat exchanger表面式换热器indirect refrigerating sys间接制冷系统indoor air design conditions室内在气计算参数indoor air velocity室内空气流速indoor and outdoor design conditions室内外计算参数indoor reference for air temperature and relative humidity室内温湿度基数indoor temperature (humidity)室内温（湿）度induction air-conditioning system诱导式空气调节系统induction unit诱导器inductive ventilation诱导通风industral air conditioning工艺性空气调节industrial ventilation工业通风inertial dust separator惯性除尘器infiltration heat loss冷风渗透耗热量infrared humidifier红外线加湿器infrared radiant heater红外线辐射器inherent regulation of controlled plant调节对象自平衡initial concentration of dust初始浓度initial resistance of filter过滤器初阻力imput variable输入量insulating layer保温层integral enclosure整体密闭罩integral time积分时间interlock protection联锁保护intermittent dust removal定期除灰intermittent heating间歇采暖inversion layer逆温层inverted bucket type steam trap倒吊桶式疏水器irradiance辐射照度isoenthalpy等焓线isobume等湿线isolator隔振器isotherm等温线isothermal humidification等温加湿isothermal jet等温射流Jjet射流jet axial velocity射流轴心速度jet divergence angle射流扩散角jet in a confined space受限射流Kkatathermometer卡他温度计Llaboratory hood排风柜lag of controlled plant调节对象滞后large space enclosure大容积密闭罩latent heat潜热lateral exhaust at the edge of a bath槽边排风罩lateral hoodlength of pipe section侧吸罩length of pipe section管段长度light work轻作业limit deflection极限压缩量limit switch限位开关limiting velocity极限流速linear flow characteristic线性流量特性liquid-level gage液位计liquid receiver贮液器lithium bromide溴化锂lithium-bromide absorption-type refrigerating machine溴化锂吸收式制冷机lithium chloride resistance hygrometer氯化锂电阻湿度计load pattern负荷特性local air conditioning局部区域空气调节local air suppiy system局部送风系统local exhaustventilation (LEV)局部排风local exhaust system局部排风系统local heating局部采暖local relief局部送风local relief system局部送风系统local resistance局部阻力local solartime地方太阳时local ventilation局部通风local izedairsupply for air-heating集中送风采暖local ized air control就地控制loop环路louver百叶窗low-frequencynoise低频噪声low-pressure steam heating低压蒸汽采暖lyophilic dust亲水性粉尘lyophobic dust疏水性粉尘Mmain 总管、干管main duct通风〕总管、〔通风〕干管main pipe总管、干管make-up water pump补给水泵manual control手动控制mass concentration质量浓度maximum allowable concentration (MAC)最高容许浓度maximum coefficient of heat transfer最大传热系数maximum depth of frozen ground最大冻土深度maximum sum of hourly colling load逐时冷负荷综合最大值mean annual temperature (humidity)年平均温（湿）度mean annual temperature (humidity)日平均温（湿）度mean daily temperature (humidity)旬平均温（湿）度mean dekad temperature (humidity)月平均最高温度mean monthly maximum temperature月平均最低温度mean monthly minimum temperature月平均湿（湿）度mean monthly temperature (humidity)平均相对湿度mean relative humidity平均风速emchanical air supply system机械送风系统mechanical and hydraulic联合除尘combined dust removal机械式风速仪mechanical anemometer机械除尘mechanical cleaning off dust机械除尘mechanical dust removal机械排风系统mechanical exhaust system机械通风系统mechanical ventilation机械通风media velocity过滤速度metal radiant panel金属辐射板metal radiant panel heating金属辐射板采暖micromanometer微压计micropunch plate muffler微穿孔板消声器mid-frequency noise中频噪声middle work中作业midfeed system中分式系统minimum fresh air requirmente最小新风量minimum resistance of heat transfer最小传热阻mist雾mixing box section混合段modular air handling unit组合式空气调节机组moist air湿空气moisture excess余湿moisure gain散湿量moisture gain from appliance and equipment设备散湿量moisturegain from occupant人体散湿量motorized valve电动调节阀motorized (pneumatic)电（气）动两通阀-way valvemotorized (pneumatic)-way valve电（气）动三通阀movable support活动支架muffler消声器muffler section消声段multi-operating mode automtic conversion工况自动转换multi-operating mode control system多工况控制系统multiclone多管〔旋风〕除尘器multicyclone多管〔旋风〕除尘器multishell condenser组合式冷凝器Nnatural and mechanical combined ventilation联合通风natural attenuation quantity of noise噪声自然衰减量natural exhaust system自然排风系统natural freguency固有频率natural ventilation自然通风NC-curve[s]噪声评价NC曲线negative freedback负反馈neutral level中和界neutral pressure level中和界neutral zone中和界noise噪声noise control噪声控制noise criter ioncurve(s)噪声评价NC曲线noisc rating number噪声评价NR曲线noise reduction消声non azeotropic mixture refragerant非共沸溶液制冷剂non-commonsection非共同段non condensable gas 不凝性气体non condensable gas purger不凝性气体分离器non-isothermal jet非等温射流nonreturn valve通风〕止回阀normal coldest month止回阀normal coldest month累年最冷月normal coldest -month period累年最冷三个月normal hottest month累年最热月（３）normal hottest month period累年最热三个月normal three summer months累年最热三个月normal three winter months累年最冷三个月normals累年值nozzle outlet air suppluy喷口送风number concentration计数浓度number of degree-day of heating period采暖期度日数Ooctave倍频程/ octave倍频程octave band倍频程oil cooler油冷却器oill-fired unit heater燃油热风器one-and-two pipe combined heating system单双管混合式采暖系统one (single)-pipe circuit (cross-over) heating system单管跨越式采暖系统one(single)-pipe heating system单管采暖系统pne(single)-pipe loop circuit heating system水平单管采暖系统one(single)-pipe seriesloop heating system单管顺序式采暖系统one-third octave band倍频程on-of control双位调节open loop control开环控制open return开式回水open shell and tube condenser立式壳管式冷凝器open tank开式水箱operating pressure工作压力operating range作用半径opposed multiblade damper对开式多叶阀organized air supply有组织进风organized exhaust有组织排风organized natural ventilation有组织自然通风outdoor air design conditions室外空气计算参数outdoor ctitcal air temperature for heating采暖室外临界温度outdoor design dry-bulb temperature for summer air conlitioning夏季空气调节室外计算干球温度outdoor design hourly temperature for summer air conditioning夏季空气调节室外计算逐时温度outdoor design mean daily temperature for summer air conditioning夏季空气调节室外计算日平均温度outdoor design relative humidityu for summer ventilation夏季通风室外计算相对湿度outdoor design relative humidity for winter air conditioning冬季空气调节室外计算相对湿度outdoor design temperature ture for calculated envelope in winter冬季围护结构室外计算温度outdoor design temperature ture for heating采暖室外计算温度outdoor design temperature for summer ventilation夏季通风室外计算温度outdoor design temperature for winter air conditioning冬季空气调节室外计算温度outdoor design temperature for winter vemtilation冬季通风室外计算温度outdoor designwet-bulb temperature for summer air conditioning夏季空气调节室外计算湿球温度outdoor mean air temperature during heating period采暖期室外平均温度outdoor temperature(humidity)室外温（湿）度outlet air velocity出口风速out put variable输出量overall efficiency of separation除尘效率overall heat transmission coefficient传热系数ouvrflow pipe溢流管overheat steam过热蒸汽overlapping averages滑动平均overshoot超调量Ppackaged air conditioner整体式空气调节器。
室内空气与健康500字
室内空气与健康500字英文回答：Indoor air quality (IAQ) refers to the quality of the air within buildings. It can be affected by a variety of factors, including the presence of pollutants, ventilation, and temperature. Exposure to poor IAQ can have a number of negative consequences for human health, including respiratory problems, headaches, and fatigue.Poor IAQ is a particular problem in modern buildings, which are often sealed tightly to conserve energy. This can lead to the build-up of pollutants, such as carbon dioxide, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter. These pollutants can irritate the eyes, nose, and throat, and can even lead to more serious health problems.Ventilation is essential for maintaining good IAQ. It helps to dilute pollutants and bring in fresh air. However, ventilation can also be a source of pollutants, such astraffic fumes and pollen. It is important to find a balance between ventilation and energy conservation.Temperature can also affect IAQ. High temperatures can increase the concentration of pollutants in the air, while low temperatures can lead to the growth of mold and bacteria. The ideal temperature for indoor air is between 68 and 72 degrees Fahrenheit.There are a number of things that can be done to improve IAQ, including:Increasing ventilation.Using air purifiers.Avoiding smoking indoors.Using low-VOC paints and materials.Cleaning regularly.By following these tips, you can help to improve the air quality in your home and protect your health.中文回答：室内空气质量对健康的影响。
关于空气质量的英语专业术语
关于空气质量的英语专业术语这两天大家一定都很关注空气质量情况的播报，也许你会好奇空气质量指数到底是根据哪些污染物算出来的？各种等级的污染对我们有哪些危害？下面就来为大家科普下这些基础知识吧：【关于空气质量的术语】环境空气ambient air指人群、植物、动物和建筑物所暴露的室外空气空气质量指数air quality index (AQI)定量描述空气质量状况的无量纲指数。
空气质量分指数individual air quality index (IAQI)单项污染物的空气质量指数。
首要污染物primary pollutantAQI大于50时IAQI最大的空气污染物。
超标污染物non-attainment pollutant浓度超过国家环境空气质量二级标准的污染物，即IAQI大于100的污染物。
总悬浮颗粒物total suspended particle (TSP)指环境空气中空气动力学当量直径小于等于100μm的颗粒物。
颗粒物（粒径小于等于10μm）particulate matter (PM10)指环境空气中空气动力学当量直径小于等于10μm的颗粒物，也称可吸入颗粒物。
颗粒物（粒径小于等于2.5μm）particulate matter (PM2.5)指环境空气中空气动力学当量直径小于等于2.5μm的颗粒物，也称细颗粒物。
* 此前我们国家采用的空气质量标准是API (Air Pollution Index)，也就是空气污染指数；但在2012年2月后进行了修订，改为AQI，最重要的一个变化就是加入了PM2.5的监测。
【AQI基于哪些空气污染物】The AQI level is based on the level of 6 atmospheric pollutants:①二氧化硫：sulfur dioxide (SO2)②二氧化氮：nitrogen dioxide (NO2)③ PM10：suspended particulates smaller than 10μm in aerodynamic diameter④一氧化碳：carbon monoxide (CO)⑤臭氧：ozone (O3)⑥ PM2.5：suspended particulates smaller than 2.5μm in aerody namic diameter【空气质量指数及对健康的危害】空气质量指数(AQI) 空气质量指数类别(Air Pollution Level) 表示颜色(Colors) 对健康影响情况(Health Implications) 建议采取的措施(Health Messages) 英文综述0-50 优(Good) 绿色(Green) 空气质量令人满意，基本无空气污染各类人群可正常活动No health implications. Enjoy your usual outdoor activities.51-100 良(Moderate) 黄色(Y ellow) 空气质量可接受，但某些污染物可能对极少数异常敏感人群健康有较弱影响极少数异常敏感人群应减少户外活动Members of sensitive groups should reduce outdoor activities.101-150 轻度污染(Lightly Polluted) 橙色(Orange) 易感人群症状有轻度加剧，健康人群出现刺激症状儿童、老年人及心脏病、呼吸系统疾病患者应减少长时间、高强度的户外锻炼Slight irritations may occur. Children, elders and people with heart or breathing problems should reduce strenuous outdoor activities.151-200 中度污染(Moderately Polluted) 红色(Red) 进一步加剧易感人群症状，可能对健康人群心脏、呼吸系统有影响儿童、老年人及心脏病、呼吸系统疾病患者避免长时间、高强度的户外锻练，一般人群适量减少户外运动Slight irritations may occur. Children, elders and people with heart or breathing problems should restrict strenuous outdoor activities.201-300 重度污染(Heavily Polluted) 紫色(Purple) 心脏病和肺病患者症状显著加剧，运动耐受力降低，健康人群普遍出现症状儿童、老年人和心脏病、肺病患者应停留在室内，停止户外运动，一般人群减少户外运动Healthy people will be noticeably affected. Children, elders and people with heart or breathing problems should remain indoors. Healthy individuals should reduce outdoor activities.>300 严重污染(Severely Polluted) 褐红色(Maroon) 健康人群运动耐受力降低，有明显强烈症状，提前出现某些疾病儿童、老年人和病人应当留在室内，避免体力消耗，一般人群应避免户外活动Healthy people will experience reduced endurance in activities. There may be strong irritations and symptoms and may trigger other illnesses. Children, elders and the sick should remain indoors and avoid exercise. Healthy individuals should avoid outdoor activities.。
中国建筑能耗(英文).
Japan
America
57.328Fra bibliotek11.2
3.8
10.4
7
Building Energy in China
Nation
Exterior Wall Exterior Window Roof
China
Beijing
Harbin
Sweden
Germany
England
Denmark
France
10
Building Energy in China
-30% 1986
-50% 1996
-65% 2005
Now we welcome the forth step——-75%
10
How to reduce building energy consumption
Heat insulation design of window
The first drop in the history
The consumption of the coal
Drops to -2.9%
The energy strength (%)
Use the energy more effectively
Compared with other country
Advantages: 1.The effect of insulation is obvious. 2. It can protect the major structure. 3. It can create a good indoor environment.
Household metering heating systems
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公共建筑能源效率与室内空气质量中英文2018原文Energy efficiency – indoor air quality dilemma in public buildingsLiva Asere, Andra BlumbergAbstractThe energy efficiency –indoor air quality dilemma is a common predicament in many buildings undergoing energy efficiency improvements. The main goal of this research is to study the impact of this dilemma on national final energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission reduction. A simulation using a system dynamics model was carried out. The stock of public buildings was split into four sub-categories based on when the buildings were constructed. Natural ventilation is used in all buildings before renovation. After implementing energy efficiency measures, two scenarios are simulated: one with and one without mechanical ventilation. Buildings constructed between 1940 and 1992 exhibit the greatest increase in both floor areas with energy efficiency measures and profitability ratio. The simulation results show that if ventilation is operated according to national building standards, total energy consumption in public buildings increases by 1.3 % in 2014 and by 2 % in 2040 compared to the situation where there is no mechanical ventilation. If the implementation of the energy efficiency measures is increasing at higher rate, the difference between bothalternatives is increasing more. Energy efficiency measures in public buildings reduce national energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. However these measures also reduce indoor air quality thereby causing losses of productivity of the building occupants.Keywords：energy efficiency，government，municipalities，public building，system dynamics modelling，energy savings，CO2 emissions1. Introduction and background informationThe majority of building stock in Latvia was built during the period when energy efficiency was not a priority. For the most part, these buildings do not offer the comfort and the quality of life expected today by the people who work and live in them. Due to climate change concerns, improving the energy efficiency of these buildings is a priority of the national energy policy. Energy consumption of public buildings, including both municipal and state-owned buildings represents a substantial part of Latvia’s total energy consumption. To increase energy efficiency in public buildings, EU directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency [1] has set a specific goal for member countries: 3 % of the total floor area of heated and/or cooled buildings owned and occupied by central governments are to be renovated each year to meet 2014 minimum energy performance standards. The same directive requires that member states set a national energy consumption and efficiency target. Improvingthe energy efficiency of publicly-owned buildings is therefore critical to achieving the national energy efficiency goals. To reach these goals, substantial improvement measures have to be implemented in the existing public building stock.Current building standards provide that building envelopes be highly air tight. This leads to the energy efficiency/indoor air quality dilemma. In spaces with high occupant density, e.g. in schools, conference rooms, offices, etc. where CO2 and VOCs are the main indoor pollutants, air tight building envelopes are to a high degree responsible for unacceptable indoor air quality. To improve indoor air quality in buildings where adequate natural ventilation is not available, mechanical ventilation systems have to be used. Such systems increase energy consumption leading one to assume that indoor air quality and thermal comfort/worker or human productivity are not consistent with energy efficiency. Studies show that the poorer the indoor air quality, the lower the human productivity (a 15 % reduction in performance of schoolwork corresponds to about 1 year of teaching [2]). Excess CO2 (more than 1000 ppm) and VOCs levels in indoor air lead to acute health effects such as irritation of eyes and respiratory tract, headaches, dizziness, loss of coordination, nausea, visual disorders, and allergic reactions, including asthma and rhinitis. Higher levels of VOCs can have chronic adverse health effects such as damage to liver, kidney, blood system and central nervoussystems (CNS). Some VOCs, e.g. formaldehyde, may even cause cancer in humans [3]. A review of international scientific literature shows that this dilemma occurs widely, however, there is as yet no specific solution to the problem.Studies carried out in Latvia [4, 5] show that the operation of ventilation systems does not produce the required indoor air quality and thermal comfort, and the operation of ventilation systems can make it difficult or impossible to achieve the planned energy efficiency goals. The measured CO2 level in these cases was between 1000 ppm and 2500 ppm. One study also included a detailed assessment of the effect of the dilemma on human productivity. Results of this study show that an improvement in indoor air quality will generate a 19 % increase in productivity. But improving the air quality using mechanical ventilation systems also requires additional energy consumption, which in turn, lowers the energy efficiency in buildings. The findings in Latvia coincides with studies in other countries, e.g. the measured CO2 in schools:In UK is 2100–5000 ppm;In Denmark 500–1500 ppm;In Poland 1000–4200 ppm;In Sweden 425–2800 ppm;In the Netherlands 900–2100 ppm;In USA 300–5000 ppm.Thus the ventilation rate is only 1 l/s/person [2] while the standards and/or norms require 4.8–14 l/s per person depending on the category (quality class) and type of building material used [6].The main goal of this research is to assess the impact of the energy efficiency/indoor air quality dilemma for public buildings on both national energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission reduction. A simulation with system dynamics model was used.2. MethodologySystem dynamics is a mathematical modelling technique, which is used to solve complex dynamic problems in non-linear systems driven by feedbacks. This method is based on the study of the structure of the system and behavior generated by this structure [7]. The structure is made up of stocks where accumulation occurs and flows, changing the state of the stocks.A previously-developed system dynamics model of energy efficiency improvements in public buildings [8] is used for this study. The structure of the model is adjusted by splitting the total stock of public building into four sub-models based on construction periods (Fig. 1). The first sub- model includes historic buildings built before 1940. Most of these buildings have heritage value and a limited set of energy efficiency measures can be employed. For example, as external insulation is notacceptable, internal insulation would have to be used. Buildings in the second sub-model are those built between 1940 and 1992. These have been constructed according to the building standards of the former Soviet Union. The third sub-model comprises buildings constructed between 1992 and 2014. During this period, energy efficiency standards have changed twice, each time getting more stringent. The last sub-model includes buildings built after 2014: current building standards require that these be low energy buildings [9].Input data for each of the sub-models are presented in Table 1. They are used as initial data for simulation. Data for heated areas are obtained from the Long-term building renovation strategy [10]. Insulation costs and energy consumption were collected from the database of implemented energy efficiency projects [11]. The simulation period is from 2014 to 2040.Initial values used for the main general variables are:Capacity of building companies is 35000 m2/year;Heating tariff is 58 MWh/year;Electricity tariff 140 EUR/MWh;Tariff increases of 2 % per year;EU funds and public funding for state-owned buildings: o from 2016 to 2019 is 97.2 million EUR, from 2018 to 2022 is 38.2 million EUR;Annual public funding for municipal buildings:0.5 million EUR in 2014,1.5 million EUR starting from 2015;Every year new buildings are built at the rate of 3 %.Profitability also influences the way the model functions: the higher the potential profitability, the higher the share of funding allocated to that building group. Funding is allocated to different building sub-models based on the profitability ratio in the following way.It is assumed that only natural ventilation with an air exchange rate of 0.7 h–1 had been installed and operated before the addition or implementation of energy efficiency measures. An average air exchange rate of 4 h–1 created by mechanical ventilation is used for the simulation after the implemen tation of energy efficiency measures. For Latvia’s climate, the specific energy consumption after implementation of energy efficiency measures is 9 kWh/m2/year for heating supply air and 4 kWh/m2/year for electricity with a heat recovery efficiency of 80 % and specific fan power of 1.25 kW/(m3/s) operating for 12 hours during working days.3. Results and discussionFig. 2 shows total energy consumption in public buildings both with and without the operation of mechanical ventilation systems. In both cases total energy consumption decreases. At the beginning the difference between both alternatives is 1.3 % and increases by time and it reaches2 % by 2040 or CO2 emissions 7050 t/year. By 2040 in 667 thousand m2 energy efficiency measures will be carried out, and this represents only 10 % of the total floor area of those buildings built before 2014. If energy efficiency measures are implemented at higher rate, the difference in energy consumption between two alternatives increases by 2040.The difference in the growth rate of building floor area with energy efficiency measures is explained by the profitability ratio –the highest ratio is for buildings built from 1940 to 1992 as they have the highest energy efficiency potential, followed by the historic building stock, which have lower energy efficiency potential due to technical limitations and heritage value. The lowest profitability ratio is for buildings built between 1993 and 2014. They have the lowest energy saving potential compared to costs of construction.Profitability ratio presented in Fig. 4 shows dynamic behaviour over time. Changes are caused by feedbacks, non-linearity and delays built within the system. Supply and demand of energy efficiency measures are illustrated in Fig. 5. When no funding is available, demand and supply of energy efficiency measures is low and prices are low as well. As soon as funding enters the market, demand rises as does supply. However, it takes time to build up the capacity of construction companies. In these circumstances prices rapidly increase due to the gap between supply and demand. When supply and demand are in equilibrium, prices start to fall.When funding is removed, demand falls, followed by supply and in short order prices fall as well. This process where large amounts of funding suddenly flow into the market causes a decrease in profitability as can be seen, and fewer buildings can be renovated due to very high prices compared to conditions before funding.4 ConclusionsSimulation with a system dynamics model revealed that the implementation of energy efficiency measures in public buildings has a major impact on indoor air quality, leading to an energy efficiency/indoor air quality dilemma. On the one hand, energy efficiency measures in public buildings reduce both national energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, but on the other hand they reduce indoor air quality thus causing losses in productivity for building occupants. If mechanical ventilation is used, indoor air quality is improved and productivity is increased but this comes with increased energy consumption. The simulation results show that if ventilation is operated according to national building standards, total energy consumption in public buildings increases by 1.3 % in 2014 and by 2 % in 2040 (or CO2 emissions 7050 t/year) compared to the situation where there is no mechanical ventilation. If the implementation of the energy efficiency measures is increasing at higher rate, the difference between both alternatives is increasing more. In schools the key goal of education isimproving individual outcomes as Hayward, Hunt and Lord [12] have emphasized in their research. The priority should be buildings that achieve sustainable development and yet meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.In addition to providing an assessment of the energy efficiency/indoor air quality dilemma, the model also provides insights into how energy efficiency is affected by supply and demand. The structure of the model reveals how the behaviour of the system is changed by feedbacks, non-linearity and delays built into the system. Failure in the timely disbursement of public funding leads to higher construction prices, which in turn leads to fewer buildings being constructed that implement energy efficiency measures for the same amount of money.译文能源效率–公共建筑中的室内空气质量困境摘要能源效率–室内空气质量困境是许多正在进行能源效率改善的建筑物所普遍面临的困境。