第12章 国民收入核算与国际收支

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开放经济中的国民收入帐户
National Income Accounting for an Open Economy
– 经常项目等于国民收入与国内居民花费的差额: Y – (C+ I + G) = CA
• 一个国家具有经常项目余额，本国生产的产 品大于国内的需求. • 经常项目余额是对国内财政的超额供给.
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开放经济中的国民收入帐户
National Income Accounting for an Open Economy
表 12-1:
开放经济的农业国的国民收入帐户 (小麦的单位蒲式耳)
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开放经济中的国民收入帐户
National Income Accounting for an Open Economy
= (C-Cf) + (I-If) + (G-Gf) + EX = C + I + G + EX – (Cf + If +Gf) = C + I + G + EX – IM = C + I + G + CA
Expenditure on domestic production
Expenditure by domestic individuals and institutions
• 资本折旧、国际转移支付Capital Depreciation,
International Transfers
• GNP定义的调整:
• 资本折旧 Depreciation of capital – 减少了资本所有者的收入 – 必须从GNP中减去这一时期的资本折旧 (得到国民 生产净值NNP). • 单边转移支付 Net unilateral transfers of income – 是一国收入的一部分，但不是一国产品的一部分 – 必须加到NNP 中以计算国民收入
– 示例 : 农业国进口20蒲式耳的小麦，出口10蒲式 耳.经常项目赤字相当于农业国从国外借入价值 为10蒲式耳小麦的外债，这笔外债以后必须偿 还．
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Fig. 12-2: U.S. Current Account and Net Foreign Wealth, 1976–2006
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国民收入帐户 The National Income Accounts
• 国民生产总值 Gross national product (GNP)
– 它是一个国家的生产要素在一定时期内所生产并 在市场上卖出的最终商品和服务的价值总量 – The value of all final goods and services produced by a country’s factors of production and sold on the market in a given time period – 是研究一国产出时的基本度量手段 – It is the basic measure of a country’s output.
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Fig.12-1: U.S. GNP and Its Components
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis
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国民收入帐户 The National Income Accounts
• 国民生产和国民收入National Product and National Income
Net expenditure by foreign individuals and institutions
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开放经济中的国民收入帐户
National Income Accounting for an Open Economy
• 一个虚拟的开放经济 An Imaginary Open Economy
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国民收入帐户 The National Income Accounts
• 国内生产总值 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – 用于度量一国国境内的生产量的指标 It measures the volume of production within a country’s borders. – GDP =GNP减去从世界上其他地方获得的净要素收 入 – It equals GNP minus net receipts of factor income from the rest of the world. – 一国用拥有的外国资本生产的那部分产出要计入 GDP中 – It does not correct for the portion of countries’ production carried out using services provided 10 by foreign-owned capital.
– The part of output used by private firms to produce future output
• 政府购买(Government)
– 任何由国家或地方政府购买的商品和服务
– Any goods and services purchased by federal, state, or local governments
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开放经济中的国民收入帐户 National Income
Accounting for an Open Economy
Hale Waihona Puke • The National Income Identity for an Open Economy
– Y = C + I + G + EX – IM (12-1)
where: • Y is GNP • C is consumption • I is investment • G is government purchases • EX is exports • IM is imports
国民收入核算与国际收支
National Income Accounting and the Balance of Payments
第十二章
本章结构 Chapter Organization
• • • • • • • • 前言 Introduction 国民收入帐户 The National Income Accounts 开放经济中的国民收入帐户 National Income Accounting for an Open Economy 国际收支帐户 The Balance of Payment Accounts 小结 Summary
– 模型假设:Assumptions of the model:
• 一个虚拟的封闭经济，叫做农业国，该国的唯一产 出是小麦
• 农业国的每一个公民都是小麦的消费者，同时也是 小麦的生产者 • 该国政府收购一部分收获的小麦用于维持军队 • 它从外国进口牛奶，作为交换，农业国出口小麦 – 牛奶的价格是每加仑0.5蒲式耳的小麦，并且知 道在这个价格上农业国愿意消费40加仑牛奶
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前言 Introduction
• 为了全面了解各国在开放的宏观经济方面的联系，我们必须掌握两种 有关的重要工具：
• 国民收入帐户 National Income Accounting – 记录了对一国收入和产出作出贡献的所有支出的有关情 况 – Records all the expenditures that contribute to a country’s income and output • 国际收支平衡帐户 Balance of payments accounting – 有助于我们了解和追踪一国对外负债，出口及进口竞争 产业的状况及变动． – Helps us keep track of both changes in a country’s indebtedness to foreigners and the fortunes of its export- and import-competing industries
– 一个人的花费是另一个人的收入（也就是，总支 出必须等于总收入）
– One person’s spending is another’s income (i.e., total spending must equal total income).
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国民收入帐户 The National Income Accounts
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国民收入帐户 The National Income Accounts
• GNP由花费在最终产品上的支出的市场价值量加总得出: – 消费Consumption • 国内居民私人消费的数额 The amount consumed by private domestic residents – 投资Investment • 私人企业为进行再生产而留下用于购买厂房设备的数额 • The amount put aside by private firms to build new plant and equipment for future production – 政府购买Government purchases • 政府使用的金额 The amount used by the government – 经常项目余额 Current account balance • 对外净出口的商品和服务的数额 The amount of net exports of goods and services to foreigners
– In a closed economy, EX = IM = 0.
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GNP = Expenditure on a Country’s Goods and Services
National income = value of domestic production