外文文献
如何查找外文文献
如何查找外文文献
查找外文文献是学术研究的重要环节之一，以下将介绍如何进行外文文献检索和查找的方法。
一、了解文献检索工具
1. 学术引擎：如Google学术、PubMed、Microsoft Academic等。
这些引擎提供了全球范围内的学术出版物，包括期刊文章、学位论文、会议论文等。
2. 文献数据库：如Web of Science、Scopus、IEEE Xplore、ScienceDirect等。
这些数据库提供了大量的学术出版物，并且可以进行更加精确和专业的文献检索。
3.图书馆索引和目录：如大学图书馆的在线目录、OPAC等。
图书馆的资源丰富，通常也有电子文献资源，可以通过图书馆网站进行检索。
二、选择合适的检索词和检索策略
1.检索词的选择：根据研究主题，选择合适的关键词进行检索。
关键词应与所研究的领域相关，可以包括专业术语、主题词、人名、地名等。
2.组合使用检索词：不同的检索词可以组合使用，使用布尔运算符（如AND、OR、NOT）构建逻辑关系，缩小或扩大检索范围，以获得更加精确的检索结果。
三、进行文献检索和筛选
1.首先选择一个合适的文献数据库或引擎，输入相关的检索词。
3.阅读和筛选文献全文，如果文献符合研究需求，可以进一步收集相
关的引用文献。
1.引文索引：在已经找到的高质量文献中，查找其中引用的其他文献。
通过查阅引文索引，可以找到相关的后续研究或者经典文献。
五、利用文献管理工具。
外文参考文献译文及原文【范本模板】
广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文系部城建学部专业土木工程年级 2011级班级名称 11土木工程9班学号 23031109000学生姓名刘林指导教师卢集富2015 年5 月目录一、项目成本管理与控制 0二、Project Budget Monitor and Control (1)三、施工阶段承包商在控制施工成本方面所扮演的作用 (2)四、The Contractor’s Role in Building Cost Reduction After Design (4)一、外文文献译文（1）项目成本管理与控制随着市场竞争的激烈性越来越大,在每一个项目中，进行成本控制越发重要。
本文论述了在施工阶段,项目经理如何成功地控制项目预算成本。
本文讨论了很多方法。
它表明，要取得成功，项目经理必须关注这些成功的方法.1。
简介调查显示,大多数项目会碰到超出预算的问……功控制预算成本.2.项目控制和监测的概念和目的Erel and Raz (2000）指出项目控制周期包括测量成……原因以及决定纠偏措施并采取行动。
监控的目的就是纠偏措施的。
.。
标范围内。
3.建立一个有效的控制体系为了实现预算成本的目标，项目管理者需要建立一……被监测和控制是非常有帮助的。
项目成功与良好的沟通密。
决（ Diallo and Thuillier， 2005）.4.成本费用的检测和控制4.1对检测的优先顺序进行排序在施工阶段，很多施工活动是基于原来的计……用完了。
第四,项目管理者应该检测高风险活动，高风险活动最有。
..重要（Cotterell and Hughes, 1995)。
4.2成本控制的方法一个项目的主要费用包括员工成本、材料成本以及工期延误的成本。
为了控制这些成本费用，项目管理者首先应该建立一个成本控制系统：a)为财务数据的管理和分析工作落实责任人员b)确保按照项目的结构来合理分配所有的……它的变化-—在成本控制线上准确地记录所有恰..。
外文参考文献及翻译稿的要求与格式
百度文库- 让每个人平等地提升自我！外文参考文献及翻译稿的要求及格式一、外文参考文献的要求1、外文原稿应与本研究项目接近或相关联；2、外文原稿可选择相关文章或节选章节，正文字数不少于1500字。
3、格式：外文文献左上角标注“外文参考资料”字样，小四宋体。
1.5倍行距。
标题：三号，Times New Roman字体加粗，居中，行距1.5倍。
段前段后空一行。
作者（居中）及正文：小四号，Times New Roman字体，首行空2字符。
4、A4纸统一打印。
二、中文翻译稿1、中文翻译稿要与外文文献匹配，翻译要正确；2、中文翻译稿另起一页；3、格式：左上角标“中文译文”，小四宋体。
标题：宋体三号加粗居中，行距1.5倍。
段前、段后空一行。
作者（居中）及正文：小四号宋体，数字等Times New Roman字体，1.5倍行距，首行空2字符。
正文字数1500左右。
4、A4纸统一打印。
格式范例如后所示。
百度文库 - 让每个人平等地提升自我！外文参考文献Implementation of internal controls of small andmedium-sized pow erStephen Ryan The enterprise internal control carries out the strength to refer to the enterprise internal control system execution ability and dynamics, it is the one whole set behavior and the technical system, is unique competitive advantage which the enterprise has; Is a series of …………………………标题：三号，Times New Roman字体加粗，居中，行距1.5倍。
外文文献 研究方法
外文文献研究方法
外文文献研究方法主要包括以下几种：
1. 文献回顾：这是外文文献研究的基础，主要是通过查阅大量的文献资料，了解相关领域的研究现状、研究问题、研究方法和研究成果等，为进一步的研究提供参考和依据。
2. 内容分析法：通过对文献内容进行系统分析和比较，探究文献中主题、观点、理论框架等方面的异同点，从而得出一定的结论。
3. 引文分析法：通过分析文献中的引文，了解文献之间的内在联系和知识结构，从而判断研究领域的发展趋势和研究动态。
4. 历史研究法：通过对相关历史资料的研究和分析，了解研究领域的背景和发展历程，从而更好地理解当前研究现状和未来发展方向。
5. 案例分析法：通过对具体案例的研究和分析，探究案例中存在的问题、解决方案和经验教训等，从而得出一般性的结论或提出相应的建议。
6. 问卷调查法：通过发放问卷的方式，了解相关人群对外文文献的认知程度、使用情况、评价和建议等方面的信息，从而为进一步的研究提供数据支持。
7. 比较分析法：通过对不同文献或同一文献的不同方面进行比较和分析，探究它们之间的异同点和优劣之处，从而更好地理解研究领域的特点和发展趋势。
以上是外文文献研究方法的主要内容，不同的研究方法各有优劣，应根据具体的研究需求和实际情况选择合适的方法。
外文参考文献
[1]G. Einsele a, SK. Chough b, T. Shiki，1996. Depositional events and their records-an introduction[J].Sedimentary Geology, 104：l-9.[2]Kauffman E.G.,Elder W.P. and Sageman B.B..High-resolution correlation: a new tool in chronostratigraphy. In: Einsele et al. (Editor), Cycle and Events in Stratigraphy. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1991,798-819.[3]Bruce C. Heezen, D.B. Ericson, Maurice Ewing.Further evidence for a turbidity current following the 1929 Grand banks earthquake[J].Deep Sea Search.1954,1(4):193-202.[4]Cita and Lucchi.Marine Geology[J].Seismicity and sedimentation.1984, 55(1-2):VII–X.[5]Frank R Ettensohn,Carlton E Brett. Stratigraphic evidence from the Appalachian Basin for continuation of the Taconian orogeny into Early Silurian time[J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth.2002,27(1): 279-288.[6]Fabrizio Storti, Paola Vannucchi.Preface[J].Sedimentary Geology.2007,196(1-4):1-3.[7]R. Bernhart Owen;Robin W. Renaut and Michael G. te Miocene lacustrine sedimentation in the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece[J].Journal of Paleolimnology.2011,46(1):151-166.[8]DengWeidong, YangBaoguo, WuXiaogen. 1997. Studies of storm deposits in China:a review. Continental Shelf Research, 17(13): 1645-1658.[9]H.N. Bhattacharya, Biplab Bhattacharya, Indranil Chakraborty, Abhijit Chakraborty.Sole marks in storm event beds in the Permo-Carboniferous Talchir Formation, Raniganj Basin, India[J].Sedimentary Geology.2004, 166(3-4):209–222. [10]Shu Degan , Conway Morris S , Zhang Xingliang .A Pikaialike chordate from the Lower Cambrian of China[J]. Nature.1996a,384 : 156 -157.[10]Shu Degan, Conway Morris S, Zhang Xingliang, et al.. A pipiscid-like fossil from the Lower Cambrian of South China[J]. Nature, 1999a,400: 746 -749.[11]Becker L, Poreda R J, Hunt A G, et al . . Impact event at the Permian-Triassicboundary: Evidence from extraterrestrial noble gases in fullerenes[J]. Science, 2001, 291 (5508): 1530-1533.[12]Bambach R K. . Phanerozoic biodiversity mass extinctions[J]. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci..2006, 34: 127-155.[13]Alvarez L W, Alvarez W, Asaro F, et al.. Extraterrestrial Cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction[J]. Science.1980,208: 1095-1108.[14]Wolfgang Stinnesbeck, Gerta Keller, Peter Schulte, Doris Stüben, Zsolt Berner, Utz Kramar, JoséGuadalupe Lopez-Oliva.The Cretaceous–Tertiary (K/T) boundary transition at Coxquihui, state of Veracruz, Mexico: evidence for an early Danian impact event?[J]Journal of South American Earth Sciences .2002,15 (5) :497–509. [15]S. J. Nichols and S. G. Hagemann[16]P. Farrimond, G. Eglinton, S.C. Brassell, H.C. Jenkyns.The Toarcian black shale event in northern Italy[J].Organic Geochemistry.1988,13(4-6):823-832.[17]Röhl, Hans-Joachim;Schmid-Röhl, Annette;Oschmann, Wolfgang;Frimmel, Andreas.Erratum to “The Posidonia Shale (Lower Toarcian) of SW-Germany: an oxygen-depleted ecosystem controlled by sea level and palaeoclimate”[J].Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.2001,169(3-4):271.[18]Anthony S. Cohen;Angela L. Coe and David B. Kemp.The Late Palaeocene–Early Eocene and Toarcian (Early Jurassic) carbon isotope excursions: a comparison of their time scales, associated environmental changes, causes and consequences[J].Journal of the Geological Society.2007,164(6):1093-1108.[19]Bryony A. Caswell;Angela L. Coe;Anthony S. Cohen.New range data for marine invertebrate species across the early Toarcian (Early Jurassic) mass extinction[J].Journal of the Geological Society.2009,166(5):859-872.[20]Mattioli[21]Suan[22]Hoffman P F, Li Zhengxiang. A palaeogeographic context for Neoproterozoic glaciation[J]. Palaeogeogrpahy.2009,277: 158-172.[23Ramzi Gharsalli, Taher Zouaghi, Mohamed Soussi, Riadh Chebbi, Sami Khomsi, Mourad Bédir.Seismic sequence stratigraphy of Miocene deposits related to eustatic,tectonic and climatic events, Cap Bon Peninsula, northeastern Tunisia[J].Comptes Rendus Geoscience.2013,345(9-10):401-417.[24]Yuzhu Zhang;Chun Chang Huang;Jiangli Pang;Xiaochun Zha;Yali Zhou;Xiaqing Wang.Holocene palaeoflood events recorded by slackwater deposits along the middle Beiluohe River valley, middle Yellow River basin, China[J].Boreas.2015,44(1):127-138.[25]Keim[26]Hornung[27]David Z. Piper.Rare earth elements in the sedimentary cycle: A summary[J].Chemical Geology.1974,14(4):285-304.[28]Mclennan S M. 1989. Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: influence of provenance and sedimentary processes. In: Lipin B R, Mckay G R, eds. Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements. Reviews in Mineralogy, 21: 169-200.[29]Mclennan S M, Hemming S, McDanial D K, et al.. Geochemical approaches to sedimentation, provenance, and tectonics[J]. Geological Society of American Special Paper.1993,284: 21-40.[30]Bhatia M R..Plate tectonics and geochemical composition of sandstones[J].Journal of Geology, 1991,91:611-629.。
外文文献及翻译
外文文献及翻译1. 文献："The Effects of Exercise on Mental Health"翻译：运动对心理健康的影响Abstract: This article explores the effects of exercise on mental health. The author discusses various studies that have been conducted on this topic, and presents evidence to support the claim that exercise can have positive impacts on mental well-being. The article also examines the mechanisms through which exercise affects mental health, such as the release of endorphins and the reduction of stress hormones. Overall, the author concludes that exercise is an effective strategy for improving mental health and recommends incorporating physical activity into daily routines.摘要：本文探讨了运动对心理健康的影响。
作者讨论了在这个主题上进行的各种研究，并提出证据支持运动对心理健康有积极影响的观点。
该文章还探讨了运动如何影响心理健康的机制，如内啡肽的释放和压力激素的减少。
总的来说，作者得出结论，运动是改善心理健康的有效策略，并建议将体育活动纳入日常生活。
2. 文献： "The Benefits of Bilingualism"翻译：双语能力的好处Abstract: This paper examines the benefits of bilingualism. The author presents research findings that demonstrate the cognitiveadvantages of being bilingual, such as enhanced problem-solving skills and improved attention control. The article also explores the social and cultural benefits of bilingualism, such as increased cultural awareness and the ability to communicate with people from different backgrounds. Additionally, the author discusses the positive effects of bilingualism on mental health, highlighting its role in delaying the onset of cognitive decline and in providing a buffer against age-related memory loss. Overall, the author concludes that bilingualism offers a range of advantages and recommends promoting bilingual education and language learning. 摘要：本文研究了双语能力的好处。
外文文献格式
外文文献格式
外文文献的格式通常遵循国际通用的学术写作规范，常见的格式包括APA （American Psychological Association）、MLA（Modern Language Association）、Chicago等。
APA格式（社会科学领域常用）：
作者姓氏, 作者名字的缩写. (发表年份). 文献标题. 期刊名, 期刊号(期数), 页码.
例如：
Smith, J. A., & Johnson, L. (2002). The impact of climate change on agriculture. Journal of Environmental Studies, 15(2), 123-145.
MLA格式（人文学科领域常用）：
作者名字, 作者姓氏. "文献标题." 期刊名, vol.号, no.号, 发表年份, 页码. 例如：
Doe, John. "The Role of Symbolism in Literature." Literary Journal, vol. 28, no. 3, 2016, pp. 45-60.
Chicago格式（常见于历史、艺术等领域）：
作者名字, 作者姓氏. "文献标题." 期刊名, vol.号, 发表年份, 页码.
例如：
Johnson, Lisa. "Artistic Movements in the 20th Century." Art History Journal, vol. 15, 2008, pp. 89-102.。
外文文献查找方法及翻译要求
文献查找：根据自己课题到知网或类似的数据库网站查找，有相关英文文章可以进行下载之后翻译。
如果不能下载，网站的中英文摘要一般都可以看到，根据英文关键词到谷歌搜索里面搜相关的英文文章。
要求的翻译原文不一定是专业的科技文章，只要内容相关，难度跟篇幅合适都可以拿来用。
如果想翻译专业的英文文献，可以通过谷歌的学术搜索网站/schhp?hl=zh-CN，给出的链接比较多，多数是链接到数据库上，没有账号不能下载，但是有些时候搜索出来的条目会有PDF链接，直接点击就能下载下来。
还可以通过维基百科查找相关词条的英文解释，/wiki/Main_Page，但无论英文还是中文都要符合模板中的格式要求，如果英文原文不能编辑，可以不作处理。
英译中：翻译一段检查一段，中文语言一定要通顺，不要有漏译。
不知道的单词一定要查，不要猜。
另一个是，同一个单词在文章里多次出现，每次翻译的时候都要用同样的单词翻译，不能原文同一个单词，在译文里出现的时候是不同的单词。
格式和原文要完全一样，原文有表格，就在译文里也画表格，原文是图片，译文也是图片，原文图片里文字的位置和译文图片里文字的位置要一致。
还有，整个文章统一字体。
查词顺序：先查英语国语字典或者用GOOGLE英文网页，理解英文单词的意思，然后用翻译软件英译中翻译，用翻译软件翻译出来的中文单词，用百度查中文单词的意思，如果查到的中文单词的意思和英语国语字典或者用GOOGLE英文网页的英文单词的解释是一致，翻译软件翻译的是正确的，如果不一致，翻译软件翻译的是错的！翻译工具：1) 在线词典有道词典：/爱词霸：/responsibly/用爱词霸的词典选项。
注：以上两个在线词典的准确率相对较高，可用于查词组译法，灵格斯字典，360上下载，到软件管家里找就可以，这里技术类名词多一些。
爱词霸英中互译翻译软件：/尽量不使用GOOGLE翻译软件。
可参考：GOOGLE翻译软件: /#ja|zh-CN|%0D%0A GOOGLE翻译软件总有翻译错的时候，所以，用GOOGLE翻译软件要注意！牛津字典，或者英语国语词典，灵格斯字典下载一个，自己下载一个吧！注意！！必须有英语国语词典，网上的！。
外文参考文献译文及原文
广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文系部城建学部专业土木工程年级 2011级班级名称 11土木工程9班学号 23031109000学生姓名刘林指导教师卢集富2015 年5 月目录一、项目成本管理与控制 0二、Project Budget Monitor and Control (1)三、施工阶段承包商在控制施工成本方面所扮演的作用 (2)四、The Contractor's Role in Building Cost Reduction After Design (4)一、外文文献译文（1）项目成本管理与控制随着市场竞争的激烈性越来越大，在每一个项目中，进行成本控制越发重要。
本文论述了在施工阶段，项目经理如何成功地控制项目预算成本。
本文讨论了很多方法。
它表明，要取得成功，项目经理必须关注这些成功的方法。
1.简介调查显示，大多数项目会碰到超出预算的问……功控制预算成本。
2.项目控制和监测的概念和目的Erel and Raz (2000)指出项目控制周期包括测量成……原因以及决定纠偏措施并采取行动。
监控的目的就是纠偏措施的...标范围内。
3.建立一个有效的控制体系为了实现预算成本的目标，项目管理者需要建立一……被监测和控制是非常有帮助的。
项目成功与良好的沟通密...决( Diallo and Thuillier, 2005)。
4.成本费用的检测和控制4.1对检测的优先顺序进行排序在施工阶段，很多施工活动是基于原来的计……用完了。
第四，项目管理者应该检测高风险活动，高风险活动最有...重要(Cotterell and Hughes, 1995)。
4.2成本控制的方法一个项目的主要费用包括员工成本、材料成本以及工期延误的成本。
为了控制这些成本费用，项目管理者首先应该建立一个成本控制系统：a)为财务数据的管理和分析工作落实责任人员b)确保按照项目的结构来合理分配所有的……它的变化--在成本控制线上准确地记录所有恰...围、变更、进度、质量）相结合由于一个工程项目......虑时间价值影响后的结果。
外文文献的引用格式
外文文献的引用格式一、APA格式1. 文献列表作者姓，名字首字母.（出版年份）. 文献. 期刊名称，卷号（期号），页码范围。
例如：Smith, J. (2020). The impact of climate change on biodiversity. Journal of Environmental Science, 35(2), 123145.2. 引用在中引用文献时，需要在相应内容后加上作者姓氏和出版年份，用括号括起来。
例如：According to Smith (2020), climate change has asignificant impact on biodiversity.二、MLA格式1. 文献列表作者姓，名字首字母. “文献.” 期刊名称，卷号（期号），页码范围，出版年份。
例如：Smith, J. “The impact of climate change on biodiversity.” Journal of Environmental Science 35, no. 2 (2020): 123145.2. 引用在中引用文献时，需要在相应内容后加上作者姓氏和页码，用括号括起来。
例如：According to Smith (123), climate change has asignificant impact on biodiversity.三、Chicago格式Chicago格式是美国芝加哥大学推荐的引用格式，广泛应用于历史、艺术、哲学等领域。
Chicago格式有两种引用方式：脚注和尾注。
具体格式如下：1. 脚注/尾注作者姓，名字首字母. 文献. 期刊名称，卷号（期号），页码范围，出版年份.例如：Smith, J. “The impact of climate change on biodiversity.” Journal of Environmental Science 35, no. 2 (2020): 123145.2. 引用在中引用文献时，需要在相应内容后加上脚注或尾注编号，如：1。
外文文献
英文文献资料外文文献一：Food safety: the shocking truth about the food industrySource: Author: Marion Nestle、Refrigeration technology, pasteurization, pesticides, disease control, these technologies so that safe food into the 20th century, public health's greatest achievements. This book view is that food safety problems also depend on politics. September 2001 events to dispel this view of the doubts about aviation aircraft used by terrorists as a destruction of weapons to civilians and public figures have anthrax spores sent folder of letters, the consequences of these events shows, food, water can easily become a a tool for terrorists, it has also become the federal government for food safety control problem.This chapter will sum up this book referred to in the various food safety problems. Some of them threatened to keep animals healthy, very few will lead to a number of human diseases. Even so, these issues impact on human well-being is deep; large-scale destruction of breeding animals, affecting the livelihood of many people, limiting personal freedom. The 20th century, 90's and early 21st century, an outbreak of mad cow disease and foot and mouth disease Although this is only because of errors caused by the production process, but still brings a lot of destructive. In contrast, bio-terrorism is the deliberate use of biological and chemical substances to achieve their political objectives. For food safety issues,Bio-terrorism extends food safety issues and political outreach; deliberate destruction, excluding any consequences of innocent injury.In this chapter, we will discuss how the rise of bio-terrorism, food safety issues and extend the extension of food safety issues. In the United States, food safety, usually refers to the family food supply reliability. E-mail from the anthrax incident, the food safety issues, also includes safety from biological terrorism. Our discussion will be the beginning of some zoonotic diseases: such as mad cow disease, foot and mouth disease, anthrax. In recent years, these zoonotic diseases harmful to humans is relatively small. Today, for these zoonotic diseases, we are concerned that they may give rise to disease, destruction of food supply system,To become a tool for bio-terrorism aspect. This chapter summarizes the discussion of this book, fromsociety and from a personal point of view what action should be taken to face these issues, as well as food safety issues present and future.The political animal diseasesOne of the consequences of globalization is that of food cross-border long-distance rapid transit, affecting food supply all kinds of disease can easily spread from one country to another country. Animal diseases have a commercial impact, if a country has come to infectious diseases of animals, other countries will refuse to import the kinds of animal meat. The impact of business at the same time there are political consequences.Britain's mad cow disease and foot and mouth disease occurred as a result of beef in the production process caused by mismanagement, compared to the U.S. anthrax letters is a result of vandalism. However, this three kinds of threatening to cause great panic, they are difficult to detect control, can cause severe disease. Moreover, these three kinds of threats against people for the food supply, as well as confidence in the Government.Mad cow is the mid-20th century, 90 of the most popular of a food security crisis, the epidemic is mainly limited to the United Kingdom. With regard to BSE-related issues and our discussion, mainly because of political issues and scientific issues intertwined Among them, public confidence had a great impact. For example, the British Government in the BSE crisis in the practice is also considered to result in distrust of genetically modified food one of the reasons. The beginning of the 20th century, 80 years, no one had heard of the disease, but in 1999, this disease affects at least 175,000 British cattle. The consequences are very serious: 400 million head of livestock were slaughtered, the loss of 70 billion U.S. dollars,Spread to 18 countries worldwide national boycott of British beef. By 2001 only, although "only" 120 people died of the human variant of mad cow disease, it is estimated the death toll will reach 10 million people. Because mad cow disease revealed the modern politics of food safety issues, it is worth detailing.英文文献中文翻译06013618 胡冬敏外文翻译一：作者：玛丽恩·内斯特尔出版时间：2004年11月食品安全：令人震惊的食品行业真相（美）玛丽恩·内斯特尔冷藏技术，巴氏消毒，杀虫剂，疾病控制，这些技术使安全食品成为20世纪公众健康最伟大的成就之一。
2024年外文参考文献格式要求
D.专著中析出的文献
〔序号〕 析出责任者.析出题名.见(英文用In)：专著责任者.书名.出版地：出版者，出版年：起止页码.
〔12〕罗云.安全科学理论体系的`发展及趋势探讨.见：白春华，何学秋，吴宗之.21世纪安全科学与技术的发展趋势.北京：科学出版社，2000：1-5.
2024年外文参考文献格式要求
外文参考文献格式要求 篇1
单一作者著作的书籍：
姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社.
Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.
②磁带数据库[DB/MT]
③光盘图书[M/CD]
④磁盘软件[CP/DK]
⑤网上期刊[J/OL]
⑥网上电子公告[EB/OL]
期刊论文
[1]周庆荣，张泽廷，朱美文，等.固体溶质在含夹带剂超临界流体中的.溶解度[J].化工学报，1995，46(3)：317 323
[2]Dobbs J M, Wong J M. Modification of supercritical fluid phasebehavior using polor coselvent[J]. Ind Eng Chem Res, 1987,26:56
B.专著
〔序号〕 主要责任者.文献题名〔M〕.出版地：出版者，出版年：页码.
〔3〕 刘国钧，郑如斯.中国书的故事〔M〕.北京：中国青年出版社，1979：115.
有关外文文献资源简介
有关外文文献资源简介一、约翰威立（Wiley-Blackwell）数据库（美国）Wiley-Blackwell 是2007年2月由Blackwell出版社与Wiley的科学、技术及医学业务合并而成的，通过Wiley Interscience平台提供1500余种高品质期刊。
Wiley-Blackwell是当今世界最重要教科和专业出版商之一，同时也是最大的学术出版机构。
学科涉及：化学化工、生命科学与医学、计算机科学、工程技术、地球科学（包括环境科学）、数学与统计学、物理科学、心理学、教育学、法律、社会学、经济与管理类等。
威立（Wiley）已经在全球学术出版、高等教育出版和专业及大众图书出版领域建立起了卓越的品牌，成为全球唯一一家业务涵盖这三大领域并处于领先地位的独立出版商。
Wiley-Blackwell 目前共有1,087种期刊（占所出版期刊总数的73%）收录在Thomson ISI® 2010年期刊引用报告（JCR）中，其中317 种期刊影响因子排名前十。
其中，在自然科学版期刊引用报告中Wiley-Blackwell出版的《CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians》再次成为自然科学版期刊引用报告中影响因子最高的期刊，影响因子为94.262，冠绝所有期刊。
在社会科学版期刊引用报告中，Wiley-Blackwell出版了其中13%的期刊和14%的文章，占被引用次数的16%。
Wiley-Blackwell出版的被期刊引用报告收录的社会科学期刊数量要多于其他任何一家出版社。
产品提供方式：开通远程站点包库访问形式。
二、国外博硕士论文全文数据库（PQDT）（美国）国外学位论文（博硕士论文）全文是不同于期刊或书本的一种高水平的全文资料，对于研究和跟踪世界最新科学前沿有不可替代的作用，受到世界各国科研人员的高度重视和欢迎。
ProQuest®学位论文全文数据库(PDF格式)，是将ProQuest公司的PQDT文摘库中适合中国科研人员科研和教学使用的论文全文建设而成，并向全国百数家科研教学单位的读者提供全文服务。
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外文文献数据库（ENPS） （万方数据）
一、数据库介绍
由万方数据股份有限公司和国家科技 图书文献中心合作开发的中西合璧的信 息检索服务平台。
资源概貌
外文期刊数据库：收录了1995年以来世界各国
出版的近13000余种重要学术期刊，部分文献 有少量回溯。学科范围涉及工程技术和自然科 学各专业领域，并兼顾社会科学和人文科学， 每年增加论文约百万余篇。 外文会议论文数据库：收录了1985年以来世界 各主要学、协会，出版机构的学术会议论文， 部分文献有少量回溯。学科范围涉及工程技术 和自然科学各专业领域，每年增加论文约20余 万篇。
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外文文献——精选推荐
毕业论文材料：英文文献及译文课题名称：中小企业品牌战略研究专业楷体_GB2312 三号学生姓名班级学号指导教师专业系主任完成日期二零一二年三月Russian Accession To The WTO On China Textile Trade ImpactDAVID E. MILLS Texdaily/ Dec /2006o n November 19,2006,Russia and the United States signed a bilateral agr-eement Russia, after years of efforts, Russia's accession to the WTO on the r-oad to finally remove the greatest obstacle, if all goes well, the year 2007 is expected to become Russia's WTO membership.Textiles are China and Russia (Soviet Union) trade in traditional commod-etyies, and China's main export commodities one. But after the breakup of th-e Soviet Union, by Russia gray customs clearance and other factors, the bil-ateral textile trade has been in chaos, I most large enterprises entered, the self-employed and SMEs to take a leading role in Russia's business interests insec-urity, commodities poor reputation. Russia's accession to the WTO, trade envi-ronment will be improved, I brought large enterprises to enter the dawn.A Sino-Russian textile trade statusRussian textile exports is one of the major markets, with the accelerated pace of Russia's accession to the WTO, I saw a big fluctuations.According to customs statistics, in 2005 the Sino-Russian trade volume of textiles and garments to 6.218 billion US dollars, an increase of 35%. Within this total, China's exports to 6.213 billion US dollars, increasing by 35.4% and imports 4.8 million US dollars, down 21.6%.China's textile exports to Russia 47% of the total.In 2006, bilateral trade has witnessed rapid growth runs counter to the trend, the bilateral textile trade has been a substantial drop49.8 billion dollars, a drop of 19.9%, basic for China's exports. Chinese exports to Russia share has dropped to 32%. Russia in 2005 from my first five largest export market retreated No. 7.2, Russia textile trade the main problems(1)Gray clearanceGray clearance of the Chinese textile and apparel trade disorder causes. This directly caused the main issues include : One, in the interests of the Russian Chamber can not be guaranteed. The absence of legitimate goods clearance certificates, making the Russian Chamber of Trade as powerful departments arbitrary raids targeted heavy losses.2, the two sides statistics, the differences do not reflect the actual trade. According to Russian experts estimated that will take about a year Russia imported 15 billion US dollars of textiles and garments to meet demand on the domestic market. Russian customs statistics, in 2005 the import statistics only 1.23 billion US dollars, of which 800 million US dollars clothing, and all the imports fromChina, imports from other countries failing basic statistics. From January to September 2006, imports of textiles and garments 1.23 billion US dollars (1 billion US dollars clothing). 3, large Chinese enterprises can not directly enter the Russian market. Lack of foreign exchange reserves and Russia's trade environment triggered worry about the market risk, and large enterprises mostly through cross-border trade, wholesale, in Russia, or through the self-employed sales, has been unable to become a bilateral textile trade mainstay. 4, commodities credibility been affected. Because no legitimate clearance certificates, the only Chinese textile products on the market, can not enter the store or conventional malls. , Is often branded as the "smuggling goods" in the hat. Leading Chinese goods on the image and credibility has not high. 5, merchants become targeted. In Russia against illegal customs clearance companies, in the course of the Russian Chamber of easily being implicated as an accomplice in the smuggling and the targets to be attacked.(2) Russia's unilateral actions have resulted in my training partner, 2006 a ccompanied Putin on the training of the judiciary and the WTO intensified the pace Russia to rectify the market order has gradually expanded Show.In 2006, Russia not only in the Moscow region, but also in other regions of the big market for a number of raids. Meanwhile, the replacement of the Director of Customs, Customs officials over a gray customs clearance dropped. Due to the normal clearance impeded, irregular clearance adds another surface, leading to direct Russian textile trade drop, some traders were forced to Kaza khstan and Kyrgyzstan by other re-exports. In particular, Russia introduced late last year against foreigners engaged in retail trade policies, the majority of th-e Russian Chamber of confusion in the future, not to rush into another purcha-se.(3)Russian accession to the WTO on bilateral textile trade impactRussia's accession to the WTO, the immediate future, China and Russia will bring about some textile trade shocks and fluctuations. The major reasons are :1，A Russian trade environment has always been States complained that a-fter WTO entry, to rectify the order of operation will be Russia's accession to the WTO after one of the top priorities.2,The "China threat theory" and "Chinese immigrant" in Russian society a-nd the officials are certain market, and foreigners are prohibited in the market for the wholesale business can be viewed as restrictions on Chinese participate-on in the Russian economy were the first step further measures taken remains to be seen.3，Chinese businessmen from the Russian market after the wholesale busi-ness, in the short term, both can hardly establish new trade and way to be fil-led, will lead to direct bilateral textile trade has been shrinking.4, the Russian Customs policy changes at the implementation of standards throughout. After accession to the WTO will be increased adjustment and res-tructuring efforts. Foreign enterprises to adapt to the changes in Russian cust- oms needs a certain period.5, Russia's textile exports to mainly SMEs and the self-employed, in the face of Russia's accession to the WTO after the change, low adaptive capacity of enterprises will be forced to withdraw.China textile trade in order to completely informal, and realize sustained and steady development in the long run, Judgment to the following factors : 1, The political situation in Russia and to maintain long-term stability and thrive, and severely punish corruption;2, Russia will abide by WTO commitments to reduce import tariffs, the e-limination of unreasonable fees;3, Russia changes with the WTO standards and improve the customs and commercial laws and regulations to enhance transparency. to ensure impartial l-aw enforcement.4, Russia trade environment rectification measures in place, reducing the s-ize of the market trade, foreign trade to become normal.5, The Chinese and Russian customs, quality control, banking and transpo-rtation management and service trade cooperation between the departments to further deepen, create better it will be beneficial to bilateral trade environment.6, Standardize border trade between China and Russia, to reduce its neg-ative factors and implications.7, Bilateral government departments to take positive measures to promote timely strength of large enterprises to establish contacts direct trade cooper-ation.(4) China and Russia are complementary to each other textile industry will exist for a long timeRussia's existing textile enterprises 3000,but the scale of more than 60 en-terprises only. The majority of small-scale, aging equipment, and three-quarter-s of the equipment over 20 years, low productivity and high costs,far from b-eing competitive products arrived in similar foreign products. Although the Ru-ssian government has issued 110 preferential policies for the development of the industry, but has never been effectively implemented. Currently, the annual investment in the upgrading of equipment is only over 100 million US dollars. In addition to a small amount of chemical fiber and flax, the other la-rgely dependent on imports, and also restricting the development of the Russia-n textile industry.According to incomplete statistics, there are Russian garment production of more than 200 enterprises, the main production midrange suits fashio n police and the special tooling, clothing and other basic apparel imports.By raw materials and labor resource constraints, coupled with a weak fou-ndation, the Russian textile industry is unlikely to rapid development. Meanwh-ile, as economic development, people's living standards improve, the demand f-or textile products will keep increasing. According to Russian experts forecast that in 2010 the need 200-250 billion dollars of imports to meet domestic de-mand for textiles.Chinese textiles because of the quality, grade, and so the prices are suita-ble for the needs of ordinary Russian people, Russia has long been the largest supplier of the market.From the Russian market my main competitors Turkey and Vietnam production, the short term can replace China.In addition, the two good political relations,intersectoral cooperation has been enhanced,to promote the sustained and rapid development of bilateral trade is the common a spi-ration of both active border trade and transport facilitation, frequent personnel ex-changes as well as the advantages of long-term,as I have to ensure Russia's largest textile and apparel supplier status of the important factors.China’s apparel industry has an intimate relation with the Asian market. 47.26% of the apparel export volume goes inside Asia, and 91.02% of its import volume also comes from Asian countries. The cooperation between China and Asian countries has also been strengthened. The theme for the Asia Fashion Federation this years the ve-ry focus Chinese apparel industry eyes on. The cultural source and creativity shared by all Asian countries is the important precondition of the development of Asian Fas-hion industry and prosperity of its people. So far as all Asian countries discover and show more of its brilliant culture and intensify exchanges in technology, design innov-ation and local brand creation, the Asian apparel industry will make more historic co-ntributions to not only the Asians but people across the world.The textile industry in various countries in the national economy has alw-ays been a very important position in China's textile and apparel years to mai-ntain high momentum of growth is the world textile production and export's b-iggest. Since the 1980s, China's textile and apparel exports has been ranked fi-rst in its import and export trade surplus has become China's foreign exchange earnings and an important source of capital accumulation. However, we are n-ot textile and garment export of strong and long-term price competition from China's textile products in the international market did not gain a firm foothold. January 1, 2005, the abolition of all quotas, which will be conducive to furt-her expand the international textile and apparel market of the country to reduc-e imports of the various restrictions on China's exports. Although China's labor force have a certain advantage, but in production technology, management and production costs also at a disadvantage, and the world economic situation and the uncertainties surrounding the global textile and apparel trade pattern chang-es, quota-free era of China's textile and apparel export competitors will face t-he weight of the international market and severe challenges. How to meet the challenges and grasp the opportunity to further expand the export of textiles a-nd garments, which has a direct impact on China's economic development and foreign exchange balance the important and pressing issue. Based on China's t-extile industry in recent years and the status of new problems facing the analy sis of how the Chinese textile industry should grasp the opportunity to exceed and make reasonable adjustments.外文翻译：俄罗斯入世对中国纺织品贸易的冲击与影响大卫 E .麦尔斯《纺织日报》2006年12月刊2006年11月19日，俄美签署俄罗斯入世双边协议后，经多年努力，俄罗斯入世道路上的最大障碍终于清除，如一切顺利，2007年内俄罗斯有望成为WTO 正式成员。
(完整word版)外文文献及翻译doc
Criminal Law1.General IntroductionCriminal law is the body of the law that defines criminal offenses, regulates the apprehension, charging, and trial of suspected offenders,and fixes punishment for convicted persons. Substantive criminal law defines particular crimes, and procedural law establishes rules for the prosecution of crime. In a democratic society, it is the function of the legislative bodies to decide what behavior will be made criminal and what penalties will be attached to violations of the law.Capital punishment may be imposed in some jurisdictions for the most serious crimes. And physical or corporal punishment may still be imposed such as whipping or caning, although these punishments are prohibited in much of the world. A convict may be incarcerated in prison or jail and the length of incarceration may vary from a day to life.Criminal law is a reflection of the society that produce it. In an Islamic theocracy, such as Iran, criminal law will reflect the religious teachings of the Koran; in an Catholic country, it will reflect the tenets of Catholicism. In addition, criminal law will change to reflect changes in society, especially attitude changes. For instance, use of marijuana was once considered a serious crime with harsh penalties, whereas today the penalties in most states are relatively light. As severity of the penaltieswas reduced. As a society advances, its judgments about crime and punishment change.2.Elements of a CrimeObviously, different crimes require different behaviors, but there are common elements necessary for proving all crimes. First, the prohibited behavior designated as a crime must be clearly defined so that a reasonable person can be forewarned that engaging in that behavior is illegal. Second, the accused must be shown to have possessed the requisite intent to commit the crime. Third, the state must prove causation. Finally, the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the crime.(1) actus reusThe first element of crime is the actus reus.Actus is an act or action and reus is a person judicially accused of a crime. Therefore, actus reus is literally the action of a person accused of a crime. A criminal statute must clearly define exactly what act is deemed “guilty”---that is, the exact behavior that is being prohibited. That is done so that all persons are put on notice that if they perform the guilty act, they will be liable for criminal punishment. Unless the actus reus is clearly defined, one might not know whether or not on e’s behavior is illegal.Actus reus may be accomplished by an action, by threat of action,or exceptionally, by an omission to act, which is a legal duty to act. For example, the act of Cain striking Abel might suffice, or a parent’s failure to give to a young child also may provide the actus reus for a crime.Where the actus reus is a failure to act, there must be a duty of care. A duty can arise through contract, a voluntary undertaking, a blood relation, and occasionally through one’s official position. Duty also can arise from one’s own creation of a dangerous situation.(2)mens reaA second element of a crime is mens rea. Mens rea refers to an individual’s state of mind when a crime is committed. While actus reus is proven by physical or eyewitness evidence, mens rea is more difficult to ascertain. The jury must determine for itself whether the accused had the necessary intent to commit the act.A lower threshold of mens rea is satisfied when a defendant recognizes an act is dangerous but decides to commit it anyway. This is recklessness. For instance, if Cain tears a gas meter from a wall, and knows this will let flammable gas escape into a neighbor’s house, he could be liable for poisoning. Courts often consider whether the actor did recognise the danger, or alternatively ought to have recognized a danger (though he did not) is tantamount to erasing intent as a requirement. In this way, the importance of mens rea hasbeen reduced in some areas of the criminal law.Wrongfulness of intent also may vary the seriousness of an offense. A killing committed with specific intent to kill or with conscious recognition that death or serious bodily harm will result, would be murder, whereas a killing affected by reckless acts lacking such a consciousness could be manslaughter.(3)CausationThe next element is causation. Often the phrase “but for”is used to determine whether causation has occurred. For example, we might say “Cain caused Abel”, by which we really mean “Cain caused Abel’s death. ”In other words, ‘but for Cain’s act, Abel would still be alive.” Causation, then, means “but for” the actions of A, B would not have been harmed. In criminal law, causation is an element that must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt.(4) Proof beyond a Reasonable DoubtIn view of the fact that in criminal cases we are dealing with the life and liberty of the accused person, as well as the stigma accompanying conviction, the legal system places strong limits on the power of the state to convict a person of a crime. Criminal defendants are presumed innocent. The state must overcome this presumption of innocence by proving every element of the offense charged against the defendant beyond a reasonable doubt to thesatisfaction of all the jurors. This requirement is the primary way our system minimizes the risk of convicting an innocent person.The state must prove its case within a framework of procedural safeguards that are designed to protect the accused. The state’s failure to prove any material element of its case results in the accused being acquitted or found not guilty, even though he or she may actually have committed the crime charged.3. Strict LiabilityIn modern society, some crimes require no more mens rea, and they are known as strict liability offenses. For in stance, under the Road Traffic Act 1988 it is a strict liability offence to drive a vehicle with an alcohol concentration above the prescribed limit.Strict liability can be described as criminal or civil liability notwithstanding the lack mens rea or intent by the defendant. Not all crimes require specific intent, and the threshold of culpability required may be reduced. For example, it might be sufficient to show that a defendant acted negligently, rather than intentionally or recklessly.1. 概述刑法是规定什么试犯罪，有关犯罪嫌疑人之逮捕、起诉及审判，及对已决犯处以何种刑罚的部门法。
外文实践教学文献(3篇)
Abstract:
This literature review aims to explore the current trends and methodologies in foreign language practical teaching. By analyzing various studies, this paper discusses the importance of practical teaching in language learning, the challenges faced by teachers, and the innovative approaches adopted to enhance the effectiveness of practical teaching. The review also highlights the role of technology in practical teaching and suggests future directions for research in this field.
4.2 Utilizing Technology
Integrating technology into foreign language practical teaching can enhance the learning experience and make it more engaging. Teachers can use online platforms, mobile applications, and interactive tools to facilitate communication, collaboration, and cultural exchange among learners.
外文文献的引用格式
外文文献的引用格式1. APA格式作者姓名：姓在前，名在后，姓与名之间用逗号隔开，名缩写为首字母。
出版年份：用括号括起来，紧跟在作者姓名之后。
文章首字母大写，其他单词小写，与期刊名之间用句号隔开。
期刊名：斜体，首字母大写。
卷号：用阿拉伯数字表示，斜体，卷号与期号之间用逗号隔开。
期号：用阿拉伯数字表示，期号与页码之间用逗号隔开。
页码：用阿拉伯数字表示，页码范围之间用短横线连接。
示例：Smith, J. (2010). The impact of social media on interpersonal relationships. Journal of Communication, 25(3), 4556.2. MLA格式作者姓名：姓在前，名在后，姓与名之间用逗号隔开，名缩写为首字母。
文章首字母大写，其他单词小写，与期刊名之间用句号隔开。
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译文：互联网货币基金对商业银行经营的影响巴塞尔本文运用了商业银行经营管理理论和资本资产定价模型，分析了互联网货币基金的金融产品属性、特点和优势，并分别就互联网货币基金的第三方支付功能和代销基金功能影响商业银行的经营情况和效果进行了定性分析。
在此基础上，本文对互联网货币基金影响银行绩效又进行了定量研究。
上述研究表明：互联网货币基金不仅对商业银行同类型的理财产品造成了冲击，还对商业银行的支付业务、存款业务、中间业务产生了替代效应，进而影响到银行的经营绩效。
1互联网货币基金概述1.1 互联网货币基金的概念互联网货币基金是第三方支付与货币市场基金在互联网平台融合的产物，兼备第三方支付平台的流动性、货币市场基金的收益性以及互联网金融产品的便利性。
虽然说单纯的货币市场基金并非互联网金融的产物；但是其在与互联网技术、第三方支付平台融合后，改变了原有金融产品在流动性、安全性和收益率三者的平衡点，颠覆了传统金融产品格局。
值得注意的是，简单的互联网代销货币基金模式可以为基金销售提供便利，但是并不能改变货币市场基金作为一款基金产品在流动性方面的限制，只是在其对接第三方支付平台实现了T+0赎回后，其产品属性才得到了本质的提升。
互联网货币基金之所以能超越其他基金产品，进而在金融产品属性上产生质的飞越，离不开第三方支付平台的高速发展、迅速普及。
第三方支付是通过互联网在客户、第三方支付公司和银行之间建立链接，帮助客户快速实现货币支付、资金结算等功能，同时也起到了信用担保和技术保障等作用。
来自艾瑞咨询的数据显示，2013年度，我国第三方互联网支付市场交易规模达53729.8亿元，同比增速达46.8%；同时，在其内部结构占比中，互联网金融元年爆发的基金申购市场也一跃成为仅次于网络购物和航空客票的第三大细分市场，占比为10.5%。
据此测算，2013年通过第三方互联网支付申购货币基金的规模约为5641.63亿元。
1.2 互联网货币基金的现状在本文中，我们将讨论通过互联网销售，货币市场基金的联合第三方支付平台，互联网尤其是货币基金。
虽然是新概念诞生后出现的宝物的平衡，但这种新的金融产品已经取得了让人惊诧，高速的发展。
为了平衡宝等。
因为它引入了2 013年6月13日，业务发展迅速。
截至2014年2月的月底，余额宝规模已达到502.76十亿人民币，1.926十亿元左右的平均每天增加;用户达到82547700的8 2547700 households.Increased平均每天增长更为迅速，2014年，2014年1月1日至2014年2月28日，平均每天新增用户664800，日均新的金额为5.119十亿人民币，分别在2013的2.1倍和4.6倍，而作为大多数用户来说，最大的基金产品的平均增幅。
这是因为在一个高速发展的时期互联网货币型基金，每季度都有新产品，很难在数量和规模的综合统计，所以在这里我们主要分析天平宝，百度百赚，微信金融网易，现金与苏宁变革宝宝五大互联网货币基金产品。
五个主要的货币基金，互联网是在2013年第一季度末到2014年，推出的时间不长。
与资金对接是顶级大牌基金公司特别设计的产品。
到2014年第一季度末，超过五个主要的互联网货币型基金总规模（净值）为772.661十亿人民币，升至527. 349十亿人民币，增长了214.97％，每个季度保持高的超过了100％高速增长（见图表1）。
虽然上述五个主要的互联网货币资金对接仅有7只货币市场基金，但大小比例高达所有货币市场基金的53％。
表1显示了预期收益的平均上网货币资金超过5％，但第一种情况后，已经降低：在2013年底达到了高，平均预期年收益率6.81％，比同类理财产品高得多。
这主要是由于货币基金的资产配置比例，网上银行协议存款非常高，但在赛季结束后，在检查点的商业银行年底，协议存款利率会增加很多（据调查，在利率的一些关键点，一些银行甚至在7％以上）的报价;在检查点，因为Internet 货币资金规模，处于一个更好的位置与商业银行进行谈判，一些缺乏小型和中型银行的资金必须给提供高利率。
1.3互联网货币型基金的特点银行理财产品是指各种载体的融资过程。
同时依托货币资金在互联网上的互联网工具，具有第三方支付的功能，但其本质仍是一种金融产品。
从投资者的角度来看，理财产品的未来收益是其最重要的一个属性，并根据资本资产定价模型（资本资产PRICINGMODEL，CAPM），理财产品的预期收益率不是孤立的，而是与它的预期风险。
因为有金融产品和优质长期保费和规模因素的影响，一般长的投资期限，风险，高门槛，高收益产品的估值风险溢价。
我们试图更广阔的视野，因此，考虑到金融产品和投资，风险收益的基础上，门槛和投资目标相关的时间限制，将互联网货币基金作为短期理财产品，以及具有相似功能的活期存款和短期流动性，金融产品的风险和收益，购房门槛比较一般的居民，总结其特点。
与第三方支付工具的对接，流动性强的金融产品流动性是指无损失现金的能力。
银行活期存款无疑是最强的三个流动性;而理财产品通常投资期限已同意（大部分的金融产品投资期限为3-6个月，甚至超短期理财产品期限为3-7天），在这段时间购买基金后不能被调出。
高流动性的互联网货币型基金是其重要特征之一。
互联网货币基金本质上是金融产品的货币市场基金的开放对接，并打开一个货币市场基金可以随时申购和赎回，但通常是赎回操作后，需要T（T）+ 2，+ 1或金钱返回银行账户。
通过第三方平台或垫资基金公司网上垫资货币型基金，可以实现对赎回款项当天给客户张某T + 0.That是说，上没有利息损失的前提下，实现了客户资金转移该基金，即实时支付宝账户，而这又是用来随时转移到银行刷卡消费或网上赎回，使其接近银行流动性的活期存款，并高于多数instruments.Balance宝为例，该产品是通过客户赎回垫资基金公司实现资本的功能可以在同一天到账T + 0。
2商业银行业务的互联网货币型基金的影响货币资金的银行互联网上的影响力反映在第三方支付和对应于银行支付货币资金，资产和负债的佣金两大功能，以及中间业务的影响，等等。
2.1商业银行经营管理的传导分析的互联网第三方支付功能的货币基金传统的薪酬是指资金的转移。
支付功能是银行业的基础，也是现代经济活动普遍的基本需求的个人和企业不可缺少的一部分。
金融业，尤其是在竞争日益激烈的今天，支付业务为商业银行带来的不仅是丰富的中间业务收入，也可以吸引客户，提高客户粘性，提高金融服务的整体水平。
其结果是，银行的重要性是不言而喻的。
付款与帐户紧密结合，帐户是工资和归属感的起点。
在传统的支付业务，从银行账户到另一个银行账户的钱。
这种支付行为只会导致不同的银行账户之间的资金转移。
而第三方支付的时候到来，在以下两种模式影响银行的支付业务：一个是在考虑到第三方支付平台的平衡形式的钱（以下简称“托管账户”），银行账户支付账户纳入第三方支付业务的一部分。
在这种情况下，使用托管账户支付客户端，使部分支付到资金的第三方账户之间流动，从而取代银行账户之间的流动，以减少银行的薪酬JieSuanLiang;它是在银行账户的情况下平衡形式的资本，大部分通过第三方平台清算银行间支付业务，让很多那需要在银行支付结算系统的差异沉降进行资金，可通过第三方支付公司在整个中部开设不同的银行账户中，只有跨行支付少量是由中央银行的支付清算系统来完成，从而减少支付JieSuan Liang央行支付结算系统。
具体看，根据16家上市银行的数据，在2010年至2 013年期间，银行手续费收入占比逐年上升的趋势，主营业务收入中的比重，到2013年，比重达到19.52％，上平均。
由此可见。
手续费收入是商业银行盈利的重要来源，特别是在利率丝光加速的背景下，目前，越来越成为银行调整业务结构，推动非利息收入的发展的重要途径。
货币资金支付结算业务的互联网第三方支付功能已形成银行业的竞争，降低银行结算和银行卡业务的需求，以及相应的结算清算手续费收入，银行卡手续费形成的影响，间接地增加银行手续费收入增长的难度。
2.2货币基金货币基金沽货的商业银行经营管理的影响，互联网分析传导的佣金为基础的功能货币资金早在美国还有另一种产品的存款，其销售本身是一定要绕过某些居民存款，因此，不将绕过因互联网货币基金银行存款。
但是，确实是一个货币基金“净”，大大加速了这一进程。
文献出处：Bansal P.The Influence of Internet Currency fund to Commercial Banks Business[J].St rategic management journal,2014，26(3):197-218.原文：The Influence of Internet Currency fund to Commercial Banks BusinessBaselThis papaer use the capital asset pricing model to research the influence of the commercia l bank management theory,analyzes the Internet financial product properties,characteristics an d advantages of monetary fund,and the third party payment of Internet currency fund respective ly and consignment fund functions affect the operating condition and effect of commercial ban k has carried on the qualitative analysis.On this basis,this article on the Internet affect bank mon etary fund performance and conducted a quantitative research.The study shows that Internet m oney funds of commercial Banks not only the impact on the same type of products,also pay busi ness of commercial Banks,savings business,intermediate business has a substitution effect,whic h affect the operating performance of the bank.1Internet money funds overview1.1 The concept of Internet currency fundsCurrency fund is Internet third-party payment and the money market fund in the product of Internet platform integration,with the third party payment platform,liquidity and profitability of money market funds and the convenience of the Internet financial products.Although purely mo netary market fund is not the product of the Internet financial;But the fusion with the Internet te chnology,the third-party payment platform,changed the original financial products in the balanc e of liquidity,security,and yields,overturns the traditional pattern of financial products.It is worth noting that the simple model of the Internet on a commission basis of monetary f und can provide convenience for fund sales,but does not change as money market fund fund pro ducts in liquidity constraints,only in the third-party payment platform to achieve docking after T +0to redeem its product attribute to the nature of ascension.Internet money funds can go beyo nd other fund products,which produced in the financial product attributes over,to do with the hi gh development of the third-party payment platform,the rapid spread.Third-party payment is th rough the Internet in the customer,creates a link between the third party payment companies and Banks,help customers to quickly implement monetary payment,fund settlement,and other fu nctions,but also the credit guarantee and technical support,etc.,according to data from iresearc h consulting for the year2013,our country third party Internet payment market size of5.37298tr illion yuan,year-on-year growth of46.8%.At the same time,in its internal structure of outbreak o f the first year of the Internet financial funds Explain the market has become second only to the n etwork shopping and the third largest airline ticket market segment,10.5%.Accordingly,in2013t hrough a third party Internet payment subscription monetary fund size is about564.163billion y uan.1.2The status quo of Internet currency fundsIn this paper,we discuss the Internet especially monetary fund through Internet sales,joint t hird-party payment platform of money market funds.Although it is in the balance of the treasur e to appear after the birth of the new concept,but this kind of new financial products has mad e a surprised people,high-speed development.In order to balance the treasure,for example.Sin ce it was introduced the June13,2013,business development rapidly.As of the end of Februar y2014,balance treasure scale has reached502.76billion yuan,average daily increase of1.926bil lion yuan;Users reached82.5477million,the average daily increase of82.5477million household s.Increased more rapidly in2014,on January1,2014to February28,2014,the average daily ne w subscribers664800,average daily new amount is5.119billion yuan,respectively,in2013the a verage increase of2.1times and4.6times,and as most users,the largest fund products.It is beca use of internet money funds in a high-speed development period,each quarter has new produc ts,hard to comprehensive statistics of the number and size,so here we mainly analysis the balan ce Po,baidu hundred earn,micro letter financial netease,cash and suning change treasure treasu re the five major Internet monetary fund products.Five main monetary fund,the Internet is at th e end of2013to2014in the first quarter,launch time is not long.And docking of funds are the to p big fund company specially designed products.By the end of the first quarter of2014,more tha n five main Internet money funds total scale(net)is772.661billion yuan,rose to527.349billio n yuan,a214.97%increase,and each quarter to keep more than100%of high-speed growth(se e chart1).Although the above five main Internet monetary fund docking only7only money mark et funds,but the size proportion is as high as53%of all money market funds.Table1shows that the average Internet monetary fund expected return is over5%,but hasbeen lowered after the first situation:at the end of2013reached a high,average expected annua l return of6.81%,much higher than similar financial products.This is mainly due to the Internet b ank agreement deposit in monetary fund asset allocation proportion is very high,but in the end o f the season,at the end of the commercial Banks of the inspection point,agreement deposit inter est rates will increase a lot of(according to the survey,some Banks in some key point of interest r ates offer even in more than7%);In the inspection point,because Internet monetary fund scale,i n be in a better position to negotiate with the commercial Banks,some of the lack of funds of sm all and medium-sized Banks have to give offer high interest rates.1.3the characteristics of Internet currency fundsFinancial products refers to the financing process of all kinds of carrier.Money funds while r elying on the Internet Internet tools and has function of third-party payment,but its essence is sti ll a financial product.From the perspective of investors,the financial product in the future earnin gs is one of its most important attributes,and according to the capital asset pricing model(capita l asset pricingmodel,CAPM),the expected rate of return of financial products are not isolated,bu t is related to its expected risk.Because there are a risk premium in the valuation of the financia l products and premium term premiums and scale factors,generally long investment horizon,ris k,high threshold,high product yield.We attempts to a broader perspective,therefore,in conside ration of the yield of financial products and its investment,risk,the time limit of correlation base d on threshold and investment target,will the Internet money funds as a short-term financial pro ducts,and for the general residents with similar function demand deposits and short-term liquidi ty,financial product in the Risks and benefits,purchase threshold comparison,summarized its ch aracteristics.Docking with the third-party payment tools,with high liquidity financial products liq uidity refers to its cash ability without loss.Bank demand deposits is undoubtedly the liquidity o f the strongest of the three;And wealth management products usually have agreed in the invest ment period(most of the financial product investment deadline for3-6months,even the super s hort-term financial product deadline is3-7days),in this period of time after purchase funds cann ot be transferred out.The Internet money funds of high liquidity is one of its important features.I nternet monetary fund is essentially docking with the open of money market funds of financial pr oducts,and open a money market fund can be ready to explain buy and redemptive,but commo nly after redemptive operation need T T+2,+1or money to return to the bank account.Internet mat endowment money funds through a third party platform or mat endowment fund compan y,can realize the customer on the day of redemption money to zhang T+0.That is to say,on the p remise of no interest loss,realized the customer transfer funds for redemption of the fund,namel y real-time to pay treasure account,which in turn is used to transfer to the bank card consumptio n or online at any time,to make it close to the bank liquidity demand deposits,and higher tha n most of the instruments.Balance treasure,for example,the product is through client redemptio ns mat endowment fund company to realize the function of capital can be on the same day to zh ang T+0.2The influence of the Internet money funds of commercial Banks businessMonetary fund's influence on bank Internet were reflected in the third-partypayment and commission two big functions corresponding to a bank to pay money funds,assets and liabilities,and the impact of intermediary business,etc.2.1monetary fund of Internet third-party payment function of conduction analysis of commerc ial bank managementTraditionally pay refers to the transfer of money.Payment function is the foundation of the b anking industry,is also an indispensable part of the individuals and enterprises in modern econo mic activities widespread basic needs.The financial industry,especially in an increasingly competi tive today,payment business for commercial Banks not only bring rich intermediate business inco me,also can attract customers,and improving customer stickiness,improve the overall level of fi nancial services.As a result,the bank's importance is self-evident.Payment is closely combined with the account,account is the starting point of pay and belon ging.In the traditional payment business,money from a bank account to another bank account.T his payment behavior will only cause funds transfer between different bank accounts.And when t he coming of the third party payment,it in the following two modes affect the bank's payment b usiness:one is the money in the form of balance in account of the third-party payment platfor m(hereinafter referred to as the"escrow account"),part of the bank account of payment accoun t into the third party payment business.In this case,the client using escrow account to pay,mak e partial payments into the flow of funds between the third party account,thus replacing the flo w between bank accounts,to reduce the bank's pay JieSuanLiang;it is in the capital in the form o f balance in the bank account of cases,most of the liquidation inter bank payment business through the third party platform,make a lot of that need to be done in the bank payment and settleme nt system differential settlement of funds,can through the third party payment companies in diff erent bank accounts opened in the middle of the complete,only a small amount of interbank pay ment is done by the central bank's payment and settlement system,thereby reducing the payme nt JieSuanLiang central bank payment and settlement system.Specific look,according to the dat a of16listed Banks,during the period of2010to2013,the banking fee income accounted for th e proportion of main business income of the trend of rising year by year,to2013,the proportio n reached19.52%on average.This shows.Fee income is an important source of commercial ban k profitability,especially in the current under the background of the acceleration of mercerizatio n of interest rate,more become Banks adjust the business structure,an important way of promot ing the development of non-interest income.The Internet third-party payment function of monet ary fund payment and settlement business has formed the competition of banking industry and r educe the banking settlement and bank card business demand,and the corresponding settlemen t clearing fee income and the bank card fees to form the impact,indirectly increased the difficult y of banking fee income growth.2.2monetary fund money funds to sell goods on a commission basis function of the Internet im pact conduction analysis of commercial bank managementMonetary fund as early as in the United States there is a deposit of alternative product,its s ales itself is sure to bypass certain residents deposits,therefore,does not will bypass all bank dep osits due to Internet currency funds.But,is indeed a monetary fund"net"greatly accelerated this process.文献出处：Bansal P.The Influence of Internet Currency fund to Commercial Banks Business[J].St rategic management journal,2014，26(3):197-218.。