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大学化学课后习题参考答案

大学化学课后习题参考答案

第1章 化学热力学参考答案:(一)选择题1.A 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.C 8.C 9. A 10. C 11. A 12.C (二)填空题1.40;2.等温、等容、不做非体积功,等温、等压,不做非体积功; 3.>,<,=,> 4.增大、不变 5.不变 6.3.990 kJ·mol -1(三)判断题1. ×2. ×3. ×4. ×5. √6. ×7. ×8. ×9. × 10. × (四)计算题1.解:(g)O N (l)H 2N 4242+O(l)4H (g)3N 22+(l)H N 42摩尔燃烧热为2.解:)mol ·(kJ 28.254166.963.502)84.285(401f B r --=-⨯--⨯+=∆=∆∑HH ν)mol ·(kJ 14.627211r-Θ-=∆=H Q pK1077.3109.9824.37333mr r ⨯=⨯--=∆∆=-S T 转)mol ·(kJ 78.34357.86)15.137(36.3941f B r --=---=∆=∆∑G ν)K ·mol ·(J 9.9865.21056.1975.191216.21311B r ---=--⨯+==∆∑νNO(g )CO(g )+(g)N 21(g)CO 22+)mol ·(kJ 24.37325.90)52.110(5.3931f B r --=----=∆=∆∑H ν此反应的 是较大的负值,且)(,)(-∆-∆S H 型反应,从热力学上看,在 T 转的温度以内反应都可自发进行。

3.解:外压kPa 50e =p ,11p nRT V =,22p nRTV =,2e p p = 系统所做功:定温变化,0=∆U0=+=∆W Q U ,所以Q =1 247.1(J ) 定温过程pV =常数 ∆(pV )=0 所以 0)(=∆+∆=∆pV U H 4.解:查表知CaO(s) + SO 3(g) = CaSO 4(s)求得同理求得 因为 所以根据经验推断可知,反应可以自发进行。

教育学课后习题及答案

教育学课后习题及答案

1.涂尔干说:“教育史成年一代对社会生活尚未成熟的年轻一代所实施的影响。

其目的在于,使儿童的身体、智力和道德状况都得到激励与发展,以适应整个政治社会在总体上对儿童的要求,并适应儿童将来所处的特定环境的要求。

”这种论断正确地指出了(A.教育具有社会性)。

2.联合国教科文组织在《学会生存》中主张,建设学习化社会的关键在于(C.实施终身教育)。

3.人的发展总是受到社会的制约,这意味着(B.教育要充分考虑社会发展的需要)。

4.人力资本理论认为,人力资本是经济增长的关键,教育是形成人力资本的重要力量。

这一理论的主要缺陷是(C.忽视了劳动力市场中的其他筛选标准)。

二、辨析题教育能推进一个社会的民主化进程。

正确。

教育推进着政治民主化,政治民主化是现代社会政治发展的必然趋势。

一个国家的政治是否民主,与人民的文化素质、教育水平密切相关。

一个国家的教育普及程度越高,公民素质也就越高,就越能具有公民意识,认识民主的价值,推崇民主的措施,同时在政治生活和社会生活中积极履行民主的权利,承担相应的义务。

因此,国民教育的发展和国民素质的不断提高,是推进政治民主化的重要前提和保证。

三、简答题简述教育的个体个性化功能。

1.教育促进人的主体意识和主体能力的发展,培养个体的主体性;2.教育促进人的个体特征的发展,形成个体的独特性;3.教育促进人的个体价值的实现,开发个体的创造性。

四、分析论述题“每逢新学期开始,山西省朔州市平鲁区凤凰镇寄宿制小学的学生……”试结合教育与社会发展的一般原理,对此加以深入分析。

1.教育的经济功能教育能促进经济的发展。

教育经济学的研究表明:当代经济发展已由依靠物质、资金的物力增长模式转变为依靠人力和知识资本增长的模式;人力资本是经济增长的关键,而教育是形成人力资本的重要因素。

教育通过提高国民的人力资本,促进国民收入和经济的增长。

随着社会的发展,教育在经济增长中的作用越来越显著。

现代教育正是通过人的素质的提高和专门劳动力的培养,对经济的发展起着决定性的作用。

马克思主义基本原理概论课后习题答案

马克思主义基本原理概论课后习题答案

马克思主义基本原理概论课后习题答案马克思主义基本原理概论课后习题标准答案马克思主义基本原理概论思考题解答:绪论马克思主义是关于无产阶级和人类解放的科学1、结合我们的学习谈谈马克思主义产生的历史必然性及在当代的适用性。

(一)马克思主义是时代的产物资本主义经济的发展为马克思主义产生提供了社会经济条件。

无产阶级的发展壮大及其反对资产阶级的斗争,是马克思主义产生的阶级基础。

(二)马克思恩格斯的革命实践和对人类文明成果的继承与创新马克思主义对辩证唯物主义的世界观和方法论、人类社会发展的规律以及资本主义发展的历史趋势,作了完全科学的论述,从而实现了人类思想史上的伟大革命。

(三)马克思主义在实践中不断发展马克思主义具有与时俱进的理论品质。

列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想,是马克思主义产生以来获得新发展的最重要和最具有代表性的理论成果。

这些科学成果,为工人阶级政党和社会主义国家的建设事业的蓬勃发展提供了有力的理论指导。

2、如何理解马克思主义是科学性与革命性的统一?(一)马克思主义最根本的世界观和方法论辩证唯物主义与历史唯物主义是马克思主义最根本的世界观和方法论,是马克思主义最根本的理论特征。

(二)马克思主义最鲜明的政治立场马克思主义政党的一切理论和奋斗都应致力于实现最广大人民的根本利益,这是马克思主义最鲜明的政治立场。

(三)马克思主义最重要的理论品质坚持一切从实际出发,理论联系实际,实事求是,在实践中检验真理和发展真理,是马克思主义最重要的理论品质。

(四)马克思主义最崇高的社会理想实现物质财富极大丰富、人民精神境界极大提高、每个人自由而全面发展的共产主义社会,是马克思主义最崇高的社会理想。

以上所述的四个方面,包括了马克思主义的最基本的内容,体现了马克思主义的基本立场、基本观点和基本方法,阐明了马克思主义是以科学的实践观为基础,实现了严格的科学性和彻底的革命性高度统一的科学理论体系,是从总体上把握的马克思主义。

(完整版)操作系统教程第5版课后标准答案

(完整版)操作系统教程第5版课后标准答案

操作系统教程第5版课后答案费祥林、骆斌编著第一章操作系统概论习题一一、思考题1.简述现代计算机系统的组成及层次结构。

答:现代计算机系统由硬件和软件两个部分组成。

是硬件和软件相互交织形成的集合体,构成一个解决计算问题的工具。

硬件层提供基本可计算的资源,包括处理器、寄存器、内存、外存及I/O设备。

软件层由包括系统软件、支撑软件和应用软件。

其中系统软件是最靠近硬件的。

2、计算机系统的资源可分成哪几类?试举例说明。

答:包括两大类,硬件资源和信息资源。

硬件资源分为处理器、I/O设备、存储器等;信息资源分为程序和数据等。

3.什么是操作系统?操作系统在计算机系统中的主要作用是什么?答:操作系统是一组控制和管理计算机硬件和软件资源,合理地对各类作业进行调度,以及方便用户使用的程序的集合。

操作系统在计算机系统中主要起4个方面的作用。

(1)服务用户观点——操作系统提供用户接口和公共服务程序(2)进程交互观点——操作系统是进程执行的控制者和协调者(3)系统实现观点——操作系统作为扩展机或虚拟机(4)资源管理观点——操作系统作为资源的管理者和控制者4.操作系统如何实现计算与操作过程的自动化?答:大致可以把操作系统分为以下几类:批处理操作系统、分时操作系统、实时操作系统、网络操作系统和分布式操作系统。

其中批处理操作系统能按照用户预先规定好的步骤控制作业的执行,实现计算机操作的自动化。

又可分为批处理单道系统和批处理多道系统。

单道系统每次只有一个作业装入计算机系统的主存储器运行,多个作业可自动、顺序地被装入运行。

批处理多道系统则允许多个作业同时装入主存储器,中央处理器轮流地执行各个作业,各个作业可以同时使用各自所需的外围设备,这样可以充分利用计算机系统的资源,缩短作业时间,提高系统的吞吐率5.操作系统要为用户提供哪些基本的和共性的服务?答:(1)创建程序和执行程序;(2)数据I/O和信息存取;(3)通信服务;(4)差错检测和处理。

c语言程序设计教程(第2版)课后题及模拟题参考答案

c语言程序设计教程(第2版)课后题及模拟题参考答案

c语言程序设计教程(第2版)课后题及模拟题参考答案习题11-1 填空题1.函数2.主函数main(),主函数main()3.主函数main()4.函数首部,函数体5.{, }6./*, */7.顺序结构,选择结构,循环结构8..c, .obj, .exe1-2 思考题1.结构化程序设计是指:为使程序具有一个合理的结构以保证程序正确性而规定的一套如何进行程序设计的原则。

其基本结构包括顺序结构、选择结构和循环结构三种。

2.算法是对具体问题求解步骤的一种描述。

计算机算法的表达工具通常采用以下几种方法:(1)用自然语言表示算(2)用流程图表示算法(3)用伪代码表示算法(4)用程序设计语言表示算法3.语言简洁、紧凑,使用方便、灵活; 支持结构化程序设计;运算符丰富;数据类型丰富;较强的编译预处理功能;C语言的可移植性好;C语言本身既有一般高级语言的优点,又有低级(汇编)语言的特点;语法限制不太严格,程序设计自由度大。

1-3 编程题1. 试参照本章例题编写计算梯形面积的C语言程序,梯形的上底、下底和高分别用a,b,h表示,并用a=10,b=20,h=5测试所编写的程序。

#include "stdio.h"main(){ float a, b, h, s;a=10; b=20;h=5; s=(a+b)*h/2;printf("s=%f\n" , s );}2. 编写程序显示如图1.11所示信息。

图1.11 显示信息#include "stdio.h"main(){ printf("******************************\n");printf("* hello world *\n");printf("******************************\n"); }习题22-1 单选题1~5 DBDCA 6~10 DCABA 11~12 CA 2-2 思考题1.2.0000002.1,0.53.9,24.65.100,d6.(1)20 (2)0 (3)607. (1)10,6,4 (2)6,9,15 (3)3,60,838. 55习题33-1 选择题1-5BDABC 6-10ADCAC 11-12BB3-2 填空题1. 32.02613.0x104. 2, 1 互换a,b的值5. 6.66.–0038.77. 5.0,4,c=3<Enter>8.i=10,j=20<Enter>9.(1) 65(2) 65,A(3) 56.123400,123.456001(4) 3.141600(5) 8765.432(6) 5.864000e+002(7) 3.141600e+000(8) 3.1416(9) 8765(10) 3.1416,8765.4310.a=2 b=5x=8.8 y=76.34c1=65 c2=973-3 编程题1. 编写程序实现从键盘输入两个十进制整型数据10和8给变量x和y,并按下列格式 输出。

英美概况课后习题集规范标准答案

英美概况课后习题集规范标准答案
2. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire?
----Colonization of Newfoundland, the first British colony overseas, in 1583 marked the beginning of the British Empire. By 1837, British had long been an empire which included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies. By the end of 19th century, the British Empire included a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world's landmass. During the mid-19th century, the British government consolidated the existing colonies by bringing them under the direct control of the government. Before World War 1, Britain had thelargest colonial empire in the world. However, Britain suffered great loss to its manpower in the two World Wars and exhausted its reserves of gold, dollars and overseas investment. Most of Britain's colonies gained independence since the 1940s, which inevitably led to the fall the Empire.

武大吉大第三版无机化学教案资料课后习题集规范标准答案9-11

武大吉大第三版无机化学教案资料课后习题集规范标准答案9-11

武⼤吉⼤第三版⽆机化学教案资料课后习题集规范标准答案9-11第九章1.什么叫稀溶液的依数性?试⽤分⼦运动论说明分⼦的⼏种依数性?答2.利⽤溶液的依数性设计⼀个测定溶质分⼦量的⽅法。

答3.溶液与化合物有什么不同?溶液与普通混合物⼜有什么不同?答4.试述溶质、溶剂、溶液、稀溶液、浓溶液、不饱和溶液、饱和溶液、过饱和溶液的含意。

答为溶质。

体系叫溶液。

5.什么叫做溶液的浓度?浓度和溶解度有什么区别和联系?固体溶解在液体中的浓度有哪些表⽰⽅法?⽐较各种浓度表⽰⽅法在实际使⽤中的优缺点。

答6.如何绘制溶解度曲线?⽐较KNO3、NaCl和NaSO4的溶解度曲线,说明为什么着三条曲线的变化趋势(及斜率)不⼀样?答以溶解度为纵坐标,以温度为横坐标所做出的溶解度随温度变化的曲线叫做溶解度曲线。

KNO3溶解度随温度升⾼⽽增⼤;NaCl溶解度随温度升⾼⼏乎不变;NaSO4溶解度随温度升⾼⽽减⼩。

7.为什么NaOH溶解于⽔时,所得的碱液是热的,⽽NH4NO3溶解与⽔时,所得溶液是冷的?答8.把相同质量的葡萄糖和⽢油分别溶于100g⽔中,问所得溶液的沸点、凝固点、蒸汽压和渗透压相同否?为什么?如果把相同物质的量的葡萄糖和⽢油溶于100g⽔中,结果⼜怎样?说明之。

答9.回答下列问题:(a)提⾼⽔的沸点可采⽤什么⽅法?(b)为什么海⽔鱼不能⽣活在淡⽔中?(c)⽓体压强和溶液渗透压有何差别?(d)为什么临床常⽤质量分数为0.9%⽣理⾷盐⽔和⽤质量分数为5%葡萄糖溶液作输液?(e)为什么浮在海⾯上的冰⼭其中含盐极少?(f)试述亨利(Henry)定律和拉乌尔(Raoult)定律的适⽤范围是。

答(a)增⼤⽔的蒸⽓压;(b)因为渗透压不同;(c)π=CRT稀溶液的渗透压与溶液的浓度和温度的关系同理想⽓体⽅程式⼀致。

(d)在⼀定条件下,难挥发⾮电解质稀溶液的渗透压与溶液中溶质的浓度成正⽐,⽽与溶质的本性⽆关。

(e)⾮极性或弱极性的固态物质溶于弱极性溶剂⽽难溶于强极性溶剂。

第六章++课后习题+参考答案

第六章++课后习题+参考答案

第6章完全垄断市场下的价格与产量课后习题参考答案一、单选题1.对完全垄断厂商来说(C)。

A.提高价格一定能够增加收益B.降低价格一定会减少收益C.提高价格未必能增加收益,降低价格未必减少收益D.以上都不对解析:完全垄断市场上,厂商的总收益TR曲线是先增加后减少。

因此,对完全垄断厂商来说,提高价格未必能增加收益,降低价格未必减少收益。

选C。

2.垄断厂商利润极大时,(C)。

A.P=MR=MCB.P>MR=ACC.P>MR=MCD.P>MC=AC解析:垄断厂商定价时遵循利润最大化原则,此时有边际收益等于边际成本MR=MC,而当垄断厂商利润极大时,价格P显然高于边际成本MC。

3.垄断利润或者说超额利润(A)。

A.不是一种成本,因为它不代表生产中使用的资源所体现的替换成本B.不能为垄断者在长期中所获取,因为价格在最优产出水平上必须等于长期平均成本C.为保证资本继续进入该行业所必需D.能为完全竞争者和垄断者一样在长期中获取解析:BCD选项均有明显错误。

垄断利润或者说超额利润不是一种成本,选A。

4.在短期,完全垄断厂商(D)。

A.无盈余B.取得最大利润C.发生亏损D.以上任何一种情况都有可能出现解析:完全垄断厂商在短期均衡点上可能获得超额利润,可能只获得正常利润,还可能发生亏损。

因此选D。

5.在完全垄断厂商的最好或最优产量处(D)。

A.P=MCB.P=SAC的最低点的值C.P最高D.MR=MC解析:根据利润最大化原则,边际收益等于边际成本MR=MC时的价格和产量是最优的。

因此选D。

二、简答题1.成为垄断者的厂商可以任意定价,这种说法对吗?这种说法不正确。

从理论上讲,垄断者是价格的制定者,其产品没有替代品,其他厂商无法进入垄断行业,厂商是产品唯一的卖者。

然而在实际上,如果垄断厂商定价过高,购买量就会下降,从而使总收益和利润下降;其他厂商如看到有丰厚的利润,尽管没有替代品,但相似的替代品总是会生产的,因而垄断厂商如果定价过高,会使自己产品失去销路,市场被相似替代品夺去;国家也会对垄断厂商的定价加以控制,有些国家会通过制定反垄断法,规定最高限价,还可用征税等办法加以控制。

成本会计教程(第五版)课后习题答案

成本会计教程(第五版)课后习题答案

第一章一、单项选择题1、D;2、C;3、C;4、B;5、C。

二、多项选择题1、ABCD;2、ABD;3、ABCD;4、ABCD三、判断题1、×;2、×;3、√;4、×;5、×。

第二章产品成本核算概述一、单项选择题1、D;2、B;3、A;4、C;5、D;6、B。

二、多项选择题1、ABC;2、BCD;3、ACD;4、ABCD;5、AC;6、ABC.三、判断题1、×;2、×;3、√;4、√;5、×;6、√。

第七章一、单项选择题1.C2.C3.B4.B5.A二、多项选择题1.ABCD2.CD3.AC4.ABCD5.CD三、判断题1. ×2. ×3. √4. √5.×6. ×7. ×8. √9.√10. √四、计算题各种产品系数计算表产品本月实际产量材料消耗定额材料系数材料总系数工时消耗定额工时系数工时总系数A20015 1.53009.6 1.20240 B24012 1.22888.8 1.10264 C4801014808 1.00480 D36090.93247.60.95342 E30080.82407.20.90270合计16321596甲类产品成本计算单直接材料直接人工制造费用合计月初在产品成本20000300001880068800本月生产费用146880383040255360785280合计166880413040274160854080完工产品总成本146880383040255360785280月末在产品成本20000300001880068800甲类内各种产品成本计算表直接材料加工费用直接材料直接人工制造费用成本合计A200375240337505760038400129750B 240360264324006336042240138000C 4806004805400011520076800246000D 360405342364508208054720173250E 300300270270006480043200135000合计16321596146880383040255360785280实际产量总系数总成本产品第六章一、单项选择题1.C2. D3. A4.A5.B二、多项选择题1.AB2.ABCD3. AC4. ABCD 三、判断题1.√2. ×3. √4. √5. √6. √7. √8. √9. 1√0.√ 四、计算题 [核算题1]产品成本明细帐产品名称:甲产品 年 月 产量:200件 摘要 直接材料 直接工资 其他直接支出 制造费用 合计 月初在产品成本 5000 2632 3684000 12000 分配材料费用 2960029600 分配工资费用 90009000 分配福利费及动力费 36003600 分配制造费用7516.5 7516.5 月计29600 9000 3600 7516.5 49716.5 累计34600 11632396811516.561716.5减:月末在产品成本完工产品成本 34600 11632 3968 11516.5 61716.5 单位成本173 58.1619.8457.5825 308.5825产品成本明细帐产品名称:乙产品 年 月 产量:160件摘要直接材料直接工资其他直接支出制造费用合计月初在产品成本14000 4386 614 6000 25000分配材料费用34400 34400分配工资费用15000 15000分配福利费及动力费5300 5300分配制造费用12527.512527.5 月计34400 15000 5300 12527.5 67227.5累计48400 19386 5914 18527.5 92227.5减:月末在产品成本9680 2154 657.11 2058.61 14549.72完工产品成本38720 17232 5256.89 16486.89 77677.78 单位成本242 107.7 32.86 103.04 485.49完工产品成本汇总表产品名称产量(件)直接材料直接工资其他直接支出制造费用合计单位成本甲产品200 34600 11632 3968 11516.561716.5308.5825 乙产品160 38720 17232 5256.89 16486.89 77677.78 485.49 合计—73320 28864 9224.89 28003.39 139394.28 794.0752第七章一、单选1、B2、B3、A4、A5、C二、多选1、ABC2、BC3、ABCD4、AD5、ABD三、判断1、N2、Y3、Y4、Y5、N6、Y7、Y8、Y9、Y10、Y四、核算(1)分批法批号:9310生产成本计算单产品:甲产品直接材料直接人工制造费用11月135006480486012月800091206840合计215001560011700完工产品成本215001560011700批号:9311生产成本计算单产品:乙产品直接材料直接人工制造费用11月76004200315012月420067205040批号:9312生产成本计算单产品:丙产品直接材料直接人工制造费用12月2100088806660合计2100088806660完工产品成本2100088806660(2)简化分批法生产成本二级账工时直接材料直接人工制造费用11月89002110010680801012月20600332002472018540合计29500543003540026550间接费用累计分配率 1.20.9完工转出20400425002448018360余额910011800109208190产品:甲产品工时直接材料直接人工制造费用11月540013500----12月76008000----累计数及分配率1300021500 1.20.9本月转出完工产品成本13000215001560011700完工产品单位成本1300215015601170批号:9311生产成本计算单产品:乙产品工时直接材料直接人工制造费用11月35007600----12月56004200----批号:9312生产成本计算单产品:丙产品工时直接材料直接人工制造费用12月74002100088806660累计数及分配率740021000 1.20.9合计74002100088806660完工产品单位成本1480420017761332第三章产品成本构成要素的轨迹与分配一、单项选择题1、C;2、A;3、D;4、B;5、D;6、A;7、D;8、C。

《 别了,我爱的中国》练习题和课后练习题及标准答案

《 别了,我爱的中国》练习题和课后练习题及标准答案

《别了,我爱的中国》练习题和课后练习题及答案————————————————————————————————作者:————————————————————————————————日期:18 别了,我爱的中国1 别了,我爱的中国,我全心爱着的中国!我倚在高高的船栏上,看着船渐渐地离岸了,船与岸之间的水面渐渐地宽了,我看着许多亲友挥着帽子,挥着手,说着“再见,再见!”我听着鞭炮劈劈啪啪地响着,我的眼眶是润湿了,我的眼泪已经滴在眼镜面上,镜面模糊了。

我有一种说不出的感动!2 船慢慢地向前驶着,沿途停着好几只灰色的白色的军舰。

不,那不是悬挂着我们的国旗的,那是帝国主义的军舰。

3 两岸是黄土和青草,再过去是地平线上几座小岛。

海水满盈盈的,照在夕阳之下,浪涛像顽皮的小孩似的跳跃不定,水面上呈现出一片金光。

4 别了,我爱的中国,我全心爱着的中国!5 我不忍离了中国而去,更不忍在这大时代中放弃自己应做的工作而去。

许多亲爱的勇士正在用他们的血和汗建造着新的中国,正在以满腔热情工作着,战斗着。

我这样不负责任地离开中国,真是一个罪人!6 然而我终将在这大时代中工作的,我终将为中国而努力,而呈献我的身,我的心的,我离开中国,为的是求得更好的经验,求得更好的战斗的武器。

暂别了,暂別了,在各方面斗争着的勇士们,我不久将以更勇猛的力量加入到你们当中来!7 当我归来的时候,我希望这些帝国主义的军舰都不见了,代替它们的是悬挂着我们的国旗的伟大的中国舰队。

如果它们那时候还没有退出中国海,还没有为我们赶出去,那么,来,勇士们,我将加入你们的队伍,以更勇猛的力量,去驱逐它们,毁灭它们!8 这是我的誓言!9 别了,我爱的中国,我全心爱着的中国![注]本文作者郑振铎(1898-1958)。

文章写于1927年,当时中国正遭受帝国主义列强侵略,处于民族存亡的危难时刻,郑振铎作为一个爱国热血青年,为避开国民党政府的压迫,毅然出国,在他离开祖国之际,写了一组感人的文章——《离别》,本文是其中的一篇。

项目管理课后习题题参考答案

项目管理课后习题题参考答案

1、什么是项目?它及日常工作有什么不同?答:项目是一个特殊的将被完成的有限任务,它是在一定时间内,满足一系列特定目标的多项相关工作的总称。

项目及日常运作的区别如下表2、项目的基本特征有哪些?答:一次性、独特性、目标的明确性、组织的临时性和开放性、后果的不可挽回性。

3、项目生命期的基本特征有哪些?答:1)、项目资源的投入具有波动;2)、项目风险程度逐渐变小;3)、项目干系人对项目的控制力逐渐变弱。

4、项目干系人主要包括哪些方面?答:1)、项目经理:负责管理项目的人。

2)、客户或用户:会使用项目产品的组织或个人。

顾客会有若干层次。

例如,一个新医药产品的顾客包括开处方的医生、吃药的病人和付钱的保险公司。

在一些应用领域,顾客和用户的意思是一样的。

而在其他领域,顾客是指采购产品的实体,用户是指真正使用项目产品的人。

3)、执行组织:雇员直接为项目工作的组织。

4)、项目组成员:执行项目工作的一组人。

5)、项目管理团队:直接参及项目管理的项目组成员。

6)、资助人:以现金或实物形式为项目提供经济资源的组织或个人。

7)、权力阶层:并不直接采购或使用项目产品,但是因为自身在消费者组织或执行组织中的位置,可以对项目进程施加积极或消极影响的个人或组织。

8)、项目管理办公室(PMO):如果在执行组织中存在,并对项目的结果负有直接或间接的责任,项目管理办公室可能也是项目干系人之一。

除了这些主要的项目干系人,还有许多其他类型,包括内部和外部干系人,业主干系人。

5、什么是项目管理,怎样理解这一概念?它及一般管理有何不同?答:所谓项目管理就是项目的管理者,在有限的资源约束下,运用系统的观点、方法和理论,对项目涉及的全部工作进行有效地管理。

即从项目的投资决策开始到项目结束的全过程进行计划、组织、指挥、协调、控制和评价,以实现项目的目标。

项目管理是专门针对项目的管理,项目有临时性、特点性、间断性或者叫一次性,项目有明显的开始、结束,而一般的管理没有时间性特征,更注重的是通过管理将企业打造为百年第二章第2题项目管理的九大知识领域:1.项目整体管理2.项目范围管理3.项目时间管理4.项目成本管理5.项目质量管理6.项目人力资源管理7.项目沟通管理8.项目风险管理9.项目采购管理第三章第1题1.同意;因为矩阵型组织结构的有点之一是:资源和知识共享,由于项目经理负责整个管理项目,可以从职能部门临时抽调所需的专业人员,从而可以分享各个部门的技术人才储备,而且关键技术人员能够各个项目共用,从而避免了人员冗余的情况,充分利用组织内部的人力资源。

计算方法课后习题集规范标准答案

计算方法课后习题集规范标准答案

习 题 一3.已知函数y =4, 6.25,9x x x ===处的函数值,试通过一个二次插值函解:0120124, 6.25,9;2, 2.5,3y x x x y y y =======由题意 (1) 采用Lagrange插值多项式220()()j j j y L x l x y ==≈=∑27020112012010*********()|()()()()()()()()()()()()(7 6.25)(79)(74)(79)(74)(7 6.25)2 2.532.255 2.25 2.75 2.7552.6484848x y L x x x x x x x x x x x x x y y y x x x x x x x x x x x x ==≈------=++------------=⨯+⨯+⨯⨯-⨯⨯= 其误差为(3)25(3)25(3)2[4,9]2()(7)(74)(7 6.25)(79)3!3()83max |()|40.0117281|(7)|(4.5)(0.01172)0.008796f R f x x f x R ξ--=---==<∴<=又则(2)采用Newton插值多项式2()y N x =≈ 根据题意作差商表:224(7)2(74)()(74)(7 6.25) 2.64848489495N =+⨯-+-⨯-⨯-≈4. 设()()0,1,...,k f x x k n ==,试列出()f x 关于互异节点()0,1,...,i x i n =的Lagrange 插值多项式。

注意到:若1n +个节点()0,1,...,i x i n =互异,则对任意次数n ≤的多项式()f x ,它关于节点()0,1,...,i x i n =满足条件(),0,1,...,i i P x y i n ==的插值多项式()P x 就是它本身。

可见,当k n ≤时幂函数()(0,1,...,)kf x x k n ==关于1n +个节点()0,1,...,i x i n =的插值多项式就是它本身,故依Lagrange 公式有()00(),0,1,...,nn n k kk i j j j j j i j ii jx x x l x x x k n x x ===≠-=≡=-∑∑∏特别地,当0k =时,有()0001nn n ij j j i j ii jx x l x x x ===≠-=≡-∑∑∏而当1k =时有()000nnn ij j j j j i j ii jx x x l x x x x x ===≠⎛⎫- ⎪=≡ ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭∑∑∏ 5.依据下列函数表分别建立次数不超过3的Lagrange 插值多项式和Newton 插值多项式,并验证插值多项式的唯一性。

高教第二版(徐寿昌)有机化学课后习题集规范标准答案第10章

高教第二版(徐寿昌)有机化学课后习题集规范标准答案第10章

第十章 醇和醚一、将下列化合物按伯仲叔醇分类,并用系统命名法命名。

1.2.CH 3CH 3CH 3C OH 3.OH4.OH 5.OH6.HOCH 2CH 2CH 2OH7.OHOH8.9.OHOH仲醇,异丙醇仲醇,1-苯基乙醇 仲醇,2-壬烯-5-醇二、 预测下列化合物与卢卡斯试剂反应速度的顺序。

1.正丙醇 2.2-甲基-2-戊醇 3.二乙基甲醇 解:与卢卡斯试剂反应速度顺序如下:2-甲基-2-戊醇>二乙基甲醇>正丙醇 三、 比较下列化合物在水中的溶解度,并说明理由。

1.CH 3CH 2CH 2OH2.HOCH 2CH 2CH 2OH3.CH 3OCH 2CH 34.CH 2OHCHOHCH 2OH5.CH 3CH 2CH 342135>>>>理由:羟基与水形成分子间氢键,羟基越多在水中溶解度越大,醚可与水形成氢键,而丙烷不能。

四、 区别下列化合物。

1.CH 2=CHCH 2OH 2.CH 3CH 2CH 2OH3.CH 3CH 2CH 2Cl解:烯丙醇 丙醇 1-氯丙烷2.CH 3CH 2CHOHCH 3CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2OH (CH 3)3COH解: 2-丁醇 1-丁醇 2-甲基-2-丙醇3.α-苯乙醇 β-苯乙醇解:与卢卡斯试剂反应,α-苯乙醇立即变浑, β-苯乙醇加热才变浑。

五、顺-2-苯基-2-丁烯和2-甲基-1-戊烯经硼氢化-氧化反应后,生成何种产物? 解:CH 3C=CCH 3HC 6H 5B 2H 6NaOH,H 2O 2C 6H 5CHCHOH3CH 3CH 3CH 2=C CH 2CH 2CH 3B 2H 6NaOH,H 2O 2CH 3HOCH 22CH 2CH 3六、 写出下列化合物的脱水产物。

1.CH 3CH 2C(CH 3)2OHCH 3CH=C(CH 3)22.(CH 3)2CCH 2CH 2OHH 2SO 41moleH 2O(CH 3)2C=CHCH 2OH3.CH 2CHCH 3H +CH=CHCH 34.CH 2CHCH(CH 3)2+CH=CHCH(CH 3)25.CH 3CH=C CH 3CH 2C(CH 3)C(CH 3)CH 2CH 3CH 3C CH 3=CHCH 3OHOH七、 比较下列各组醇和溴化氢反应的相对速度。

数值计算课后规范标准答案2

数值计算课后规范标准答案2

习 题 二 解 答1.用二分法求方程x 3-2x 2-4x-7=0在区间[3,4]内的根,精确到10-3,即误差不超过31102-⨯。

分析:精确到10-3与误差不超过10-3不同。

解:因为f(3)=-10<0,f(4)=9>0,所以,方程在区间[3,4]上有根。

由34311*1022222n n n n n n b a b a x x -----≤===<⨯ 有2n-1>1000,又为210=1024>1000, 所以n =11,即只需要二分11次即可。

x *≈x 11=3.632。

指出:(1)注意精确度的不同表述。

精确到10-3和误差不超过10-3是不同的。

(2)在计算过程中按规定精度保留小数,最后两次计算结果相同。

如果计算过程中取4位小数,结果取3位,则如下表:(3)用秦九韶算法计算f(x n )比较简单。

1*.求方程x 3-2x 2-4x-7=0的隔根区间。

解:令32247y x x x =---, 则2344322()()y x x x x '=--=+-当23443220()()y x x x x '=--=+-=时,有12223,x x =-=。

函数单调区间列表分析如下:因为214902150327(),()y y -=-<=-<,所以方程在区间223(,)-上无根; 因为21490327()y -=-<,而函数在23(,)-∞-上单调增,函数值不可能变号,所以方程在该区间上无根;因为2150()y =-<,函数在(2,+∞)上单调增,所以方程在该区间上最多有一个根,而(3)=-10<0,y(4)=9>0,所以方程在区间(3,4)有一个根。

所以,该方程有一个根,隔根区间是(3.4)。

2.证明1sin 0x x --=在[0,1]内有一个根,使用二分法求误差不大于41102-⨯的根,需要迭代多少次?分析:证明方程在指定区间内有一个根,就是证明相应的函数在指定区间有至少一个零点。

泵与风机课后习题答案(标准版)

泵与风机课后习题答案(标准版)

扬程:单位重量液体从泵进口截面到泵出口截面所获得的机械能。

流量qv :单位时间内通过风机进口的气体的体积。

全压p :单位体积气体从风机进口截面到风机出口截面所获得的机械能。

轴向涡流的定义:容器转了一周,流体微团相对于容器也转了一周,其旋转角速度和容器的旋转角速度大小相等而方向相反,这种旋转运动就称轴向涡流。

影响:使流线发生偏移从而使进出口速度三角形发生变化。

使出口圆周速度减小。

叶片式泵与风机的损失:(一)机械损失:指叶轮旋转时,轴与轴封、轴与轴承及叶轮圆盘摩擦所损失的功率。

(二)容积损失:部分已经从叶轮获得能量的流体从高压侧通过间隙向低压侧流动造成能量损失。

泵的叶轮入口处的容积损失,为了减小这部分损失,一般在入口处都装有密封环。

(三),流动损失:流体和流道壁面生摸差,流道的几何形状改变使流体产生旋涡,以及冲击等所造成的损失。

多发部位:吸入室,叶轮流道,压出室。

如何降低叶轮圆盘的摩擦损失:1、适当选取n 和D2的搭配。

2、降低叶轮盖板外表面和壳腔内表面的粗糙度可以降低△Pm2。

3、适当选取叶轮和壳体的间隙。

轴流式泵与风机应在全开阀门的情况下启动,而离心式泵与风机应在关闭阀门的情况下启动。

泵与风机(课后习题答案)第一章1-1有一离心式水泵,其叶轮尺寸如下:1b =35mm, 2b =19mm, 1D =178mm,2D =381mm, 1a β=18°,2a β=20°。

设流体径向流入叶轮,如n=1450r/min ,试画出出口速度三角形,并计算理论流量,V T q 和在该流量时的无限多叶片的理论扬程T H ∞。

解:由题知:流体径向流入叶轮 ∴1α=90° 则:1u =1n60D π=317810145060π-⨯⨯⨯=13.51 (m/s )1V =1m V =1u tg 1a β=13.51⨯tg 18°=4.39 (m/s )∵1V q =π1D 1b 1m V =π⨯0.178⨯4.39⨯0.035=0.086 (3m /s ) ∴2m V =122Vq D b π=0.0860.3810.019π⨯⨯=3.78 (m/s ) 2u =2D 60n π=338110145060π-⨯⨯⨯=28.91 (m/s ) 2u V ∞=2u -2m V ctg 2a β=28.91-3.78⨯ctg20°=18.52 (m/s )T H ∞=22u u V g∞=28.9118.529.8⨯=54.63 (m )1-2有一离心式水泵,其叶轮外径2D =220mm,转速n=2980r/min ,叶片出口安装角2a β=45°,出口处的轴面速度2m v =3.6m/s 。

部编人教版四年级语文上册课本课后习题(参考答案)

部编人教版四年级语文上册课本课后习题(参考答案)

部编⼈教版四年级语⽂上册课本课后习题(参考答案)部编版四年级语⽂上册课本课后习题参考答案第⼀课《观潮》⼀、说说课⽂是按照什么顺序描写钱塘江⼤潮的,你的头脑中浮现出怎样的画⾯,选择印象最深和同学交流。

答:课⽂按潮来前,潮来时,潮过后的顺序观察描写钱塘江⼤潮。

“潮来前”的景象:江⾯上很平静,观潮⼈的⼼情急切。

闷雷滚动、⼀条⽩线“潮来时”的景象:潮的声⼤,潮头有数丈之⾼,声如“⼭崩地裂”,形如“⽩⾊城墙”、“⽩⾊战马”,横贯江⾯。

给⼈的印象就是如巨雷般的⼤潮像千军万马席地⽽卷,在呐喊、嘶鸣中奔来。

狂潮拍⽯,如同⼏⾥岸边同时⾦钟齐鸣。

“潮头过后”的景象:潮头汹涌,漫天卷地,余威犹在,恢复平静,⽔位上涨。

我印象最深的是“潮来时”的景象:那条⽩线很快地向我们移来,逐渐拉长,变粗,横贯江⾯。

再近些,只见⽩浪翻滚,形成⼀堵两丈多⾼的⽔墙。

浪潮越来越近,犹如千万匹⽩⾊战马齐头并进,浩浩荡荡地飞奔⽽来;那声⾳如同⼭崩地裂,好像⼤地都被震得颤动起来。

霎时,潮头奔腾西去,可是余波还在漫天卷地般涌来,江⾯上依旧风号浪吼。

⼆、读下⾯这⾸诗,从课⽂中找出与诗的内容相关的句⼦。

浪淘沙唐·刘禹锡⼋⽉涛声吼地来,头⾼数丈触⼭回。

须臾却⼊海门去,卷起沙堆似雪堆。

与诗的内容相关的句⼦:那条⽩线很快地向我们移来,逐渐拉长,变粗,横贯江⾯。

再近些,只见⽩浪翻滚,形成⼀堵两丈多⾼的⽔墙。

浪潮越来越近,犹如千万匹⽩⾊战马齐头并进,浩浩荡荡地飞奔⽽来;那声⾳如同⼭崩地裂,好像⼤地都被震得颤动起来。

第⼆课《⾛⽉亮》⼀、阿妈牵着我“我”⾛过“⽉光闪闪的溪岸”,“细细的溪⽔,流着⼭草和野花的⾹味,流着⽉光……”你的头脑中浮出了怎样的画⾯?课⽂中还有哪些画⾯给你留下了深刻的印象?和同学交流。

提⽰:⼭草、野花、⽉光倒映在溪⽔⾥,随着溪⽔流动着,就像是“流着⼭草、野花的⾹味,流着⽉光”。

这⾥⽤了暗喻的⼿法,把阿妈⽐作美丽的⽉亮,牵着那些闪闪烁烁的⼩星星,也就是“我”在天上⾛着。

美国大学英语写作课后习题集规范标准答案

美国大学英语写作课后习题集规范标准答案

Suggested Answers for “The Yellow Ribbon”—by Pete Hamill (P. 210)1.Vingo returned from prison to find that his wife still loved him and wanted him back.2. b3. a4. B5.Two examples: Vingo tells his story slowly and painfully and with great hesitation.Vingo tells his story “slowly and painfully and with great hesitation.”6. Examples of Vingo’s being honorable: He doesn’t express any self-pity about being in jail.He owns up to his crime. He offers his wife her freedom.7. Place names: Fort Lauderdale, New Jersey, Washington, Jacksonville, the 34th StreetOther transition: Terminal in New York, Philadelphia, Brunswick8.But if she didn’t...9.Maybe the author Hamill asked one of the young people in the story about her traveling experience.10.The author ends this essay by describing how the young people shouted excitedly when they saw the yellow ribbons on the oak tree and how Vingo rose from his seat and made his way to the front of the bus to go home nervously.We may expect that Vingo would receive an amazing and warm welcome when he walks into his home.The author just wants to leaves some space for the readers to think and imagine freely.P.256--Taming the Anger Monster: by Anne Davidson1. d2. Anger has become an increasingly common problem in our society.3. “According to Carol Tavris, author of Anger: The Misunderstood Emotion, the keys to dealing with anger are common sense and patience.”4. Effect: An epidemic of anger Three causes: Lack of time, technology, tension6. B7.8.To begin with Technology is also Tension, the third major culprit9.D10.The first paragraph presents a story about a person with anger problems. The last paragraph shows how that story was successfully resolved.P289.--Born to Be Different?: by Camille Lewisc 2. a 3. D4. She lists a series of examples where the “empathizing” mindset is evident:female-dominated careers, female reading matter, and female relationships5. Brain anatomyWays of interacting with the worldWays of problem solving6. Lewis presents her essay point by point. The first point is about brain anatomy, thesecond is about interacting with the world, and the third is about problem solving.For each point, she discusses women and then men.7.8. On the other hand (7)In contrast (9)But (11)9.d 10 aP.508--Suggested Answers for “Shame”—Dick Gregory (P.508)Note: The numbers in parentheses refer to relevant paragraphs in the selection.Reading Comprehension Questions, 584-5851. A2. D3. b Answers a, c, and d are too narrow.4. a Answers b, c, and d are too narrow.5. c See Paragraph 66. True See Paragraph 237. a See Paragraph 58. B. The entire incident with the Community Chest Fund shows Richard’s pride9. b Richard’s teacher ignores his problems and humiliates him in front of the entire class;see paragraphs 5 through 26.10. b Helene cries over Richard’s humiliation; see paragraph 23.Structure and Technique, 5851. In paragraphs 1 and 2, Gregory mentions several steps he took to impress Helene Tucker.What were they? Why does he include them in his essay?Answer:In order to impress Helene, Gregory brushed his hair, got a handkerchief, washed his socks and shirt every night, shoveled the snow off her walk, tried to make friends with her mother and aunts, and left money on her stoop. He describes those steps in detail because, besides demonstrating his devotion to Helene, they give a clear picture of Gregory’s poverty.2. A metaphor is a suggested comparison. What metaphor does Gregory use in paragraph 5, andwhat is its purpose? What metaphor does he use in the second sentence of paragraph 7, andwhat does it mean?Answer:In paragraph 5, Gregory uses the metaphor that he was pregnant to suggest the effects of poverty on him—it gave him strange tastes, which pregnant people get. It also filled him (as pregnancy fills someone), but with negative things: poverty, dirt, “smells that made people turn away,” and so on.In the second sentence of paragraph 7, Gregory uses the metaphor of a flying eagle to represent the movement of money. (A picture of an eagle is engraved on one side of a quarter).3. In narrating the incidents in the classroom and in the restaurant, Gregory chooses toprovide actual dialogue rather than merely to tell what happened. Why?Answer:By using the exact words spoken by Helene, the teacher, and himself, Gregory givesa very clear picture of what happened by allowing the reader to “experience” it, rather thansimply hear a general summary. The dialogue between Helene and the teacher shows Helene as an ideal little student who received approval from the teacher. The dialogue between Gregory and the teacher, however, clearly demonstrates Gregory’s eagerness to impress Helene and his unsuccessful, embarrassing attempt to gain the teacher’s approval. If Gregory had merely described what had happened, we would have a much less vivid impression of the characters involved.4. At the end of the essay, Gregory shifts his focus from the classroom to the scene involving the winoat the restaurant. What is the connection between this closing scene and the rest of the essay?Answer:In the body of the essay, Gregory is narrating a time that he was shamed publicly and no one came to his defense. In the closing scene, Gregory realizes that he has done the same thing—that he, too, has witnessed a person being shamed without assisting him. He feels a new kind of “shame,” that of having failed to help another man in need.Critical Reading and Discussion,5861. When Gregory writes, “I never learned hate at home, or shame. I had to go to school forthat” (paragraph 1), he is using irony—an inconsistency between what is expected and what actually occurs. What does he mean by these two statements? What is the effect of his irony?Answer:Gregory means that although his home life was one of poverty and want, his home was not a place of inhumane values, such as hatred and shame. But at school, which on its surface was a more positive place, he was made to feel hatred and shame. The ironic statement intrigues the reader and makes him or her want to know more about what Gregory means.2. What are Gregory’s feelings about his teacher? What were your feelings about her as you readthis essay? What could the teacher have done or said that would not have made Gregory feel ashamed?Answer:Gregory seems sad and resentful that the teacher did not understand why he misbehaved in class and that she assumed he was stupid and a troublemaker. But he also wanted her approval badly, as seen by the Community Chest incident and the fact that he gota “big thrill” out of being chosen to clean the blackboard. Students’ suggestions about theteacher will vary. One possibility: She could have merely thanked Gregory in class and then spoken to him privately later if she doubted that he could contribute to Community Chest.3. Gregory shows how a childhood incident taught him shame. What other important lessons does Gregory learn in this essay? Explain.Answer:From paragraph 3, in which Gregory talks about his accomplishments later in life, we can conclude that he learned he could boost his self-esteem through his own efforts.Paragraph 5 shows that from his own experiences, he learned that children who are hungry and poor may feel invisible and so behave in ways that attract attention. From his experience with the wino, he learned that in order to feel good about himself, he would have to start standing up for other people who were shamed.4. At the end of his essay, Gregory says, “I waited too long to help another man.” Why do youthink he waited so long to assist the wino? What are some reasons people do not always help others who are in need (for example, ignoring a homeless person seated on the sidewalk)?Answer:Gregory probably had many reasons for not helping the wino sooner: embarrassment at drawing attention to himself, reluctance to part with his hard-earned money, not wanting to get in trouble with Mr. Williams, not knowing the wino and thus feeling the affair wasn’t his business, etc. People have similar reasons for not helping others in need. In addition, people who ignore a homeless man may feel that the man’s problems—maybe including substance abuse or mental illness—are so big and deep-rooted that they are not qualified to help him in any effective way.Thesis-and-Support OutlineThesis:Living poor was, for the author, a humiliating experience.1. He was embarrassed in front of his classmates and, worse, in front of Helene Tucker(7-23).2. Everybody knew he was a “worthy boy” who had no Dad and no money (28).3. His self-pity prevented him from helping another poor man, the wino (29-37).P.567 Suggested Answers for “Propaganda Techniques in Today’s Advertising” by Ann McClintockNote: The numbers in parentheses refer to relevant paragraphs in the selection.Reading Comprehension Questions,648-6491. b2. d3. b Answer a is too broad; answers c and d are too narrow.4. c Answers a and b are too narrow; answer d is too broad.5. b Paragraph 96. d Paragraphs 18-197. c Paragraph 168. c Paragraph 239. b10. aStructure and Technique, 649-6501. In paragraph 1, McClintock’s choice of words reveals her attitudes toward bothpropagandists and the public. What specific words reveal her attitudes, and what attitudes do they represent?Answer:McClintock describes propagandists as “seducers” and “brainwashers.” She refers to their “alluring images,”their “tricks,”and their “charm.”She describes the public as “content”and “eager . . . victims.”Her choice of words makes it clear that she thinks propagandists are untrustworthy and interested in taking unfair advantage of a too-trusting public.2. What key term does McClintock define in paragraph 2? Why does she define it here? Whereelse in the essay does she use the technique of definition?Answer:She defines the term “propaganda.” She places the definition close to the beginning because it is so essential to the reader’s understanding of the rest of her essay. Other points at which McClintock uses definition are in paragraphs 5, 6, 9, 12, 16, 18, and 21. In each of those paragraphs, she defines a particular propaganda technique.3. McClintock uses parentheses in two lists, the ones in paragraphs 7 and 19. What purpose dothese parentheses serve?Answer:Paragraph 7 lists “high-sounding but basically empty phrases.”The author uses parentheses to add comments that reveal the emptiness of those listed phrases. Paragraph 19 lists claims that include “weasel words.”The author uses parentheses to show just how insubstantial those weasel words are.4 . McClintock provides abundant examples throughout her essay. Why does she provide so manyexamples? What does she accomplish with this technique?Answer:McClintock’s many examples, drawn from the television and print ads we all see every day, clarify her definitions and demonstrate that propaganda techniques are truly a factor in everyday life. The examples make the reader more aware of the effects of propaganda on decisions he or she makes.Critical Reading and Discussion,6501. Some of the propaganda techniques listed in the selection have contrasting appeals. How doname-calling and glittering generalities contrast with each other? Testimonials and plain folks?Answer:Name-calling appeals to the instincts of fear, anger, and mistrust. Name-calling propaganda encourages the public to reject something or someone. Glittering generalities, on the other hand, appeal to the public’s positive emotions: love, attraction, patriotism. The public is asked to accept the thing or person advertised by associating it with those emotions.Testimonials depend on the public’s interest in or affection for celebrities—people ordinary viewers don’t know but admire and see as bigger and more important than themselves. By contrast, plain folks advertising is based on the idea that the public likes to see ordinary people—people like themselves—in the products and services they buy.2. Why are ads that use the bandwagon approach so effective? What ads have you seenrecently that use that approach?Answer:The bandwagon technique is effective because of the human need to be part of a group. We feel safe and secure when we are surrounded by people who agree with us about something—even something as trivial as what frozen coffee cake is best (“Nobody doesn’t like Sara Lee”). Answers to the second question will vary.3. The author states, “Americans, adults and children alike, are being seduced.” What mightbe the differences between the ways adults and children react to the seductions of advertising?Answer:Answers will vary.4. McClintock states, “We are victims, seemingly content—even eager—to be victimized”(paragraph 1). Do you agree? Is this article likely to change how you view ads in the future?Why or why not?Answer:Answers will vary.Thesis-and-Support OutlineThesis: People should detect and understand common propaganda techniques, which appealto the emotions rather than to logic.1. We are bombarded with ads, which present biased messages through various propagandatechniques, including seven common ones (1-4).2. Name calling—referring to a competitor with negatively charged names or comments (5).3. Glittering generalities—making important-sounding general claims with no explanation (6-8).4. Transfer—associating something with a symbol or image most people respect and admire (9-11).5. Testimonial—promoting something with the support of a celebrity (12-15).6. Plain folks—associating something with the average person (16-17).7. Card stacking—making something sound good by suppressing relevant evidence ormaking an unfinished claim (18-19).8. Bandwagon—appealing to people’s desire to do what many others are doing (20-21).9. Use critical thinking to avoid reacting emotionally to ads (22-23).P.592 Suggested Answers for “Here’s to Your Health”—Joan DunayerNote: The numbers in parentheses refer to relevant paragraphs in the selection.Reading Comprehension Questions,667-6681. c2. c3. d Answers a, b, and c are too narrow.4. c Answer a is too narrow; answer b is too broad; answer d, never directlystated in the article, is too narrow.5. b Paragraph 66. False Paragraph 47. True Paragraph 88. a9. False Paragraphs 6 and 810. d Paragraphs 4 and 8Structure and Technique,668-6691. What method of introduction does Dunayer use? What effect do you think she hoped toachieve with this introduction?Answer:She uses an anecdote. By telling a brief story about Tod’s experience, she puts a human face on the larger idea that alcohol abuse is linked to societal pressure. It also sets the tone for Dunayer’s thesis by showing the potential danger of even small amounts of alcohol.2. Dunayer introduces her criticism of alcohol with the words “Part of the myth is . . . .” (Seethe first sentence of paragraph 3.) What addition transitions does she use to introduce each of the three other parts of the myth (in the first sentences of paragraphs 5, 7, and 9)? What is gained by the use of these transitions?Answer:The three addition transitions are “another,”“also,”and “finally.”Each transition makes the reader aware that one element of the myth is being introduced.3. The body of Dunayer’s essay is made up of four pairs of paragraphs (paragraphs 3 and 4; 5and 6; 7 and 8; 9 and 10). What is the relationship between the paragraphs in each pair? In which of the two paragraphs does Dunayer present her own perspective? Why do you think she puts her own perspective in that paragraph?Answer:In the first paragraph of each pair, Dunayer presents one part of the alcohol myth.She begins each second paragraph with a topic sentence that represents her perspective. She then goes on to support her topic sentence with a series of facts. For example, below is the topic sentence of paragraph 4; it represents her perspective, which contradicts what the ad in paragraph 3 suggests about whiskey.Contrary to what the liquor company would have us believe, drinking is more closelyrelated to lack of success than to achievements.She then follows that sentence with supporting facts.By presenting her perspective after describing each part of the myth, Dunayer makes her points more dramatically: She sets up an appealing image in the first paragraph of each pair only to knock it down with force in the second one.4. In her essay, Dunayer provides vivid descriptions of alcohol advertisements, particularly inparagraphs 3 and 5. What vivid details does she provide? How do these details support her main point?Answer:In paragraph 3 she describes in detail the print ad showing two prosperous-looking businessmen in a restaurant, surrounded by fine crystal, velvet draperies, and spotless linen.In paragraph 5, she provides details about a beach scene: a young, beautiful, sexy woman; a young muscular man enticing her with a cold beer. By providing such detailed descriptions, Dunayer makes the reader very aware of the advertiser’s premise (alcohol will make you successful; alcohol will make you sexually attractive) behind such ads.Critical Reading and Discussion,6691. Dunayer presents and then rebuts four “myths” about alcohol. What are these four myths?According to Dunayer, what is the reality behind each myth?Answer:(1) Alcohol will make you professionally successful. In fact, says Dunayer, alcohol is frequently tied to low achievement and poverty. (2) Alcohol will make you sexually attractive.Dunayer says that alcohol actually lowers one’s hormones and can lead to impotence and infertility. (3) Alcohol and sports mix well. Dunayer points out that alcohol slows the reflexes, interferes with the eyes’ability to focus, and increases the likelihood of various serious diseases. (4) Alcohol brings families closer together. In fact, Dunayer writes, alcohol is frequently involved in domestic violence, suicide, and birth defects.2. Dunayer concludes, “‘Here’s to your health’rings with a terrible irony when it isaccompanied by the clink of liquor glasses” (paragraph 11). What is the “terrible irony” she refers to? How does this irony—already signaled in her essay’s title—relate to her main point?Answer:The irony is that alcohol, rather than promoting one’s health, is often tied to illness and misery. The irony is also implied in her main point—that while advertising myths promise us that alcohol will improve our lives, it is far more likely to have destructive effects.3. Do you think Dunayer’s essay about the myths of alcohol is one-sided, or is it balanced?Explain. What additional points could be used to support her point or to rebut it?Answer:The essay is one-sided in the sense that Dunayer does not include opinions from people who disagree with her. Other points she might have used to support her argument include the widespread idea among young people that using alcohol makes them seem more adult.Rebuttals of Dunayer’s argument could include the ideas that many people use alcohol responsibly and that the problem is not with the product itself but with irresponsible people’s misuse of it.4. Advertisers often create myths or use false ideas to get people to buy their products. Besidesalcohol ads, what are some other examples of manipulative or deceptive advertising? Do you think advertisers should be permitted to use such tactics to sell products?Answer:Answers will vary.Thesis-and Support OutlineThesis: The media and our culture promote a false myth about alcohol.1. Part of the myth is that alcohol signals success; the reality is that alcohol can preventsuccess (3-4).2. Another part of the myth is that alcohol makes one sexually attractive; the reality is thatalcohol can make one less sexy (5-6).3. A third part of the myth is that alcohol combines well with athletics; the reality is thatalcohol slows people down and can lead to physical decline (7-8).4. The fourth part of the myth is that alcohol contributes to family happiness; the reality isthat alcohol can lead to great unhappiness.P.607 Suggested Answers for “College Lectures: Is Anybody Listening?” by David DanielsNote: The numbers in parentheses refer to relevant paragraphs in the selection.Reading Comprehension Questions, 683-6841. c2. a3. c Answers a, b and d are all too narrow, as each covers only a single point ofthe selection.4. b Answers a, c, and d are too narrow.5. d Paragraphs 5 and 76. a Paragraph 107. a Paragraph 108. a Paragraph 9 and 109. True Paragraphs 11 through 1310. c Paragraph 13Structure and Technique, 6841. Daniels begins his essay with an anecdote about a former teacher of his. How does thisintroduction relate to his thesis?Answer:The anecdote is an extreme example of a college teacher who seemed unaware of whether his students were listening to him or not. The professor serves as a caricature of the type of teaching Daniels is criticizing.2. Does Daniels directly state his thesis? If so, where is it stated?Answer:Daniels states his thesis at the end of paragraph 4: “The time is long overdue for us to abandon the lecture system and turn to methods that really work.”3. In describing Mary’s classroom experience (paragraphs 5–7), Daniels provides numerousdetails. What are some of these details? How do they relate to the essay’s main idea?Answer:Some of the details provided include the huge class size, the lack of a roll call, the professor’s ancient notes, the lack of opportunity for student feedback, and the absence of quizzes. The details all contribute to the idea that lecture-heavy classes do a poor job of involving the student in the subject and stimulating his or her thinking.4. Daniels’s essay is an argument against the lecture system of education. What argumentationtechniques does he employ? (See pages 319–337 for information on argumentation.)Answer:Daniels uses four of the argumentation techniques explained in Chapter 16, “Argumentation,” pages 319–322:1) Point out common ground. Daniels points out common ground between him and schoolsthat support lectures. In paragraph 8, he admits that many schools supplement lectures with discussion groups and that some classes, such as first-year English, are relatively small.2) Acknowledge differing viewpoints. Daniels acknowledges (but does not support)viewpoints that differ from his. In paragraph 13, he states that administrators like lectures because they “can cram far more students into a lecture hall than into a discussion class.” He adds in the same paragraph that teachers and students find lectures easier because students can sit back and be passive and teachers can “engage in intellectual exhibitionism.”3) Grant the merits of differing viewpoints when appropriate. Daniels grants the merits ofopposing views in paragraph 15, where he states that lectures are “economically necessary” and also because they “spring from a tradition in a setting that rightly values tradition for its own sake.”4) Rebut differing views. Daniels rebuts the support for lecture classes for first- andsecond-year students by stating the virtues of smaller classes, which are listed in paragraph 14: smaller classes force students to become more active, students’ listening skills improve, professors do a better job, and tests demand analysis and synthesis instead of “empty memorization.”And while Daniels supports the tradition of lectures in paragraph 15, he immediately argues against their use in the first two years of college.Critical Reading and Discussion,684-6851. Daniels states that “listening intelligently is hard work” (paragraph 9) and “Active learning. . . is far more beneficial for those who have not yet fully learned how to learn” (paragraph10). Why might Daniels feel that listening is so hard? And why does he feel that activelearning is so good?Answer:In paragraph 10, Daniels mentions that listening actively involves special techniques, including these two: “trying to anticipate the speaker’s next point”and “taking notes selectively.” We can assume that he feels it takes time and practice to learn such techniques. In discussing active learning in paragraph 10, Daniels mentions several types: writing essays, performing experiments, and having work evaluated by an instructor. He obviously feels that these types of active work involve students in ways they are not ready to be involved in as listeners.2. In paragraph 8, Daniels acknowledges that he has exaggerated Mary’s negative classroomexperience, saying,“I admit this picture is overdrawn.”Does this admission strengthen or weaken his argument? Explain.Answer:The case could be made that the admission strengthens Daniels’argument. By admitting that he is exaggerating slightly, Daniels can point out that many classes do have most if not all of the negative aspects of Mary’s class. It is also psychologically sound to admit a shortcoming of one’s argument, as it helps establish the writer as a reasonable person.3. According to Daniels, the lecture system harms professors by reducing feedback fromstudents to a minimum. What is useful about about feedback from students?Answer:If students’ comments indicate they don’t understand something, the teacher can then do something to help students improve their understanding. Students’ comments may also help teachers decide which activities and materials are effective and ineffective. Also, the knowledge that their view counts in class may motivate students to get involved with class work.4. How do your experiences in both lecture classes and smaller classes compare with Daniels’sdescriptions? As a student, which type of class do you prefer? Why? If you were an instructor, which type of class would you prefer to teach? Why?Answer:Answers will vary.Thesis-and-Support OutlineThesis:Colleges and universities should offer interactive, not lecture, classes to first- and second-year students (4, 15).1. The lecture system is outmoded (4).2. It is inadequate for students, especially less experienced students (5-11).3. It is harmful to educators (12).4. The lecture system continues because administrators like its profitability and teachers andstudents find it easier (13).5. Small, interactive classes benefit both students and teachers (14).。

液压传动课后习题集规范标准答案

液压传动课后习题集规范标准答案

1. 学习指导与思考题1)学习要点1. 掌握液压传动的工作原理及组成。

2. 掌握气压传动系统的工作原理及组成。

3. 掌握液压传动和气压传动的特点。

4. 掌握液压元件的职能符号及规定。

5. 了解液压传动和气压传动的发展概况、应用情况及优、缺点。

6. 了解液压传动和气压传动的不同点。

2)填空题1.液压系统由动力元件、执行元件、控制元件、辅助元件四个主要组成部分。

2. 液压传动是以液压油为传动介质,依靠液体的压力能来传递动力。

3. 液压系统工作时外界负荷越大,所需油液的压力也越大,反之亦然,负载为零,系统压力为零。

4. 活塞或工作台的运动速度取决于单位时间通过节流阀进入液压缸中油液的体积,流量越大,系统的速度越大,反之亦然。

流量为零,系统速度为零。

5. 液压元件的职能符号只表示元件的职能、控制方式及外部接口,不表示元件的结构、参数及连接口的实际位置和元件的安装位置。

6. 液压传动系统的传动比比机械传动的大,传动效率比机械传动的低。

7. 液压传动系统可以实现无级调速,过载保护。

8. 液压传动系统单位质量输出功率大,传动均匀平稳。

9. 气压传动系统介质费用低廉,不会造成环境污染。

3)判断题1. 液压传动不易获得很大的力和转矩。

(×)2. 液压传动装置工作平稳,易于实现无级调速,但不能快速起动、制动和频繁换向。

(×)3.. 液压传动适宜在传动比要求严格的场合采用。

(×)4. 液压系统故障诊断方便、容易。

(×)5. 液压传动适宜于远距离传动。

(×)6. 气压传动能使气缸实现准确的速度控制和很高的定位精度。

(×)7. 液压与气压传动介质成本都很高。

(×)8. 液压传动可在高温下运行。

(×)9. 气压传动介质可以回收循环使用,故成本很低(×)4)选择题1. 液压系统的执行元件是( C )。

A.电动机 B.液压泵 C.液压缸或液压马达 D.液压阀2. 液压系统中,液压泵属于( A )。

流体力学第二版课后习题集规范标准答案

流体力学第二版课后习题集规范标准答案

31.10体积为0.5 m的油料,重量为& m G g 4410 9.807 解:0.5 4410N,试求该油料的密度是多少? 899.358 (kg/m 3)第一章习题答案选择题(单选题)1.1按连续介质的概念,流体质点是指:(d )(a)流体的分子;(b)流体内的固体颗粒;(c)几何的点;(d)几何尺寸同流动空间相比是极小量,又含有大量分子的微元体。

1.2作用于流体的质量力包括:(c)(a)压力;(b)摩擦阻力;(c)重力;(d )表面张力。

1.3单位质量力的国际单位是:(d )2(a)N ;(b)Pa;(c)N / kg ;(d)m/s。

1.4与牛顿内摩擦定律直接有关的因素是:(b)(a)剪应力和压强;(b)剪应力和剪应变率;(c)剪应力和剪应变;(d )剪应力和流速。

1.5水的动力黏度□随温度的升高:(b )(a)增大;(b)减小;(c)不变;(d )不定。

1.6流体运动黏度的国际单位是:(a)2 O o(a)m/s ;(b)N /m ;(c)kg/m ;(d)N s/m。

1.7无黏性流体的特征是:(c)(a)黏度是常数;(b)不可压缩;(c )无黏性;(d )符合卫RT。

1.8 当水的压强增加1个大气压时,水的密度增大约为:(a)(a)1/20000 ;(b)1/10000 ;(c)1/4000 ;(d )1/2000。

31.9水的密度为1000 kg/m , 2L水的质量和重量是多少?解:m V 1000 0.002 2 (kg)G mg 2 9.807 19.614 (N)答:2L水的质量是2kg,重量是19.614N31.11 某液体的动力黏度为0.005 Pa s,其密度为850 kg / m,试求其运动黏度。

& 0.005 6 2解: 5.882 10 (m2/s)850答:其运动黏度为5.882 10 6m 2/s。

1.12 有一底面积为60cm X40cm的平板,质量为5Kg,沿一与水平面成20。

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第1章 天体及其研究的方法1.何谓天体和天体系统?试举例说明。

目前把天体认为是宇宙间各种星体的总称,包括恒星(如太阳)、行星(如地球)、卫星(如月球)、彗星、流星体、陨星、小行星、星团、星系、星际物质以及暗物质等。

天体系统是指在引力的作用下,邻近的天体会集结在一起,组成互有联系的系统,即互有引力联系的若干天体所组成的集合体,如地月系、太阳系、星系(银河系、河外星系)、星系群、星系团、超星系团等。

2.获悉天体信息的主要渠道有哪些?获悉天体信息的主要渠道有电磁波、宇宙线、中微子、引力子、其它(如陨石、宇航取样等)。

3.天球是如何定义的?天穹和天球有何区别?天球是以观测者(或地心、日心等)为中心、以任意长为半径的一个假想的球体,在天文学上用作表示天体视位置和视运动的辅助工具。

天穹有别于天球。

天球是整球,天穹是半球;天球是圆的,而天穹是扁的。

4.简要说明天球坐标的一般模式。

常用的天球坐标有哪些?试对其进行列表比较。

(1)天球坐标的一般模式:天球上一点的位置,可用该点距离天球基本点和基本圈的大圆弧,或大圆弧所对应的圆心角来度量,这种弧长又叫球面坐标。

由天球上的纬度和经度所组成的坐标即天球坐标。

建立天球坐标必须具备三个条件:第一,选择一个通过球心的直线作为基本轴,或选择一个特定的大圆作为基本圈(基本轴和基本圈平面相垂直);第二,选择球面上任意点(除极点外)作为基本点;第三,确定度量方向和范围。

天球上一点的位置,可用任意一种天球坐标系统来测定。

由于所选择的基本点和基本圈的不同,因而得出不同天球坐标系。

天球坐标的一般模式是球面三角形,如图2.3(将图号改为与教材相同的图号)。

构成这个三角形的三条边,分别属于三个大圆,即基圈、始圈和终圈。

三角形的三个顶点是基圈的极点、原点(始圈与基圈的交点)和介点(终圈与基圈的交点)。

三边中的基圈和始圈,分别是坐标系的横轴和纵轴,终圈则是可变动的,体现这种变动的是点的经度和点的纬度。

通过这两种变动,球面上任何一点的位置,都可以用一定的经度和纬度的结合来确定。

前者是点的横坐标,后者是点的纵坐标。

(2)常用的天球坐标及其比较要素 地平坐标 第一赤道坐标 第二赤道坐标 黄道坐标 银道坐标 天球轴 当地垂线 天轴 天轴 黄轴 银轴两极 天顶、天底 北天极、南天极 北天极、南天极北黄极、南黄极 北银极、南银极 纬圈 地平纬圈 (等高圈)赤纬圈 赤纬圈 黄纬圈 银纬圈 基圈 地平圈(有四正点) 天赤道(有上、下点) 天赤道(有春分、秋分点) 黄道(有二分、二至点)银道 经圈 (辅圈) 地平经圈(有子午、卯酉圈) 时圈(有子午圈、六时圈) 时圈(有二分、二至圈) 黄经圈(有二至圈)银经圈 始圈 午圈 午圈 春分圈 通过春分点 的黄经圈 通过银心在银道上投影的银经圈原点 南点 上点 春分点 春分点 银道与始圈 的交点纬度 高度 赤纬 赤纬 黄纬 银纬经度 方位(向西度量) 时角(向西度赤经(向东度黄经(向东度量) 银经(按逆时针量)量)方向度量)应用在天文航海、天文航空、人造地球卫星观测及大地测量等部门都广泛应用它观测恒星、星云、星图等类型的遥远天体常常采用赤道坐标系,它被广泛应用于天体测量中观测太阳以及太阳系内运行在黄道面附近的天体,则采用黄道坐标系对银河系的观测,则要采用银道坐标系5.简述天文仪器、星图和星表等在研究天体中的作用。

星图是把天体在天球上的视位置投影到平面上而绘成的图,可用来表示天体的位置、亮度和形态等,它是天文观测所必备的。

星表是记载天体各种参数(如坐标运动、星等、光谱型)和特性的表册,实际上就是天体的档案。

人们可以在星表中查知天体的基本情况,也可以按星表给出的坐标到星空中寻找所要了解的天体。

6.何谓时间?常用的计时系统有哪些?时间有时刻和时段两重含义。

时刻是指无限流逝时间中的某一瞬间;时段是指任意两时刻之间的间隔。

常见的计时系统有恒星时、太阳时(有视太阳时和平太阳时)、太阴时、历书时、原子时和协调时等。

7.已知某地毕宿五(α=4h35m)正在上中天,当日太阳的赤经α⊙为21h51m44s,时差为-14m13s,求当时该地的平时。

先求太阳视时:m⊙=t⊙+12h(视时与时角相差12个小时,m⊙是太阳视时,t⊙是太阳时角)由于恒星时S=t⊙+α⊙,所以t⊙=S-α⊙。

S恒星时还等于恒星上中天时的赤经=α毕宿五。

m⊙=α毕宿五-α⊙+12h。

m平=m⊙-时差=α毕宿五-α⊙+12h-时差=4h35m-21h51m44s+12h-(-14m13s)=8h57m29s。

8.在福州某地(λ=119°05′E)5月6日用日晷测得视太阳时10h02m,求相应的地方平时及北京时间(时差为3m24s)。

平时=视时-时差=10h02m-3h24m=9h58m36s。

北京时间=9h58m36s+(120°-119°05′)×4m=9h58m36s+3m40s=10h2m16s。

9.已知东八区的区时为2009年10月29日8h,求西九区的区时。

西九区区时=东八区区时-(8+9)小时=2009年10月29日8h-17h=2009年10月28日15h。

10.何谓历法?常用的历法有哪些?各有哪些特点?(1)历法是推算日、月、年的时间长度和它们之间的关系,制定时间顺序的法则。

(2)常用的历法有太阳历(简称阳历)、太阴历(简称阴历)、阴阳历。

阳历强调回归年,阴历强调朔望月,阴阳历是即考虑回归年又考虑朔望月。

阳历的特点:优点:①历年与回归年同步,故月序与季节匹配较好;②它的置闰为400年97闰或每4年一闰,世纪年份除尽400年是闰年。

缺点:①历月人为安排,天数有28、29、30、31天4种,大小月排列不规律;②四季长度不一有90、91和92天3种,上下半年也不相等;③岁首(元旦)没有天文意义;④每个月的星期参数不固定;⑤与月相变化天关,白白浪费了天赐的月相变化周期。

阴历(回历)的特点:把朔望月(29.5306天)作为历月的长度,历年的长度=历月×12=354.3671天,与回归年毫无关系。

阴历的历月,规定单数的月为30天,双数的月为29天,平均29.5天,并以新月始见为月首。

12个月为一年,共354天然而12个朔望月的长度是354.3671天,比历年长0.3671天,30年共长11.013天。

因此,阴历以每30年为一个置闰周期,安排在第2、5、7、10、13、16、18、21、24、26、29各年12月底,有闰日的年称为闰年,计355天。

但阴历的历年与回归年相差太大,累计到一定的时期会出现月序与季节颠倒的现象,所以缺陷明显。

现在除了伊斯兰国家还保留以外,别的地方早已摈弃了。

阴阳历的特点:年、月并重,力求把朔望月作为历月的长度,又用设置闰月的办法,力求把回归年作为历年长度的历法。

优点是把两个天赐的周期都应用了,平均历月是月球公转周期,平均历年是地球公转周期。

长期使用,对日、地、月三者的关系就不会生疏,看到月份,就可知道在这一年中月球已绕地球转了几圈,看到日期就可知道月相。

缺点是平年与闰年有一个月的差值,日期与季节的对应关系有一个月的错动。

当设置了二十四个节气,时令是可以掌握的。

11.我国的农历具有阴阳历特点外,还有哪些独特之处?我国的农历除了具有阴阳历的共同特点外,还有其独特之处。

具体表现在:①强调逐年逐月推算,以月相定(以合朔为初一,以两朔间隔日数定大、小月);以中气定月序(据所含中气定月序,无中气为闰月)。

②二十四气与阴阳历并行使用,阴阳历用于日常记事;二十四气安排农事进程。

③干支记法,60年循环。

12.现行阳历是如何演变的?阳历主要是依据回归年周期编历的。

现行公历是由儒略历――奥古斯都历――格里历发展而来的。

①前46年,儒略·凯撒制定新历,又称新太阳历,它规定一个回归年为365.25日,每年12个月,单月31日、双月30天(除2月29日)全年365日,每隔三年置一闰,在闰年时2月份加一天,2月为30日,闰年为366日。

②由于僧侣执行置闰错误,奥古斯都对其做了修正,称为奥古斯都历,规定从公元前8到公元3年不置闰,以后又回到4年一闰,并把8月改为大月31日,这样从2月份扣一日,平年闰年2月份为28日,闰年2月份为29日;形成1、3、5、7、8、10、12为大月,2、4、6、9、11是小月的历法。

③由于4年一闰精度不够,积累到一定时期春分日会发生变化,为了把春分日还是固定在3月21日,国际规定把1582年10月4日后一天作为10月15日(历史空白10天),把4年一闰改为400年97闰,凡世纪年被400除尽才是闰年。

这就是格里历也是现行公历。

儒略历每年12月,单月31天,双月除2月29日外,其余30天,每隔三年置一润,后奥古斯都把其改为1,3,5,7,8,10,12是大月,2,4,6,9,11,是小月,而且世界协商历史空白10天,使春分日回到3月21日,后又把该历法置闰制度修正为凡世纪年份能被400除尽者才是闰年,其余年份能被4除尽者为闰年,称为格里历,现行阳历就是这样演变的。

13.已知2009年2月25日,3月27日,4月25日,5月24日,6月23日,7月22日,8月20日均为朔日;又知春分在3月20日,谷雨在4月20日,小满在5月21日,夏至在6月21日,大暑在7月23日;问:公历2009是闰年还是平年?如果是闰年的话,闰几月?农历大小月如何安排?(1)2009年尾数是9,天干序号=9,即天干为“壬”;地支序号=2009÷12所得的余数=5,即地支为“辰”;故公历2009年相当于壬辰年。

另法:N=2009-3-60m,求得N=26,查表可知为已丑年。

(两种方法所得出来的结论不同,不知道怎么回事?查了2009年的农历应当是已丑年。

)(2)闰年(闰五月)。

(3)农历大小月安排:二月大月、三月小月、四月小月、五月大月、闰五月小月、六月小月。

方法:2月25日至3月27日,期间共30天,此月为大月;中气春分(3月20日)在此期间,即该月包含中气,故该月不闰。

又如,6月23日至7月22日,中气大暑(7月23日)不在此期间,即该月不含中气,又由于该月的前一或两个月内并非含有两个中气,故该月为闰月,即闰五月。

其他月份的推算方法同这两个例子。

具体如下表所示。

朔日历月天数(大小月安排)中气历月安排2月25日3月27日30天(大月)春分(3.20)农历二月4月25日29天(小月)谷雨(4.20)农历三月5月24日29天(小月)小满(5.21)农历四月6月23日30天(大月)夏至(6.21)农历五月7月22日29天(小月)大暑(7.23)农历闰五月8月20日29天(小月)农历六月第2章银河系和河外星系1.银河和银河系有何区别?银河是银河系在天球上的投影。

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