大学英语四六级汉英翻译之句子主谓确定
汉译英句子翻译原则
1. 主语的确定•主语的三种处理方法:•①以原句主语作译文主语•直接法•②重新确定主语•间接法•③增补主语•添加法•①直接法•例句1:我们的房子是一百多年前制造的。
•Our house was built over a hundred years ago.•例句2:我是地球人。
•I come from the earth.•例句3:如果不恰当地处理,锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。
•Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities.•例句4:如果说,词汇是语言的“建筑材料”,那么,句子便是文章的“基本部件”。
•If vocabulary is the “building materials” for language, sentences are the “fundamental parts” of writing.•例句5:中国有两点是靠得住的,一是讲原则,二是说话算数。
•China can be counted on. Among other things, first, it upholds principles and second, it honors its words.•例句6:人有失错,马有漏蹄。
•As a horse may tumble, a man may make mistakes.•非常简单•文化差异•应用有限•②间接法•中英文表达的习惯不同•语言地道,句式多样•例句7:世纪之交,中国外交空前活跃。
•译法1(直接法):At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.•译法2(间接法):The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.•例句8:1964年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹,使世界大为震惊。
汉英翻译中谓语确定
谓语的选择一、英汉谓语的比较? 英语谓语比较单一,只能由动词或动词短语充当,系动词可看成一种特殊为谓语。
? 英语谓语形态稳定,受语法规范约束,需与主语保持一致关系。
? 英语同一主语下的并列谓语一般不超过三个,多数句子只有一个谓语动词,其他动作概念以非谓语动词、介词短语、名词短语或从句的形式出现。
二、单个谓语的翻译? 如果原文的主谓语不符合英语主谓搭配逻辑,则需要改变主语或谓语。
? 1、这件事告诉我们,他为人不诚实。
? - This incident showed that he was dishonest.? 根据主语,这里的“告诉”用“show”比较合适。
? 2、农村改革中的好多东西,都是基层创造出来的。
? Many of the good ideas in rural reform came from people at the grassroots.? 从逻辑上分析,原文主语实际上是创造对象,创造的主体是“人”,因此译文变更了谓语动词,使主语和谓语构成符合逻辑的搭配,并增补people 一词。
当然,此句也能译成被动句:? Many of good ideas in rural reform are created by people at the grassroots.? 世纪之交,中国外交空前活跃。
? -China’s diplomacy is most active at the turn of the century. (*)? -The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.? 分析:前种译法不符合英文主谓搭配。
后种译法以“时间”为主语,以“find”为谓语,是比较典型的“无灵主语句”。
二、根据动宾搭配确定谓语? 动宾搭配是一种常见的搭配形式,汉译英时,如果原文的动宾搭配不符合英语逻辑,而原文的宾语又不宜变动,我们就需要重新选择谓语。
句子翻译主语与谓语的确定
句子翻译: 主语与谓语的确定汉语为语意型语言, 注重意会性.因此汉语的语法特征是: 主语可以有诸多不同类别的词语充当,主语隐含不显或无主句的情况时常可见;谓语的成分非常复杂,且不受主语支配, 没有人称,数,时态的变化; 句子见多无逻辑关联词. 所以句子看似松散,如流水般无定法可依.(SUBJECT-PROMINENT LANGUAGE)英语为语法型语言,注重形式的严谨, 其句法特征是: 主语突出,易于识别,只能由名词或名词性短语担任;谓语绝对受主语支配, 在人称和数上保持一致,有时态语态和语气变化;句子间多以明示逻辑关系的连接词相连.所以英语依法构句,形式完整而严密.(SUBJECY-PREDICATE PIVOT)1.主语的确定方法一: 以原句主语为译文主语1)然而悲惨的皱纹,却也从他的眉头和嘴角出现了.(鲁迅全集第二卷, 杨宪益,戴乃迭译)Miserable wrinkles bagan to appear between his eyebrows and round his mouth.2)如果说,词汇是语言的”建筑材料”,那么句子便是文章的”基本部件”. (朱伯石<<写作与语言>>, 李定坤译)If vocabulary is the “building materials” for language, sentences are the “fundamental parts” of writings.3)中国有两点是靠的住的,一是讲原则,二是说话算数.(邓小平)China can be counted on. Among other things, first, it upholds principles and second, it honors its words.4)人有失错,马有漏蹄As a horse may tumble, so a man may make mistakes.5)欢乐的人群宛如大海的波涛,从街道上汹涌而过.The jubilant crowd surged through the streets like the sea waves.方法二:重新确定主语1)鲁迅的骨头是最硬的, 他没有丝毫的奴颜和媚骨,这是殖民地半殖民地人民最可宝贵的性格.Lu Xun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness; this quality is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial peoples.2)幸亏这些青年妇女,白洋淀长大的,她们摇的小船飞快.小船活象开了水皮的一条打跳的梭鱼(孙犁<<荷花淀>>,戴乃迭译)it was lucky that all these young wives had grown up by the river: their boat went like the wind. It shot forward like some flying fish, hardly skimming the water.3)他的身材魁梧,生一副大长方脸, 嘴巴阔大,肌肤呈着紫檀色.(吴强<<红日>>, A.C.BARNS译)He was a giant of a man with a long square face, a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the color of red sandalwood.4)1946年10月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹, 使世界大为震惊.a.China’s first atomic blast in October, 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world.(better version)b.In October, 1964, China blasted its first atomic bomb, which shocked the rest of the world greatly.5)胎又瘪了.We’ve got another flat tyre.6)树缝里也陋着一两点路灯光,没精打采的,是渴睡人的眼.(朱自清<<河塘夜色>>,杨宪益,戴乃迭译)Here and there a few rays from street-lamps filtered through the trees, listless as the eye of one who is dozing.7)人不可貌相,海水不可斗量.a.it is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints.b.We cant judge people from their appearance, just as we cant measure the ocean by pints.方法三:增补主语1)沉默啊,沉默啊!不在沉默中爆发,就在沉默中灭亡.(鲁迅<<纪念刘和珍君, 杨宪益,戴乃迭译)Silence, silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence.2)那肥大的荷叶下面,有一个人的脸,下半截身子长在水里,那不是水生吗?又往左右看去,不久,各人就找到了各人丈夫的脸.啊,原来是他们.( 孙犁<<荷花淀>>,戴乃迭译文)Not far away under a broad lotus leaf they saw a man’s head –the rest of him was submerged. It was Shuisheng. Looking right and left, each soon discovered her husband – so this was where they were!3)用劳动实现自己的理想,用理想指导自己的劳动.(陈毅<<赠郭沫若同志>>)You realize your ideals through labour and you guide your labour by ideals.4)不懂就是不懂,不要装懂.不要摆官架子.钻进去,几个月,一年两年,三年五年,总可以学会的.(毛泽东)We muse not pretend to know when we do not know. We must not put on bureaucratic airs. If we dig into a subject for several months, for a year or tow, for three or five years, we shall eventually master it.2.谓语的确定与主谓一致汉语句子的谓语五花八门,非常复杂,而英语句子的谓语比较单一,只能由动词或动词短语承担. 因此汉译英时,有时可以选择与原文对应的谓语,但多数情况下,我们既不能照搬原文主语,也不能照搬原文谓语,须做调整,或另找谓语.从思维步骤来看,主谓的选择互为因果,译者可根据行文需要,在确定译文主语的时候,也在考虑谓语动词的选择,或者反过来,先相好谓语动词,再来选择主语, 两者确定的顺序很难分清.简单的说,谓语的选择要兼顾表意和构句的双重需要一.基于表意需要1.首先考虑它能否准确传达原意1)中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务.a.The central government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR.b. The central government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.(better)2)这事到了现在,还是时时记起.a.Even now, this remains fresh in my memory.(better)b.Even now, I still often think about this.2.还需考虑其与主语的语意关联及主谓搭配.1)世纪至交,中国外交空前活跃.a.The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.(better)b.At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.2)(听说你明天开张,)也许用的着,特意给你送来了.a.(I hear that you are opening tomorrow.)You may have some use for these things, so I took themalong.b.(I hear that you are opening tomorrow.)Thought these might come in handy, so I brought themalong.(better)3)现在,连我们也欠饷啊!a.Nowadays even our monthly pay is often in arrears.b.Nowadays even we aren’t always paid on time.(better)4)在同新闻界谈话的时候,上海人使用越来越多的最高级形容词.c.When they talk to the press, the Shanghai citizens use more and more adjectives of thesuperlative degree.d.You can hear Shanghai people using more and more adjectives of the superlative degree whenthey talk to the press.(better).3.也须考虑其与宾语的搭配,包括系表搭配等.1)(颐和园)1900年糟八国联军破坏,(至1903年才得以修复)a.The palace was reduced to ruins by the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.b.The palace suffered ravage in the hands of the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.(bothare fine)2)模特们逐渐地镇定了下来,有了自信.a.They gradually calmed down, restored self-confidence…b.They gradually calmed down, regained self-confidence…(better)二.基于构句需要指译文必须遵守英语语法规范,遵守主谓一致原则,时态语态正确,句式连贯顺畅,表达地道自然.1.一年年,燕子来了去了一年年,阶前草绿了黄了(陈敬容<<只要是广阔的世界>>,庞秉均译)Year after year the swallows come and go;Year after year the grass before the terrace grows green,yellows.2.九斤老太早已过了八十大寿,仍然不平而健康. 六斤的双丫角,已经成为一支大辫子了.(鲁迅<<风波>>,杨,戴译)Old Mrs. Ninepounder celebrated her eightieth birthday some time age and is as full complaints, as hale and hearty as ever. Sixpounder’s twin tufts of hair have changed into a thick braid.3.他给我的印象是,态度非常的呆板僵硬,仿佛肚子里吞下了一根拨火棍似的.He had given me the impression of absolute rigidity, as though he had swallowed a poker.4.河边枯柳树下的几株瘦削的一丈红,该是村女种的吧. (鲁迅<<野草. 好的故事>> 杨,戴译)The few sparse hollyhocks beneath the withered willows by the stream must have been planted by the country girls.5.液体的形状总是随着容器的变化而变化,因为液体没有固定的形状.换言之,无论你把它放在什么样的容器中,它的形状总是和容器的形状完全一致.Since a liquid has no definite shape of its own, it varies in shape from container to container. In other words, in whatever container it is poured, the liquid will take exactly the interior shape of the container.。
汉英翻译课件之 谓语确定
Two thirds of the swampland has/have been reclaimed for farming. Forth minus fifteen leaves/leave twenty-five. Seven plus/and five makes/make twelve. All of the cargo was/were lost. All of the crew were/was saved.
句子翻译之谓语确定
英汉谓语之比较
英语句子谓语只有动词和动词词组才能充当; She was smiling. He likes translation. They have become health-conscious. John is at home. We gave him advice. We consider that plan wonderful. He has put the salt on the table. The children might have been playing in the garden. I agree with you on that point. In the valley we came across a group of Mexicans.
学校教育不仅要抓智育,更要重视德育。 Schools must provide students not only sound intellectual training, but, more importantly, moral development.
2 汉语动词无时态变化,时态概念通过词汇手段来
大学在推动经济增长方面的作用已是有目共睹。 Already, the university’s role as an engine of economic growth is well recognized. 我们的国防变得越来越巩固和强大。 Our national defence becomes more and more consolidatory and powerful. 他在会上说的话非常正确,非常有说服力。 What he said at the meeting is very right and persuasive. 他们ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ言语和行动充满了信心和自豪。 They are confident and proud in their speeches and actions.
大学英语四六级汉英翻译之句子主谓确定
2. 这一证书课程分三年学完。 This certificate course of studies will spread over 3 years.
2 重新确定主语
由于中国人和英美人的思维方式和语言习惯 存在较大差异,汉语主语并非总能完全对 应地转换英语中。在许多情况下,我们需 要重新选择和确定主语,以保证译文行文 流畅,语言自然地道。
鲁迅的骨头是最硬的,他没有丝毫的奴颜媚骨 (sycophancy or obsequiousness )。 --Lu Xun’s bones were the hardest; he was free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness. (没有表达比喻的实际意义) --Lu Xun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy and obsequiousness.
谓语动词选择
一. 所选择谓语应该在人称和数上与主语一 致
1.
在西方,吃饭用的是刀和叉 。 In the west, fork and knife is used for having dinner. 面包和牛奶是少数政府不纳税的东西。 Bread and milk is one of the few things that the government do not impose taxes on. 当前,我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。 Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country.
汉英翻译四步..
❖ B从语篇衔接中确定主语
❖ 在汉语语篇中,主语的衔接作用主要是 通过对原词的重复,省略或代词替代来 实现。而英语语篇中的主语则往往避免 重复原词,更不能省略原词,而更多地 使用照应和替代来衔接上下文。
❖ 蜜蜂这物件,最爱劳动,广东天气好, 花又多,蜜蜂一年四季都不闲着,酿的 蜜多,自己吃的可有限。
2、谓语的确定
❖汉语中的谓语同主语相似,具有开 放性,几乎各种词类和语言单位都 可以充当汉语句子的谓语,但译成 英语时,句子的谓语只能转化成系 动词或实义动词。
❖ A:汉语谓语如果是名词、数词、形容 词、介词短语等,译成英语的时候一般 要在这些词前面加上连系动词,如be, look, appear, seem, feel, sound, smell, taste等,否则译文句子就不能成立。如:
不断地运动。
1)He is a scientist and a violinist as well. 2)In the solar system the planets as well as the
sun itself are in constant motion.
3、选择关系
1)他们宁愿待在家里而不愿意去观光。 They would rather stay at home than go sightseeing.
❖人ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้常把闯红灯看成小错,不当回 事,然而闯红灯一旦形成习惯,则 问题远非是违反交通规则。
❖ Red-light running has always been regarded as a minor wrong, so it has never been taken seriously. When the violation becomes habitual, however, a great deal more than a traffic problem is involved.
英语四六级考试翻译:主谓合理搭配
英语四六级考试翻译:主谓合理搭配前几节课我们已经讲过了英语四六级考试有六大策略,今天我们就来具体讲一下翻译的第一个策略叫主语的翻译。
大家都知道在做翻译的时候,我们要去看一个句子的主谓宾的结构,才能准确进行翻译。
四六级翻译中,主语的翻译主要重视三个方面:第一个就是主谓合理搭配问题。
大家一定要注意,在评分准则里面提到过一个非常重要的一点,叫主谓一致。
如果说你的主谓不一致的话,那么会造成你的翻译在阅卷老师判分的过程中,出现一些扣分的现象。
第二个是无主语句的问题,我们应该怎么样去处理。
最后就是句子如果已经翻译出来了,应该怎样做一个简单的调整,让句子整体来讲看起来是平衡的,更加符合英文的表达习惯。
本节课我们通过真题的分析讲解,来看一下第一部分主谓合理搭配问题。
例句:现在全世界各地都在学习中国功夫。
分析:看到这个句子,按照常规的翻译思路,我应该上来先找一下句子的主干。
在这个例句里主语是:全世界各地。
谓语动词是:学习。
功夫,是这个句子的宾语。
功夫。
因此,我们找到的这个句子的主干应该是:全世界各地学功夫。
这个时候我们具体来看一下,就会有疑问。
这个“全世界各地”到底是不是主语呢?世界各地他自己会不会学功夫呢?显然是不会的。
所以这样的情况我们就会发现,这句话中其实是没有一个明显的能够发出动作的一个主语。
因为我们知道主语它是表示动作的发出者,也就是说你要能主动的去发出来这个动作来。
但是“全世界各地”并不能够去发出动作。
所以这样的情况下,我们就要去想,如果“全世界各地”不能够去发出动作,那么这个地方到底是谁在学习功夫呢?其实很简单,我们有两种处理方式。
第一种是把这个地方变成被动,变成功夫被学。
因此同学们要注意,如果说在没有明显主语的情况下,我们第一步要做的事情是变被动。
功夫是被学,而这个“全世界各地”可以用让它做一个句子的状语。
还有一种情况就是补充主语。
我们都知道应该是全世界各地的人们在学习中功夫,所以我们可以用people all over the world作这个句子的主语。
汉译英主语的确定
Determining the Subject of a Sentence汉译英的一个关键步骤是考虑译文的整个句子怎么摆放,如何构建译文句子的总体框架,主要确定那拿什么作为英语主语。
汉英句法结构有相似性,即传统语法认为汉英句子总统框架相同,都属于主-动-宾(SOV),但同时也存在着许多差异。
英语是一种注重主语的语言(subject-prominent language),而汉语则是注重主题的语言(topic-prominent language)。
具体地说,汉语经常采用主题—述题(topic—comment)的句式,主语的句法功能弱,有时还不容易识别;英语主语的句法功能强,几乎都采用主语—谓语(subject—predicate)的句式,主语是整个句子最关键的成份。
就英语而言,主语一旦选定,句子总体框架大致就确立了。
e.g.这件事你不用操心。
(通顺)This you don’t need to worry about. (×)You don’t need to worry about this. (√)This is not something you need to worry abo ut. ( √)It is unnecessary for you to worry about this. ( √) (汉语没有对应结构)There is no need for you to worry about this. ( √) (汉语没有对应结构)汉语是主题显著的语言,其句法特征是意合,这一特征往往使句子中的指代关系(尤其是主语)在形式上不明显(有时主语不清)。
而英语是主语显著的语言,它所突出的是主语,除省略句外,每个英语句子都必须有主语。
再者,由于英语句法特征是形合,这一特征要求英语句子各成分之间的关系要明晰,以免句子结构混乱,影响意义传达。
因此,译者必须善于认准和确定原文句子中不明显、被省略或未说明的主语,并在译文中妥贴地表现出来。
汉译英——主语的确定
三.所选主语必须符合英美人的思维视角.
1. 她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。 It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man.
2. 由于计划不周,他不仅浪费了时间,而且 浪费了所有的钱。 • Poor planning wasted all his money as well as his time.
7. 调查研究能解决这个难题。 • This problem can be solved through investigation. • Through investigation, this problem can be solved. • Investigation will enable this problem to be solved.
11. 从王教授那里能解决这个难题。 • We/ One /You can solve this problem with the help from Professor Wang. • This problem can be solved with the help from Professor Wang. • With Professor Wang’s help, this problem can be solved. • Professor Wang’s help means the solving of the problem. 12. 把技术人员的积极性调动起来能解决这个难题。 • This problem can be solved by bring into play the positive factor of the technical staff. • Bring into play the positive factor of the technical staff, and this problem can be solved. • The solution of this problem lies in bring into play the positive factor of the technical staff.
汉语句子英译--主语的确定
小结---主语成分不同
汉语大量人称代词做主语 英语常常用事件、物体做主语,然后使用 有灵动词。
子曰:“学而时习之,不亦说乎?” Confucius said, “Is it a pleasure to practice in due time what one has learnt?”
大家都回家了,我们却得呆在教室,真是 太遗憾了。 It is a pity for us to stay classroom when most others have come back home.
小结
英语的主语重要,因此一定要有明确主语, 就算是形式主语,也很重要。 汉语是意合语言,只要意思能让他们体明 确,完全可以没有主语。
从语法看差异
英语主语有如下五种: (1)施事主语 The policemen caught the thief. (2)受事主语 The thief was caught. (3)形式主语 It rained yesterday. (4)主题主语 The book’s very interesting. (5)存在主语 There is a book on the desk. 而汉语常用的只有1、4两种,另外就是无主句
英语句子有转折时前后谓语动词的主语应尽量保持一致而在汉语中却可能出现不同的主语由于汉语重意合主语改变时可以不明示所以翻译时要译者要洞察汉语中主语改变的情况其次要在译文中设法使前后主语一致
汉译英——谓语的确定
谓语的确定
• • • • • •
汉译英时通常选择谓语的原则 1.在人称和数上与主语保持一致. 2.保持时态与原文语义相吻合. 3.与主语在逻辑上搭配得当. 4.与宾语在逻辑上搭配得当. 5.原文若是形容词,名词,数量词或介词短 语做谓语,译文常用系表结构作谓语. • 6.原文若同时有几个动词出现,(句中的谓 语由连动词组或兼语词组充当),译文应选择 一个主要动词做谓语,其他动词用其他形式 (非谓语动词,介词短语等)
• 原文若为有形式标志的被动式,译文用被 动式做谓语. • 鼎湖山整个地区为热带,亚热带森林所覆 盖,气候独特. • Dinghu Mountain is covered by tropical as well as subtropical forest and has unique climate.
• 7.原文若为有形式标志的被动式,译文 用被动式做谓语. • 8.原文若为无形式标志的被动式,译文 可选择用被动式做谓语. • 9.若不知原文谓语的发出者,或主语为“ 大家,人们”等,或含“据说,据传”等,译 文谓语常用被动式. • 10.若要突出宾语,则往往将宾语置于 主语的位置上,谓语动词用被动式.
• 原文若同时有几个动词出现,(句中的谓 语由连动词组或兼语词组充当),译文应 选择一个主要动词做谓语,其他动词用其 他形式(非谓语动词,介词短语等) 第二天早晨,她腋下夹着几本书回来了. • The next morning, she came back home with some books under her arm.
• 与主语在逻辑上搭配得当. • 1. 这次旅游可选择的地方有北京、上海或 西安. • The tour will include Beijing, Shanghai and Xi’an. • 2. 这一证书课程分在三年中学完. • This cead over three years.
16字征服四六级汉译英之三:找准主干
16字征服四六级汉译英之一:找准主干在汉英翻译中,找准主干是关键。
正确选定并译好译文的主谓语,是成功构建英文句子、忠实传达汉语原意的根本。
一、英文句子类型把握英文的主要句子类型,这是找准并译好主干的基础。
(一)简单句1. 主谓结构【例1】各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异。
(CET-6:样题)【参考译文】Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year vary widely from place to place.【例2】烹饪技术和配料在中国各地差别很大。
(CET-4:13-12)【参考译文】The skills of cooking and selection of ingredients vary widely in China.2. 主谓宾结构【例3】人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。
(CET-4:样题)【参考译文】People often beautify their homes with paper.【例4】为驱厄运、迎好运,家家户户都会进行大扫除。
(CET-6:样题)【参考译文】In order to sweep away ill fortune and to bring in good luck, every family will thoroughly clean the house.3. 主系表结构【例5】闻名于世的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。
(CET-6:13-12)【参考译文】The world-renowned Silk Road is a series of routes connecting the East and the West.【例6】过中秋节的习俗于唐代早期在中国各地开始流行。
【参考译文】The custom of celebrating Mid-Autumn Festival became popular throughout China in the early Tang dynasty.4. 主谓双宾结构【例7】自然给予我们所需之物。
英语四级翻译备考中的句子结构分析方法
英语四级翻译备考中的句子结构分析方法在备考英语四级翻译的过程中,对于句子结构的分析是非常重要的一步。
只有通过准确地理解句子的结构,我们才能更好地理解和翻译句子的含义。
本文将介绍一些在英语四级翻译备考中常用的句子结构分析方法,并提供一些实例进行说明。
1. 确定主谓宾结构在分析句子结构时,我们首先需要确定句子的主谓宾结构。
主语通常是句子的主要承载者,谓语则是主语所表示的动作或状态,宾语则是主语所作用的对象或承受者。
通过确定主谓宾结构,我们可以更好地理解句子的内在逻辑关系。
例如,对于以下句子:"The cat is chasing the mouse."我们可以确定主谓宾结构为:主语:the cat谓语:is chasing宾语:the mouse通过分析主谓宾结构,我们可以准确理解这个句子的意思,即"猫正在追逐老鼠"。
2. 辨别定语和状语定语和状语在句子中起到修饰其他成分的作用,常常对句子的意义产生重要影响。
定语通常修饰名词或代词,而状语则修饰动词、形容词或副词。
例如,对于以下句子:"The tall man is playing the piano beautifully."我们可以辨别出定语和状语的位置:定语:the tall状语:beautifully通过分析定语和状语的位置和功能,我们可以理解这个句子的意思,即"那个高个子男人正在优美地弹奏钢琴"。
3. 注意从句结构从句是句子中具有句意功能的一部分,常常用于进一步说明、解释或补充主句中的内容。
在分析从句结构时,我们需要注意从句的连接词以及从句与主句之间的逻辑关系。
例如,对于以下句子:"I will go to the party if I have time."我们可以辨别出主句和从句的结构:主句:I will go to the party从句:if I have time通过分析从句的连接词"if",我们可以理解这个句子的意思,即"如果我有时间,我会去参加派对"。
汉英翻译中的主谓一致问题笔记
汉英翻译中的主谓一致问题Subject-verb Concord汉语句子中谓语成分复杂,而英语句子的谓语比较单一,只能由动词或动词短语承担。
汉译英时,有时可选择与原文相对应的谓语,但多数情况下我们不能照搬原文主语和谓语,需作调整或另觅新语。
谓语的确定与主语的选择密切相关。
谓语的选择和确定,需兼顾表意和构句的二重需要,即考虑英语语法规范,搭配习惯和逻辑关系等问题。
指选择谓语时,除考虑该词语本身能否准确传达原文意义外,还要关照其与主语的语义关联,亦即逻辑的关联,以及主谓词语的搭配。
此外,谓语动词和宾语的搭配,联系动词和表语的搭配,以及这两种搭配产生的修辞效果,也都影响和制约谓语的选择。
1.考虑谓语表意的需要时,首先要看它能否准确传达愿意,表意是否贴切。
1) 中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。
a. The Central Government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR.(克制自己不去干预)b. The Central Government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.(从不干预也不想干预)2) 中国的经济将融入世界经济的大潮。
a. The economy of China will merge into the tide of the world economy.(消没在……之中)b. The economy of China will converge with that of the world economy.(与……融合在一起)3) 这事到了现在,还是时时记起。
a. Even now, this remains fresh in my memory.(时时记起,更加贴切)b. Even now, I still often think about it.2.考虑谓语表意的需要时,还要关照其与主语的语义关联,以及主谓词语的搭配。
第四章汉译英中的主谓定位(学生用).
第四章汉译英中的主谓定位第一、推导主语a. 办喜事要选个良辰吉日。
We usually choose an auspicious day for wedding.b. 临别赠言,永志不忘。
I will never forget your parting advice.c. 久仰大名,如雷贯耳。
Y our name has long resounded in my ear.d. 三十年寻芳,留下一片相思地。
I roamed over the land for 30 years looking for true love only to leave my heart in love-sickness.《夜雨寄北》君问归期未有期,巴山夜雨涨秋池。
何当共剪西窗烛,却话巴山夜雨时《夜雨寄北》Night rains: to My Wife up North君问归期未有期,巴山夜雨涨秋池。
Y ou ask how long before I come .Still no date is set.The night rains on Mount Pa swell the autumn pool.何当共剪西窗烛,却话巴山夜雨时。
When shall we, side by side, trim a candle at the west window,And talk to the time of the night rains on Mount Pa.“ 莫笑我无双国士,任处处无上欢迎;实乃是无足轻重,大半世无臭无声;笑谈处无伤大雅,酒醉后无始无边。
爱只爱无肠公子,笑骂我无赖无聊;自任我无冬无夏,看世界无颇无偏。
”《济公自嘲诗》 (佚名诗中出现了十五个“无”字,代表“南无阿弥陀佛” ,据说还暗指指学中的十五个“法相” 。
这种充满审美修辞立意的诗显然是很难翻译的。
原诗十五个“无”字更是无法表达。
全诗具有浓郁的民族文化色彩,使济公神情与丰姿跃然纸上。
2.1中译英技巧-主语的确定及信息重心的确立(Ss)
因为天气糟糕,我们未能成行。 ① Because of poor weather, we did not go. ② Bad weather prevented us from going. ③ Bad weather caused us to cancel our trip. 只有在显微镜下才能看见红血球。 ① Only under the microscope can we see red cells. ② Red cells can be seen only under the microscope. ③ A microscope is needed (for us) to see red cells.
参考译文:
1. I have felt quite upset recently. 2. We should adhere to the basic line for a hundred years, with no vacillation. 3. Care is needed / Take care / Be careful when crossing the road. 4. A few more steps will bring you to the library. or: Take a few more steps, and / then you will find the library. 5.Thoug it is unlikely that anything unpleasant will happen, you’d better take precautions. or: You can never be too careful. It is always wise to play safe.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
基于丝绸之路带来的灵感,我们的火炬接力,将途径 希腊,埃及,美索不达米亚,波斯,印度和中国, 这些都以共享和平,共享奥运为主题。
With a concept inspired by the Silk Road, our Torch relay will travel through Greece, Egypt, Rome, Mesopotamia, Persia, India and China, carrying the message “Share the peace, Share the Olympics”.
空旷的山野上荡起了她甜甜的笑声。 ---In the wilderness, her sweet sounds of
laughter rose and fell like waves.
3.增补主语
汉语中主语隐含不显或无主语的情况时常 可见。译者必须依照英语的语法规则将主语 增补起来。
?用劳动实现自己的理想,?用理想指导自己的 劳动。
--Lu Xun’s bones were the hardest; he was free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness. (没有表达比喻的实际意义)
--Lu Xun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy and obsequiousness.
2. 这一证书课程分三年学完。
This certificate course of studies will spread over 3 years.
四、原文若是形容词、名词、数量词 或介词短语作谓语,译文中常常 采用系表结构
1. 你们一定知道,这种打字机轻便高效,经 久耐用又经济实惠,适合高中学生使用。
我们每个人都知道,大气污染不仅影响了环境,而且 严重损害了人的健康,大大缩短了人的寿命。
Everyone of us knows that air pollution does more than affect our environment; it cripples and shortens the lives of human beings.
2 重新确定主语
由于中国人和英美人的思维方式和语言习惯 存在较大差异,汉语主语并非总能完全对 应地转换英语中。在许多情况下,我们需 要重新选择和确定主语,以保证译文行文 流畅,语言自然地道。
鲁迅的骨头是最硬的,他没有丝毫的奴颜媚骨 (sycophancy or obsequiousness )。
不承认这一定律,就不是物理学家。
Anyone who does not recognize this law is not a physicist.
3)采用“there+be…”或“it +be …+to…”的句型。
除了枪声,再也没有其他声音。
There was no sound but that of the gunfire. 现在很难说谁对谁错。
1)表示时间、天气等自然现象的无主句, 借用英语习惯使用的it来翻译,如:
都九点钟了,他还没有来。
It is already 9 o’clock, and he has not shown up.
下雨了,咱们快走吧。
It is raining now. let’s get going. 起大风了。
谓语动词选择
一. 所选择谓语应该在人称和数上与主语一 致
1. 在西方,吃饭用的是刀和叉 。 In the west, fork and knife is used for having dinner.
2. 面包和牛奶是少数政府不纳税的东西。 Bread and milk is one of the few things that the government do not impose taxes on.
--Exhaust from boiler and vehicles, unless properly treated, may cause air pollution in cities.
假日里,青年人成双成对漫步在公园里。
--The young people in pairs and couples rambled about the park on holidays.
It is blowing hard.
2. 用泛指的人称代词we, you, one, anyone等充当主语。
活到老,学到老。
One is never too old to learn. 知己知彼,百战不殆。
Know the enemy and know yourself, and you can win a hundred battles with no danger of defeat.
English in our university.
希望今后我校能够与更多的学校结为友好学校。 It is hoped that our university will establish
friendly relations with more universities in the future.
在英语里,除祈使句等外,句子必须要有主语,否则 就不成句子。
We must be courageous enough to venture on experiments as far as reforms are concerned.
Despite the serious damage in flooding, China deserves a lot credit for the nationwide efforts to deal with flooding.
You are well aware that this type of typewriter is portable and high-efficient, economical and practical for high school students.
无形式标志的被动句,形式主动, 意义被动
1 以原文主语作为译文主语;
当汉语原文有明确的主语,而且该 主语由名词或主格人称代词充当时,我 们可以以原主语作为英译文的主语。
我们的房子是十年前建造的。
---Our house was built over ten years ago. 如果不适当处理,锅炉及机动车排出的废气就
会造成城市空气污染。
这里将建造一个新的博物馆。
A new museum will be built here. 明天上午将宣布结果。
The results will be announced tomorrow morning.
欢迎外教来我校执教英文。 Foreign teachers are welcome to teach
3. 人们目睹了两位宇航员在月球上登陆。 The two astronauts were seen to land on the moon.
--You realize your ideals through hard work, and you guide your work by ideals.
端午节吃粽子
—On the Dragon Boat Festival, people eat
Zongzi (pyramid-shaped dumplings made of glutinous rice).
At the moment, it is very difficult to tell who is right and who is wrong.
4) 使用英语的被动语态,把汉语句子里的宾语 变成英语被动句的主语。
必须保证产品质量。
The quality of the products must be guaranteed.
当前,我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。 Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country.
二. 所选择的谓语必须保持事态与原文语义 相结合
1. 他做实验时心不在焉,几乎引起化学药物 爆炸。
The first and basic experience gained in our financial work over the last years was that it is correct to secure supplies through economic growth.
汉译英时主语确定
1. 流言蜚语使他们之间的友谊变成了怨仇。 Their friendship was turned into enmity through idle gossip.
2. 人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索。 This issue has not yet been thoroughly explored.
中国的富强和发展不会对任何国家构成威胁。 The strength, prosperity and development of
China will pose no threat to any countries. A strong, prosperous and developed
China will pose no threat to any countries.
His absent-mindedness during the experiments nearly caused an explosion of the chemical.
三. 所选择的谓语必须与主语在逻辑 上搭配得当。
1. 科技兴农在中国发展粮食生产方面存在着巨 大的பைடு நூலகம்力。