When you are old背景知识
托福阅读tpo62R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
TPO62阅读-3 Is Perceptual Development an Innate or Socially Acquired Process?原文 (1)译文 (3)题目 (4)答案 (8)背景知识 (9)原文Is Perceptual Development an Innate or Socially Acquired Process?①Most developmental scientists now agree that both nature (genetics) and nurture (environment) are essential for the normal development of perception. However, there is still much dispute about the extent to which either nature or nurture is the more important factor. Points of view on this issue are more than just philosophical musings, they affect the kinds of experiments that are undertaken. I argue here that classifying particular aspects of perceptual development as either innate or learned presents us with an overly passive view in which either genes or environment imposes structure on the developing brain. In contrast, I suggest that perceptual development is better characterized as an activity-dependent process involving complex and subtle interactions at many levels.②To begin to illustrate my point, let's consider some recent neurobiological work on the prenatal (before-birth) development of the brain in rodents. Neurons are specialized cells that transmit impulses or messages to other neurons, glands, and muscles. The neurons studied in these experiments are those involved in binocular vision. Experiments show that the prenatal tuning (training) of these neurons arises through their response to internally generated waves of electrical activity. In other words, the response properties of these visual neurons are shaped by a "virtual environment" generated by cells elsewhere in the brain and eye. Although the term "innate" can be stretched to cover this example of development, we could equally well describe this process as the cells "learning" from the input provided. Further, after birth the same neurons continue to be tuned in the same way, except that now their input also reflects the structure of the world outside. When we examine development in detail, it becomes harder to argue, as some theorists do, that "innate knowledge" is fundamentally different from learning.③Another example of the role of activity-dependent processes in perceptual development comes from the ability to detect and recognize faces. Because regions of the human brain are specialized for processing faces, some researchers have argued that this ability is innate. However, experiments with infants reveal a more complex story. The tendency for newborns to look more toward faces turns out to be based on a very primitive, reflexlike system that is triggered by a stimulus as simple as three high-contrast blobs in the approximate locations of the eyes and mouth. This simple bias is sufficient to ensure that newborns look much more at faces than at other objects and patterns over the first weeks of life. One consequence of this is that developing circuits on the visual recognition pathway of the brain get more input related to faces and thus are shaped by experience with this special type of visual stimulus. We can now study this process by using new brain-imaging methods. Such studies have shown that the brains of young infants show less-localized and less-specialized processing of faces than do the brains of adults. It is not until they are one year old that infants show the same patterns of brain specialization for processing faces as do adults, by which time they have had as much as a thousand hours of exposure to human faces.④Another example comes from the study of infants' eye movements to visual targets. Although newborns are capable of some primitive reflexive eye movements, only much later in the first year can they make most of the kinds of complex and accurate eye movements seen in adults. One view is that the very limited ability present in newborns is just sufficient to allow them to practice and develop new brain circuits for the more complex integration of visual and motor information necessary for adult eye movements. Once again, it appears that infants actively contribute to their own subsequent development.⑤These considerations should make us skeptical about the many claims that are made for innate perceptual abilities based on experiments with babies of four months and older. In fact, when the same experiments were done with younger infants, quite different results have often been obtained, suggesting dramatic changes in perceptual abilities over the first few weeks and months after birth.⑥Infants are not passively shaped by either their genes or their environment. Rather, perceptual development is an activity-dependent process in which, during postnatal life, the infant plays an active role in generating the experience it needsfor subsequent development.译文知觉发展是先天的还是社会获得的?①大多数发展科学家现在都同意，先天（遗传）和后天（环境）对于感知的正常发展都是必不可少的。
新教材人教版高中英语必修第二册全册书重点单词短语句型汇总(2022新高考一轮复习资料)
人教版必修第二册全册重点单词短语Unit 1Cultural Heritage ........................................................................................................ - 1 - Unit 2Wildlife Protection ..................................................................................................... - 9 - Unit 3The Internet .............................................................................................................. - 17 - Unit 4History and Traditions .............................................................................................. - 24 - Unit 5Music ........................................................................................................................ - 31 -Unit 1Cultural Heritage【话题词汇】1.sculpture n. 雕塑；雕刻；雕像2.statue n. 塑像；雕像3.construct v t. 建设；建筑4.remains n. 遗迹5.splendid adj. 辉煌的；壮丽的6.gallery n. 画廊；美术馆7.exhibition n. 展览；展览会8.historical adj. 与历史有关的；史学的9.myth n. 神话10.legend n. 传说；传奇故事11.origin n. 起源；由来12.masterpiece n. 杰作13.rare adj. 罕见的14.unique adj. 独特的，特有的15.precious adj. 宝贵的16.well-designed adj. 设计巧妙的【话题短语】1.be situated/located in 位于2.preserve/protect...from... 保护……免于……3.natural wonder 自然奇观4.be in ruins 变为废墟5.belong to 属于6.non-material cultural heritage 非物质文化遗产7.traditional crafts 传统工艺品8.be listed in 被列入9.folk arts 民间艺术10.The cradle of the civilization 文明的摇篮【话题佳句】1.History and culture are the soul of the city and people should cherish the city's historic and cultural heritage as their own lives.历史和文化是一个城市的灵魂，人们要像爱惜自己的生命一样珍惜城市历史文化遗产。
贫民窟的百万富翁观后感600字
贫民窟的百万富翁观后感600字贫民窟的百万富翁观后感600字这部电影有着好莱坞式的流畅的叙事，悬念丛生，惊心动魄的讲故事的方法，有美国式故事的浪漫和光明，童话气质。
这里给大家分享一些关于贫民窟的百万富翁观后感600字，希望对大家能有所帮助。
贫民窟的百万富翁观后感600字1《贫民窟的百万富翁》是一个既悲惨又温暖的励志故事，如此征服人心，可见人们对悲情和励志的需求是没有止境的——尤其是在经济危机的时候。
在贫民窟长大的孤儿贾迈尔·马利克，参加了一个电视节目——《谁想成为百万富翁》，只要答对所有的题，他就可以拿到2000万元的奖金。
此前连受过高等教育的律师、政客、学者都在这个节目中一一败下阵来，18岁的贾迈尔却能一路过关斩将，直冲向最后一晚的最后一道题，只要回答这最后一个问题，他就能拿到最后的奖金。
可就在这时候，贾迈尔却因涉嫌作弊被警察逮捕。
是啊，谁能相信一个几乎没有文化知识的小男孩能答对所有的问题呢?而又有几人知道贾迈尔真正参加这档电视节目的初衷只是为了寻找他一生的挚爱——拉媞卡。
为了证明自己的清白，贾迈尔向警察讲述了自己在贫民窟的成长的故事，通过他对自己艰难人生的描述，所有人都明白了，他能回答出电视节目里的那些问题，绝非偶然和作弊。
原来从他的生活经历中都能够找出每道题的答案，因为这些答案都是从他的人生经历中得到启示的。
片子中最沉重的也是记忆最深刻的就是贾迈尔在警局里的供诉那段，揭示了贾迈尔为何碰巧了知道那些问题的正确答案。
那些答案伴随着贾迈尔充满血、眼泪和恐惧的人生轨迹，见证了印度普通百姓的悲欢离合，以及追求幸福生活的艰辛坎坷。
大规模宗教冲突、险恶的孤儿院、颠沛流离的浪荡生涯、黑帮团伙——大鱼吃小鱼，小鱼吃虾米，令人绝望和窒息的不公不义充斥着底层社会，弱肉强食的丛林法则威胁着每一个人。
相依为命的哥哥干起了刀口恬血的杀手行当，初恋女友沦落风尘，不变的惟有贾迈尔那颗善良、正直的心，和对爱情、正义、幸福的坚强信念与渴望。
最全面人教版九年级英语全册第四单元知识点归纳总结
Unit 4 I used to be afraid of the dark.一、词汇与短语◆重点单词A部分1．humorous 有幽默感的；滑稽有趣的adj.2．interview 采访；面试v. 面试；访谈n. 3．silent 不说话的；沉默的adj.4．deal 对付;对待v.5．helpful 有用的；有帮助的adj.6．shyness 害羞；腼腆n.7．score 得分；进球n.&v.8．dare 敢于；胆敢v. 9．background 背景n.10．crowd 人群；观众n.11．ton 吨n.；（pl.）大量；许多12．private 私人的；私密的adj. 13．guard 警卫；看守n. 守卫；保卫v.14．require 需要；要求v. 15．European 欧洲（人）的adj. 欧洲人n.16．African 非洲（人）的adj. 非洲人n. 17．British 英国（人）的adj.18．speech 讲话；发言n.19．public 民众n. 公开的；公众的adj.B部分1．ant 蚂蚁n.2．insect 昆虫n.3．seldom 不常；很少adv.4．influence 影响v.&n.5．absent 缺席；不在adj.6．fail 不及格；失败；未能（做到）v. 7．examination 考试；审查n.8．exactly 确切地；精确地adv. 9．pride 自豪；骄傲n.10．proud 自豪的；骄傲的adj. 11．general 总的；普遍的adj. 将军n.12．introduction 介绍n.◆重点短语A部分1．be afraid of 害怕2．not enough to do sth. 不足够做某事3．get good grades in…在…方面取得好成绩4．from time to time 时常；有时5．be more interested in…对…更感兴趣6．talk to/with…和……谈话7．see sb. doing sth. 看见某人正在做某事8．take up doing sth. 开始做某事9．deal with./do with 应对；处理10．dare (not) to do sth. (不)敢做某事11．not……anymore 不再……12．all the time 一直；总是13．worry about……担心……14．be prepared to do sth.准备好做某事15．be very careful about……非常注意……16．give up (doing)……放弃(做)……17．fight on 继续战斗18．make it to the top 能成功到达顶峰19．require a lot of talent 需要很多天赋20．a very small number of 一小部分21．eat a lot of vegetables 吃大量的蔬菜22．listen to pop music 听流行音乐23．watch scary movies 看恐怖片24．at least 至少25．in public公开地；在别人(尤指生人)面前26．tons of许多的；大量27．give a speech 做演讲28．a number of许多；大量B部分1．make a decision做决定2．in person亲身；亲自3．even though即使；尽管4．take care of 照顾；照料5．be absent from 缺席；不在6．paint pictures 画画7．take pride in…为…感到自豪8．music classes 音乐课9．be proud of…为…骄傲；感到自豪10．on the soccer team 在足球队11．do well in……在……方面做得好12．work hard 学习努力13．make friends with sb. 和某人交朋友14．take care of/look after 照顾15．move to……搬到……16．feel lonely 感到孤独17．be absent from classes 旷课18．a boarding school 一所寄宿学校19．fail the exams/examinations 考试不及格20．advise sb. to do sth.建议某人做某事21．send…to…派……到……；送……到……22．look for 寻找23．have a great influence on sb. 对某人有很大影响◆重点句子A部分1．Mario, you used to be short, didn't you? 马里奥，你过去很矮，不是吗？2．It's been three years since we last saw our primary school classmates.我们上次见到小学同学已经三年了。
when you are old节奏划分
when you are old节奏划分当你年老时，时间的节奏划分成为一种重要的考虑因素。
年老的人们常常需要更多的时间来完成日常任务，因为他们的身体机能逐渐减弱，注意力和记忆力也会逐渐减退。
在这个阶段，时间的合理安排和节奏的划分变得至关重要，可以帮助老年人更好地应对日常生活的挑战。
首先，为了更好地划分时间节奏，老年人可以制定一个详细的日程表。
这个日程表应该包括每天的起床时间、吃饭时间、休息时间、锻炼时间、社交时间等等。
老年人可以根据自己的身体状况和个人喜好来安排这些时间段。
例如，他们可以选择在早晨起床后进行一些简单的体操锻炼，然后安排一段时间来读报纸、看电视或者进行其他的娱乐活动。
在午餐和晚餐时间，老年人可以选择与家人或者朋友一起用餐，以增加社交互动。
同时，老年人还可以在日程表上设置一些休息时间，以便在疲劳时能够得到适当的休息。
其次，老年人在划分时间节奏时需要考虑到他们的身体状况和能力。
年老的人们通常需要更多的时间来完成一些日常任务，例如穿衣、洗漱、走动等等。
因此，他们应该给自己足够的时间来完成这些任务，避免过于匆忙和紧张。
同时，他们还可以考虑使用一些辅助工具来帮助他们完成一些需要较多体力的任务，例如使用助行器或者轮椅来行走。
此外，老年人还可以适当调整日常活动的强度和频率，以避免过度疲劳和身体不适。
另外，老年人在划分时间节奏时还需要注意到他们的注意力和记忆力可能会逐渐减退。
因此，他们可以采取一些措施来帮助自己更好地管理时间。
例如，老年人可以使用提醒工具，例如手机闹钟或者电子日历，来提醒自己重要的活动和约会。
此外，他们还可以使用备忘录和便签来记录一些重要的事项和任务，以帮助自己更好地记忆。
如果可能的话，老年人还可以寻求家人或者朋友的帮助，来协助他们记住重要的事情。
最后，老年人在划分时间节奏时还需要考虑到他们的精神需求。
年老的人们常常需要更多的时间来放松和休息，以缓解压力和焦虑。
因此，老年人可以安排一些专门的时间段来进行放松和娱乐活动，例如看电影、听音乐、阅读等等。
例析初中英语诗歌教学——以When you are old为例
例析初中英语诗歌教学——以When you are old为例赵美玲【摘要】针对目前初中英语诗歌教学存在随意性和盲目性的问题,以W hen you are old课外诗歌教学为例,探究教师如何根据诗歌的文体特点指导学生感知诗歌的韵律,提高欣赏水平.认为在初中英语教学中,教师应适当拓展诗歌教学,激发学生学习英语的兴趣,让学生了解英语文学作品丰富的文化内涵,品味其蕴含的积极情感因素,培养学生良好的情感态度和审美情趣,充分发挥诗歌特有的教学价值.【期刊名称】《英语教师》【年(卷),期】2019(019)002【总页数】4页(P25-28)【关键词】初中英语;课外诗歌;诗歌教学【作者】赵美玲【作者单位】225721,江苏兴化,江苏省兴化市戴泽初级中学【正文语种】中文引言《义务教育英语课程标准（2011 年版）》（以下简称《课程标准》）三级目标明确要求：“学生能感知歌谣中的韵律，背诵一定数量的小诗，并能理解和欣赏一定经典的英文诗歌。
”（教育部2012）但迫于教学任务的压力及应试教育的束缚，教师不愿在诗歌教学上耗时费力，仅把诗歌当成一般阅读材料处理，未能凸显出其特有的教学价值。
新译林版初中英语教材中诗歌教学内容偏少，仅在七年级（下）Unit 7、八年级（上）Unit 6 的Reading板块有所涉及，且所选的三首诗还不是真正意义上的诗歌。
没有合适的教学资源，使得许多教师缺少诗歌的教学经验，缺乏利用诗歌教学来改善和优化英语课堂的意识（马海清、高霄霄2015）。
《课程标准》提出：“英语教学中可以适当选用国外优质的教学资料，以补充和丰富课堂教学内容。
”要在英语课堂上拓展课外诗歌教学，首先要解决教学资源的选择问题。
教师要遵循两个原则，一要选择符合初中生心理和认知特点，语言稍高于当前学生的英语水平，韵律优美、蕴含哲理、情感积极向上的诗歌；二要考虑教学资源的可利用性，尽量选择能够找到适用音视频资料的诗歌（马海清、高霄霄2015）。
托福阅读tpo63R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
TPO63阅读-2Structure and Composition of Comets原文 (1)译文 (3)题目 (4)答案 (7)背景知识 (8)原文Structure and Composition of Comets①Astronomers now have a fairly good idea of what a comet really is.When it is far from the Sun,it is a very small object only a few kilometers across.It consists mainly of ices(water,methane,ammonia)with bits of dust embedded in it-a kind of dirty ice ball.As it approaches the Sun,radiation from the Sun vaporizes the icy matter and releases some of the dust.This forms a gigantic halo around the ice ball. This halo-called the coma extends out tens of thousands of kilometers from the icy core,which is the nucleus of the comet.Sunlight reflected off the dust particles makes the coma visible to observers on Earth.Ultraviolet radiation from the Sun breaks down the vapor molecules into their constituents.These components can be excited by absorbing radiation from the Sun.In returning to lower-energy states, the excited atoms and ions emit light,contributing to the luminosity of the coma.②When the comet gets even closer to the Sun,one of its most spectacular parts begins to form-the tail.Actually,there are two kinds of tails:the dust tail and the ion tail.The dust tail is produced by the light from the Sun reflecting off the dust particles in the coma.A photon carries momentum.In bouncing off a dust particle, it imparts a tiny,but perceptible,momentum change to the dust particle,driving it away from the coma.As the comet sweeps along its orbit,it leaves a curving trail of dust behind in its path.This visible dust tail can extend for tens or hundreds of millions of kilometers out from the nucleus.The dust tail is characterized by its gently curving shape and its yellowish color.③A different mechanism is responsible for the ion tail.Near the Sun,ultraviolet radiation from the Sun(solar wind)ionizes and excites the atoms in the coma.Asthe solar wind sweeps through the coma,the high-velocity charged particles of the solar wind interact with the electrically charged excited ions in the coma,driving them away from the head of the comet.In returning to lower-energy states,these excited ions emit photons and form a luminous,bluish-colored tail extending out from the comet directly away from the Sun.Since both kinds of tails are produced by radiation streaming out from the Sun,they extend out from the coma in the general direction away from the Sun.A comet may exhibit several tails of each kind.④Although the nucleus is of the order of a few kilometers in size,the diameter of the coma may be tens or hundreds of thousands of kilometers;the tails typically extend out tens or hundreds of millions of kilometers away from the coma.⑤A comet leaves a trail of matter behind it as it moves through the inner solar system.Some of this debris may get strewn across Earth's orbit around the Sun. When Earth passes through this part of its annual path,it sweeps through the dust trail.The particles enter Earth's atmosphere at high velocity.The air friction can cause one of these bits of matter to produce a brief streak of light as it burns up in the atmosphere.⑥Since a comet loses matter on each pass by the Sun,eventually it will be depleted to the point where it is no longer ets that approach the Sun have finite lifetimes.Given the typical sizes of comets and the typical rates at which they lose matter,astronomers have concluded that the lifetimes of comets with orbits that bring them near enough to the Sun to be seen from Earth are very much shorter than the age of the solar system.Where do the new comets come from to replace the old ones that dissipate and vanish from view?⑦Dutch astronomer Jan Oort proposed that a giant cloud of matter left over from the formation of the solar system surrounds the Sun and extends out to about 50,000astronomical units.This cloud contains large chunks of matter like the nuclei of comets.The gravitational influence of a passing star can be sufficient to perturb the orbit of one of these chunks to send it toward the inner solar system and bring it near the Sun.译文彗星的结构和组成①天文学家现在对彗星的真正含义有了相当好的了解。
外研版(三起)-英语-六年级下册--外研版三起Module 7 Unit 2教材同步讲解
Unit 2:She couldn't see or hear.（第二单元：她看不到也听不到。
）（教材41～43页）1．Listen and chant．听一听并跟着唱。
（教材第41页）课文英汉互译Helen couldn't see.海伦看不见。
But she could read但她可以阅读。
Helen couldn't hear.海伦听不见。
But she could talk.但她可以说话。
重难点精析could的用法Helen couldn’t see．But could read.海伦看不见。
但她可以阅读。
【点拨】.could用来表示过去的能力、可能性或允许。
例如：I could run faster then.那时我能跑得更快。
could还可与表示感知的动词，如see，hear，smell，taste，feel，understand等连用，表示特定的能力。
例如：He said he could see me next week.他说他下周能见我。
【知识拓展】(1)could意为“允许”时，表示委婉地提出问题或陈述看法。
例如：-Could I use your bike?我可以用你的自行车吗？-Yes，you can．是的，你可以。
(2) could还可表示过去的可能或许可。
例如：Father said I could swim in the river.爸爸说我可以在河里游泳。
【即学即用】连词成句borrow,pen,l,could,your(?)答案速查Could I borrow your pen?2．Listen and read．听一听并读一读。
（教材第41页）课文英汉互译Helen Keller was born① in the US in 1880.As② a baby,she became③ blind and deaf.She couldn't see or hear.海伦·凯勒于1880年出生在美国。
英语从句知识点总结
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在英语教学中加强英语文化知识渗透的重要性
在英语教学中加强英语文化知识渗透的重要性作者：薛锐来源：《都市家教·上半月》2014年第06期【摘要】英语教学中文化背景知识的介绍一直未得到足够的重视。
似乎认为只要进行语音、词汇和语法规则的教学就能够提高学生的听说读写能力，就能理解英语、完成交际。
而实际上由于不了解语言的文化背景，不了解中西文化的差异，在英语学习和英语交际中屡屡出现歧义误解，语用失误的现象。
文化背景知识是听力理解的钥匙，是提高口语的前提，是阅读理解的关键，是英文写作的基础。
【关键词】文化背景知识；英语教学；阅读能力；交际技能近年来，人们越来越多地认识到语言有其丰富的文化内涵，不少有影响的外语教育家认为交流中的错误主要有语言错误和文化错误，而文化知识错误的性质更为严重。
如果你的外语语言很流畅，对方会把你因为缺乏文化背景知识而造成的不礼貌或不友好的行为认为是你粗鲁无礼或恶意伤害的自然流露，很可能会归因于你的品格问题。
也就是说，如果一个人的外语能力越强，但他缺乏对外语文化背景的了解，那么他的跨文化交流活动的失败就越惨痛。
美国外语教学专家温斯顿·布伦姆伯克所说：“采取只知其语言而不懂文化的教法，是培养语言流利的大傻瓜的最好办法。
”所以，在传授语言基础知识的同时，必须加强对学生的文化背景知识的渗透，培养学生的跨文化交际意识。
中西方不同的文化背景差异体现在人们生活的方方面面：首先体现在词汇的含义方面：比如，Dog一词，很多英语初学者听到自己被别人称为a lucky dog时，以为自己被称为“狗”而感到很不舒服，因为在我们中国的文化中，“狗”总是不好的意思，有奴仆，低贱的追随者之意，故有“走狗”和“狗仗人势”之说。
其实在英语中，dog是best friend of a man，所以有“Love me，love my dog”，而a lucky dog和“狗”更没有丝毫的联系，很多外国朋友在介绍自己的家庭成员时，最后总忘不了加上他们的狗的名字，在他们的眼里，狗相当于自己的家庭成员。
英语背景知识
今日作业
1. 我告诉他们，如果他们想缩短工时而又想加薪的话，那是白日做梦。
2. 你不要指望所得税会有所降低，那纯粹是痴心妄想。
Keys:
1. I told them they would ask for the moon if they wanted to have higher pay for less working hours.
2. You look a little antsy. What’s wrong?
语背景知识（8）
汽车后座怎么会有司机？ backseat driver
后座司机。喻多嘴多舌、指手画脚或乱出主意的人。
作业：
1. 在这个项目上我可不需要指手画脚的人。
2. 我不喜欢那些狗拿耗子的人喋喋不休的对我说，这该怎样做，那该怎样做，而他们自己却光说不练，一事无成。
2. If she expects me to get her a position, she is barking up the wrong tree.
英语背景知识（10）
自己的眼里会有梁木吗？ beam in one’s own eye
自己的眼中有梁木。喻指人们自身的缺点或问题。
英语背景知识（6）
相信很多人都很喜欢看电影吧，那么你最喜欢的电影演员和导演都是谁呢？英语中是如何称呼电影大师的呢？
Auteur
作业：
1. 大部分观众崇敬克林?伊斯特伍德（Clint Eastwood），称他为具有独特风格的大导演。
2. 这位大导演神通广大，他可以左右董事会做出必要的改变。
作业：
1. 要是警方认为我卷入了火车抢劫案，那他们可真是瞎了眼了。
《How Old Are You》PPT课件
He’s old. 他老了。
用法： He’s是He is的缩写形式，句型结构为“主 语+be 动词 (am/is/are) + 描述外貌的形容 词.”，用来描述某人的外貌特征。
易错点 提示
be 动词的形式随主语的变化而变化。
例句： My mother is tall. 我的妈妈个子高。
知识点 2
3 完成配套的课后作业
(动口、动手能力) 趣味活动：移动的问号。 两人一组，每人准备一张兄弟姐妹或朋友们的多人 照片，用一张画有问号的白纸依次盖住人物的身体只露 出脸，问同伴： “ How old is she/he?”让同伴来猜她/他的 年龄，使用句型“ She/ He is... years old.”来回答。
一、给单词宝宝排队。 ① is ② My ③ grandmother ④ old ⑤ very 1. __2___3____1____5____4_________. ①brothers ②My ③tall ④are 2. __2___1____4____3_____________.
Unit 4 Family
三年级上册
Is he young or old?
Is she young or old?
知识点 1
/əʊld/ adj. (形容词) 年老的
例句：
My grandfather PPT模板：/moban/ PPT背景：/beijing/ PPT下载：/xiazai/ 资料下载：/ziliao/ 试卷下载：/shiti/ PPT论坛： 语文课件：/kejian/yuw en/ 英语课件：/kejian/ying yu/ 科学课件：/kejian/kexu e/ 化学课件：/kejian/huaxue/
如何在中学英语教学中渗透文化背景知识
如何在中学英语教学中渗透文化背景知识摘要:针对忽视文化背景知识所造成的英语教学和教材中的问题,本文将从听、说、读、写、译五个方面浅谈如何在英语教学中灌输英语国家文化背景知识,而不是简单地教授语言知识和技能,从而实现跨文化交际教学法。
关键词: 跨文化交际教学法文化背景知识英语教学英语学习一、英语教学中的文化习得意识中国人以谦虚为美德,每当英语国家人士称赞中国人某一方面的特长时,中国人通常会用you are over praising me.这往往会让说话者感到你在怀疑他的判断力;或者用where? where?来回答,弄得英语国家人士一头雾水,不知所云。
此外,由于不了解英语国家的风俗习惯,我们的学生往往说话不得体,不恰当。
这种不得体,不恰当的英语往往比语法语音方面的错误更难被英语国家人士所接受。
事实上,英语国家人士和以英语为工具的中国人交际时注意更多的是交际的内容,而不是语言形式。
二、忽视文化背景知识所造成的英语教学和教材中的问题长时间以来,我们的英语教学却没有寄予文化知识的灌输足够的重视。
尽管许多学生按照我们传统的教学大纲已经掌握了听,说,读,写四项技能,但他们在实际生活的语言应用中却经常犯错,因为我们的教学和缴材只重视教授语言的形式而忽略了语言形式的社会意义和语言在真实生活中的应用。
以下对话在许多课本中都能够看到:1.a:what’s your name?b:my name is li hong.a:how old are you?b:i’m twenty.a:where do you come from?b:i come from beijing.2.a:where are you going?b:i’m going to the library.以上所有对话都是英语形式加上汉语思维。
尽管形式正确,但却不得体。
除了在医院,移民局或其他类似地方外,难以想象有人会问你一连串的诸如“你叫什么名字?”,“你多大了?”,“你从哪里来?”的问题。
英汉互译——精选推荐
你走不走？你不走我走。
Say, will you be leaving? I’ll leave if you linger here.知之为知之，不知为不知。
是知也。
You can say you know something when you do know it；if you are ignorant, make no pretence of the knowledge. This is the correct attitude towards learning.听到这个好消息，他心花怒放。
He was overjoyed at the good news.在四川省西部，有一美妙的去处。
她背依岷山主峰雪宝顶，树木苍翠，花香袭人，鸟声婉转，流水潺潺。
这就是松潘县的黄龙。
Situated in Songpan Country in the western part of Sichuan Province of China is Huang Long scenic spot. Standing against Xuebaoding-the main peak of Mishan Mountains, the beautiful spot is a must for tourists who will be attracted by its lush green forests, fragrant flowers, murmuring streams, lovely birds and many other kings of natural charm.许多教育家认为，英语学校应该建立英语小社区，营造英语学习的环境，这对英语教学的大有裨益的。
这样的小社区应精心设计，确保充足的英语活动场所，要让学生能在一种浸泡似的情形中学好英语。
Students of an English school, according to many educators, will find it very supportive to be provided with a small English community oncampus which should be so designed that there are sufficient locations for students to practice English in an immersion situation. 程序员对软件作了修改，现在运行起来不出故障。
英美散文选读教参
使用说明1．《教师手册》包括三部分：About the Author （作者简介及课文出处等）、About the Text （难句分析、语言点、修辞等）、Keys to Exercises。
2．作者简介及难句分析和语言点的部分内容已收入教材的“注释”（Notes and Commentary），请教师在讲解前仔细核对。
3．“练习答案”只提供第二至第五部分（即词汇、完型填空、改错、中译英）习题的答案。
第一部分（Questions for Comprehension and Discussion）涉及对课文内容的分析、作者态度或立场的归纳评论、以及修辞手段的运用等，没有标准答案。
教师可以在组织学生进行讨论、辩论、角色扮演或提问时灵活处理，适当提供背景知识、相关词汇等，引导学生得出比较合理的结论。
4．中译英和英译中的答案仅供参考。
5．练习经过多次修改，恐有不少错漏。
不便之处，敬请谅解。
欢迎使用者批评指正。
编者2000年6月Unit One How T o Grow OldAbout the authorBertrand Arthur William Russell, 3d Earl, 1872-1970, British philosopher, mathematic ian, and social reformer; b. Wales. The grandson of Lord John Russell, the 1st Earl Russell, he succeeded to the earldom in 1931. While teaching at Cambridge Univ. Russell produced his most important works, Principles of Mathematics(1903) and, with Alfred North WHITEHEAD, Principia Mathenetica(3 vol., 1910 –13), in which he attempted to show how the laws of mathematics could be deduced from the basic axioms of logic. His work influenced on 20th-cent. symbolic logic, SET theory in mathematics, and LOGICAL POSITIVISM, especially in the work of his student Ludwig WITTFENSTEN. An undogmatic but zealous rationalist, Russell was deeply convinced of the logical independence of individual facts and the dependence of knowledge on the data of original experience. Well known for his social views, he was an active pacifist during World War I. In 1927 he and his wife founded the highly experimental Beacon Hill School. His liberal views on marriage, sex, adultery, and homosexuality made him controversial during most of the 1930s. He abandoned pacifism during World War II in the face of the Nazi threat but reverted to it after the war, becoming a leader in the ―ban the bomb‖ movement to halt the manufacture of nuclear weapons. In the 1960s he and Jean-Paul SARTRE organized European opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. Russell‘s radicalism kept him from a traditional academic career, and he supported himself chiefly by his writings, many of them widely read, e.g., Marriage and Morals(1929), A History of W estern Philosophy(1945), and his autobiography (3 vol., 1967-69). In 1950 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature.Ressell had one of the most widely varied and persistently influential intellects of the 20th century. During most of his active life, a span of 3 generations, Russell had at any time more than 40 books in print ranging over philosophy, mathematics, science, ethics, sociology, education, history, religion, politics and polimic. The extent of his influence resulted partly from his amazing efficiency in applying his intellect (he normally wrote at the rate of 3000 largely unaltered words a day), his memory, and his aristocratic independence, and partly from his deep humanitarian feeling that was the main spring of his actions. His first major undertaking in the field of logic and mathematics had a profound influence upon philosophy in the western world. In his middle years,his books on morals, politics, education, pacifism, and other subjects were an illumination and encouragement to the rebellious layman. Finally, during the last decades of his life (just as he felt himself in danger of becoming respectable by sheer weight of years), he became an inspiration to idealistic youth throughout the world in his active opposition to the manufacture of H-bombs and to the war in V ietnam.―How to grow old‖ was taken from his book Portraits from Memory, which was published in 1956._________________________________About the textTheme of the text:How not to grow oldStructure:Para 1 IntroductionPara 2-5 The way of not getting oldParagraph 6 ConclusionPara 1In spite of the title, this article will really be on how not to grow old, … … ---- A surprising beginning? A way to attract attention? Or a kind of skill to start a passage in a most direct and straightforward way?My first advice would be to choose your ancestors carefully. ---- Can you? Please notice the tone (humorous?) in the first part of the paragraph concerned with describing his ancestors.as regards ---- (also with regard to, in regard to) a phrase indication what one is saying applies to the fact they have just mentionedAs regards the car, I put an advertisement in the paper.With regard to the gas fire, we hardly use it.My upbringing was fairly strict in regard to obedience and truthfulness.… … was cut off in the flower of his youth at the age of sixty-seven, … … ----What a metaphor! And the latter part of the sentence is even more unexpected. In the sentence, we also find the use of euphemism (= a polite word or expression that people use when they are talking about something which they or other people find unpleasant or embarrassing, such as death or sex). Some nor examples are given below:●A man is helping the police with inquires. (A suspected criminal is detained by the police andprobably under close arrest.)●A large accident (= the explosion of a nuclear power station)●Armed emergency (= a small-scale war in which large numbers of people are being killed,buildings destroyed, etc.)●under-achiever (= a school-child who is backward or merely bore form the neck upwards)●The locus of evaluation (= the classroom)●Lower ability group (= s low learners)●A member of the lower socio-economic bracket (= a poor person)●Terminal illness (= a fatal illness)cut off ---- stop something, esp. speech or the supply of electricity, gas, water, etc.If this bill is not paid within five days, your gas supply will be cut off.If you speak for too long, the chairwoman will cut you off.If you are having a phone conversation and you are cut off (=lose communicationwith the person you are speaking to), phone the operator.who was a friend of Gibbon ----usually we say ―a friend of so-and-so‘s‖. When we want to emphasize the idea that somebody is one of the friends of a famous person, then we say ―He is a friend of so-and-so.‖Gibbon ---- Gibbon, Edward, 1734—94, English historian. He is the author of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (6 vol., 1776—88), one of the most influential historical works of modern times. Gibbon also wrote a subtle and interesting autobiography, Memoirs of His Life and Writings (1796). He served in Parliament from 1774 to 1783.Girton College ----The first women‘s college at Cambridge University, founded in 1896.word ---- (archaic) speakrelate ---- (fml or literary) tell (a story) or describe (a series of events)She related the events of the past week to the police.He relates how at the age of 23 he was interned in a prison camp.melancholy ----unhappiness or sadness, esp. that which is felt for a long period of time andwithout any obvious reasona melancholy piece of musicmelancholy autumn daysHe is an actor who is famous for roles full of sentimental melancholy.part from ---- separate fromTo be parted from him even for two days made her sad.dismal ---- sad and without hopeThe outlook is dismal ---- no-one thinks he is going to get better.“madre snaturale” ----(Italian) Literally, an unnatural mother. The phrase means here ―What an extraordinary mother!‖her recipe ---- her way of doing thingsthe proper recipe for remaining young ----that is to keep oneself busy. {―Growing old is no more than a bad habit which a busy man has no time to form.‖ --- AndréMaurois (1885—1967), French author, critic. The Art of Living, ―The Art of Growing Old‖(1940).}still less ---- (also much less) let alone; not to mention (to make a negative statement stronger) At the age of fourteen I had never even been on a train, still less an aircraft.brevity ---- lasting only a short time; shortnessThe first of these two poems is an anguished reflection on the brevity of life.(Nor will the old people, once they manage to keep themselves busy with some wholesome things, be haunted by the thought that their days are numbered.)Para 2As regards health, I have nothing useful to say since I have little experience of illness. ---- It seems that many others have many things to say about their experience of living a long life. Y ou might try your students to see whether they happen to know any of those different ‗recipes‘ offered by different people on different newspapers, or the same newspaper at different times.on the ground ---- a phrase used to introduce the reason (cause or argument) based on a (the) fact or belief (that)An EU national could not be deported solely on the ground of his conviction.She is suing the company on the grounds of unfair dismissal.Do you have any ground for suspecting them?We have grounds to believe that you have been lying to us.He refused to answer on the grounds that she was unfairly dismissed.mostly ---- The word is used to indicate that a statement is generally true, for example, true about the majority of a group of things or people, or true most of the time.The men at the party were mostly fairly young.A rattlesnake hunts mostly at night.Para 3absorption ---- If you have an absorption in something, you are so interested in it that it takes up a lot of your time and energy.With his new appointment in 1911, his absorption shifted.Her absorption in her work ( = giving of all her attention to it ) is so great that shethinks about nothing else.I t does not do to live in memories … ---- For old people, thinking of the past will not bring them any goodness. Compare the idea with the following lines by W. B. Y eats:When you are old and gray and full of sleep,And nodding by the fire, take down this book,And slowly read, and dream of the soft lookY our eyes had once, and of their shadows deep …One‟s own past is a gradually increasing weight ---- When people are getting old, they tend to spend more time thinking of their past experiences, which will prove to be a big burden for them.If this is true it should be forgotten, and if it is forgotten it will probably not be true. ---- Self-deceiving (to plug one‘s ears while stealing a bell) is obviously not to be encouraged, but in some cases, especially for old people, it is not always unhelpful.Para 4clinging to youth ----used predicatively, the phrase means showing undue interest in one‘s children after they have grown up.(If you cling to an idea or a way of behaving you continue to believe in its value or importance, even though it may no longer be valid or useful, e.g. cling to old, inefficient method of doing things)sucking vigour from its vitality ---- When an old person wants to be young-at-heart by indulging himself in the good old days, he is simply trying to go south by driving the chariot north.callous ---- unkind or cruel; without sympathy or feeling for other peopleIt might sound callous, but I don‘t care if he‘s homeless. He is not living with me.He is so callous about it all.contemplative ----―in quiet withdrawal‖ Literally the word means ‗considering (a particular thing) for a long time in a serious and quiet way‘ (e.g. Her mood is calm and contemplative.) philanthropic ----showing generosity towards other people and in a sincere way to help them, esp. by giving money (to poor people)Few companies offer money purely as a philanthropic gesture ---- they ‗re usually aftersomething in return.… owing to the length of infancy ---- because of the fact that human being spends much more time bringing up their offspringPara 5impersonal ----not involving or relating to any particular person; not being influenced by personal feelingsThe teacher‘s criticism of the class was impersonal.She mentioned no names in her impersonal criticism of the staff.(cf. Hospitals always seem such impersonal places ( = a place lacking human warmth and interest ) ---- rows of identical beds in dull gray rooms. She has a very cold and impersonal manner.)… wisdom born of experience … ---- wisdom as a consequence of long and varied experience; ‗ born of ‘ means coming fromHe was born of a noble/wealthy family.Love is born of heart, not mind.His wish to become a doctor was born of a desire to help sick people.exercise ----If you exercise authority, rights, responsibilities, etc. you use them well and effectivelyChinese culture used to exercise considerable influence in western countries.They have no intention of exercising restraint.It is a book designed to help you exercise the right to buy your council house.concern oneself with ----give one‘s attention to something, because you think it is important The people hope that today‘s cadres concern themselves as deeply as Jiao Y ulu with thewell-being of the masses.render ---- give; provide (assistance, help)We‘ll not forget those who rendered us help in time of need.Para 6In the young there is a justification for the feeling. ---- It is reasonable and understandable if young people ‗ are oppressed by the fear of death ‘. ‗ Justification ‘ indicates ‗ a good reason or explanation for doing something ‘. e.g.We all have justification for what we do.There‘s no justification for higher rate interests.( be ) cheated ( out ) of ---- be unfairly prevented from obtaining or achieving something ( that should belong to one )He thought that he had been cheated of some of his wages by his employer.She claimed that her cousin had cheated her out of her inheritance.The French team feel the weather cheated them of their victory.whatever work it was in him to do ---- whatever work he had the ability to do.abject ---- ( of a person or behaviour ) not having any respect for yourself; not proud or brave an abject coward/beggaran abject apology/requestThis policy has turned out to be an abject failure.ignoble ---- ( esp. of behabiour ) that you should be ashamed ofan ignoble action/ideaShe is accused of playing an ignoble part in the plot.until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede ---- Until gradually a person becomes one with theuniverse.and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life ----毛主席也说过要把自己有限的生命投入到无限的为人民服务中去。
英语万能背景句
经济类：1. The reform and opening-up policy in China has led to rapid economic growth, which has given rise to a higher standard of living.中国的改革开放政策导致了快速的经济发展，从而促进了更高的生活质量。
2. In recent years, China is marked by rapid economic growth and continuous technological innovation.近年来，中国以快速的经济增长和持续的技术革新为特征。
3. The past several years have witnessed a burgeoning economy in China.近几年来，中国经济生机勃勃。
人口类：4. The period of the 1970s is characterized by the baby boom in China. With an exponential increase in population, people’s work and life are increasingly stressful.20世纪70年代这段时期，中国出现了婴儿潮，人口越来越多，导致人们的工作和生活越来越有压力。
5. China has a vast population and its s ubstantial growth rate. However, fast increasing population has potentially negative results, such as intense competition.中国拥有庞大的人口和其显著的增长率。
然而，快速增长的人口有潜在问题，比如激烈的竞争。
社会类：6. With the quickening pace of urban life and ever-increasing pressure, people in growing numbers are suffering from either the physical or mental problems.随着不断加快的都市节奏以及日益增长的压力，越来越多的人正遭受到身体或心理的问题。
文化背景知识与英语教学
文化背景知识与英语教学吉林省松原市前郭县额如乡中学黄代红英语课程的总目标是培养学生的综合语言运用能力，而综合语言运用能力的形成建立在语言技能，语言知识，情感态度，学习策略和文化意识等素质整合发展的基础上。
文化意识是得体运用语言的保证。
这就说明语言和文化是不可分割的，只有了解英语的文化背景，才能正确理解和运用英语，所以文化背景知识在英语教学中是必不可少的。
一、在英语教学中，加强对文化背景知识的理解与传授语言是一种特殊的社会文化现象，它是人们在长期的社会生活中约定俗成的，每一种语言都反映出使用该语言的国家和民族在不同的社会历史时期所特有的文化现象。
比如汉语中的少先队、臭老九、走狗、汉奸、一国两制等词语都有它产生的时代背景，具有一定的时代性。
对于不了解中国那一时期的文化的外国人来说，理解这些词是很难的。
而在英语中，也有很多词是不被不了解异域文化的人理解的。
例如，有一个中国的留学生在美国，由于不知道freeze 这个词在美国的口语中是“站住、不许动”的意思，而没去理会这个声音，被枪杀了。
因为这一文化背景知识的欠缺而丧失了生命。
其次，由于文化背景的差异，同一个词在不同的语言中表示的含义褒贬不一。
例如，由于英美国人都喜欢狗，他们都把狗看作家庭的一员，所以有这样的句子:Every dog has his day .(凡人皆有得意日)You are a lucky dog .(你是一个幸运的人)。
这样的句子都没有贬义，相反还表示一种亲昵的关系。
而在汉语中，有关狗的词语大多表示贬义。
如：狼心狗肺，狗胆包天等。
与之相反，中国人爱猫，所以常用馋猫、花猫这类的词来描述小孩子贪吃和玩耍的时候把自己弄脏了。
而在西方文化中，猫被用来形容包藏祸心的女人。
由此可见，有些英文词汇概念意义和中文一致，也可能是表达不同的文化心理和文化内涵，因此，教师在传授这方面的词汇时应注意相关的文化背景知识的传授，使学生充分理解这类词，同时学习文化背景知识，也能激发学生学习英的兴趣，学生乐于学习课外知识的同时也会乐于学习教师要求的知识。
文化背景知识与英语教学
文化背景知识与英语教学[摘要]：英语教学的目的是培养学生具有较强的阅读能力和一定的听、说、读、写、译能力，使他们能用英语交流信息。
当不同文化背景的人们在进行交流时，他们各自特殊的文化背景势必反映在语言的内涵和外延上。
因此，在英语教学过程中引入文化知识是十分必要的，这种引入是对教学的补充，为学生将来恰当、准确地使用英语打下基础。
[关键词]：语言文化英语教学随着国际文化交流的日益频繁，有越来越多的人开始加入学习英语的行列。
在学习英语的过程中，与许多按照传统英语教学大纲要求已熟练掌握听、说、读、写四项基本技能的学习者却发现，当他们与来自英语国家的人用英语进行交谈时，虽然语言使用得准确无误，但误会却时有发生。
曾经有个十分经典的笑话：有个美国人去一个中国人家里作客，当他看到主人的妻子时不由赞叹道：“your wife is very beautiful.”出于中国式的谦虚，主人微笑着回答说：“where！where！”这下可让美国人丈二和尚摸不着头脑了，但他还是回答道：“everywhere！”当然这下子又轮到中国主人迷惑不解了。
其实闹出这笑话的根本原因恰在于中美两国的文化差异。
“where！where！”的意思是“哪里！哪里！”在中国是一种谦虚的表达方式，但美国人的理解却是：“身体的哪个地方漂亮？”所以造成误会的原因是由于双方各自生活在不同的文化背景之下。
目前，英语教学与所使用的教材对语法赋予了较多关注，但却忽略了语言与文化背景之间的联系。
这篇论文将重点讨论一下在英语教学中引入文化背景知识的重要性与必要性。
一、不同文化背景导致的问题（一）交流问题由于社会文化知识的差异，即使语言准确无误也会产生误会。
同样的表达方式对不同的人而言可能含义相差甚远，甚至会引发一系列的笑话，也许原本是幽默的说法却会引起别人的不快乃至愤怒。
因为文化的不同，由外国人讲的笑话可能会遭遇令人尴尬的沉默，而相同的笑话拿到其本国去讲却会使听者笑得前仰后合。
10-Unit-4-Diogenes-and-Alexander-教案讲义
10-Unit-4-Diogenes-and-Alexander-教案讲义Unit 4⼀、授课时间：第8、9周⼆．授课类型：理论课9课时；实践课3课时三．授课题⽬：Diogenes and Alexander四．授课时数：12五．教学⽬的和要求：通过讲授课⽂使⼤学⽣了解有关⽝儒哲学的有关知识，学会⽤英语解释句⼦以达到学以致⽤的⽬的。
要求学⽣主动地预习课⽂，课前准备练习，学会分析⽂章体裁和进⾏段落划分。
六．教学重点和难点：1）背景知识的传授：Diogenes and Cynicism (doggishness)；2）⽂章的体裁分析及段落划分；3）语⾔点的理解：Word study: account; possess; form; roll; elaborateGrammar Focus: The function of adverbial modifier in different sentences; Patterns: the first/second, ect./the next/last+to-infinitive; the first, ect. + who/that clause七．教学基本内容和纲要Part One Warm – up1.1 Warm-up Questions1.2 Define the following words and phrasesPart Two Background Information2.1 Differences and similarities between Diogenes and AlexanderPart Three Text Appreciation3.1 Text Analysis3.1.1 Theme of the text3.1.2 Structure of the text3.2 Writing Devices3.2.1 Contrast3.2.2 Developing paragraphs by examples3.2.3 Other ways of developing paragraphs?3.3 Sentence ParaphrasePart Four Language Study4.1 Phrases and Expressions4.1.1 Word list:4.1.2 Phrases and expressions list:4.1.3 Word Building4.2 Grammar4.2.1 ObjectPart Five Extension5.1 Group discussion⼋、教学⽅法和措施本单元将运⽤⿊板、粉笔、多媒体⽹络辅助教学设备等教学⼿段，主要采⽤以学⽣为主体、教师为主导的任务型、合作型等教学模式，具体运⽤教师讲授法、师⽣讨论、⽣⽣讨论等⽅法进⾏教学。