国际经济法(双语版)
国际经济法(双语)课程Chapter 5 Foreign Investment
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A. Foreign Investment Laws and Codes
• What is foreign investment? – Ownership by one person of 10 percent of more of the controlling interest in an enterprise not located in the person’s home country.
2. To use investment incentives but also to require local participation quotas.
3. Subject foreign investment to local screening and supervision.
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b. Regional Investment Policies
establish basic policies for screening and regulating foreign investment applications. These generally fall into three categories:
1. To encourage investment through incentives and minimal regulations.
• Some of these laws are incorporated into bilateral investment treaties (BITs)(双边投资协定）.
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BITs
• Most often between a developed state and that state’s favored developing states.
国际经济法英文名总纲翻译版
国际经济法英文名解汇总纲目版第一章国际经济法总论International Economic Law Merchandise theory 重商主义学说Absolute advantage theory 绝对优势理论学说Comparative advantage theory 比较优势理论学说International economic law 国际经济法World bank (group) = WBG世界银行（集团）World trade organization = WTO 世界贸易组织International monetary fund = IMF 国际货币基金组织Treaty on European union 欧盟条约Law of conflict of laws 国际私法/法律冲突法Natural person 自然人Legal person 法人Transnational corporations 跨国公司Quasi-international agreement 准国际协议General agreement on tariffs and trade = GATT 《关税与贸易总协定》UNCTAD 联合国贸易与发展会议/联合国贸发会议EU 欧盟ASEAN 东南亚联盟CCM 加勒比共同市场NAFTA 北美自由贸易区Organization of petroleum exporting countries = OPEC 石油输出国组织UNCITRAL 联合国国际贸易法委员会WIPO 世界知识产权组织第二章国际货物买卖法United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods = CISG 《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》/《销售合同公约》Contract for the international sale of goods（国际货物买卖合同）Negotiation 洽商Terms of transaction 交易条件Inquiry 询盘Buying offer = Bid 买方发盘/递盘Selling offer 卖方发盘To sign a contract 签订合同Offer 要约Offeror 要约人Offeree 受要约人Invitation for offer 要约邀请Quotation 报价单Price list 价目表Catalogues 商品目录Specific person 特定的人Sufficiently definite 十分确定Cross offer 碰头要约Withdrawal （要约的）撤回Revocation （要约的）撤销Irrevocable 不可撤销Reasonable time 合理的时间Public offer 公开发盘Acceptance 承诺commitment（承诺）Late acceptance 逾期承诺Official holidays 正式假日Non-business days 非营业日Mirror-image rule 镜子反射规则Additions 添加Modifications 更改Limitations 限制Material alteration 实质上的变更Received of the letter of acceptance rule 到达生效原则Corporation 公司Firm 商行Partnership 合伙Insurance to be effected by the buyer 保险由买方负责Inspection clause 检验条款Claim clause 索赔条款Confirmation of sales 销售确认书Contract of sales 买卖合同Concurrent condition 对流条件Delivery 交货Take delivery 受领Shipping documents 装运单据Counter-offer 反要约/还盘Right 权利Claim 要求Breach of contract 违约Fundamental breach of contract 根本违反合同Anticipatory breach of contract 预期违反合同Adequate assurance of his performance 提供充分保证Damages 损害赔偿Specific performance 实际履行Repair 修理Declare the contract avoided 宣告合同无效FORCE MAJEURE (ACT OF GOD) 不可抗力Warsaw-Oxford Rules 《华沙——牛津规则》International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms = Incoterms 《国际贸易术语解释通则》ICC 国际商会Electronic Data Interchange = EDI 电子数据交换Departure 启运（E组术语）Main carriage unpaid 主运费未付（F组术语）Main carriage paid 主运费已付（C 组术语）Arrival 到达（D组术语）1.EXW = EX Works……(named place) 工厂交货……（指定地点）2.FCA = Free Carrier……(named place) 货交承运人……（指定地点）3.FAS = Free Alongside Ship……(named port of shipment) 船边交货……（指定装运港）4.FOB = Free on Board……(named port of shipment) 船上交货……（指定装运港），又称离岸价格5.CFR = Cost and Freight……(named port of destination) 成本加运费……（指定目的港）6.CIF = Cost Insurance and Freight……(named port of destination) 成本、保险费加运费……（指定目的港）7.CPT = Carriage paid to……(named port of destination) 运费付至……（指定目的地）8.CIP = Carriage and Insurance paid to……(named port of destination) 运费及保险费付至……（指定目的地）9.DAF = Delivered at Frontier……(named place) 边境交货……（指定地点）10.DES = Delivered Ex Ship……(named port of destination) 目的港船上交货……（指定目的港）11.DEQ = Delivered Ex Quay……( named port of destination) 目的港码头交货……（指定目的港）12.DDU = Delivered Duty Unpaid……(named port of destination) 未完税交货……（指定目的地）13.DDP = Delivered Duty Paid……(named port of destination) 完税后交货……（指定目的地）14.DAP Equivalent electronic message 相等的电子单证Ship's rail 船舷Document transaction 单证交易Specific goods 特定货物Unascertained goods 非特定货物Specified goods 特定化货物In transit 路货Tender or delivery of goods 提供或交付的货物第三章国际货物运输与保险法律制度Ship owner 船舶所有人Disponent owner 二船东Affreightment in a general ship 件杂货运输合同/零担运输合同/提单运输Liner shipping 班轮运输Charter party = C/P 租船合同Voyage charter party 航次租船合同Single trip C/P 单航次合同Return trip C/P 往返航次租船合同Consecutive single trip C/P 连续单航次合同Consecutive return trip C/P 连续往返航次租船合同Contract of affreightment 包运租船合同Standard form 标准合同形式Gencon “金康”合同Safety port clause 安全港条款Always floating clause 永远漂浮状态条款Time charter party 定期租船合同Baltime 波尔泰定期租船合同Bareboat charter party = charter by demise 光船租赁合同Contract of affreightment 海上货物运输包运合同/海上货物运输总合同Combined transport 联合运输Combined transport contract 多式联运合同Frustration 合同受阻Due diligence to make the ship seaworthiness 谨慎处理使船舶处于适航的状态Deviation 绕航Freight 运费Freight prepaid 预付运费Freight to collect 到付运费Dead freight 亏舱费/空舱费Demurrage 滞期费General average contribution 共同海损费用Package limitation of liability 单位责任限制Sea waybill 海运单Bill of lading = B/L 提单Prima facie evidence 初步证据Conclusive evidence 绝对证据Shipped (or on board) B/L 已装船提单Received for shipped B/L 收货待运提单/备运提单Dock receipt 场站收据Straight B/L 记名提单Bearer B/L = open or blank B/L 不记名提单/空白提单/持票人提单Bearer 持有人To bearer 交与持有人Order B/L 指示提单To order 凭指示To order of ... 凭某某人指示Clean B/L 清洁提单In apparent good order and condition 上列外表状况良好Unclean B/L = claused B/L = foul B/L 不清洁提单Mate's receipt 大副收据Letter of indemnity 保函Long form B/L 全式提单/繁式提单Short form B/L 简式提单/略式提单Direct B/L 直达提单Transshipment B/L 转船提单through B/L 联运提单Ocean through B/L 海上联运提单Contracting carrier 订约承运人Successive carriers 连续的承运人On-carrier 接运承运人Actual carrier 实际承运人Pure ocean through B/L 纯海上联运提单Combined transport B/L 多式联运提单Liner B/L 班轮提单Charter party B/L 租船提单On deck B/L 舱面提单/甲板提单On deck risk 甲板险Anti-dated B/L 倒签提单Advanced B/L 预借提单Electronic B/L 电子提单CMI Rules for Electronic Bill of Lading 《国际海事委员会电子提单规则》Vessel and nationality 船名和船舶国籍Ports of loading and unloading and of call 装货地和目的地或中途停靠港地Description ofgoods,marks,packages,numbers, measurement or weight 货物品名、标志、包装、件数、体积或重量Freight and charges 运费和应当给付承运人的其他费用Date of signing at ... 提单签发的日期、地点和分数Signed by carrier master 承运人或船长签署Name of vessel 船名Carrier 承运人Shipper 托运人Consignee 收货人Notify party 通知人To be notified 需通知Freight payment 运费支付Jurisdiction clause 管辖权条款Paramount clause 首要条款Carrier's liability clause 承运人责任条款Period of carrier's responsibility clause 承运人责任期间条款Loading,Discharging and Delivery Clause 装货、卸货和交货条款Package limitation 赔偿责任限额Deck cargo and live animals clause 甲板货和活动物条款Cargo in container clause 集装箱货物条款Forwarding,Substitute of vessel,Through carriage and Transhipment clause 转运、换船、联运与转船条款General average clause 共同海损条款New Jason Clause 新杰森条款Both to blame collision clause 互有过失碰撞条款Original B/L 正本提单Copy 副本Non-negotiable 不能流通Letter of indemnity 保函Defraud a third party 对第三者有欺诈的意图Endorsement 背书Assignor 出让人Assignee 受让人Endorsement in blank 空白背书Special endorsement 特定背书International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bill of Lading = The Hague Rules 《统一提单的若干法律规定的国际公约》/《海牙规则》From tackle to tackle “钩至钩”原则Common carrier 公共承运人Private carrier 私人承运人Harter Act 《哈特法》Seaworthiness 船舶适航的标准Loading 装货Handling 搬移Stowage 配载Carrying 运送Custody and caring 保管和照料Discharging 卸货Navigation of ship 驾驶船舶Management of ship 管理船舶Actual fault or privity 实际过失或私谋Inherent vice 固有缺陷Latent defect 潜在缺陷Ejusdem genesis rule 同类规则Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading = The Visby Rules 《关于修订统一提单若干法律规定的国际公约议定书》/《维斯比规则》Special drawing right = SDR 特别提款权Breach of contract 违约Tort 侵权行为Himalayan clause 喜马拉雅条款Independent contractor 独立的承包商United Nations Convention on Carriage of Goods by Sea 《1978年联合国海上货物运输公约》/《汉堡规则》Common understanding 共同谅解书International multimodal transport 国际多式联运International multimodal transport of goods 国际货物多式联运Container 集装箱Container freight station = CFS 集装箱货运站Port to port 港到港Door to door 门到门运输Uniform Rules for a Combined Transport Document 1973 《联运单证统一规则》Combined transport operator 多式联运经营人/联运人Principal 本人Multimodal transport document 多式联运单证Ocean bill of lading 海洋提单Way bill 铁路运单Air waybill 航空货运单/空运单Convention for Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Transportation by Air = Warsaw Convention 《统一国际航空运输某些规则的公约》/1929年《华沙公约》Hague Protocal 《修改1927年10月12日在华沙签订的国际航空运输某些规则的公约的议定书》/《海牙议定书》Guadalajara convention 《统一非订约承运人所办国际航空运输某些规则以补充华沙公约的公约》/《瓜达拉哈拉公约》Air consignment note = ACN 空运单证/空运托运单CIM 国际铁路货物运输公约CMR 国际公路货物运输公约Wilful misconduct 故意的不当行为Insurance broker 保险经纪人The slip 承保条Insurance policy 保险单Marine insurance 海上保险/水险Valued policy 定值保单Valued insurance 定值保险合同Unvalued policy 不定值保单Unvalued insurance 不定值保险合同Voyage 航程保单Time policy 定期保单Open policy 预约保险合同/预约保单/开口保单Original slip 原始承保条Floating policy 流动保险合同/流动保单Insurable interest 保险利益/可保利益Legal interest 法律所认可的利益Pecuniary interest 经济上的利益Definite interest 确定的利益Utmost good faith 绝对诚信Disclosure 告知Warranty 保证Promissory warranty 允诺的担保Principle of indemnity 损失补偿Proximate 近因原则Perils of the sea 海上风险/海难Natural calamity 自然灾害Fortuitous accidents 意外事故Extraneous risks 外来风险Total loss 全部损失Actual total loss 实际全损Constructive total (loss) 推定全损Partial loss 部分损失Particular average = P.A. 单独海损General average = G.A. 共同海损General average contribution 共同海损分摊Sue and labour expenses 诉讼与营救费用Salvage charges 救助费用Abandonment 委付Subrogation 代位求偿Free from particular average 平安险/单独海损不赔With particular average 水渍险All risks 一切险Additional risks 附加险General additional risks 一般附加险Theft,pilferage and non-delivery 偷窃提货不着险Rain fresh water damage 淡水雨淋险Risk of shortage 短量险Risk of contamination 玷污险Risk of leakage 渗漏险Risk of clashing & breakage 碰损破碎险Risk of odour 串味险Damage caused by sweating & or heating 受潮受热险Risk damage 钩损险Loss of damage caused by breakage of packing 包装破裂险Risk of rusting 锈损险Special additional risk 特别附加险War risk 战争险Strikes risk 罢工险On deck risk 舱面险Import duty risk 进口关税险Rejection risk 拒收险Failure to deliver risk 交货不到险第四章国际贸易结算与支付法律制度International payment 国际支付Foreign exchange control 外汇管制International Monetary Fund = IMF 国际货币基金组织Forward transaction 远期外汇交易Swap transaction 掉期交易Currency option 外币期权交易Bill 票据Drawer 出票人Drawee = payer受票人/付款人Payee 受款人Negotiation 权利转让Assignment 债权让与Predecessors 前手Holder for value 付了对价的持票人Holder in due course 正当持票人Protected holder 受保护持票人Bill of exchange = draft = bill 汇票Promissory note 本票Check = cheque 支票Issue 出票Preparation 做成Delivery 交付Endorsement 背书Presentment 提示Acceptance 承兑Payment 付款Dishonour 拒付Recourse 追索Electronic funds transfer = EFT 电子资金划拨Originator 发端人Beneficiary 受益人Originator's bank 发端人银行/接受发端人支付指令的银行Intermediary bank 中间银行Beneficiary's bank 受益人银行Remittance 汇付/顺汇Reverse remittance 逆汇Collection 托收Letter of credit 信用证Remitter 汇款人Remitting bank 汇出行Paying bank 汇入行Payee 收款人Mail transfer = M/T 信汇Telegraphic transfer = T/T 电汇Demand draft = D/D 票汇Payment in advance 预付货物Payment after arrival of goods 货到付款Banker's demand draft 银行即期汇票Remittance against documents 凭单付款Principal = customer 委托人/本人/（银行的）客户Subagent 代理人的代理人Remittance letter 托收委托书Privity of contract 合同关系Remitting bank 托收行Collecting bank 代收行Drawee 付款人/汇票受票人Clean collection 光票托收Documentary collection 跟单托收Documents against payment = D/P 付款交单Documents against acceptance = D/A 承兑交单Uniform Rules on the Collection = URC 《托收统一规则》URC522 Collection order 托收指令Collection instruction 托收指示Discount 贴现Application form 开证申请书Applicant 开证申请人Issuing bank 开证行Advising bank 通知行Beneficiary 受益人Negotiating bank 议付行Confirming bank 保兑行Paying bank 付款行Transferee = second beneficiary 受让人/第二受益人L/C:Letter of Credit（信用证）Reimbursing bank 偿付银行/清算银行Documentary L/C 跟单信用证Clean L/C 光票信用证Revocable L/C 可撤销信用证Irrevocable L/C 不可撤销信用证Confirmed L/C 保兑信用证Unconfirmed L/C 不保兑信用证Sight L/C 即期信用证Usance L/C 远期信用证Transferable L/C 可转让信用证Divisible L/C 可分割信用证Revolving L/C 循环信用证Non-revolving L/C 非循环信用证Reciprocal L/C 对开信用证Standby L/C 备用信用证/担保信用证/保证信用证/履约信用证Binding promise 有约束力的允诺Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credit = UCP 《跟单信用证统一惯例》UCP600 All discrepancies 全部不符点Accounting receivable = A/R 应收账款Factoring 保理Forfaiting = invoice discounting 福费廷/发票贴现/包买票据Securitization 资产证券化Project financing 项目融资The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law = UNCITRAL 联合国国际贸易法委员会Origin contract 原始合同Assignment contract 转让合同Assignment 转让Assignor 转让人Assignee 受让人Obligor 债务人Subsequent assignment 后继转让Assignment of international receivables 国际应收款的转让International assignment of receivables 应收款的国际转让Notification of the assignment 转让通知Payment instruction 付款指示Competing creditors 竞合求偿人Trust receipt T/P 信托收据International factoring 国际保付代理/国际保理第五章WTO与中国的对外贸易管理制度GATT 关税与贸易总协定WTO 世界贸易组织IMF 国际货币基金组织Round （各轮贸易谈判）回合Plurilateral trade agreement 诸边贸易协议/复边贸易协议Marrakesh Agreement onEstablishing the World Trade Organization 《马拉喀什建立世界贸易组织协定》/《WTO协定》Forum 场所Doha development agenda = DDA 多哈发展议程Contracting party 缔约方Member 成员方Separate customs territory 单独关税区Chinese Taipei 中华台北Free riding 免费搭车Ministerial conference 部长会议General council 总理事会Council 理事会Committee 委员会Dispute Settlement Body & Appellate Body 争端解决机构与上诉机构Secretariat 秘书处Most-favored-nation Treatment = MFN 最惠国待遇原则GSP 普遍优惠制Enabling clause 授权条款National treatment 国民待遇GATS 《服务贸易总协定》Schedule 减让表TRIPS 《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》Transparency 透明度原则Decision: Accession of the People's Republic of China 《关于中华人民共和国加入的决定》Protocol on the Accession of the People's Republic of China 《中华人民共和国加入WTO议定书》Report of the Working Party on the Accession of China 《中国加入工作组报告》Protocol of Provisional Application = PPA = Grandfather clause 《临时适用议定书》/祖父条款Marrakesh Protocol to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 《1994年GATT马拉喀什议定书》1.Agreement on Agriculture 《农业协定》2.Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures = SPS 《实施卫生与植物卫生措施协定》3.Agreement on Textiles and Clothing = ATC 《纺织品与服装协定》Multifibre Arrangement = MFA 《国际纺织品贸易协定》/《多种纤维协定》4.Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade = TBT 《技术性贸易壁垒协定》5.Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures = TRIMs 《与贸易有关的投资措施协定》/TRIMs 协议6.Agreement on Antidumping = AD 《反倾销协定》Material injury 实质性损害7.Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade《海关估价协定》/《关于履行GATT1994第7条的协定》8.Agreement on Preshipment Inspection = PSI 《装运前检验协定》9.Agreement on Rules of Origin = RO 《原产地规则协定》10.Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures 《进口许可程序协定》11.Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures = SCM 《补贴与反补贴措施协定》/《反补贴协定》12.Agreement on Safeguards = SG 《保障措施协定》Serious injury 严重损害General Agreement on Trade in services = GATS 《服务贸易总协定》Specific commitments 具体承诺开价单Schedule of specific commitments 具体义务承诺表Cross-border supply 跨境提供Consumption abroad 境外消费Commercial presence 商业存在Movement of personnel 自然人流动Horizontal commitments 水平承诺Sector-specific commitments 部门承诺Plurilateral trade agreement 复边协议Trade Policy Review Mechanism = TPRM 贸易政策评审机制Sunset clause 日落条款Material injury 实质损害Close Economic Partnership Arrangement = CEPA 《内地与香港/澳门关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement = ECFA 《两岸经济合作架构协议》第六章国际投资法UNCTAD 联合国贸发会议Equity joint venture 中外合资经营企业/股权式合营企业Contractual joint venture 中外合作经营企业/契约式合营企业Wholly owned foreign enterprise 外商独资企业Build-Operate-Transfer = BOT 建设——经营——转让Build-Own-Operate-Transfer = BOOT 建设——拥有——经营——转让Build-Own-Operate = BOO 建设——拥有——经营Build-Lease-Transfer = BLT 建设——租赁——转让Build-Transfer-Operate = BTO 建设——转让——经营Stabilization clause 稳定条款Lex contractus = law of the parties 契约条款法/当事人法Association of Southeast Asian Nations = ASEAN 东南亚国家联盟/东盟North America Free Trade Agreement = NAFTA 《北美自由贸易协定》FTAA 美洲自由贸易区Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States 《解决国家与他国国民之间投资争议公约》/《华盛顿公约》International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes = ICSID 解决投资争议国际中心Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency = MIGA 《多边投资担保机构公约》/《汉城公约》Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures = TRIMs 《与贸易有关的投资措施协定》/TRIMs 协议第七章国际金融法Bank for International Settlement = BIS 国际清算银行Purchase 购买Repurchase 重购Draw 提取Special drawing right = SDR 特别提款权World Bank Group = WBG 世界银行集团The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development = IBRD 国际复兴开发银行The International Finance Corporation = IFC 国际金融公司The International Development Association = IDA 国际开发协会International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes = ICSID 解决投资争议国际中心Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency = MIGA 多边投资担保机构Operations evaluation department = OED 评价检查部门Hard loan 硬贷款/世界银行贷款Soft loan 软贷款/国际开发协会援助贷款Blend 混合贷款United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations 联合国跨国公司中心The Basle Committee on Banking Supervision 巴塞尔银行监管委员会London Inter-Bank Offered Rated = LIBOR 伦敦同业银行拆放率Definition and interpretation 定义与释义Loan currency 贷款货币Loan amount 贷款金额Purpose for loan 贷款的用途Condition precedent 贷款的先决条件条款Final maturity and disbursement 贷款期限和发放Interest rate and interest 贷款的利率和利息Representation and warranties 陈述与保证Covenant 约定事项Negative pledge 消极保证条款/保证不作为条款Pari passu covenant 平等地位条款Financial covenant 财务约定事项Repayment 贷款的偿还Pre-repayment 贷款的提前偿还Governing law and jurisdiction 法律适用和司法管辖条款Assignment 权利或义务的让与Set-off 抵消条款Events of default 违约事件条款Syndicated loan = Corporate Finance 国际辛迪加贷款/国际商业银团贷款/银团贷款Lead manager 经理行Term sheet 贷款条件清单Mandate letter 委任书Commitment letter 义务承担书Information memorandum 信息备忘录Novation = substitution 更新/合同更新/合同替代Assignment 让与Sub-loans 转贷款Transferable loan certificate = TLC 可转让贷款证Transferable participating certificate = TPC 可转让贷款参与证Transferable loan instrument = TLI 可转让贷款票据Lead manager 牵头银行/经理银行Agent bank 代理银行Participant 参与贷款银行Project finance 国际项目贷款Take or pay contract 提货或付款协议第八章知识产权国际保护的法律制度Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights = TRIPS 《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》Convention Establishing World Intellectual Property Organization 《建立世界知识产权组织公约》World Intellectual Property Organization = WIPO 世界知识产权组织Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 《保护工业产权巴黎公约》Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary andArtistic Works 《保护文学艺术作品伯尔尼公约》/《伯尔尼公约》Universal Copyright Convention 《世界版权公约》Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations = Rome Convention 《保护表演者、录音制品制作者与广播组织罗马公约》Copyright and Related Rights 版权和邻接权Trademark 商标Geographical indications 地理标志Industrial designs 工业品外观设计Patent 专利权Cross-license 交叉许可Layout-designs of integrate circuits 集成电路布图设计/拓扑图IPIC 《集成电路知识产权条约》/《IPIC 条约》Protection of undisclosed information 未披露信息的保护Contractual licences 协议许可Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks 《商标国际注册马德里协定》/《马德里协定》Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purpose of the Registration of Marks 《商标注册用商品和服务国际分类尼斯协定》/《尼斯协定》Hologram mark 全息商标Patent Co-operation Treaty 《专利合作条约》International Patent Classification = IPC 国际专利分类法第九章国际税法Tax residence 税收居所The source of income 所得来源地/所得来源国Substantial presence test 实际存在标准OECD 经济合作与发展组织The tie-breaker clause 序列选择性冲突规范的解决原则Effective management 实际管理Principle of permanent establishment 常设机构原则Distinct place 显著的地点Stability, productivity, dependence 稳定性、生产性和依附性Associated permanent establishment 关联性常设机构Unassociated permanent establishment 非关联性常设机构Dependent agent 非独立地位的代理人Principle of fixed base 固定基地原则International doublenon-taxation 国际双重免税Tax-systematic double taxation 税制性双重征税Juridical double taxation 法律性双重征税Economic double taxation 经济性双重征税Method of tax exemption 免税法/豁免法Method of full exemption 全额免税法Method of exemption with progression 累进免税法Method of tax deduction 扣除法Method of tax credit = foreign tax credit 抵免法/外国税收抵免Full credit 全额抵免Ordinary credit 限额抵免/普通抵免Limitation on credit 抵免限额Direct credit 直接抵免Indirect credit 间接抵免Dividend-deduction system 股息扣除制Split-rate system 分劈税率制/双税率制Imputation credit system 归集抵免制/估算抵免制Schedular treatment 其他处理法International tax sparing credit = shadow tax credit 国际税收绕让抵免/饶让抵免/影子税收抵免/虚构抵免Tax evasion 逃税Tax avoidance 避税Tax refugee 税收逃难者Associated enterprises 跨国关联企业/联属企业Transfer pricing = Transferring price 转移定价/转让价格/划拨价格Arm's length deal 公平市场上的正常交易Tax haven 避税港/避税地Base company 基地公司Thin capitalization 资本弱化Foreign source income 外国来源所得Deferral of domestic taxation 延期纳税/国内纳税递延Unitary entity theory 单一实体论Separate entity theory 独立实体论Controlled foreign company =CFC 受控外国公司Agreement on Exchange of Information in Tax Matters 《税收事务情报交换协定》International tax treaty 国际税收协定/国际税收条约Tax treaty shopping 滥用国际税收协定/套用税收协定Direct conduit company 直接导管公司Stepping-stone conduit company 踏脚导管公司The abstinence approach 禁止法The exclusion approach 排除法The look-through approach 透视法Beneficiary owner 受益所有人The subject-to-tax approach 征税法The channel approach 渠道法The derivative approach 衍生法第十章国际经济争端处理法律制度Mediation or conciliation 调解Arbitration 仲裁/公断International arbitration =Inter-state arbitration国际仲裁/国家间仲裁Domestic arbitration 国内仲裁International commercial arbitration = transnational arbitration 国际商事仲裁/跨国仲裁Subject-matter 客体Commercial 商事Arbitration court of International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会仲裁院CIETAC 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会CMAC 中国海事仲裁委员会Arbitration clause 仲裁条款Submission agreement 仲裁议定书Lex arbitri 仲裁地法Country of origin 裁决地法Delocalized arbitration 非内国化或非地方化仲裁Anchored 定位于Floating 浮动的Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes = DSU 《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》Dispute settlement body = DSB 争端解决机构Negative consensus 全体一致否决/反向协商一致Good offices, conciliation, mediation 斡旋、调解和调停Composition 组成Compliance panel 相符性专家组/21.5条专家组.。
consensus 国际经济法
consensus 国际经济法Consensus国际经济法是一项旨在促进全球经济合作与发展的重要国际法律框架。
作为国际经济合作的基石，这一法律体系在推动全球经济一体化、促进贸易自由化和投资便利化方面发挥着重要作用。
Consensus国际经济法的核心原则是协商一致和共同发展。
各国通过平等协商，就经济合作、贸易投资等领域达成共识，并以此为基础制定相关法规和政策。
这种协商一致的方式能够充分尊重各国主权，平衡各方利益，推动全球经济的可持续发展。
在Consensus国际经济法的框架下，各国可以在平等互利的基础上进行贸易，实现市场的开放和自由化。
这为全球经济提供了更多的机会和空间，促进了各国之间的互利合作。
同时，Consensus国际经济法还规定了贸易壁垒的限制和解除机制，以确保贸易的公平和透明。
Consensus国际经济法还关注投资保护和促进投资的可持续发展。
各国通过签署双边和多边投资协定，确保对外投资的法律保护和稳定性。
这为各国投资者提供了更好的投资环境，同时也为各国提供了更多的投资机会。
通过促进投资的可持续发展，Consensus国际经济法在经济增长和减贫方面发挥着重要作用。
Consensus国际经济法还涉及知识产权保护、竞争政策、环境保护等方面的规定，以促进全球经济的可持续发展。
这些规定旨在保护创新和知识产权，维护市场竞争的公平性，促进环境可持续发展。
通过这些规定，Consensus国际经济法在全球范围内推动了经济发展和社会进步。
Consensus国际经济法是一项重要的国际法律框架，为全球经济合作与发展提供了重要的指导和保障。
它通过协商一致和共同发展的原则，推动经济一体化、促进贸易自由化和投资便利化，促进了全球经济的可持续发展。
各国应积极参与和遵守Consensus国际经济法的规定，共同推动全球经济的繁荣与进步。
国际经济法名词解释双语
国际经济法名词解释双语
国际经济法是指规范国际经济关系的法律体系。
下面是一些国际经济法的常见名词以及其解释：
1.自由贸易：指国家在相互协议下放宽或取消贸易壁垒，实现商品和服务的自由流通。
2.关税：指对进口或出口商品课征的税费，可以用于保护国内产业或筹集国家财政收入。
3.贸易协定：国家或地区之间为了促进贸易流通而达成的协议，通常包括关税优惠、市场准入等方面的规定。
4.贸易保护主义：一种国家采取的措施，旨在限制进口、保护本国产业，如征收高关税或采取非关税壁垒。
5.最惠国待遇：指国与国之间互相给予最有利条件的待遇，不得对某一国家或地区施加歧视性措施。
6.国民待遇：指对国内企业和外国企业一视同仁地对待，不得对外国企业采取歧视性措施。
7.金融自由化：指国家为了促进国际金融流动而取消金融市场上的限制，提供更多的金融服务和产品选择。
8.知识产权：指由个人或企业独立创造而获得的知识或创新成果的法律保护，包括专利、商标、版权等。
9.争端解决机制：是指国家之间解决国际经济争端的方式，可以通过谈判、调解、仲裁或诉讼等方式进行解决。
此外，国际经济法还涉及跨国公司、外国投资、禁止垄断和不正当竞争等课题。
国际经济法的主要目标是促进全球经济的稳定和有序发展，保护各国的商业利益，并加强国家之间的经济合作和互信。
国际经济法的发展也受到国际经济体系和国际组织的影响。
国际经济法授课教案（正式双语版）
国际经济法授课教案（正式双语版）《国际经济法》授课教案双语教学Teaching Plan for International Economic LawBilingual Teaching郭德香By Guo Dexiang郑州大学法学院Law School of Zhengzhou UniversityChapter1 General Introduction of IEC（第一章国际经济法概述）1.1Concept and System of IEC国际经济法的概念和体系1.1.1Relative Theories of IEC国际经济法的有关学说1.1.1.1 Narrow definition（狭义说)：两种主体1.1.1.2 Broad definition（广义说)：四种主体（自然人、法人、国家、国际经济组织）1.1.1.3Generalization（总结)：广义说符合现代国际经济发展的实践，是大多数国家应该采取的观点。
With regard to the theory of IEC, most Chinese scholars hold that a broad definition of IEC is appropriate. We hold that there are narrow and broad definitions of IEC. Under the broad definition, the scope of IEC shall not only include regulation-related IEC, which is mainly consisted of the domestic economic administrative laws and regulations with foreign elements and public international laws in close connection with international regulation and governance of economic activities conducted by private(natural or legal)persons, but also include transaction-specific IEC mainly consisted of the domestic commercial law with foreign elements and international commercial laws. Under the narrow definition, the scope of IEC shall only include regulation-related IEC, which os mainly consisted of the domestic economic administrative laws and regulations with foreign elements and public international laws in close connection with international regulation and governance of economic activities conducted by private(natural or legal)persons.1.2Features and Coverage of IEC国际经济法的特征和体系1.2.1The Features of IEL国际经济法的特征1.2.1.1Unique Subjects of Public IELSubjects of IEL cover not only subjects of national or regional private laws but also transnational economic organizations at national,regional or global levels. The fact that sovereignty countries and multinationals become the subjects of the rights and obligations in economic relationship is a remarkable feature of IEL in relation to subjects.1.2.1.2Comprehensive Content of IELEconomic relations among national governments or between national governments and international organizations in areas of investment, trade, credit and technical transfer are all covered by IEL. In addition, an increasing number of international economic management relationships with government authority of one state as one party and an individual person or legal entity as the other party are also governed by IEL.1.2.2.3Vague Boundary as One of the Features of IELInternational investment is the one of the most commonphenomena in international business transactions, from which we can witness the mutual penetration, integration and supplementation of international law, domestic law, public law and private law, the traditionally classified disciplines of law, in addressing international economic relations.1.3The Coverage of IEL国际经济法的范围The Relationship with Respect to International Trade RegulationThe Legal Relationship on International Investment RegulationRelationship on International Monetary and Financial RegulationRelationship on International TaxationRelationship on Other International Affairs1.4 Legal Sources of IEL国际经济法的渊源1.4.1 International Economic Treaties(Conventions)国际经济条约International economic treaties, an important source of IEl, are legally binding written agreements between states(regions) for the determination of their mutual economic rights and obligations. According to the number of contracting parties, international economic treaties can be classified into bilateral and multilateral treaties, or into global treatiesand regional agreements. In view of their coverages, there are comprehensive international economic treaties and special international economic treaties; in terms of the legal relationship addressed, there are public international economic treaties and private international economic treaties.例如:《关税及贸易总协定》、《国际货币基金协定》、《国际复兴开发银行协定》、《关于国际货物买卖合同成立统一法公约》、《国际货物买卖时效期限公约》、《商标国际注册马德里协定》等等1.4.2 International Economic Customs国际经济惯例There are some famous customs in international economic fields which are accepted voluntarily by businessmen of different countries just as the followings:《托收统一规则》、《跟单信用证统一惯例》、《约克——安特卫普规则》、《国际贸易术语解释通则》等等1.4.3 Resolutions of Important International Organizations such as United Nations General Assembly联合国大会等国际组织决议According to the mainstream Chinese scholars of international law, some special resolutions of the UN General Assembly that aim at announcing principles and norms of international law should have legal effect and some other resolution s are gradually accepted in international practice and become legally binding norms. In terms of international economic affairs, the UN General Assembly has adopted a series of important resolutions since the 1960s, for example, 1962年的《关于自然资源永久主权宣言》、1974年的《关于建立新的国际经济秩序宣言》、《各国经济权利和义务宪章》等等1.4.4Demestic Legislation on Regulation of External Economic Activities国内经济立法Domestic legislations of states for regulation and control of foreign-related economic relations are an important legal source of public IEL for the following reasons:Firstly, because of the lack of uniform international law in many areas, domestic legislations on regulation of foreign-related economy arean indispensable component of cross-border legal framework for economic regulation.Secondly, domestic legislation that regulates foreign-related economy remains an important legal origin for implementation of the above international laws. For example,中国的《民法通则》、《合同法》、《外资企业法》等等1.4.5 Other Auxiliary Legal Sources of IEL其他辅助性渊源1.4.5.1 Precedents of IEL 判例（国内判例和国际判例）Precedents made by the International Court of Justice on International Economic DisputesPanel Reports and Appellate Body Reports Adopted by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB)ICSID Arbitration Awards on Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of other StatesPrecedents by Domestic Courts of Participants regarding External Economic Disputes1.4.5.2 Theories on Public IEL1.5 Basic Principles of IEC国际经济法的基本原则1.5.1 The Principle of National Economic Sovereignty国家经济主权原则The sovereignty principle has long been one of the accepted basic principles of public international law. A definition of national sovereignty is that a sovereignty state enjoys exclusive jurisdiction over all peoples and objects on its territory except for those entitled to exemption under international law.1.5.2The principle of Equity and Mutual Benefits公平互利原则The so-called equity means that all states, as equal members of the international community, enjoy equitable and fair treatments, i.e., equitable treatments in both form and substance. Mutual benefits means taking care of interests of all parties rather than seek interest of one party at the price of other parties’ interests. Integration of equity and mutualbenefit into one has become an important principle of IEL, which indicates that equity and mutual benefit are unified in implications and mutually based.1.5.2.1Generalized System of Preferences are One of the Outcomes of Applying the Principle of Equity and Mutual Benefit in Trade1.5.2.2―Special and Differential Treatment‖ is the More Substantial Outcome of Implementing the Principle of Equity and Mutual Benefit in the Multilateral Trade System1.5.3 The Principle of International Cooperation for Development principle国际合作以谋发展原则1.5.3.1 Sincere an Open South-North Cooperation is the Core Component of International Cooperation南北合作：发达国家和发展中国家之间的合作1.5.3.2 Practical Effective South-South Cooperation is a Driver of International Economic Cooperation南南合作：发展中国家和发展中国家之间的合作普惠制是其典型实例1.5.3.3 Establishment and Improvement of Fair and Effective Dispute-Settlement-Bodies within Various International Economic Cooperation Organizations is the Key to SuccessfulInternational Economic Cooperation1.5.4 The Principle that Obligations Must Be Performed义务必须履行1.5.4.1 Treaties Must Be Honored1.5.4.2 Legitimately Concluded Contracts in Force Must Be HonoredExercisesPlease Answer the Following Questions:1.What are the features of IEL?2.Which one do you think is appropriate, the broad definition ofIEL or the narrow definition?3.What are the basic principles of IEL?Chapter 2 Generalization of the Legal System of International Trade( 第二章国际贸易法律制度概述)2.1 The Definition , Scope of International Trade Law2.1.1 Brief Introduction to International TradeInternational trade, also referred to an world trade, is the exchange of capital, goods and services across international borders or territories. It is the main form that countries or regions relate with each other based on international division of labor and reflects the interdependence between countries or regions.2.1.2 Definition of International Trade Law2.1.2.1Definition of International Trade Law in GeneralInternational Trade Law is the body of rules and norms that regulates exchange relations concerning goods, technologies, services, and other relations relating to that exchange relations. These legal norms include international conventions, international business practices and domestic laws relating toforeign trade.2.1.2.2 Sphere of International Trade LawInternational trade law covers a wide range of fields, including international sale of goods, international carriage of goods, international trade regulation, etc.2.2 The Sources of International Trade Law国际贸易法的渊源2.2.1 Definition of Sources of International Trade LawThe sources of international trade law are what international tribunals rely on in determining the content of international trade law. Since we define international trade law as a combination of international rules and national rules concerning international trade, the sources of international trade law should include international treaties and conventions, international usages, bilateral treaties, national laws, case law in common law countries an international commercial customs or usages.2.2.2 Major Sources of International Trade Law2.2.2.1 International Treaties and Conventions国际公约：1980年《联合国国际货物买卖合同公约》等：2.2.2.2 International Trade Customs and Usages国际惯例：《1932年华沙——牛津公约》、《国际贸易术语解释通则》（2010年版本）等；2.2.2.3.National Laws国内立法2.2.2.4.National Precedents国内司法判例2.3 Subjects and Fundamental Principles of International Trade Law国际贸易法的主体和基本原则2.3.1 Subjects of International Trade LawNatural PersonsLegal Persons (Juristic persons)International OrganizationsStates2.3.2 Fundamental Principles of International Trade LawTrade Liberalization PrinciplePrinciple of Equity and Mutual Benefit2.4 The Contract legal System of International Sale of Goods国际货物贸易合同法律制度2.4.1The Signing of the Contracts of International Trade of Goods国际货物贸易合同的签订2.4.1. 1The Offer要约2.4.1.1The Definition of OfferAccording to the CISG, a proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more specific persons constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound I case of acceptance. The contract laws of most nations hold that an offer must be addressed to one or more specific persons.2.4.1.2 The Withdrawal of an OfferWithdrawal of an offer means the offeror’s action to prevent the offer from being effective. CISG permits the offeror to withdraw an offeras long as the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer. If the offer has already reached the offeree, the offeror loses the possibility to withdraw the offer.2.4.1.3 The Revocation of an OfferRevocation of an offer means that the offeror notifies the offeree before acceptance of the invalidity of the offer so as to be free from it. Common Law countries and civil law countriesstill differ to whether the offeror is entitled to do so, though those two legal systems are getting more and more similar. Article 16 of the CISG states:1) Until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before he has dispatched an acceptance. 2) However, an offer cannot be revoked:(a)if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable; or (b) if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance of the offer. Article 2.1.4 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts almost has the same language.2.4.1.4 The Termination of an OfferGenerally, an offer terminates when it is rejected by the offeree. If the offeree rejects the offer or does not accept it within the prescribed for acceptance or within reasonable time, the offer is terminated.2.4.2 The Acceptance 承诺2.4.2.1.The Definition of AcceptanceA contract isn’t formed until the offer is accepted by the offeree. According to the CISG, a statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance. Therefore ,acceptance is defined as the offeree; manifestation of his consent with the terms of the offer. Under the CISG, the offeree may accept the offer at any time as long as it is effective and an acceptance may take the form of a statement or any other conduct by the offeree that indicates the offeree’s intention to be bound to the contract. But silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance.2.4.2.2 Requirements That a Presentation Made by the Offeree Must Meet to Constitute an AcceptanceAn acceptance must be made by the offeree.An acceptance must be made within the period of validity of the offer.An acceptance should match the terms and conditions of the offer exactly and unequivocally.2.4.2.3 Withdrawal of AcceptanceAn acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective. Under the Mail-box rule, an acceptance becomes effective when it is sent out. So it is not necessary to discuss the issue of withdrawal of acceptance since it is not possible. But under Receipt Theory, it is possible for the offeree to prevent the acceptance from being effective. Both the CISG and the Chinese Contract Law allow the offeree to withdraw an acceptance as long as the withdrawal reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective.2.4.2.4 Form of a ContractA contract of sale need not be concluded in or evidenced by writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses. There is a parol evidence rule in common law tradition, which means that only the final integration will be considered as the contract between two parties, prior writings and oral testimonies will be ignored. Only when the final expression is not completed, it can be supplemented with prior writings and oral testimonies. But in CISG, there is no such restriction. Article 11 of the CISG provide s, ―A contract of sale need not be concluded in or evidenced by writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.‖2.4.3 Performance of the Contract of International Trade in Goods国际货物贸易合同的履行After the conclusion of a sales contract, both the seller and the buyer should perform their respective obligations under the contract. The seller should deliver the goods, handover related documents and transfer the property of the goods. The buyer should pay the price and take the goodsdelivered to him.2.4.3.1The Obligations of the Seller卖方的义务2.4.3.1.1 Deliver the GoodsThe seller must deliver the goods strictly in compliance with the contract. In other words, he must deliver the goods specified in the sales contract at the proper time and place.2.4.3.1.2 The Handing over of DocumentsUsually, the seller should hand over the documents relating to the goods under a sales contract. These documents often include shipping document, insurance policy, certificate of origin, certificate of quantity, certificate of inspection, and so on. If the seller is bound to hand over these documents, he must hand them over at the time and place and in the form required by the contract. But of the seller has handed over documents before that time, he may, up to that time, cure any lack of conformity in the documents, if the exercise of this right does not cause the buyer unreasonable inconvenience of unreasonable expense.2.4.3.1.3 The Transfer of PropertyThe key feature of a sales contract is the exchange of the ownership of the goods for price. The seller transfers the property of the goods and receives payment of price and the buyer pays the price and possesses the ownership of the goods in return.2.4.3.2The Obligations of the Buyer买方的义务Compare to the obligations of the seller, the buyer’s obligations under the sales contract are relatively simple. He must pay the price and take delivery of the goods.2.4.3.2.1Payment of the PriceThe buyer’s oblig ation to pay the price includes taking such steps and complying with such formalities as may be required under the contract or any laws and regulations to enable payment to be made. This is the preparation stage before the facilitation of the psyment.2.4.3.2.2Taking DeliveryThe buyer’s obligation to take delivery consists of two parts: first, the buyer should do all the preparation acts in order to enable the seller to make delivery. Second, the buyer should take the goods when the goodsare delivered to him. Taking delivery does not mean the buyer have the obligation to accept the goods. If the goods are not in conformity with the contract, the buyer still has the right to remedies. But the buyer should give notice to the seller specifying the nature of the lack of conformity within a reasonable time after he has discovered it of ought to have discovered it, otherwise he will lose the right to rely of a lack ofconformity of the goods.2.4.4 Breach of the Contract and the Remedies of the Buyer and Seller买卖双方的违约及其救济方法If the party does not fulfill his contractual obligation, or has given information to the other party that he will not perform his duty in the contract or if by his action and conduct he seems unable to perform the contract, he breaches the contract. If a party breaches the contract, the other party has the right of remedies.2.4.4.1 Fundamental Breach of Contract and Anticipatory Breach of ContractIn general, a breach of contract is fundamental if it results in severe detriment to the other party and the party in breach foresaw or ought to have foreseen such result. If a party fundamental breached the contract, the other party may resort to any compatible remedies, as well as the avoidance of contract.Anticipatory breach occurs when the party declares his intention of not performing the contract before the performance is due. Article 71and 72 of the CISG deal with the situation where it becomes apparent or clear that one of the parties to an agreement will or may not perform a substantial part of its obligations.2.4.4.2 Remedies of the Breach of Contract by the SellerA seller may breach a contract in a number of different ways and the most common are: failing to make an agreed delivery; late delivery; delivering goods that do not conform to the contract; indicating an intention not to fulfill the obligations under the contract. In these cases, the sell can take the following remedies:Specific Performance This is a remedy which requires the party inbreach to perform his obligation under the contract. It is a major remedy in civil law countries because the civil law system takes the idea that the aggrieved party should be granted what he wants in the contract rather than just certain damage compensations. While in common law system, it is a specialized remedy used by courts when no other remedy will adequately compensate the aggrieved party.Avoidance of a Contract If the seller has committed a fundamental breach of contract, the buyer is entitled to the avoidance of contract. If the seller does not deliver the goods within the period of time stipulated in the contract, the buyer may fix an additional period of time of reasonable length for performance by the seller of his obligations.Reduction of the Price If the goods delivered do not conform with contract, the buyer may reduce the price in the same proportion as the value that the goods actually delivered had at the time of the delivery bears to the value that conforming goods would have had at that time. Price reduction for the buyer is used when the seller makes only a partial delivery, or when the goods are nonconforming.Repair If the seller has delivered goods which are not in conformity with the contract, he can repair the nonconforming goods at his own expenses and the buyer also has the right to ask the seller to make necessary repairs.Damages The aggrieved party is entitled to compensation if the breach of the contract has caused damages to him. His right to damages is not deprived of even when he has resorted to other remedies.2.4.4.3 Remedies for Breach of Contract by the BuyerThe buyer may breach the contract in different ways, for example, the buyer may not be able to pay the price at the due time or the buyer refuses to take delivery without legal grounds. In case the buyer has breached the contract, the seller can resort to different remedies including performance, avoidance of contract and damages.ExercisesPlease Answer the Following Questions:1.What steps are needed if a contract in international sales ofgoods is formed?2.What obligations should be performed by the buyer and theseller in a contract in international sales of goods?3.What kinds of breach of contract are there of the buyer andthe seller in a contract in international sales of goods?Chapter 3 The Transportation Legal System of International Sale of Goods（第三章国际货物贸易运输法律制度）3.1Bill of Lading3.1.1Definition of B/LA bill of lading is a document which serves as an evidence of the contract of carriage of goods by sea and the taking over or loading of the goods by the carrier, and based on which the carrier undertakes to deliver the goods against surrendering the same. A provision in the document stating that the goods are to be delivered to the order of a named person, or to order, or to bearer, constitutes such an undertaking.3.1.2Types of B/LShipped B/L and Received for Shipment B/LClean B/L and Unclean B/NStraight B/L、Open B/L and Order B/LDirect B/L、Transshipment B/L and Multimodal transport B/L )Freight prepaid B/L and Freight payable at destination B/L）3.1.3Legal Functions of B/LAccording to Article 1 of United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea，the bill of lading has three legal functions: Evidence of the Contract of CarriageReceipt of Taking Over or Loading the GoodsDocument of Title3.2 International Conventions of Bill of Lading《海牙规则》(Hague Rules)《维斯比规则》(Visby Rules )《汉堡规则》(Hamburg Rules)《鹿特丹规则》(Rotterdam Rules)3.3 Charter Party（租船合同类型）The charter party is a contract whereby the charterer hires a vessel from the ship-owner. If the whole or a substantial part of the vessel is to be used, as would be the case with bulk cargoes, then a charter party is more likely to be used. Theoretically, charter parties are classified as a contract for the use of the vessel, as opposed to the bill of lading, which is classified as a contract for the carriage of goods. Charter parties differ from bill of lading contracts and are subject to none of the statutory provisions that govern the bills of lading.3.3.1 Types of Charter PartiesThree types of charter parties are in use:V oyage CharterTime CharterDemise CharterExercisesPlease Answer the Following Questions:1.What is a B/L? and What types are there of a B/L?2.Please tell the functions of a B/L.3.What are the main contents of International Conventions of Billof Lading?Chapter 4 The Insurance Legal System of International Sale of Goods（第四章国际货物贸易海上保险法律制度）Marine cargo insurance is an insurance which covers the risks of the goods when they are being transported by sea. It is used to protect the insured against loss or damage. Although the term ―marine cargo insurance‖ is ordinarily used, it actually includes cover for the land transit commencing from the moment the goods leave the storage until they arrive at the final warehouse.4.1 Contract of Marine InsuranceAs is defined in English Marine Insurance Act 1906, a contract of marine insurance is a contract whereby the insurer undertakes, as agreed,to indemnify the loss to the subject matter insured and the liability of the insured caused by perils covered by the insurance against the payment of an insurance premium by the insured.4.2 Certain Terminologies in Cargo InsuranceInsurer(underwriter)Insured(assured)Subject-matter insuredApplicant for InsuranceInsurance AccidentsInsurable ValueInsured Amount4.3 Basic Principles of Marine InsurancePrinciple of Utmost Good FaithPrinciple of Insurable InterestPrinciple of IndemnityPrinciple of Proximate Cause4.4 Marine Insurance Policy4.4.1 Real Functions of the Insurance PolicyAn insurance policy itself is not the insurance contract but it contains the contents of the insurance contract, which can be used as an evidence of the marine insurance contract. In addition, since the policy usually has the details of an insurance contract, it is also the ground for the insured to claim and for the insurer to settle a claim. Different types of insurance policies may vary in the details, but usually the policy will record the parties of the insurance contract, the subject matter insured, the perils insured, the insured amount and the insured value, duration of the coverage, insurance premium, etc.4.4.2 Types of Marine Insurance PolicyValued and Unvalued PolicyV oyage and Time PolicyFloating PolicyOpen Cover PolicyBlanket Policy4.5 Perils and Losses Covered by Marine InsuranceGoods during transportation on sea and in the course of loading and unloading might meet various kinds of perils and thegoods might suffer loss4.5.1 PerilsPerils of the seaExtraneous risks4.5.2 LossesTotal lossPartial lossExercisesPlease Answer the Following Questions:1.What are the terminologies in Cargo Insurance?2.What is the principle of utmost good faith in marine insurance?3.How many perils and losses covered by marine insurance?Chapter 5 The Payment Legal System of International Sale of Goods（第五章国际货物贸易支付法律制度）5.1 Negotiable Instruments in the Payment in International Sale of Goods5.1.1 Definition of Negotiable InstrumentsA negotiable instrument is an unconditioned writing that promises or orders the payment of a fixed amount of money.5.1.2Features of Negotiable InstrumentsA negotiable instrument should be an order or promise to pay unconditionally.A negotiable instrument should be made strictly in compliance with the requirements of the lawA negotiable instrument can be transferred by way of negotiation, which means the right of payment on the negotiable instrument can be transferred to the holder through endorsement.The rights and obligations of the negotiable instrument shouldaccord to the words on it.5.1.3 Types of Negotiable InstrumentsBill of Exchange(Draft)Promissory NoteCheque5.1.4 Unification of the National Law on Negotiable Instruments5.1.4.1 The Geneva ConventionsIn 1930 and 1931, international conferences were held in Geneva and four conventions were approved: 1)Convention Providing a Uniform Law for Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes,1930. 2）Convention of the settlement of Certain Conflicts of Laws in Connection with Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes,1930. 3）Convention on the settlement of Certain Conflicts of Laws in Connection with Cheques,1931.5.1.4.2 United NationsUnited Nations Convention on International Bill of Exchange and International Promissory Notes is a compromise between the Geneva system and common law system. It endeavors to unify the two systems in the form of negotiable instruments, the protection for the holder, forgery endorsement, etc. Unfortunately, this convention was adopted by the General Assembly on December 1988, but there are less contracting parties than what is required, which makes it still not effective.5.1.5 Acts on Negotiable InstrumentsIssuance: The issuance of a negotiable instrument refers to the act of a drawer to sign and deliver it to the payee.Presentment:It refers to the act of the holder to present the。
国际经济法英语单词
第一节国际经济法总论International Economic Law ----- 国际经济法International Economic Relations ----- 国际经济关系The Subjects of International Economic Law ----- 国际经济法的主体Transnational Corporations ----- 跨国公司definitioncharacteristicssourcesThe Fundamental Principles of International Economic Law ----- 国际经济法的基本原则The Principle of National Economic Sovereignty ----- 国家经济主权原则The Principle of Equality and Mutual Benefit ----- 公平互利原则The Principle of International Cooperation for Development ------ 国际合作以谋发展原则第二节国际贸易法United Nations Convention on Contract for the International Sale of Goods， CISG -----《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》International Trade Practice----- 国际贸易惯例International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms ----- 《国际贸易术语解释通则》Principles of International Commercial Contracts，PICC ----- 《国际商事合同通则》Offer ----- 要约Acceptance ----- 承诺Withdrawal ----- 撤回Revocation ----- 撤销Fundamental breach of contract----- 根本违约Anticipatory breach of contract----- 预期违约Remedies for Breach of Contract ----- 违约救济Bill of Lading，B∕L ----- 提单Shipped B∕L ----- 已装船提单Received for shipment B∕L ----- 收货待运提单Clean B∕L ----- 清洁提单Unclean B∕L ----- 不清洁提单S traight B∕L ----- 记名提单Open B∕L ----- 不记名提单Order B∕L ----- 提示提单Multimodal transport B∕L ----- 多式联运提单Anti-dated B∕L ----- 倒签提单Advanced B∕L ----- 预借提单Documents against Payment，D／P ------ 付款交单Documents against Acceptance，D／A ----- 承兑交单Hague Rules -----《海牙规则》Visby Rules ------《维斯比规则》Hamburg Rules ------《汉堡规则》Insurance Policy ----- 保险单General average ----- 共同海损Particular average ------ 单独海损Free from particular average ----- 平安险With particular average ----- 水渍险All risks ----- 一切险Additional risks ----- 附加险Right of subrogation ------ 代位求偿权Abandonment ----- 委付Remittance —- 汇付Collection ----- 托收Letter of Credit，L∕C ----- 信用证Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits，UCP600 ----- 《跟单信用证统一惯例》International Factoring ------ 国际保付代理Tariff Measures ----- 关税措施Non-Tariff Measures ----- 非关税措施Dumping ------ 倾销Anti-dumping ------ 反倾销Subsidies ------ 补贴Countervailing ------ 反补贴Safeguard Measures ----- 保障措施Non discrimination principle -----非歧视原则The Principle of Transparency -----透明度原则The Principle of Fair Competition ----- 公平竞争原则Most-Favored-Nation Treatment，MFN ----- 最惠国待遇National Treatment，NT------ 国民待遇Tariff Protection ----- 关税保护The General Elimination of Quantitative Restrictions ---- 一般取消数量限制第三节国际投资法International Investment Law ------ 国际投资法BOT，Build-Operate-Transfer ------ 建设-经营-转让Joint Venture------合资企业Overseas Investment Insurance System ----- 海外投资保险制Currency risk ------ 汇兑险Expropriation risk ------ 征收险Foreign exchange risk ----- 外汇险Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency，MIGA ------ 多边投资担保机构International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes，ICSID ------ 解决投资争端国际中心Bilateral Investment Treaties，BITs ------ 双边投资条约第四节国际金融法（ps这章不考）International Financial Law ----- 国际金融法International Monetary Fund，IMF ------ 国际货币基金组织Weighted Voting System ------ 加权表决制General Drawing Right ------ 普通提款权Special Drawing Right，SDR ------ 特别提款权第五节国际税法International Tax Law ----- 国际税法International Double Taxation ----- 国际重复征税International Overlap Taxation ----- 国际重叠征税Tax Jurisdiction -----税收管辖权Resident Tax Jurisdiction ----- 居民税收管辖权Source Tax Jurisdiction -----来源地税收管辖权第六节国际经济争端解决处理法Legal System of the International Economic Dispute Settlement ----- 国际经济争端解决处理法International Civil and Commercial Litigation ----- 国际民商事诉讼International Civil and Commercial Arbitration ----- 国际民商事仲裁International Civil and Commercial Mediation ----- 国际民商事调解arbitration agreement仲裁协议第六节国际经济争端解决处理法WTO Disputes Settlement Mechanism ----- WTO争端解决机制The Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of disputes, DSU ----- 《关于争端解决规则和程序的谅解》Dispute Settlement Body，DSB ---- 争端解决机构Panels ----- 专家组Appellate Body ---- 上诉机构Negative Consensus ---- 反向协商一致，否定式共识Trade Policy Review Mechanism ----- 贸易政策评审机制Trade Policy Review Body，TPRB ----- 贸易政策审查机构。
法律课程名称 英文翻译
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国际经济法翻译
Understanding international economic law对于国际经济法的理解It is appropriate to ask what we mean by “international economic law.”我们应当问什么是我们所谓的“国际经济法”。
This phrase can cover a very broad inventory of subjects这个短语能够覆盖库存量非常广泛的对象。
: embracing the law of economic transactions ;包括经济交易法government regulation of economic matters;经济事务的政府规章and related relations including litigation and international institutions for economic relations .还有一些相关的关系，包括调整经济关系的诉讼和国际机构。
Indeed , it is plausible to suggest that 90 percent of international law work isin reality international economic law in some form or another .的确，这貌似合理的表明，在现实生活中，90%的国际法工作是以国际经济法的形式或者其他。
Much of this ,of course ,does not have the glamour or visibility of nation-state relations(use of force ,human rights, intervention etc.),but does indeed involve many questions of international law and particularly treaty law .当然，这当中的大多数没有民族国家关系的魅力和可见性（通过运用强制力，人权，干预等等）但他们确实涉及很多国际法和特别是条约法的问题。
国际经济法(双语)毕博迁移课程ITL-introduction to Internationalaw
III. Enhance through reading relevant articles.
REQUIREMENTS
I. Preview the relevant part of the reading material,especially the relevant cases, preparing for discussion in the classroom.[group work]
<international business law> conducted in English will not only judge how well you can use your long-learned English, but will also improve your use of English.
B. THE MAKING OF TERNATIONAL LAW
1. No Formal Law-making Machinery 2. Basic Mechanism for Creating
International Law: Consensus of the international community. General consent of the international community Particular consent of a state
Be confident in yourself! You will make it! Don’t grudge your time after you have spent almost ten years in learning English!
国际经济法(双语版)
（二）广义说 主要观点： 1、国际经济法是个独立的法律部门； 2、调整对象是从事跨国经济交往的个人、法人、 国家及国际组织之间的经济关系； 3、范围不仅包括国际法规范，而且包括国内法规 范，如各国国内立法中的涉外经济法规等。 （三）国际经济法概念的界定 ——国际经济法（international economic law）是 调整国家、国际组织、不同国家的法人与个人 之间经济关系的国际法规范和国内法规范的总 称。它是一个独立的、综合的、新兴的法律部 门。
第一章 国际经济法概述
Chapter One Introduction to International Economic Law (IEL)
§1.1 Concept and Characteristics
of IEL §1.2 Development of IEL §1.3 Sources & System of IEL §1.4 Subjects of IEL §1.5 Principles of IEL
between Private International Law and International Economic Law?
Quiz4. 美国A公司在中国进行直接投资，设立一 家B公司。其涉及的关系如下： 首先，A公司要进入中国投资，需要根据中 国的涉外投资法的规定申请在中国设立B公司， 公司设立后根据中国有关外汇管理法律申请用 汇、同时根据涉外税法（包括有无税收优惠， 对哪些行为征税等）的规定纳税。 其次，为了保证投资的安全， A公司向美 国的海外投资保险机构对在中国生产经营过程 中可能遭遇的政治风险进行投保。美国为了取 得代位求偿权，已预先同中国签订了有关投资 保护的双边协定。
2、国际经济法与国际私法的关系
国际经济法(双语)_华南师范大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年
国际经济法（双语）_华南师范大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.中国华泰公司从甲国埃拉公司以 DPU 术语进口一批货物，依据《2020年国际贸易术语解释通则》和《1980 年联合国国际货物销售合同公约》，下列哪些判断是正确的?答案:埃拉公司应承担运输中的风险中国华泰公司应在发现或理应发现货物存在质量问题后的一段合理时间通知埃拉公司2.法国埃尔斯公司与中国仙林公司签订CIP 合同从法国出口货物到中国，依据《2020 年国际贸易术语解释通则》，下列哪一选项是正确的?答案:如果双方合同约定投保平安险，法国埃尔斯公司只需投保平安险3.中国甲公司与非洲A国乙公司签订 CIF 合同出口一批瓷器，货物运到A国时遭遇 A国内乱，部分货物毁损，中国和A国都是《1980 年联合国国际销售合同公约》的成员国，下列哪项判断是正确的?答案:在没有特殊约定情况下，甲公司应投保平安险4.法国甲公司与中国乙公司签订FOB合同出口红葡萄酒，因法国甲公司的酒庄到装运港有一段陆地需要陆路运输，现买卖双方发生纠纷诉至我国法院，根据《2010 国际贸易术语解释通则》和《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》，下列哪些判断是正确的?答案:法国甲公司在装运港将货物装上指定船舶即完成了交货5.营业地位于不同国家的甲、乙两公司签订了货物买卖合同，约定使用 FCA术语为交货条件，根据国际经济法的相关规则和实践，关于该术语哪项判断是错误的?答案:该术语只能适用于海运运输合同6.中国仙林公司从甲国艾尔公司进口一批电子设备，合同中约定了设备规格，并选用了 DPU 术语。
艾尔公司制作好样品后，将样品邮寄至仙林公司，请求确认并按照样品履行。
仙林公司收到样品后确认收到并回复:“请依合同履行”。
设备到货后与样品相符。
但与合同不符，中国仙林公司要求甲国艾尔公司承担违约责任。
中国和甲国都是1980年《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的缔约国。
下列哪一选项是正确的?答案:甲国艾尔公司应承担违约责任，因其交付的设备不符合同约定规格7.甲国瑞尼尔公司从乙国绿地公司进口三批粮食，合同选用《2020年国际贸易术语解释通则》的 CIF 术语。
国际经济法(双语)课程Chapter 4 Multinational Enterprise
Strategies for Doing Business Globally: Exporting and Importing
Cargo ship loaded for another oceanic crossing
• Exporting does not require having a subsidiary in a foreign nation, nor does it require a joint venture or partnership with a foreign business entity.
• The foreign parent bank must be subject to comprehensive supervision by banking authorities in the home country.（母国）
Licensing Intellectual Property（知识产权） and Franchising（特许经营）
Strategies for Doing Business Globally: Bank
Branches
• China Merchant Bank has received approval from the Federal Reserve to open a NY branch.
• With the heightened threat from unstable banks, the Federal Reserve is tightening the application process to establish foreign branches in the U.S.
• The laws of the host country determine what an agent may or may not do.
国际经济法
1、二战后，布雷顿森林体系和GATT体系的建立；2、联合 国在创立国际经济新秩序中努力；3、多边国际商务专题公 约的发展；4、国际商务惯例的发展；5、各国涉外经济立 法的发展；6、WTO和区域经济组织的发展。
三、国际经济法的主体
国际经济法的主体指国际经济关系中权利和义务的 承担者。包括：私人、国家和国际组织。
（一）私人 1、自然人 从事国际经济活动的主体资格：除具备民事权利能力 和完全的民事行为能力外，还应当具有从事国际经 济活动的特殊权利能力和资格。（审批和备案制） 2、法人
法人从事国际经济活动的主体资格：不但要符合本 国法律所规定各种具体条件，还需按本国法定程序 得到政府的许可。 （审批和备案制）
3、非法人组织 指根据各国法律不具备法人资格但能够独立享有财产权利和 承担财产义务的社会组织。如：合伙企业、无限公司、其他 不具备法人资格的经营机构和组织。 各国法律和国际经济条约一般承认外国非法人组织从事国际 经济活动的资格。 （二）国家： 指以国家名义参与国际经济关系上的国家代表和政府机关。 有以下特征： 1、国家是国际经济法律规范的创制者和实施者 2、国家作为国际经济关系的当事人主要指：（1）作为国际 社会平等成员，与其他国家和国际组织进行具有经济内容的 交往；（2）以民事主体的身份，直接参与对外经济活动，成 为国际经济关系的当事人。 （三）国际经济组织（放后讲解）
（三）国际合作以谋发展的原则
1、含义： 每个国家都有权利和责任来选
择本国发展的道路和目标，充分动员和利用本 国资源，实行进步的经济改革和社会改革，并 切实保证本国人能够充分参加发展的过程，充 分享有发展的利益，即发展权。发达国家和发 展中国家应当相互在经济、社会、文化、科学 和技术等领域进行合作，以促进整个世界特别 是促进发展中国家的经济进步和社会进步。
《国际经济法》英文资料2
《国际经济法》英文资料2(2014-04-01 12:02:47)转载▼分类：法律英语“HAGUE RULES” AND "Visby Rules")Article 5Article 10 of the Convention shall be deleted and replaced by the following:"The provisions of this Convention shall apply to every Bill of Lading relating to the carriage of goods between ports in two different States if:(a) the Bill of Lading is issued in a Contracting State, or(b) the carriage is from a port in a Contracting State, or(c) the contract contained in or evidenced by the Bill of Lading provides that the rules of this Convention or legislation of any State giving effect to them are to govern the contractwhatever may be the nationality of the ship, the carrier, the shipper(托运人), the consignee（收货人）, or any other interested person. Article 2 Subject to the provisions of Article 6, under every contract of carriage of goods by sea the carrier, in relation to the loading, handling, stowage, carriage, custody, care and discharge of such goods, shall be subject to the responsibilities and liabilities, and entitled to the rights and immunities hereinafter set forth.Article 4-5. Neither the carrier nor the ship shall in any event be or become liable for any loss or damage to or in connexion with goods in an amount exceeding 100 pounds sterling per package or unit, or the equivalent of that sum in other currency unless the nature and value of such goods have been declared by the shipper before shipment and inserted in the bill of lading.Article 2: Article 4, paragraph 5, shall be deleted and replaced by the following:"(a) Unless the nature and value of such goods have been declared by the shipper before shipment and inserted in the Bill of Lading, neither the carrier nor the ship shall in any event be or become liable for any loss or damage to or in connection with the goods in an amount exceeding the equivalent of 10,000 francs per package or unit or 30 francs per kilo of gross weight of the goods lost or damaged,whichever is the higher.Article 1-(c) : "Goods" includes goods, wares（制品）, merchandise and articles（物品） of every kind whatsoever except live animals and cargo which by the contract of carriage in stated as being carried on deck and is so carried.Article 3-6-4项：In any event the carrier and the ship shall be discharged from all liability in respect of loss or damage unless suit is brought within one year after delivery of the goods or the date when the goods should have been delivered.(2) In Article 3, paragraph 6, sub-paragraph 4 shall be deleted and replaced by:"Subject to paragraph 6bis the carrier and the ship shall in any event be discharged from all liability whatsoever in respect of the goods, unless suit is brought within one year of their delivery or of the date when they should have been delivered. This period may, however, be extended if the parties so agree after the cause of action has arisen". Article 1-(3)(3) In Article 3, after paragraph 6, shall be added the following paragraph 6bis:"An action for indemnity against a third person may be brought even after the expiration of the year provided for in the preceding paragraph if brought within the time allowed by the law of the Court seized of the case. However, the time allowed shall be not less than three months,commencing from the day when the person bringing such action for indemnity has settled the claim or has been served with process（船票、法院令状） in the action against himself". WARSAW CONVENTIONArticle 1This Convention applies to all international carriage of persons, luggage or goods performed by aircraft for reward. It applies equally to gratuitous carriage by aircraft performed by an air transport undertaking.For the purposes of this Convention the expression "international carriage" means any carriage in which, according to the contract made by the parties, the place of departure and the place of destination, whether or not there be a break in the carriage or a transhipment, aresituated either within the territories of two High Contracting Parties（缔约国）, or within the territory of a single High Contracting Party, if there is an agreed stopping place within a territory subject to the sovereignty, suzerainty（宗主权）, mandate（委托统治）or authority of another Power, even though that Power is not a party to this Convention. A carriage without such an agreed stopping place between territories subject to the sovereignty, suzerainty, mandate or authority of the same High Contracting Party is not deemed to be international for the purposes of this Convention.Article 5Every carrier of goods has the right to require the consignor(委托人、发货人) to make out and hand over to him a document called an "air consignment note"; every consignor has the right to require the carrier to accept this document.The absence, irregularity（不规则） or loss of this document does not affect the existence or the validity of the contract of carriage which shall, subject to the provisions of Article 9, be none the less（仍然）governed by the rules of this Convention.Article 111. The air consignment note is prima facie evidence （初步证据）of the conclusion of the contract, of the receipt of the goods and of the conditions of carriage.Article 181. The carrier is liable for damage sustained（蒙受、经受=suffer） in the event of the destruction（毁灭） or loss of, or of damage to, any registered luggage or any goods, if the occurrence which caused the damage so sustained took place during the carriage by air.2. The carriage by air within the meaning of the preceding paragraph comprises the period during which the luggage or goods are in charge of the carrier, whether in an aerodrome（机场）or on board an aircraft, or, in the case of a landing outside an aerodrome, in any place whatsoever.3. The period of the carriage by air does not extend to any carriage by land, by sea or by river performed outside an aerodrome. If, however, such a carriage takes place in the performance of a contract for carriage by air, for the purpose of loading, delivery or transshipment, any damage is presumed, subject to proof to the contrary, to havebeen the result of an event which took place during the carriage by air. Article 222. In the carriage of registered luggage and of goods, the liability of the carrier is limited to a sum of 250 francs per kilogram, unless the consignor has made, at the time when the package was handed over to the carrier, a special declaration of the value at delivery and has paid a supplementary sum if the case so requires. In that case the carrier will be liable to pay a sum not exceeding the declared sum, unless he proves that that sum is greater than the actual value to the consignor at delivery.Article 191. The carrier is liable for damage occasioned（引起、惹起）by delay in the carriage by air of passengers, luggage or goods.2. The carrier is not liable if he proves that he and his agents have taken all necessary measures to avoid the damage or that it was impossible for him or them to take such measures.3. In the carriage of goods and luggage the carrier is not liable if he proves that the damage was occasioned by negligent pilot age or negligence in the handling of the aircraft or in navigation（航行） and that, in all other respects, he and his agents have taken all necessary measures to avoid the damage.Article 251. The carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of（make use of 、take advantage of） the provisions of this Convention which exclude or limit his liability, if the damage is caused by hiswilful misconduct(故意不当行为) or by such default （故意不作为）on his part as, in accordance with the law of the Court seised of the case, is considered to be equivalent to wilful misconduct.2. Similarly the carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of the said provisions, if the damage is caused as aforesaid by any agent of the carrier acting within the scope of his employment.Article 121. Subject to his liability to carry out all his obligations under the contract of carriage, the consignor has the right to dispose of the goods by withdrawing them at the aerodrome of departure or destination, or by stopping them in the course of the journey on any landing, or by calling for them to be delivered at the place ofdestination or in the course of the journey to a person other than the consignee named in the air consignment note, or by requiring them to be returned to the aerodrome of departure. He must not exercise this right of disposition in such a way as toprejudice （cause harm to or weaken）the carrier or other consignors and he must repay any expenses occasioned by the exercise of this right.2. If it is impossible to carry out the orders of the consignor the carrier must so inform him forthwith.3. If the carrier obeys the orders of the consignor for the disposition of the goods without requiring the production of the part of the air consignment note delivered to the latter, he will be liable, without prejudice to his right of recovery from the consignor, for any damage which may be caused thereby to any person who is lawfully in possession of that part of the air consignment note.4. The right conferred on the consignor ceases at the moment when that of the consignee begins in accordance with Article 13. Nevertheless, if the consignee declines to accept the consignment note or the goods, or if he cannot be communicated with, the consignor resumes his right of disposition.Article 131. Except in the circumstances set out in the preceding Article, the consignee is entitled, on arrival of the goods at the place of destination, to require the carrier to hand over to him the air consignment note and to deliver the goods to him, on payment of the charges due (应付的)and on complying with the conditions of carriage set out in the air consignment note.2. Unless it is otherwise agreed, it is the duty of the carrier to give notice to the consignee as soon as the goods arrive.3. If the carrier admits the loss of the goods, or if the goods have not arrived at the expiration of seven days after the date on which they ought to have arrived, the consignee is entitled to put into force （实施）against the carrier the rights which flow from the contract of carriage.Article 261. Receipt by the person entitled to delivery of luggage or a goods without complaint is prima facie evidence that the same have been delivered in good condition and in accordance with the document ofcarriage.2. In the case of damage, the person entitled to delivery must complain to the carrier forthwith（立刻、马上、及时）after the discovery of the damage, and, at the latest, within three days from the date of receipt in the case of luggage and seven days from the date of receipt in the case of goods. In the case of delay the complaint must be made at the latest within fourteen days from the date on which the luggage or goods have been placed at his disposal........4. Failing complaint within the times aforesaid, no action shall lie against the carrier,save（fml, except）in the case of fraud on his part.Article 281. An action for damages must be brought, at the option of the plaintiff, in the territory of one of the High Contracting Parties（各缔约国）, either before the Court having jurisdiction where the carrier is ordinarily resident, or has his principal place of business, or has an establishment（营业所/办事处）by which the contract has been made or before the Court having jurisdiction at the place of destination.2. Questions of procedure shall be governed by the law of the Court seised of the case.Article 291. The right to damages shall be extinguished if an action is not brought within two years,reckoned (calculate) from the date of arrival at the destination, or from the date on which the aircraft ought to have arrived, or from the date on which the carriage stopped.2. The method of calculating the period of limitation shall be determined by the law of the Court seised of the case.Montreal CONVENTIONArticle 1 Scope of application1. This Convention applies to all international carriage of persons, baggage or cargo performed by aircraft for reward. It applies equally to gratuitous carriage by aircraft performed by an air transport undertaking.2. For the purposes of this Convention, the expression international carriage means any carriage in which, according to the agreementbetween the parties, the place of departure and the place of destination, whether or not there be a break in the carriage or a transhipment, are situated either within the territories of two States Parties(缔约国), or within the territory of a single State Party if there is an agreed stopping place within the territory of another State, even if that State is not a State Party. Carriage between two points within the territory of a single State Party without an agreed stopping place within the territory of another State is not international carriage for the purposes of this Convention.Article 55 Relationship with other Warsaw Convention Instruments This Convention shall prevail over any rules which apply to international carriage by air:1. between States Parties to this Convention by virtue of（由于）those States commonly being Party to(a) the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air signed at Warsaw on 12 October 1929 (hereinafter called the "Warsaw Convention");(b) the Protocol to Amend the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air Signed at Warsaw on 12 October 1929, done at The Hague on 28 September 1955 (hereinafter called The Hague Protocol);(c) the Convention, Supplementary to the Warsaw Convention, for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air Performed by a Person Other than the Contracting Carrier, signed at Guadalajara on 18 September 1961 (hereinafter called the Guadalajara Convention);(d) the Protocol to Amend the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air Signed at Warsaw on 12 October 1929 as Amended by the Protocol Done at The Hague on 28 September 1955 signed at Guatemala City on 8 March 1971 (hereinafter called the Guatemala City Protocol;(e) Additional Protocol No. 1 to 3 and Montreal Protocol No 4 to amend the Warsaw Convention as amended by The Hague Protocol or the Warsaw Convention as amended by both The Hague Protocol and the Guatemala City Protocol signed at Montreal on 25 September 1975 (hereinafter called theMontreal Protocols); or2. within the territory of any single State Party to this Convention byvirtue of that State being Party to one or more of the instruments referred to in subparagraphs (a) to (e) above.Article 18 Damage to cargo1. The carrier is liable for damage sustained in the event of the destruction or loss of, or damage to, cargo upon condition only that the event which caused the damage so sustained took place during the carriage by air.2. However, the carrier is not liable if and to the extent it proves that the destruction, or loss of, or damage to, the cargo resulted from one or more of the following:(a) inherent defect, quality or vice (瑕疵)of that cargo;(b) defective packing of that cargo performed by a person other than the carrier or its servants or agents;(c) an act of war or an armed conflict;(d) an act of public authority carried out in connection with the entry, exit or transit （国境、中转）of the cargo.3. The carriage by air within the meaning of paragraph 1 of this Article comprises the period during which the cargo is in the charge of the carrier.Article 19 DelayThe carrier is liable for damage occasioned by delay in the carriage by air of passengers, baggage or cargo. Nevertheless, the carrier shall not be liable for damage occasioned by delay if it proves that it and its servants and agents took all measures that could reasonably be required to avoid the damage or that it was impossible for it or them to take such measures.Article 22 Limits of liability in relation to delay, baggage and cargo3. In the carriage of cargo, the liability of the carrier in the case of destruction, loss, damage or delay is limited to a sum of 17 Special Drawing Rights per kilogram, unless the consignor has made, at the time when the package was handed over to the carrier, a special declaration of interest in delivery at destination and has paid a supplementary sum if the case so requires. In that case the carrier will be liable to pay a sum not exceeding the declared sum, unless it proves that the sum is greater than the consignor's actual interest in delivery at destination.Article 25 Stipulation on limitsA carrier may stipulate that the contract of carriage shall be subject to higher limits of liability than those provided for in this Convention or to no limits of liability whatsoever.Article 26 Invalidity of contractual provisionsAny provision tending to relieve the carrier of liability or to fix a lower limit than that which is laid down in this Convention shall be null and void, but the nullity of any such provision does not involve the nullity of the whole contract, which shall remain subject to the provisions of this Convention.Article 30 Servants, agents – aggregation（集合、合计） of claims 1. If an action is brought against a servant or agent of the carrier arising out of damage to which the Convention relates, such servant or agent, if they prove that they acted within the scope of their employment, shall be entitled to avail themselves of （利用）the conditions and limits of liability which the carrier itself is entitled to invoke under this Convention.2. The aggregate （总数、合计）of the amounts recoverable（可补偿的、可收回的） from the carrier, its servants and agents, in that case, shall not exceed the said limits.Article 12 Right of disposition of cargo1. Subject to its liability to carry out all its obligations under the contract of carriage, the consignor has the right to dispose of the cargo by withdrawing it at the airport of departure or destination, or by stopping it in the course of the journey on any landing, or by calling for it to be delivered at the place of destination or in the course of the journey to a person other than the consignee originally designated, or by requiring it to be returned to the airport of departure. The consignor must not exercise this right of disposition in such a way as to prejudice the carrier or other consignors and must reimburse any expenses occasioned by the exercise of this right.2. If it is impossible to carry out the instructions of the consignor, the carrier must so inform the consignor forthwith.3. If the carrier carries out the instructions of the consignor for the disposition of the cargo without requiring the production of the part of the air waybill or the cargo receipt delivered to the latter, the carrier will be liable, without prejudice to its right of recovery from the consignor, for any damage which may be caused thereby to anyperson who is lawfully in possession of that part of the air waybill or the cargo receipt.4. The right conferred on the consignor ceases at the moment when that of the consignee begins in accordance with Article 13. Nevertheless, if the consignee declines to accept the cargo, or cannot be communicated with, the consignor resumes its right of disposition. Article 13 Delivery of the cargo1. Except when the consignor has exercised its right under Article 12, the consignee is entitled, on arrival of the cargo at the place of destination, to require the carrier to deliver the cargo to it, on payment of the charges due and on complying with the conditions of carriage.2. Unless it is otherwise agreed, it is the duty of the carrier to give notice to the consignee as soon as the cargo arrives.3. If the carrier admits the loss of the cargo, or if the cargo has not arrived at the expiration of seven days after the date on which it ought to have arrived, the consignee is entitled to enforce against the carrier the rights which flow from the contract of carriage.Article 29 Basis of claimsIn the carriage of passengers, baggage and cargo, any action for damages, however founded, whether under this Convention or in contract or in tort or otherwise, can only be brought subject to the conditions and such limits of liability as are set out in this Convention without prejudice to the question as to who are the persons who have the right to bring suit and what are their respective rights. In any such action, punitive, exemplary（警戒性的）or any other non-compensatory damages shall not be recoverable.Article 49 Mandatory applicationAny clause contained in the contract of carriage and all special agreements entered into before the damage occurred by which the parties purport to infringe（违反）the rules laid down by this Convention, whether by deciding the law to be applied, or by altering the rules as to jurisdiction, shall be null and void.Article 31 Timely notice of complaints1. Receipt by the person entitled to delivery of checked baggage or cargo without complaint isprima facie evidence that the same has been delivered in good condition and in accordance with the document of carriage or with the record preserved by the other meansreferred to in paragraph 2 of Article 3 and paragraph 2 of Article 4.2. In the case of damage, the person entitled to delivery must complain to the carrier forthwith after the discovery of the damage, and, at the latest, within seven days from the date of receipt in the case of checked baggage and 14 days from the date of receipt in the case of cargo. In the case of delay, the complaint must be made at the latest within 21 days from the date on which the baggage or cargo have been placed at his or her disposal.3. Every complaint must be made in writing and given or dispatched within the times aforesaid.4. If no complaint is made within the times aforesaid, no action shall lie against the carrier, save in the case of fraud on its part.Article 33 Jurisdiction1. An action for damages must be brought, at the option of the plaintiff, in the territory of one of the States Parties, either before the court of the domicile of the carrier or of its principal place of business, or where it has a place of business through which the contract has been made or before the court at the place of destination.…….4. Questions of procedure shall be governed by the law of the court seised of the case.Article 35 Limitation of actions1. The right to damages shall be extinguished if an action is not brought within a period of two years, reckoned from the date of arrival at the destination, or from the date on which the aircraft ought to have arrived, or from the date on which the carriage stopped.2. The method of calculating that period shall be determined by the law of the court seised of the case.Article 34 Arbitration1. Subject to the provisions of this Article, the parties to the contract of carriage for cargo may stipulate that any dispute relating to the liability of the carrier under this Convention shall be settled by arbitration. Such agreement shall be in writing.2. The arbitration proceedings shall, at the option of the claimant, take place within one of the jurisdictions referred to in Article 33.3. The arbitrator or arbitration tribunal （仲裁庭）shall apply the provisions of this Convention.4. The provisions of paragraphs 2 and 3 of this Article shall be deemed to be part of every arbitration clause or agreement, and any term of such clause or agreement which is inconsistent therewith shall be null and void.。
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