典型湿地植物群落分布格局及驱动力

研究结果表明：纳帕海有湿地植物 115 种，隶属 38 科、82 属，天然植物群 落 15 个，包括 3 个沉水植物群落、2 个浮叶植物群落、6 个挺水植物群落、4 个 草甸群落。其中原生沼泽有植物 25 种，隶属 16 科、17 属，3 个沉水植物群落、 2 个浮叶植物群落；沼泽化草甸植物 36 种，隶属 19 科、26 属，6 个挺水植物群 落；草甸植物 63 种，隶属 28 科、55 属，4 个草甸植物群落；垦后湿地仅为栽培 农作物 4 种，隶属 4 科、4 属。随着原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸向草甸、垦后湿地的 演替，湿地植物群落分布数目先增加后减少，植物群落伴生种数量增多，优势种 的优势度明显下降，群落结构逐渐变得复杂；沉水植物群落主要分在湿地西北角 狭窄的常年淹水的深水区域，挺水植物群落分布在浅水或间歇淹水区域，浮叶植 物群落在泉眼、低洼地带有少量分布，草甸与垦后湿地植物群落分布在湿地周边 大面积地带，沉水植物群落、浮叶植物群落以及挺水植物群落垂直分层现象明显， 而草甸、垦后湿地植物群落无明显的垂直空间分层。与 24a 前水生植物群落相比 较，纳帕海水生植物群落类型、数量均发生改变，原生群落不断减少或消失，耐
The results showed that Napahai Wetland has 115 species, belonging to 38 families and 82 genera, including 3 submerged plant communities, 2 floating-leaved plant communities, 6 emergent plant communities and 4 meadow plant communities. For the primary swamp there were 25 species, belonging to 16 families and 17 genera, including 3 submerged plant communities, 2 floating-leaved plant communities. For the swampy meadow, there were 36 species belonging to 19 families and 26 genera, including 6 emergent plant communities. For the meadow, there were 64 species
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Abstract
Wetlands in northwestern Yunnan plateau, situated in the upstream of the Yangtze river and Mekong River, are unique plateau wetlands in China, which play key roles of adjusting the water and biodiversity conservation for middle-lower reaches of the rivers; Meanwhile, for its lying the transition region of farming and grazing and noted as beauty spots, where yarded up many minority such as Tibetan, wetlands were regarded as the strategic resources for local economic development and society stabilization.
分类号 UDC
Q948.15
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内
部
编号
西南林学院 2007 届硕士研究生学位论文
滇西北高原典型湿地植物群落分布格局及驱动力
The Plant Community Distribution Patterns and Its Driving Forces of Typical Wetland in Northwestern Yunnan Plateau, China
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belonging to 28 families and 55 genera, including 4 meadow plant communities. For the reclaimed wetland there were only 4 species belonging to 4 families and 4 genera. The distribution patterns of plant communities have changed with the wetland succession from primary swamp to swampy meadow, meadow and reclaimed wetland, the number of communities increased firstly and decreased latterly , community structure become complex, the companying species increased and the dominant species decreased. Aquatic plant communities mainly distributed, Submerged plant communities mainly distributed in northwestern limited deep water area of wetland, emergent plant communities distributed in shallow water area or interval inundation area, floating plant communities distributed in limited area of the mouth of spring and sinkage, meadow and reclaimed plant communities took up the largest area of around the wetland. Submerged plant communities, floating plant communities and emergent plant communities stratified notability, while the meadow and reclaimed wetland plant communities did not, compared with the aquatic plant communities 24a before, the types and numbers of aquatic plant communities changed, and pollution-tolerant, nutrient-loving plant communities flourished while primary aquatic plant communities shrank or disappeared. the number of aquatic communities has increased from 9 to 12, with two new emergent plant communities and one new floating-leaved plant community. The increase in emergent plant communities was most marked. The current distribution area of emergent plant communities, 528.42hm2, is the largest; submerged plant communities cover 362.50hm2; and the distribution area of floating-leaf plant communities is the smallest, covering 70.23hm2. The distribution pattern and change in Napahai wetland’s plant communities is a reaction to the change in the wetland environment. The species richness and the pant diversity index increased as primary swamp changed to swampy meadow and meadow, the highest species richness occurred in the meadow and the lowest was in the reclaimed wetland, the diversity kinds have changed; with wetland succession from primary swamp to swampy meadow to meadow, soil organic matter, total N declined, soil enzymic activity of Catalase、Protease、Invertase increased while Urase declined. Plant species diversity of Simpson index and Shannon-Weiner index all increased successively. There existed negative correlation between Catalase、Protease、Invertase and soil
Wetland plants are focus of structure-function of the wetland ecosystem and sensitive indicator of the changing wetland environment. With non-wise using wetland resource, as a reaction to changed wetland environment, the distribution patterns of wetland plant communities have also altered, which affect the functions of wetland ecosystem and endanger ecological security of middle-lower reaches of Yangtze river and Mekong river and peripheral regions. Napahai, typical degraded wetland in northwestern Yunnan plateau, has been choosed as studying plot, and been divided into primary marsh, swampy meadow, meadow and reclaimed wetland during the succession process of wetland according to its hydrology, plant types and human disturbance. Using 3S technology and plant community research methodology, the temporal-spatial substitution methodology was applied to study the distribution patterns of wetland plant communities, analyze its relationships with the changed wetland environment and its main driving forces, discuss the ecological process and succession principle of its distribution patterns, and provide the scientific theory for wetland plant resource conservation decision, wise use and degraded wetland ecosystem restoration.
湿地植物群落退化格局是湿地生态系统退化的主要指标之一，标志着湿地生 态系统结构的改变、功能的丧失。针对湿地植物群落退化格局形成的生态学过程 以及主要驱动力特征，实现滇西北高原退化湿地生态恢复的关键在于加强对湿地 资源利用的科学、有效管理，恢复湿地水文，实现湿地资源的可持续开发利用。
关键词：滇西北高原；典型湿地，植物群落；分布格局；驱动机制
中国●昆明 2007 年 5 月
摘要
云南西北高原湿地位于长江、湄公河等国内、国际重要河流的中上游，属我 国独特的高原湿地类型，对下游水量均衡、生物多样性保护有着重要的作用；同 时，湿地地处我国少数民族集聚的农牧交错地带和著名的旅游风景区，是维护当 地经济发展、社会稳定的战略资源。
湿地植物是湿地生态系统结构和功能的核心，是湿地生态环境变化的灵敏指 示者。滇西北人为对湿地资源的不合理开发利用致使该区域湿地环境不断丧失， 植物群落分布格局改变，直接影响了湿地功能的正常发挥，同时也威胁到长江与 湄公河中下游及周边的生态安全。本研究选取滇西北典型湿地纳帕海为研究地， 结合 3S 技术与群落研究法，根据湿地水文条件、植被分布类型以及人为干扰状 况，将纳帕海划分为原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸、草甸和垦后湿地四种湿地不同演替 阶段沼泽体，利用时空替代法，研究湿地不同沼泽体植物群落分布格局特征，分 析植物群落分布格局变化与湿地环境改变的关系以及湿地植物退化格局形成的 主要驱动力，探讨其分布格局形成的生态过程和演化规律，为滇西北高原湿地植 物资源的保护、合理利用和退化湿地生态系统的恢复提供科学决策依据。
The Plant Community Distribution Patterns and Its Driving Forces of Typical Wetland in Northwestern Yunnan Plateau, China
肖德荣
指导教师：田昆 教授 博士 申请学位级别：硕士 学科专业名称：生态学(湿地生态) 论文提交日期：2007 年 5 月 论文答辩日期：2007 年 6 月 学位授予单位：西南林学院 学位授予日期：
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污、喜富营养群落等大量出现；群落总数增加 3 个（挺水群落 2 个，浮叶群落 1 个），挺水植物群落增幅最大；从群落分布面积看，挺水植物群落分布面积最大， 达 528.42hm2，占纳帕海湿地面积的 17.06％，沉水植物群落分布面积 362.50 hm2， 浮叶植物群落分布面积仅 70.23hm2，表现出湿地植物群落空间格局与湿地水文 环境条件的相关性。植物物种丰富度指数与多样性指数随湿地的退化而逐渐增 加，草甸植物物种丰富度、多样性指数最大，而到垦后湿地为最低值，植物多样 性性质改变；天然植物群落结构、多样性（垦后湿地除外）与湿地土壤养分、酶 活性等土壤环境指标之间存在显著相关性，随着土壤有机质、全氮含量减少，过 氧化氢酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶活性增加，脲酶活性减弱，沼泽体植物群落物种组成 增多、盖度增加，群落优势种优势度减小，伴生种数量增加，群落结构变得复杂， 植物多样性呈增加趋势；辛普森(Simpson)、香浓-维纳(Shannon-Weiner)等植物 α 多样性指数与湿地土壤有机质、全氮呈负相关，与土壤过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶、蔗 糖酶呈正相关，与脲酶呈负相关；植物物种组成、群落盖度、伴生种与土壤有机 质、全氮呈负相关，与过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶呈正相关，与脲酶呈负相关。 湿地植物生态功能群组成随原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸向草甸、垦后湿地演替，水生、 湿生植物功能群的优势度比例不断减少，中生、旱生类植物功能群的优势度逐步 增加，垦后湿地中只有农作物，表征了湿地退化演替过程中水文条件的不断丧失、 湿地陆地化的加速。湿地植物景观由原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸植物群落景观向草甸、 垦后湿地植物群落景观演替，不同沼泽体植物群落景观多样性格局特征是对湿地 环境变化的响应，体现了湿地环境变化规律与功能现状，并在一定程度上反映了 人为生产活动干扰的类型与强度。通过湿地植物群落退化格局形成的生态学过程 以及当地对湿地资源利用现状的分析，研究认为纳帕海湿地植物退化格局形成的 主要驱动力是排水垦殖、过度放牧、无序旅游、周边森林破坏等人为活动的强烈 干扰。
肖Baidu Nhomakorabea荣
指导教师：田昆 教授 博士 申请学位级别：硕士 学科专业名称：生态学(湿地生态) 论文提交日期：2007 年 5 月 论文答辩日期：2007 年 6 月 学位授予单位：西南林学院 学位授予日期：
中国●昆明 2007 年 5 月
西南林学院 2007 届硕士研究生学位论文
滇西北高原典型湿地植物群落分布格局及驱动力