《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记(全十章)
欧洲文化入门复习资料
一．细节知识点（一）Greek ＆Roman1.drama●Aeschylus埃斯基洛斯：Prometheus Bound被束缚的普罗米修斯,Persians波斯人，Agamennon●Sophcles索发克里斯：（tragic art）Oedipus the king, Electra，Antigone●Euripides欧里庇得斯：“problem plays”，Andromache，Medea，Trojan Women●Aristophanes阿里斯多芬尼斯：Frogs，Clouds，Wasps，Birds2.Historian●H erodotus：*“father of history”* from Greek to Persians *full ofanecdotes and dialogues ,interesting●T hucydides: *younger than Herodotus *Athens to Sparta and Athensto Syracuse希拉库萨 *style is imagination and power *the greatesthistorian that ever lived3.philosophy and science●P ythagoras毕达哥拉斯： *bold thinker *believe everything isnumbers* scientific mathematics----point，line ，magnitude震级，surface，body，first proportion●H eracleitus赫拉克里克：*fire is the primary element of universe*sayings: all is flux，nothing stationary/you cannot step twice intothe same river/fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you/ the sunis new every day.*believe mingling of opposites ,opposites produce harmony(二) Bibletranslation●Latin version：383-405AD by St .Jerome●English version：1382 John Wycliff(三)Middle ages/ Medieval1. AD 476 Roman power was gone2. after 1054 Church was divided into Roman Catholic and Eastern OrthodoxChurch3.The Crusades: 1096－1291 last for about 200 years4.learning：● Charlemagne查理曼大帝：*western and central Europe*father of Europe .Emperor of Romans in 800*Carolingian Renaissance加洛林*encourage Christian religion and ancient learning by setting monasteryschools● Alfred the Great阿尔弗雷德大帝：*ruler of Anglo Saxon of Wessex*Encourage teacher and scholars , Wessex center of learning*Anglo Saxon chronicles英国编年史● St .Thomas Aquinas*Italian philosopher ,scholasticism经院哲学*Summa Contra Centiles , Summa Theologiae 《神学大全》*building a society of “God’s rule””God’s will”，Pope is“Christ’splenipotentiary基督的全权代表” above secular rulers● Roger Bacon罗杰培根*a British monk ,one of the earliest advocates of experimental scientificresearch and observation*works :Opus maius ,encyclopedia of the sciences of his time5．Literature●Beowulf :an Anglo Saxon epic● Song of Roland ，La Chanson de Gestes: French● Dante：the divine of comedy神曲 greatest poet of Italy●Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟：English poet ：canterbury tales坎特伯雷故事集，（first short story teller, first modern poet in English literature ）（四）Renaissance1.started in Florence and Venice， Italy2.heart of Renaissance philosophy is greatness of man ，humanism3.masterpieces :● Giovanni Boccaccio薄伽丘：Decameron十日谈（the greatest achievementof prose fiction 散文小说in the middle ages）● Francesco Petrarch彼德拉克：*discover Cicero’s Oration Oro Arochia,a Roman defense of poetry*Works： Canzoniers（lyrical）, Africa，Metrical Epistles，On Contempt forthe Worldly Life，On Solitude，Ecologues， The Letters●Giotto乔托：*forerunner of Renaissance，led the way to humanism，realistic depiction of space*works: Flight into Egypt ,Betrayal of Juda s●Giorgione乔尔乔捏：Tempesta , Sleeping Venus（use of colour schemes to unify picture and most revolutionaryresult in this sphere)●Leonardo da Vinci:*painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor,anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer.*12 paintings 5000 books ,Renaissance man in the true sense of word.*Last Supper(most famous religious pictures), Mona Lisa(most portrait)●Michelangelo Buonarroti:* an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer* David ，Sistine Chapel ，Dying Slave ,Moses●Raphael：Madonna（Virgin Mary）各种圣母画，school of Athens● Rabelais拉伯雷： French ，Gargantua and Pantagruel《巨人传》● Pleiade 七星诗社：French ,leader is Pirre de Ronsard(Sonnet PourHelene) ，发扬保卫法兰西语言●Cervantes塞万提斯：Spanish，Don Quixote 1062● Erasmus：Dutch， Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, teacher, andtheologian，Greek edition of New Testament ,Praise of Folly《愚人颂》●Durer : German ,follower of Martin Lutherthe four horsemen of apocalypse 天启四骑士knight ，death and the devil●Thomas more：英国人，Utopia乌托邦，conclusion●Shakespeare：英国人Twelfth night ，As you like it ，Hamlet，Othello，King Lear ，Macbeth，Antony and Cleopatra，Sonnets, King Henry 5，6二 .名词解释1.RenaissanceRenaissance is a period of western civilization between 14-17th century.The word Renaissance means revival .it also means the revival of interestin ancient Greek and Roman culture，which started in Florence andVenice ，Italy . the heart of~is humanism.2 . Reformation~ was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement ,which began with Martin Luther’s 95 theses in 1517. TheReformation began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church.3．Middle ages ：~is also called Medieval ,”the year of faith”* or the thousand-year period following the fall of the western roman empire in the 5th century .it camebetween ancient times and modern times .During this period Germanickingdom grew into nations such as England ,French ,Spain, Italy, Germany.4 . Feudalism~is a system of holding land in exchange for military service .the word~was derived from the Latin “feudum” , a grant of land.5 Catholic~Means” universal”. ~church was a highly centralized and disciplinedinternational religious organization .in the middle ages ,almost everyEuropeans belonged to it.6. old testament~is one of the two parts of the Bible ,which is about the God and the laws of God. Testament means agreement—the agreement between God and man.7. Pentateuch 摩西五书The oldest first five parts of the Bible including Genesis ,Exodus，Leviticus, Numbers， Deuteronomy8. doric ：one of Greek architecture styles，~is also called masculine style .it’s sturdy 坚定的，powerful，severelooking ，showing sense of proportions andnumbers.Ionic：feminine style graceful and elegant，showing wealth of ornament装饰三.问答1. What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire?After the Roman Empire lost its predominance优势, a great many Germanic Kingdoms began to grow into the nations know as England, France, Italy, andGermany in its place. These nations of Western Europe were in the scene of frequent wars and invasions. The political unity had given way to widespread destruction and confusion. Hunger and disease killed many lives and village fell into ruin and great areas of land lay waste. There was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. Christianity was almost the all and the one of Medieval lives in western Europe and took lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds years.2. What were the cultural characteristics of the period from 500 to 1000? Above all, the cultural characters of this period were the heritage and achievement of Roman culture and the emergence of Hebrew and Gothic culture.3.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?Because of its geographical position, foreign trade developed early in Italy. This brought Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to urban economy and helped Italy accumulate wealth which was an essential factor for the flowering of art and literature.For two centuries beginning from the late 15th century, Florence was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poets, scholars, artists and sculptors. There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas.And to spread the new ideas, libraries and academies were founded.In the 15th century printing was invented and helped to spread humanist ideas.4. How did Italian Renaissance art and architecture break away from medi eval traditions?The Italian Renaissance art and architecture radically broke away from the medieval methods of representing the visible world. Compared with the latter, the former has t he following distinct features:⑴Art broke away from the domination of church and artist who used to be craftsmen commissioned by the church became a separate strata doing noble and creati ve work⑵Themes of painting and architecture changed from purely celestial realm focusingon the stories of the Bible, of God and Mary to an appreciation of all aspects of n ature and man;⑶The artists studied the ruins of Roman and Greek temples and put many of the principles of ancient civilization into their works;⑷Artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy and perspective.。
第4课《欧洲文化的形成》知识点总结
第4课欧洲文化的形成知识点一、古典希腊文化与罗马文化P21-22（一）希腊文化1、范围：古代希腊的中心区域在巴尔干半岛南部和爱琴海中的部分岛屿。
文化范围包括希腊半岛、小亚细亚半岛西岸和爱琴海中的许多小岛，起源于爱琴文明(BC2000-BC1200)。
2、时间：公元前5世纪至公元前4世纪上半叶被称作“古典时代”，这是古代希腊文化高度发展的时期。
3、原因：①政治：城邦制度和民主政治的鼎盛，公民阶层活跃；②经济：生产力进步，奴隶制经济发达；③自然地理环境④文化：海洋文明中形成的平等、独立、自由、开拓、探究的意识，吸纳其他地区的优秀文化成果。
⑤个人：先哲们勇于探索、善于思辨；各城邦执政者重视文化教育4、文化成就：（1）哲学：产生于希腊人对宇宙起源和人生意义等自然和社会问题的知识追求。
大约在BC7世纪，有人开始怀疑宗教对世界和人生的解释，他们提出了一种新的思考方式。
（2）特点：古希腊哲学家力图用理性的、科学的、逻辑缜密的思维方式认识世界和解释世界。
注重研究人与自然；哲学与自然科学紧密联系。
人文主义色彩浓厚，运用理性；有科学的萌芽。
（3）代表人物：苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德4）文学：①《荷马史诗》史诗中的诸神和英雄的故事成为后世西方文学创作的源泉。
②古希腊文学的最高成就就是雅典城邦时期的戏剧，悲剧与喜剧是这一时期戏剧的杰出代表。
③雕塑和建筑：《掷铁饼者》④史学：希罗多德的《历史》开创叙事体的撰史体裁；修昔底德著有《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》⑤文学：现代欧美国家的字母文字源自古希腊文和拉丁文。
如英文当中，有大约50%的词或出自古希腊文，或出自拉丁文古希腊文和拉丁文赋予欧美语言大量的词汇，深刻影响了欧美人的观念。
⑥古希腊的民主政治：雅典民主制（典型）⑦体育：奥林匹克发源地⑧神话：BC7C前，古希腊人认为自然界和人类都是神创造的，人的一切活动都是鬼使神差的结果。
宙斯是众神之王、人类之王，人们按神谕安排事情。
（二）古罗马文化1、范围：古罗马从公元前9世纪初在意大利半岛中部兴起。
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记
00230Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language.
00240The Roman writer Horace(:e0lQCQMR65-8t^ WlN0) said captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive 0
00The world s first vast interior space.NLu
N,{ Colosseum('Yt珐) is an enormous.2)Yvsb_q_gRb
00410Sculpture(QX) She-wolf(
00; Father of History ! Herodotus ! war(between Greeks and Persians)
00This war is called Peleponicion wars. ZSWTY嬒d 3
00fH[ v^l g_洺0
00; The greatest historian that ever lived. ( geggO'YvS[) ! Thucydides ! war (Sparta Athens and Syracuse)
00200The burning of Corinth in 146 B.C. Marked Roman conquest of Greece.
00210The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. (Wl_ g ^Jvh)
00220From 146 B.C. Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire.
欧洲文化入门知识点总结
欧洲文化入门知识点总结《欧洲文化入门知识点总结》嘿，诸位！今天咱要来聊聊欧洲文化入门那些好玩的知识点，这可真是个有趣又充满魅力的领域啊！首先，咱得说说古希腊罗马文化，那可是欧洲文化的源头啊！那帮古希腊人可真是牛掰了，他们想出的那些哲学思想，到现在咱还在探讨呢！就说那苏格拉底，整天在街上和人辩论，问些稀奇古怪的问题，让人既头疼又佩服。
罗马人呢，盖起了大斗兽场，想想那时候的人在里面看角斗，得多刺激啊！这就像是咱现在看拳击比赛一样嗨呢！还有那基督教文化，可别小瞧它！整个欧洲都被它深刻影响着。
那教堂建得一个比一个宏伟壮观，让人一进去就感觉庄严肃穆。
就好像上帝在那瞪着你，让你不自觉地就挺直了腰板。
那些宗教故事也是丰富多彩，什么耶稣诞生啊，最后的晚餐啊，听得人一愣一愣的。
欧洲的文学艺术那也是杠杠的！莎士比亚的戏剧，那台词写得，就跟咱平时说话似的，特别有味道。
还有那些大画家，画出来的画简直像真的一样。
看着他们的作品，就感觉自己好像穿越到了画里的世界。
莫扎特的音乐就更不用说了，那旋律一响起来，整个人都陶醉了，感觉自己都要跟着节奏飘起来啦！再说说那欧洲的建筑，什么哥特式啊，巴洛克式啊，名字听起来就很高端大气上档次。
那些尖顶的教堂，华丽的宫殿，走在里面就跟走在童话故事里似的。
有时候都怀疑是不是有公主或者王子会突然冒出来。
不过呢，欧洲文化也不是没有奇怪的地方。
比如他们以前那贵族的礼仪，繁琐得要命，吃个饭都得比划半天，一顿饭吃完估计都饿过劲了。
还有那骑士精神，说是要忠诚勇敢啥的，感觉就是一群爱打架的人给自己找的借口。
总之呢，欧洲文化入门就是一个大坑，跳进去就出不来啦！这里面的好玩事情太多了，说也说不完。
咱要是有机会啊，可得好好去欧洲溜达溜达，亲身感受一下这些文化的魅力。
说不定还能在哪个角落里发现一些不为人知的小秘密呢！这样的欧洲文化，还真值得咱好好去探索一番呐！各位，是不是也迫不及待想去了解一。
欧洲文化入门复习
1、There are many elements constituting(组成) of European Culture.2、There are two major elements：Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount，Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)‗s epics was created by Homer.5、The events of Homer‗s epics was his own time. (False)(They are not about events of Homer‗s own time，probably in the period1200-1100 B.C.)6、The Homer‗s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon，Hector，Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe‗s Ulysses(描述一天的生活)。
In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》②Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→ Freud‗s ―the Oedipus complex‖ (恋母情结) —→ David Herbert Lawrence‘s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③EuripidesA.《Trojan Women》B.He is the first writer of ―problem plays‖(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物C.Elizabeth Browning called him ―Euripides human‖(一个纯粹的人)D.Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers)华兹华兹(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)13、History (Historical writing)史学创作※―Father of History‖ —→ Herodotus —→ war(between Greeks an d Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 伯罗奔尼撒，3只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。
欧洲文化入门
欧洲文化入门翻译1.Do not worship any other god than the one true god.All other gods are false god.耶和华是唯一的神，除了耶和华之外没有其他的神。
2.Do not make idols or images in the form of god.An idol can be anything (oranyone)you worship by giving it more importantance than god.If something (or someone) has your time,attention and affections,it’s has your worship.It could be an idol in your life.不可拜偶像。
3.Do not treat God’s name lightly or with disrespect.Because of God’simportance ,his name is always to be spoken of with honour..不可妄称耶和华的名。
4.Dedicate or set aside a regular day each week for Sabbath rest and worship rof theLord.要纪念安息日守为圣日。
5.Give honour to your father and mother bt treating them with respect andobedience.要孝敬父母。
6.Do not deliberately kill a fellow human being.不可杀人。
7.Do not have sexual realations with anyone other than you spouse.God forbids sexourside of the bounds of marriage.不可奸淫。
欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结
欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结1.希腊罗马Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet三大悲剧家：Aeschylus Tragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist喜剧家：Aristophanes Comedy writer历史学家：Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that have ever lived哲学和科学：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist，one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory Socrates Dissect of oneself，virtue was high worth of life，dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideasAristotle Direct observation，theory follow fact，idea and matter together made concrete individual realities Euclid a textbook of geometry Archimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand a nd I…ll move the World”Others Diogenes （the Cynics）Pyrrhon（the Sceptics）Epicurus （the Epicureans）Zeno（the Stoics）4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander，king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146 B.C.被罗马攻克2.基督教和圣经Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai 山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine，known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，6th century B.C.，他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。
欧洲文化入门总结
欧洲文化入门总结Introduction1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense（无限的）amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.5、They events of Homer’s own time. (错)（They are not about events of Homer’s own time, probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.）6、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon, Hector, Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe’s Ulysses(描述一天的生活). In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》②Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结) —→ David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③EuripidesA．《Trojan Women》B．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物C．Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D．Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说), Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派（The lakers）华兹华兹Swift says of him “As for comic Aristophanes, The dog too witty and too profane is.”(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法) 13、History (Historical writing)史学创作※“Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒，3只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。
自考英语《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记(全十章)
3、Olympus mount， Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)
4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)‘s epics was created by Homer.
5、They events of Homer‘s own time. (错)
(They are not about events of Homer‘s own time， probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.)
28、The land area of Roman empire reached its climax in 2 to 3 century.
29、north： Scotland east： Armenia and Mesopotamia
30、In the Roman history ，there came two hundred years of peaceful time， which was guaranteed(保证) by the Roman legions(罗马军团)
只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。
※ “The greatest historian that ever lived.” (有史以来最伟大的历史学家) —→ Thucydides —→ war (Sparta， Athens and Syracuse)
14、The Greek historical writing writes mainly about wars.
38、Virgil Aeneid 阿尼德
39、The pantheon was built in 27 B.C.
The world‘s first vast interior space.世界上第一所最大的室内场所
王佐良《欧洲文化入门》课后习题详解-第1~10章【圣才出品】
王佐良《欧洲⽂化⼊门》课后习题详解-第1~10章【圣才出品】第1章希腊罗马⽂化Greek CultureQuestions for Revision:1. What are the major elements in European culture?Key: There are two main elements—the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2. What were the main features of ancient Greek society?Key: In Greek society, only adult male citizen had real power and the citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father. The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor. Slaves worked for their masters. The exploitation was a serious social problem. The Greeks loved sports. They often took part in the contests of sports in Olympus Mount, thus Olympic Games came into being.3. What did Homer do? Why is he important in the history of European literature? Key: He depicted the great Greek men who lived in the period 1200-1100B.C. and wars happening at that time. As an author of epics, he employed fine literary language to describe wars and men, even though they were dull. He stood in the peak of Greek literature and exerted a great influence on his followers.4. Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays did each of them write?Key: Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were three outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece.Aeschylus: Prometheus Bound, Persians, Agamemnon.Sophocles: Oedipus the King, Electra, Antigone.Euripides: Andromache, Medea, Trojan Women.5. Were there historians then? Who were they? What did each of them write about? Key: Yes, there are. They were Herodotus and Thucydides. Herodotus wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. Thucydides wrote about the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse.6. Would you say that philosophy was highly developed then? Who were the major philosophers?Key: No, I wouldn’t. Because those philosophical ideas were only idealism or simple materialism or metaphysics. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were the major philosophers at that time.7. Did Socrates write any book? How then do we know about him? What distinguished his philosophy?Key: No, he didn’t. We know Socrates chiefly through what Plato recorded of himin the famous Dialogues written by Plato. He considered that philosophy rested with the dissect of oneself and virtue was high worth of life. His method of argument, by questions and answers, was known as the dialectical method.8. Tell some of Plato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist?Key: (1) Men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth, and goodness.(2) We should not look at the things which are not seen: for the things which are not seen eternal. Because he emphasized the importance of “ideas” and believed that “thought” had created the world, people call him an idealist.9. In what important ways was Aristotle different from Plato? What are some of Aristotle’s works that are still influential today? Key: (1) Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.(2) He thought that “idea” and matter together made concrete individual realities in which he differed from Plato who held that ideas had higher reality than the political world. His significant works includes: Ethics, Politics and Rhetoric.10. Who were some of the other philosophers active in that period? Does the word“Epicurean” in its modern sense convey the true meaning of the philosophy of the ancient Epicureans? What were their views on pleasure?Key: (1) They were Heracleitue, Democritus, Diogenes, Pyrrhon, Epicurus and Zeno.(2) No, it doesn’t. The ancient Epicureans believed pleasure to be the highest worth of life, but by pleasure they meant, not sensual enjoyment but that attained by the practice of virtue. But this idea was misled by modern people, in their sense, the word “Epicurean” has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living.11. Say something about Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture. What was themost famous Greek temple? Is it still there?Key: (1) Along with the formation of Greek civilization, Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture got many great achievements. Greeks put into works of art the things they admired and worshiped, the scientific rules they discovered. Greek art evolved from the archaic period to the classical period which marked its maturity.(2) The most famous temple was the Acropolis at Athens.(3) Yes, it is still there.12. Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature.Key: (1) A Freudian term “Oedipus Complex” of 19th century originating from a Greek tragedy in which king Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his mother.(2) In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which havethemselves become classics: Byron’s Isle of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.(3) In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Roman Culture1. What did the Romans have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chief difference between them?Key:(1) The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified—Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on—and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.(2) There was one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire. The Greeks didn’t, excepted for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.2. Explain Pax Romana.Key: In the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent in theNorth and East. The emperors mainly relied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is known as Pax Romana.3. What contribution did the Romans make to the rule of law?Key: In Roman’s earliest stage, only a number of patricians knew the customary legal procedure when the rules were put into writing in the middle of the third century B.C. It marked a victory for the plebeians. There was further development of law under the emperors until it was codified, eventually to become the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western countries.4. Who were the important prose writers in ancient Rome? What does “Ciceronian” mean? Did Cicero write that kind of rhetorical prose all the time? Key: (1) Marcus Tullius Cicero and Julius Caesar were two important prose writers.(2) Ciceronian means Cicero’s eloquent oratorical manner of writing, which has had an enormous influence on the development of European prose.(3) No, he didn’t. Because Cicero appears as a different man with a different style, far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate.5. Give an example of the terse style of Julius Caesar’s prose.Key: An example: I came, I saw, I conquered (models of succinct Latin).。
欧洲文化入门笔记【中文】
第一章希腊罗马文化希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源，所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节。
我们先看希腊的发展。
希腊文明分为几个时期，她形成于公元前800－500年，经历了古典时代（也就是公元前500到公元前336年）和希腊化时代（也就是公元前336年到公元前31年）。
希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。
公元前146年，希腊被罗马攻克。
希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。
这段历史的重要大事有：1、公元前12世纪，随着特洛伊人的入侵，希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。
荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争（《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》）。
这里要注意的是，荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。
荷马生活在公元前700年。
2、公元前6世纪，希腊世界开始有了全面改变，为后来的古典时代打开了通途。
其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。
雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会，公元前594年，梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官，他的贡献在于，在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。
雅典之所以在当时拥有卓越的地位，是因为它在打败庞大的波斯帝国这场重大战争中起了最主要的作用。
历史之父希罗多德在他的历史书中进行了详尽的描述。
3、由于雅典的不断扩张引起了斯巴达的恐慌，因而在公元前431年爆发了伯罗奔尼撒战争。
战争最终以雅典的失败而告终。
修昔底得这位历史上最伟大的历史学家在其作品中，详尽描写了这一战争。
4、伯罗奔尼撒战争后，斯巴达专横跋扈，底比斯和雅典为求相互保护而结成新的联盟。
公元前371年，马其顿国王腓力二世打败了底比斯和雅典联军，他的闻名世界的儿子亚历山大大帝统治了希腊。
至此，古典时代结束，希腊化时代即将开始。
古典时代的希腊造就了一批哲学家和剧作家。
哲学家主要以苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德为代表。
苏格拉底提出自由辩论的重要性。
柏拉图的目标是要实现一个既能维持贵族特权，又可为贫苦阶级接受的社会，并构件了唯心主义的根基。
亚力士多德寻求自然界和人类社会各个方面的秩序。
欧洲文化入门考试内容归纳中文版
《欧洲文化入门》本作者绪论《欧洲文化入门》由于其内容庞杂，琐碎，因而是一门学习起来比较困难的课程。
其实大家大可不必担心，只要我们潜下心去，找出里面的规律和线索，这门课并不难攻克。
我们要牢记文化的五分法：一、社会历史(包括政治、经济、宗教、历史) 二、哲学三、文学四、科学五、艺术(包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和音乐)，以记忆每个时代的各要点为主，理解纵向的变迁为辅，后者主要的作用时帮助我们更好的记住前者。
《欧洲文化入门》的考试大致包括以下几种题型：四选一，填空，判断，简答题，名词解释，论述题。
选择题：这种题型可考查考生的记忆、理解、判断、推理分析，综合比较，鉴别评价等多种能力，评分客观，故常被应用。
在答题时，如果能瞬时准确地把正确答案找出来最好，假如没有把握，就应采用排除法，即应从排除最明显的错误开始，把接近正确答案的备选项留下，再分析比较强以逐一否定最终选定正确答案。
填空题：这种题型常用于考核考生准确记忆的“再现”能力，在答题时，无论有几个空，回答都应明确、肯定，不能含糊其辞，填空题看似容易实则难，最好的应对办法是对英语语言知识中最基本的知识、概念、原理等要牢记。
名词解释：这种题型一般针对英语专业自考本科段课程中的基本概念、专业名词进行命题，主要考核考生的识记、理解能力。
在答题时，答案要简明、概括、准确，如分值较大，可简要扩展。
简答题：这种题型一般围绕基本概论、原理及其联系进行命题，着重考核考生对概念、史实、原理的掌握、辨别和理解能力。
在答题时，既不能像名词解释那样简单，也不能像论述题那样长篇大论，答案要有层次性，列出要点，并加以简要扩展就可以。
论述题：这种题型一般从试卷编制的全局出发，能从体现考试大纲中的重点内容和基本问题的角度来命题，着重考核考生分析、解决实际问题的能力，考核考生综合应用能力和创见性。
在答题时，要仔细审题，列出答案要点，然后对要点逐一展开叙述，此时考生应发挥自己的真知灼见，要在深度，广度上下功。
欧洲文化知识要点全
欧洲文化知识要点第一——四章戏剧三个悲剧作家AeschylusHis works“Prometheus Bound”“Persians”“Agamemnon”SophoclesHis works“Oedipus the King”“Electra”“Antigone”EuripidesHis works“Andromache”“Medea”“Trojan Women”Aristotle said of Euripides ―If a bad manager in all other points, Euripides is at least the most tragic of the poets‖.喜剧作家AristophanesHis works“Frogs”“Clouds”“Wasps”“Birds”Swift said of Aristophanes: As for comic Aristophanes, The dog too witty and too profane is.历史HerodotusHe is often called ―Father of History‖, wrote about the wars between Greeks and PersiansThucydidesHe is more accurate as an historianHe told about the war between―Athens and Sparta‖―Athens and Syracuse‖Macaulay, himself an eminent historian, called Thucydides―the greatest historian that ever lived哲学和科学PythagorasHe was the founder of Scientific mathematicsTo him and his school we owe the abstract conceptions underlying mathematics--- point, line, magnitude, surface, body ----and the first theory of proportion.HeracleitusHe believed“fire”to be the primary element of the universe.He said ―all is flux, nothing is stationary‖―you can’t step twice into the same river‖DemocritusHe speculated about the atomic structure of matter,选段for all men good and truth are the same ,but pleasure is different for different me n…………哲学家Socrates:we know him chiefly through what Plato recorded of him in his famous ―Dialogues‖PlatoHis major works“The Apology”,“Symposium”《会饮篇》“ T he Republic”He built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. It dealt with, among otherthings, the problem of how, in the complex, ever—changing world, men were to attain knowledge.He said: ―We look not at the things which are seen but at the things which are bit seen: for the things which are seen are temporal ―but the things which are not seen are eternal‖.His philosophy is called―Idealism‖.Shelly said: ―Plato was essentially a poet----the truth and splendor of his imagery, and the melody of his language, are the most intense that it is possible to conceive.AristotleHis major works “Ethics”“Politics”“Poetic”“Rhetoric”Dante called Aristotle the master of those who know.The difference between Plato and Aristotle (见课后题)百家争鸣①Sophists —Protagoras: ―man is the measure of all things‖②Cynics —Diogenes“◆decided to live like a dog, ◆rejected all conventions , ◆advocated self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity in life, ◆proclaimed hisbrotherhood.③Sceptics —Pyrrhon④Epicureans — Epicurus : ―◆believed pleasure to be the highest good in life ,but bypleasure he meant ,not sensual enjoyment ,but freedom from pain and emotionalupheaval .⑤Stoics—Zeno : ―the most important thing in life is not pleasure but duty‖科学EuclidWell-known for his ―Elements‖ArchimedesHe discovered that when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displacedHe invented machines which greatly helped his native city Syracuse against the Romans.He said: ― give me a place to stand , and I will move the world‖建筑ParthenonAcropolis an Athens建筑风格Ⅰ.the Doric: masculine style ,sturdy ,powerful, severe-looking ,show a good sense of proportions and numbers , monotonous ,and unadorned.ⅱ.Ionic : feminine style ,graceful and elegant ,show a wealth of ornament.ⅲ.Corinthian : ornamented and luxury .雕刻1.Discus Thrower2. Venus de Milo3. Laocoon group陶器1.Black-figure paintings2.Red-figure paintings罗马文化罗马和希腊The burning of Corinth in 146B.C. marked Roman conquest of Greece.拉丁文学Marcus Tullius Cicero:⑴noted for his oratory and fine writing styl e⑵his legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction⑶his eloquent, oratorical manner of writing described as ―Cieronian”(4)the good of the people is the chief law(5)The thing which is the most outstanding and the most desirable to all healthy andgood and well-off persons, is peaceful life with honor.(6)Never less idle than when wholly idle, nor less alone than when wholly aloneJulius Caesar(1)became dictator in Rome for a few years(2)his work“Commentaries”(3)models of succinct Latin(4)I came , I saw , I conquered.(5)The die is cast.(6)Man willingly believe what they wish.押韵的散文诗歌LucretiusHis work“On the Nature of Things”Nothing can be created out of nothingMatter is eternalVirgilThe greatest of Latin poetsHis work ― Aeneid”He was also the Dante’s book建筑(1)The Pantheon(2)Pont du Gard(3)The Colosseum雕刻（1）Constantine the Great（2）Spoils from the Temple in Jerusalem（3）She-wolf第二章总述Christianity is by far the most influential in the west, it originated in Palestine.Some 3800years ago the ancestors of the Jews-the Hebrews ---wandered through the deserts of the Middle East .Hebrews, which means “wanders‖旧约The Bible is a collection of religious writings composing two parts :the Old testament (about God and the Laws of God)and the new testament (the doctrine of Jesus Christ) .The word ―Testament‖means―agreement”—namely, the agreement between God and Man1.The Pentateuch∕ Torah（摩西五经）Genesis : a religious account of the origin of the Hebrew people, including the origin of the world and the man ,the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph(the fall of the Man ,Noah’s Ark).Exodus: a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt ,the period when they began to receive God’s Law.Leviticus : a collection of primitive laws.Numbers: a continuation of the account of the flight from Egypt with two censuses about the Exodus.Deuteronomy: the final words of Moses to his people , restating his orders and fifty years experiences ad a leader.摩西十诫（见课后题）The Historical Books(史书)Book of JoshuaBooks of JudgesBooks of SamuelBooks of KingsBooks of the ChroniclesBook of EzraBook of NehemiahThese works were written sometimes between 800B.C. and 500B.C.,dealing with history of the Hebrew form their entry into Palestine around 1200B.C..The Poetical Booksa.Book of Jobb.Book of Psalmsc.Proverbd.Ecclesiastese.Song of Solomon选段：I am the rose of Sharon,And the lily of the Valleys.As the lily among thorns,So is my love among the daughters.The ProphetsAmos: he was the spokesman of labor class基督教的兴起Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate if from all other religion a: Jesus Christ is the Son of God. b: God gave his only begotten sonAt the heart of Christianity is the life of Jesus基督教的蔓延The chief persecutions were under Nero, Diocletian.By 305Diocletian gave up his effort to destroy the young religion.Soon a war between rivals for the throne followed and was won by Constantine. He, who believed that God had helped him in winning the battle issued the Edict of Milan in 313 and made the Christianity legal.In 1932A.D., Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religionsAfter 5-th, Nestorianism reached China新约The four accounts were believed to have been written by Matthew, Mark Luke and John, four of Jesus’ early followersThe last Supper and the Crucifixion is from St. John .圣经的十个版本1．Septuagint( the oldest extant)Greek2．Vulgate version(the most ancient extant by Jerome)Latin3．First English version(translated by Wycliff)4．William Tyndale’s version5．The Great Bible by HenryⅧ6．Authorized／King James version(the most important and influential of English Bible)7．American edition of Revised version8．New King James Bible9．Good News Bible10. The New English Bible第三章总述Age of faith(辅导书)庄园和教堂Feudalism(见辅导书)V assals: in 732 Charles Martel , a ruler gave his soldiers estates known ad fiefs as a reward for their service, they granted the right to govern large sections of landad fiefs to great lords ,these lords knows ad vassals.Knighthood and Code of Chivalry(见辅导书)教会组织The word ―catholic‖ meant―universal‖教父和修道院的生活St. JeromeA notable champion of early monasticismHe translate the Bible into Latin from the Hebrew and Greek originalsHis translation work, the Vulgate , became the official Latin Bible used by the Roman Catholic Church of this dayAugustine of HippoHe lived in North Africa in 5-th century.His works “the Confessions” and ―the City of God.St. BenedictHe founded Benedictine Rule about 529A.D.He gave up all his possessions before entering the monarchy.He wore simple clothes and ate only certain simple foodsHe could not marry and had to obey without question the orders the abbot (男修道院院长)He had to attend service seven times during the day and once at midnight.天主教的权力和影响1.Under feudalism, people of western Europe were mainly divided into three classes:clergy, lords and peasants.2.In the late Middle Ages only Catholics were considered members of society.3.most of Kings and nobles could not read and write, they used clergy to carry outimportant government duties.4.For centuries, the clergyman were the only teachers, as they were the best educatedmen in their day.5.People had to pay heavy taxes to their parish churches, art of which passed on to thePope in Rome.6.Nobles and kings often gave lands, crops or cattle to support the church.7.many high church officials were themselves big landowners and influential nobles8.The Church even set up a church court--- the inquisition to stamp out so calledheresy.学术与科学Charlemagne and Carolingian RenaissanceCharlemagneHe temporarily restored order in western and central Europemost important figure of the early medieval period.He encouraged interest in the Christian religion and ancient learning.功绩1.setting up monastery schools2.giving support to scholars3.setting scribes to work copying various ancient booksAlfred the GreatRuler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, contributed greatly to the Medieval European culture..Founding new monasteriesPromoting translations into the vernacular from the Latin worksInspires the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.St. ThomasAn Italian philosopher and theologianHis work ―Summa Contra Gentiles‖Roger BaconA monk, one of the earliest advocates of scientific research ,Called for observation and experimentationMain work“Opus maius” and “encyclopedia of the science of his time”Beolwulf is an Anglo-Saxon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from the collective efforts of oral literature.Song of Roland is the most well-known of a group of French epics known as La Chanson de GestsDante Alighieri and the Divine ComedyDanteThe greatest poet of Italy and Also a prose Writer, literary theorist, moral philosopher as well as political thinkersHis masterpiece “Divine Comedy‖Express humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of RenaissanceWrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin which influenced decisively the evolution of European literature away from its origins in Latin culture to a new varied expression.第四章文艺复兴和改革新文学Giovanni Boccacciohis work“ Decameron”《十日谈》Petrarchbest known for “Canzoniers”《歌集》早期复兴的艺术家GiottoHe was the forerunner of the Renaissance.His figure were massive rather than graceful and elegantHis works“Flight to Egypt”“Betrayal of Judas”DonatelloHe was a sculptorHis works“David”“T he Gattamelata Equestrian Statue”《格泰梅拉达骑马塑像》顶峰时期的艺术家da VinciHe was a man of many talents, a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word.His works“Last Supper”“Mona Lisa”选段：A good painter has two chief objects – to paint man and the intension of his soul.The former is easy, the latter hard….MichelangeloHe was the towering figure of the Renaissance.His works“David”“Sistine Chapel”“Dying Slave”“Moses”RaphaelHis work“Madonna”“School of Athens”TitianHe was the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of the western worldThe father of the modern mode of paintingHis works“The V enus of Urbino”“Sacred and Profane love”“Madonna of the Pesaro Family”“Man with the Glove”法国的文艺复兴RabelaisGargantua and PantagruelSonnets pour HeleneMontaigneHis works “Essays”“of Repentance”His famous words ―what do I know?‖西班牙的文艺复兴CervantesHe was a novelist, a dramatist, and a poet.His work “Don Quixote”艺术El Greco(格列柯)One of the outstanding artists of the Counter-ReformationHis major work“ the Burial of Count Orgaz”《奥尔加斯伯爵下葬》北方文艺复兴ErasmusHe was a great Dutch scholar and humanistHis work“The Praise of Folly”佛兰德的文艺复兴Bruegel(勃鲁盖尔)He was a Flemish painterHis works “The Land of Cockayne”《理想之逸乐乡》“Return of the Hunters”德国的文艺复兴DurerHe was the leader of the Renaissance in GermanyHis work“ Knight, Death and the Devil”《骑士，死神与魔鬼》第五章The seventeenth century总述1:These scientists abandoned the traditional reliance on authority and the accepted method of“deductive reasoning”《演绎论》2:New scientific method was developed3:Nearly all the scientific achievement that modern world were made in 17-th4:There is new understanding to the man and universe and material5:The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class ,the bourgeoisie, and other class, this set the foundation for democracy.科学Copernicus (哥白尼)The forerunner of the modern scienceChief work“The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs《天体运行论》Kepler(凯普勒)Kepler’s Laws1:Each planet moves in an ellipse ,not a perfect circle, with the sun at one focus.2:Each planet moves more rapidly when near the sun than farther from it3:The distance of each planet from the sun bears a definite relation the time period the planet took to complete revolution around the sun.Galilei （伽利略）He was the first man to use telescope to universeHe invented the first astronomical discoveryHe finally proved the Copernicus’ theory with the telescopeHe discovered Law of inertia(惯性定律)He discovered the law of falling bodiesHis main works “The starry Messenger”(天空信使) and “Sidereus Nuncius”Newton (牛顿)He invented calculusHe discovered that white light is composed of all the colors of the spectrumHis discovery of the law of the universal gravitationHis work “Mathematical Principal of Natural Philosophy”(自然哲学的数学原理) Leibniz (莱布尼兹)He was a German philosopher , scientist ,mathematician ,historian and diplomat.He opposed the Cartesian account of matterHis major works“New Essays Concerning Human Understanding”, (论人类意识新说)“New Physical Hypothesis”（物理学新假说）“Discourse on Metaphysics”（形而上学论）“New System of Nature （新自然体系）New Essays Concerning Human Understanding”（人类理解新论）哲学，政治学，文学（英国）Francis Bacon (略)Thomas Hobbes(托马斯·霍布斯)Works : Leviathan(利维坦)He argued that our knowledge comes from experienceHe believed that only material things are perceptible, and knowledge to us .He believed that man is selfish by natureHe held that man are by nature equal in bodily an mental capacitiesJohn Locke(约翰洛克)He was a English empiricistHis works“Essay Concerning Human Understanding”“Treatises of Civil Government”选段―A ll men are naturally free and equal in the state of nature .‖ Men living together according to reason without a common…….法国古典主义Descartes(笛卡尔)His major works “Discourse on Method an Meditation”《方法论》“Rules for the direction of the Mind”《指导理智的规则》“Meditations Concerning First Philosophy and Objects and Replies”《沉思录》He said ―I doubt, therefore I think ; I think, therefore I am‖Corneille(高乃依)He was the first great French neoclassical dramatistHis masterpiece“Le Cied”《熙德》Racine(拉辛)He was the greatest tragic dramatist of the French neoclassical theatreHis representative tragedies “Andromaque”《安德落玛刻》“Phaedraè”《菲德尔》Molière(莫里哀)He was the best representative dramatist of French classical comediesMajor works“Le Misanthrope”《愤世嫉俗》“L’Avare”《吝啬鬼》“Tartuffe”《伪君子》艺术Baroque Art(解释见课后题)Bernini(贝尔尼尼)He was a Italian sculptor and architect, and the prominent figure of Italian Baroque.Major works “David”“The Ecstasy of St. Theresa”《特雷萨的狂喜》Caravaggio (卡拉瓦乔)Major works “The Calling of St. Matthew”《呼唤圣马泰蒙》“The Cardsharps”《以诈术读纸牌为生者》Rubens (鲁本斯)Major works “The Raising of the Cross”《十字架的竖起》荷兰新教艺术Rembrandit (伦勃朗)Major works “Blinding of Samson”《叁孙弄瞎眼》“The Polish Rider”《波兰骑士》第六章启蒙时代Enlightenment (定义见课后题)法国的哲学和文学MontesquieuMajor works “Persian Letters”《波斯人信札》“The Spirit of the Laws”《论法的精神》Voltaire(伏尔泰)Major works“Lettres Anglaise”《哲学书简》“Candide”《老实人》Whatever you do, crush the infamous thing and love those who love you.Love truth, but pardon error.Liberty of thought is the life of the soul.I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him.Rousseau(卢梭)Major works“The Origin of Human Inequality”《论人类不平等的起源》“The Social Contract”《民约论》“The Confessions”《忏悔录》Nature made men happy and good, but society makes him evil and miserableDiderot (狄德罗)Encyclopédie德国文学和哲学Lessing(莱辛)Major works“Minna von Barnhelm”《明娜封，巴尔赫姆》“Laocoon”《拉奥孔》“Hamburgische Dramaturgie”《汉堡剧评》Goethe (歌德)Major works“ The Sorrows of Young Werther”《少年维特的烦恼》A Chinese translation of it by Guo Moruo during the New Culture Movement of 1919 also moved many young Chinese to tears, a situation which draw from the translator these sentimental lines:青年男子那个不善钟情？青年女子那个不善怀春？“Faust”《浮士德》Schiller (席勒)Major works “The Robber”《海盗》“Cabal and Love”《阴谋与爱情》“ Wallenstein”《华伦斯坦》Kant (康德)Major works“Critique of Pure Reason”《纯粹理性批判》“ Critique of Practical Reason”《实践理性批判》―Critique of Judgment‖《判断力的批判》音乐BachHandel 韩德尔GermanyHe is good at oratorio古典时期Hayden海顿Austrian composerSonata（奏鸣曲）Mozart （莫扎特）Austrian composerConcerto(协奏曲)and opera第七章浪漫主义Romanticism (定义见课后题)德国的浪漫主义Goethe(见上面)Schiller (席勒) (见上面)Heinrich Heine(海涅)He was both romantic and classicist.His major work“Book of Songs”法国的浪漫主义Hugo (雨果)His major works“Notre Dame de Paris”《巴黎圣母院》“ Les Miserables”《悲惨世界》“Cromwell”《克伦威尔》Georg e·Sand (乔治·桑)俄国的浪漫主义Pushkin (普希金)He stood in the van of the Roman movement in RussianHis work“Eugene Onegin”《叶甫盖尼·奥尼金》音乐Beethoven（贝多芬）German composerHis most important contributions ―sonata‖His Symphony No.6 marked the beginning of 19th-century program musicSchubert (舒伯特)Austrian ComposerHe was the first figure in the history of the German ― Lied‖(浪漫曲) a combination of poetry and music.Chopin(肖邦)Polish ComposerHe was the poet of the pianoSchumann (舒曼)Tchaikovsky (柴可夫斯基)Russian ComposerSwan Lake《天鹅湖》现实主义法国的现实主义Stendhal (司汤达)His works “The Red and the Black”Balzac(巴尔扎克)His work“The Human Comedy”Flaubert(福楼拜)His work “Madame Bovary”《包法利夫人》MaupassantHis famous works“The Necklace”“The Piece of String”“The Umbrella”俄国的现实主义Gogol (果戈理)His work“Dead Soul”Turgenev(屠格涅夫)His work “A Hunter’s Sketches”《猎人的笔记》Dostoyevsky(陀思妥耶夫斯基)His work “Crime and Punishment”《罪与恶》Tolstoy(托尔斯泰)War and PeaceAnna Karenina《安娜·尼娜》Resurrection后印象主义Van Gogh (梵高)His works ―Starry Night‖―Sunflower‖―The Night Café11。
欧洲文明史课堂笔记
目录第一章欧洲文明的摇篮——希腊 (6)一、爱琴文明 (6)（一）、古希腊独特的地理环境（对文明的影响）和居民 (6)（二）、克里特文明 (6)（三）、迈锡尼文明（一度辉煌，由城邦构成，特洛伊战争后衰落。
） (6)二、荷马史诗及其时代 (7)三、独特的城市国家 (7)（一）、希腊人的城邦 (7)（二）、僭主政治 (7)（三）、大殖民运动 (7)（四）希腊城邦形成的条件（自然/内在/外在/民族） (7)（五）希腊城邦发展的历史轨迹（荷马、古风、古典、希腊化） (7)（六）希腊城邦的政治体制顺序（王政、贵族、僭主、民主） (8)四、被抑制了的文明——斯巴达 (8)（一）、传说中的来库古建制 (8)（二）、斯巴达的阶级关系和社会生活 (8)（三）、伯罗奔尼撒同盟 (9)五、希腊的代表—雅典 (9)（一）、传说中的提修斯改革和平民与贵族的矛盾 (9)（二）、梭伦改革 (9)（三）、庇西特拉图的僭主政治 (9)（四）、克利斯提尼改革（内容/影响） (9)（五）、希波战争（影响） (10)（六）、伯里克利（改革）时代的雅典民主制 (10)1、雅典民主政治的特点： (10)2、雅典民主制度的影响 (10)［如何看待古代雅典的民主政治，联系当今社会主义民主，雅典民主有何启示］ (11)（七）、古典时代雅典的社会生活 (11)六、最终的崩溃和马其顿的崛起 (11)（一）、伯罗奔尼撒战争 (11)（二）、腓力二世与马其顿的崛起 (11)（三）、亚历山大帝国和希腊化文明 (11)七、希腊文化 (12)［希腊文化高度发达的原因］ (12)（一）、希腊神话（一个民族最早的精神文明产物） (12)希腊神话的特点 (12)希腊神话的影响 (12)（二）、体现现实主义的希腊文学、艺术和史学 (13)1、文学家（诗歌：荷马；寓言：伊索） (13)戏剧（悲剧：埃斯库罗斯/索福克利斯/欧利比得斯；喜剧：阿里斯托芬） (13)修辞学和辩论术（伊索克拉底/德莫斯提尼） (14)2、艺术（绘画；建筑：柱式结构/帕特农神庙） (14)雕刻家（菲迪亚斯/米隆/波留克列特斯） (15)3、史学家（希罗多德/修昔底德/色诺芬） (15)（三）、追求理性的哲学和科学 (16)1、哲学（泰勒斯/赫拉克利特/德谟克利特/苏格拉底/柏拉图/亚里士多德） (16)2、科学（毕达哥拉斯/希波克拉底） (17)（四）、希腊化时代的文化（拉奥也群像/亚历山大灯塔/米洛的维纳斯/太阳神巨像/欧几里德/阿基米德） (17)第二章古代西方的统治者—罗马 (19)一、罗马的王政时代 (19)（一）、意大利的地理环境与古代居民（拉丁人/萨宾人/伊达拉里亚人） (19)（二）、罗马城的建立 (19)（三）、罗马的王政时代 (19)（四）、塞尔维乌斯改革 (20)二、罗马共和国 (20)（一）、罗马的共和体制（执政官，元老院，公民大会，保民官） (20)（二）、平民与贵族的斗争 (20)（三）、罗马人的征服事业 (20)罗马军事政府成功的原因： (21)三、共和向帝制的转变 (21)（一）、马略改革和苏拉独裁 (21)（二）、“前三头”政治（克拉苏/庞培/恺撒）与凯撒独裁 (21)（三）、“后三头”政治（屋大维、雷必达、安东尼） (22)四、元首政治与罗马和平 (22)（一）、屋大维建立元首制 (22)（二）、罗马和平时期帝国的政治经济 (22)五、罗马帝国的衰落和西罗马帝国的灭亡 (22)（一）、三世纪危机 (22)（二）、戴克里先和君士坦丁的复兴努力 (23)（三）、基督教合法地位的确立 (23)基督教 (23)耶稣 (23)保罗 (23)彼得 (24)君士坦丁《米兰赦令》 (24)（四）、西罗马帝国的灭亡（被日耳曼族打败）及原因 (24)六、罗马的奴隶制度（重要线索/影响） (24)七、罗马人的文化遗产 (25)（一）、对希腊文化的继承与发展 (25)1、文学（剧作家：安德罗尼库斯/普劳图斯；作家：维吉尔/贺拉西/奥维德） (25)2、史学：波利比阿、李维、凯撒 (25)3、哲学：斯多各派和新柏拉图派 (25)（二）、重视实用技术（农业/建筑—万神殿/竞技场/高架引水桥/国道） (26)（三）、罗马法的发展与完善（十二铜表法/市民法和万民法/民法大全） (26)一、早期拜占庭帝国 (28)（一）、查士丁尼“一个国家、一种宗教、一套法律“的努力 (28)（二）、外患频仍、内乱不已 (28)二、拜占庭的鼎盛与衰落 (28)（一）军区制改革 (28)（二）、拜占庭的动荡命运 (28)第四章中世纪的西欧 (28)一、中世纪的开端 (29)（一）、克洛维建立法兰克王国 (29)（二）、加洛林帝国与查理大帝 (29)（三）、三分法兰克 (29)二、西欧各国的封建政治 (30)诺曼人 (30)骑士 (30)（一）封建制度的形成与封建经济的发展 (30)（二）、法国政治与王权的扩张 (30)1、卡佩王朝（三级会议） (30)2、百年战争后（圣女贞德） (31)3、波旁王朝（佩剑贵族/穿袍贵族） (31)（三）、英国政治与王权的消长 (31)1、诺曼底王朝 (32)2、金雀花王朝 (32)3、国会 (32)4、都铎王朝（红白玫瑰战争） (32)（四）、虚妄的国度——神圣罗马帝国 (33)奥托一世 (33)三、西欧的基督教世界 (33)中世纪前期的政治格局和封建制度 (33)基督教的政治统治 (33)基督教的军事统治 (34)基督教的文化统治 (34)（一）、西欧基督教化与基督教的封建化 (34)格列高利一世 (34)格列高利七世 (34)亨利四世 (34)（二）、教皇权力的膨胀与政教之争（卡诺莎觐见/英诺森三世） (35)（三）、十字军东侵（基督教的军事统治） (35)骑士团 (35)条顿骑士团 (35)（四）中世纪后期封建制度的衰落（原因/腓力四世/卜尼法斯八世） (36)（五）、阿维农之囚与教会大分裂（教权被世俗政权操控） (36)（六）、西欧的基督教文化（《罗兰之歌》/哥特教堂/经院哲学/大学/奥古斯丁/城堡） (36)第五章近代欧洲的兴起 (38)（一）、“巨人的时代”——文艺复兴 (38)1、意大利最早出现文艺复兴的背景 (38)2、巨人辈出的伟大时代 (38)文学（文坛三杰——但丁，彼得拉克，薄伽丘） (38)艺术达芬奇（乔托/米开朗基罗/拉菲尔/达芬奇） (39)政治思想（马基雅维利） (39)天文（哥白尼/德意志/伽利略） (39)文艺复兴的衰落： (39)3、文艺复兴的意义 (40)（二）、地理大发现——冒险、开拓、进取精神的胜利 (40)1、动因 (40)2、条件 (40)3、过程 (40)4、影响 (40)（三）、宗教改革——近代宗教精神的产生 (41)1、背景（为什么欧洲有宗教改革？为什么在德国兴起？） (41)2、经过 (41)3、意义 (41)（四）、早期殖民——野蛮的扩张 (41)（五）、重商主义——疯狂的贪欲 (42)（六）圈地运动 (42)二、俄国的兴起 (42)三、欧洲封建制度的衰落 (42)第六章资产阶级统治的确立和巩固 (44)一、启蒙运动 (44)（一）、背景 (44)（二）、代表人物（孟德斯鸠/伏尔泰/卢梭） (44)二、欧洲资产阶级统治的确立和巩固 (44)（一）、尼德兰革命 (44)1、历史背景： (44)2、经过： (44)3、意义： (45)（二）、英国革命 (45)1、革命前的英国 (45)2、过程（三阶段） (45)3、意义 (45)4、资产阶级统治的巩固——君主立宪制的确立（三阶段） (46)（三）、法国大革命 (46)1、革命前的法国： (46)2、过程（三阶段） (46)3、意义： (47)4、资产阶级统治的巩固——拿破仑帝国 (47)三、德国的崛起 (47)（二）、俾斯麦与三次王朝战争（完成德国的统一，普丹/普奥/普法） (48)（三）、德意志帝国的扩张 (48)第七章近代欧洲国际关系 (49)一、威斯特伐利亚体系 (49)二、维也纳体系 (49)三、“东方问题” (49)四、法德矛盾 (49)五、同盟国的形成（1882，德、奥匈、意三国） (49)法德危机和近东危机：德俄恶化，重新改变了欧洲政局。
《欧洲文化入门》外国百科知识梳理
欧洲文化入门第一章特洛伊战争：特洛伊战争是以争夺世上海伦（Helen）为起因，以阿伽门农（Agamemnon）及阿喀琉斯（Achilles）为首的希腊军进攻以帕里斯及赫克托尔为首的的十年攻城战。
然而根据《世界通史》的论述，特洛伊地处交通要道，商业发达，经济繁荣，人民生活富裕。
亚细亚各君主结成联军，推举阿伽门农为统帅。
他们对地中海沿岸最富有的地区早就垂涎三尺，一心想占为己有，于是以海伦为借口发动战争，这才是特洛伊战争的真正目的。
民主制城邦：指全民行使权利的城邦，但全民仅指成年男性公民，而且公民权也是从父辈那里世袭而来。
荷马：古希腊盲诗人。
相传记述了公元前12～前11世纪特洛伊战争，以及关于海上冒险故事的古希腊长篇叙事代表作——史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》，即是他根据民间流传的短歌综合编写而成。
他生活的年代，当在公元前10～9、8世纪之间。
他的杰作《荷马史诗》，在很长时间里影响了西方的宗教、文化和伦理观。
伊利亚特：相传是由盲诗人荷马所作。
是重要的古希腊文学作品，也是整个西方的经典之一。
《伊利亚特》全诗共15,693行，分为24卷，主要内容是讲述了在阿伽门农的率领下，古希腊南部各城邦联合征战特洛伊的故事。
它通过对特洛伊战争的描写，歌颂英勇善战、维护集体利益、为集体建立功勋的英雄。
奥德赛：又译《奥德修纪》，是古希腊最重要的两部史诗之一《奥德赛》延续了《伊利亚特》的故事情节，相传为盲诗人荷马所作。
这部史诗是西方文学的奠基之作，是除《吉尔伽美什史诗》和《伊利亚特》外现存最古老的西方文学作品。
讲述了奥德修斯在特洛伊战争结束后返回家乡绮色佳岛的故事，书中讲述了奥德修斯在漫长的海上航行中的种种冒险经历，以及最终如何与忠实的妻子泊涅罗泊重新团聚的故事。
荷马史诗：《荷马史诗》相传是由古希腊盲诗人荷马创作的两部长篇史诗——《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》的统称，是他根据民间流传的短歌综合编写而成。
《荷马史诗》以扬抑格六音部写成，集古希腊口述文学之大成，是古希腊最伟大的作品，也是西方文学中最伟大的作品。
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements：Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.5、They events of Homer’s own time. (错)(They are not about events of Homer’s own time, probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.)6、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon,Hector, Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe’s Ulysses(描述一天的生活) In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师① Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》② Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结)—→ David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③ EuripidesA.《Trojan Women》B.He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物C.Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D.Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说)，Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers)华兹华兹(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)13、History (Historical writing)史学创作※“Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒，3只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。
欧洲文化入门全译文辅导与核心考点精华pdf
欧洲文化入门全译文辅导与核心考点精华
如果你想了解欧洲文化，本文将为你提供全面的辅导和精华考点
内容。
首先，我们来认识一下欧洲文化的概述。
欧洲是一个千姿百态的
大陆，有丰富多彩的文化传统和独特的历史背景。
在欧洲文化中，古
希腊和罗马文化是最为重要的两个方面，这两种文化传统影响了整个
欧洲文化的发展。
此外，基督教和伊斯兰教的传播也对欧洲文化造成
了深远的影响，这些影响经过了数百年的融合和演变，逐渐形成了现
代欧洲文化的特点。
接下来，我们来了解一些欧洲文化的核心考点。
首先，语言是欧
洲文化中非常重要的一部分，欧洲地区有很多使用不同语言的国家，
而这些语言之间的联系非常紧密，其中有一些语言甚至是共通的。
其次，欧洲文学也是欧洲文化的重要组成部分，欧洲有许多知名的文学
作品和文学家，他们的作品在欧洲甚至全世界都有广泛的影响。
此外，欧洲文化中还包括了音乐、艺术、建筑、哲学等多个方面，这些方面
都有着欧洲独特的风格和传统。
最后，我们来了解一些欧洲文化入门全译文辅导的内容，这些内
容都是非常重要的考点。
首先，欧洲地理和历史背景是必须掌握的知识，这些知识可以帮助我们更好地理解欧洲文化的发展和演变。
其次，欧洲语言的学习也是非常重要的，这些语言包括英语、法语、德语、
意大利语等多种语言，学会其中一种语言可以帮助我们更好地理解欧
洲文化和进行交流。
此外，文学方面的知识也是必须掌握的，了解欧洲文学的名著和名家是非常重要的。
总的来说，欧洲文化入门全译文辅导是非常重要的，希望本文可以为你提供全面的指导和参考，帮助你更好地了解和掌握欧洲文化的精髓。
欧洲文化笔记文档
1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements： Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian el ement.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Chri stian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount， Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)…s epics was created by Homer.5、The events of Homer…s own time. (错)(They are not about events of Homer…s own time， probably in the period 120 0-1100 B.C.)6、The Homer…s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon， Hector， Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe…s Ulysses(描述一天的生活)。
In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师① Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品 Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》② Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→Freud…s“the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结) —→ David Herbert Lawrence‟s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③ EuripidesA.《Trojan Women》B. He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物C. Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripid es human” (一个纯粹的人)D. Realism can be traced back (追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说)， Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers )华兹华兹13、History (Historical writing)史学创作新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)※“Father of History”—→ Herodotus —→ war(between Greeks and Pers ians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒，3只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。