全新版大学英语4综合(第一课)语法
全新版大学英语综合教程4unit1教案
教学目标：1. 通过本节课的学习，学生能够掌握Unit 1的相关词汇和短语；2. 学生能够运用所学知识进行听、说、读、写等语言技能的训练；3. 培养学生的跨文化交际能力，了解西方国家的文化背景。
教学重点：1. 单元词汇和短语；2. 阅读理解能力；3. 写作技巧。
教学难点：1. 单元词汇和短语的运用；2. 阅读理解的技巧；3. 写作时如何运用所学知识。
教学过程：一、导入1. 利用图片或视频，展示西方国家的文化背景，激发学生的学习兴趣；2. 提问：你们对西方国家的文化了解多少？有哪些方面是我们需要学习的？二、新课导入1. 介绍本节课的学习内容，让学生明确学习目标；2. 引导学生阅读课文，找出本节课的重点词汇和短语。
三、词汇学习1. 学生跟读课文，跟读过程中注意发音和语调；2. 教师讲解重点词汇和短语，并进行例句演示；3. 学生分组练习，运用所学词汇和短语进行对话。
四、阅读理解1. 学生阅读课文，找出文章的主旨大意；2. 教师提问，检查学生的阅读效果；3. 学生分组讨论，分析文章的细节，分享自己的观点。
五、写作训练1. 教师讲解写作技巧，如如何开头、如何结尾、如何组织文章结构等；2. 学生根据所学知识，运用写作技巧进行写作练习；3. 教师批改学生作文，指出不足，并给予指导。
六、课堂小结1. 回顾本节课的学习内容，强调重点词汇和短语；2. 鼓励学生在课后继续复习，巩固所学知识。
七、作业布置1. 复习本节课所学词汇和短语；2. 阅读课文，完成课后练习；3. 准备下一节课的学习内容。
教学反思：本节课通过多种教学手段，如图片、视频、分组讨论等，激发了学生的学习兴趣，提高了他们的学习积极性。
在词汇学习、阅读理解和写作训练等方面，学生取得了较好的效果。
但在实际教学中，还需注意以下几点：1. 加强对学生的个别辅导，关注学生的个体差异；2. 在教学中注重培养学生的跨文化交际能力；3. 提高教学效果，关注学生的实际需求。
全新版大学英语综合教程第四册Unit1语言点
全新版⼤学英语综合教程第四册Unit1语⾔点Language Points of Book 4 Unit 1 Text A1. In the case of: as far as…is concernedThe rise in interest rate will be disastrous in the case of small firms.In the case of a highly intelligent animal like the seal, elementary training is easyIn the case of a physical change, no new substance is formed.2. Raw: cold and wet; not cooked, refined, processed, organized or analyzedThis cutting board is only used to cut raw meat.Industrial plants processed the raw material into finished products for export and for domestic consumption.The events took place on a raw February morning.What do u prefer for the steak? Raw? Medium? Well Done?3. Launch: start; send on its courseBeginning in the early 1960s, humans launched probes to explore other planets.He launched into a long speech about the danger of taking drugs.Launch a campaign/ satellite/ movementlaunch a ship/ an artificial satellite/ launch one's son into the world/ a new enterpriseDuring the past20years,Procter&Gamble,the world's most magnificent marketing machine,has launched many magnificent brands including Oil of Olay and Pantene.launch an attacklaunch a massive campaignlaunch a company4. conquer: take control of …by forceThe year 1939 had witnessed the conquest of Poland by Germany.The pianist made a conquest of every audience for which she played.5. retreat: move back or withdraw when faced with danger or difficultyAfter a fierce battle, the troops retreated southward.We adopted the following strategies: when the enemy advances, we retreat; when they retreat, we pursue.6. Be/get bogged down: be unable to make progressThe local government got bogged down in problems of how to handle the emission of hazardous chemicals by industrial facilities.7. crucial: very important (followed by to)Amazingly, our soccer team won the victory in the crucial final game.Improved consumer confidence is crucial to economic recovery.Syn. Vital ,essential, critical, decisive8. press on/ ahead continue doing sth. in a determined wayOur school authorities are keen to press on with educational reform.Organizers of the strike are determined to press on.Cf. drag on9. Bide one’s time wait patiently for a chanceHis political rivals are biding their time for an attack on his policies.Our neighbor seems to be doing nothing, but in fact he's just biding his time.Drag on move slowly and with effort; continue endlessly and tediously10. At the cost of with the loss ofBerman saved Johnson at the cost of his own life.The local government developed its economy but at the cost of environment.He worked hard at the cost of his health.11. Caught off guard: taken completely by surpriseThe bodyguard was caught off guard when a crazy female fan pushed her way amid the crowd of reporters toward Beckham asking for a signature from him.The invitation to his wedding caught me off guard.The manager didn’t know what to say, it was clear that my question had caught him off guard.12. Invasion an entering or being entered by an attacking military forceOn Hitler’s orders, the invasion of Poland began on September 1,1939.invade sb.'s rightsa body invaded by diseasea mind invaded by worry and anxietyThe town was invaded by a crowd of tourists..13. Render: cause (sb.\sth) to be in a specified conditionThe drug will render the tiger harmless for up to two hours.The news rendered her speechless.He was rendered unconscious by a blow on the back of the neck.Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by the earthquake..14. Offensive: aggressive action, attackThe Red Army brought its winter offensive to a successful conclusion.an offensive odor/ gesture/ weapons.an offensive remark;disgusting language;a loathsome disease;a nasty smell;15. Reckon: count; consider; thinkDo you still reckon him among your friends ?.Many people reckon him to be a great basketball player.reckon on sb.'s help16. toll 1) the number of people or animals killed or injured in particular circumstances 2) money paid for the use of a bridge, road, etc.The death toll rose from 270 in 1952 to 5,000 in1954Each car must pay a toll to cross the bridge.Useful Expressions of Book 4 Unit 1 Text AUseful Expressions of Book 4 Unit 1 Text BB4U1T1 Language Points1.fiercefierce animalfierce heat/stormfierce anger/ragefierce opposition/resistancefierce competitionfierce efforts to get ahead =enormous 2.rawraw meatraw materialraw data 原始的raw hand/recruits 新⼿的raw frontier 未开发的边疆life in the raw 原⽣态raw weather 阴冷的3.bleakbleak prospect/outlook/future 黯淡的These are bleak times for many shareholders.a bleak winter’s day 阴冷的/doc/1db45748fe4733687e21aab6.html unch launch a satellite/spaceship/shiplaunch a war against sblaunch (out) a new productlaunch an ad campaign5.mightmilitary might 军⼒the might of the U.S. armymighty adj.a mighty king 强有⼒的the mighty Mississippi River 雄伟的The pen is mightier than the sword.Almighty God6.unequaled =unparallel, unrivalledWe offer an unequaled level of service. 最佳的/doc/1db45748fe4733687e21aab6.html e to the aid of= come/go to sb’s rescue8.be taught a painful lesson9.conquestfor the conquest of this rare disease10.engageThe two armies engaged at dawn.engage the enemy 交战cf. engage in business activities11.cruciala crucial plan/test/decision 关系重⼤的It is absolutely crucial that … (should)The dea is crucial to the future of the company.12.take a/the gambleShe is taking a gamble setting up her own business like that. Cf. gamble…on…I was unwilling to gamble my career on that matter.13.raging fireraging wind /sea /storm 肆虐的raging inflation 剧烈的a raging tooth /headachethe rage of the sea/storm 狂暴14.bide one’s time 等待良机15.turn into a nightmare /disaster16.drag onTime drags on when you have nothing to do.The negotiation dragged (on) until midnight.The last part of the play dragged a little. 拖沓17.gather one’s strength 养精蓄锐18.swollen riverswollen eyes/left cheek 肿He was swollen by the victory. 得意忘形swollen-headed 骄傲的19.trapset a trapbe caught in a trapFor some women marriage is a trap. 困境，羁绊20.by a stroke of lucka stroke of lightningWhat a stroke of misfortune! 真倒霉！suffer from a stroke 中风Which stroke do you prefer, butterfly or crawl? 游泳姿势at/in one stroke ⼀下⼦21.limpwalk with a limp22.form an allianceenter a defensive alliancein alliance with 与…合作23.go into exileHe was living in Egypt in exile. 流亡an exile government24.tacticsdelaying tactics 缓兵之计25.thrusthide the book under his pillow with a quick thrustknife thrusts26.be caught off guard27.render1) render sb + adj.His illness rendered him unfit for service in the navy. Long illness rendered the young man rather weak. render sb jobless 2) render service /help to sb28.desperatedesperate criminaldesperate effortneed … desperately 急需29.siegelay siege to (a place) 包围under siege 连续受到批评30.draw close/nearThe festival is drawing near.31.harshharsh punishment /criticism 严厉的harsh climate 恶劣的harsh trainingharsh sound /light 刺⽿的；刺眼的32.bring to a haltThe show was brought into a halt.33.offensivelaunch an offensive 攻势offensive smell 臭味offensive language 脏话be offensive to morality 妨害风化34.shelterfind a shelter from the rain35.turn the tidecf. go with the tide 顺潮流go against the tide 逆潮流36.reckonreckon a bill /costreckon … to bereckon that …All these problems have to be reckoned with.37.underestimate /overestimate38.take a/its toll ontoll =casualtytake a heavy toll on the local industrytake a toll on your health。
全新版大学英语综合教程第四册Unit
目录
• Overview of the text • Vocabulary and expression • Grammar point parsing • Introduction to Cultural Background • Analysis of Writing Skills • Answers to home exercises after
Key tense
Present simple tense
01
It is used to express an action that is happening now, has
just happened, or will happen in the future
Last simple tense
Conclusion
The article includes by summarizing the main points covered and highlighting the importance of understanding globalization and its impact on our world It also suggests ways for individuals to adapt to the changing world
The text provides a background to the theme by discussing the history and development of globalization, as well as the challenges and opportunities it brings to individuals and communities
新通用大学英语综合教程4_unit01
b. had a baby
c. got more free time
d. got married
3. The third speaker’s perspective on life changed when he __a___.
a. lost his home in a fire
b. lost his job
c. got divorced
d. had a serious illness
精选课件
13
B. Understanding Meaning from Context
Read the statements. Then listen again to infer what each speaker means.
a. became a father
b. began working
c. traveled to another country
d. got married
2. The second speaker’s life changed when she ___b__.
a. got a full-time job
GILBERT: Well, it’s been three weeks, and I think I’ve had about enough. I’m tired of eating strange food.
ANNA: Wow! I feel just the opposite. I can’t get over how much I enjoy being here. I love how different the food is.
精选课件
1
Agenda
全新版大学英语综合教程四册章节件Unit1
Summary:
When Hitler decided to launch his_______ of Russia, he thought that nothing could_______ _________ __________ ________ of his armies. _______ , it seemed, was inevitable. He had surprised on his side, _________ Stalin _____ _________ ________ by ________ his attack without a _______ of war. Hitler expected the _________ last only a few moths. In the event, it was to ________ ___________ for much longer. Like Napoleon before him, he had made a fatal mistake in failing to ______ ________ the severity of the Russian weather. Many German soldiers were to ______ the cold as winter set in, ________ the German advance ________ ________ ________.
declaration:( followed by of) a ning speeches sounded more like declarations of war than offerings of peace. declaration of war 宣战
全新版大学英语（第二版）综合教程4学生用书unit1语言点
全新版大学英语（第二版）综合教程4学生用书unit1语言点Unit onebe prepared for sth +现在分词后置定语He was prepared for the exam coming soon.He was prepared for the date with a beautiful girl graduating from the university.raw: cold and wet; not cooked, refined, processed, organized or analyzedIndustrial plants processed the raw material into finished products for export and for domestic consumption.conquest, triumph & victory这三个词都是名词，均含有“胜利”之意。
conquest 指获取胜利或征服，把失败者置于控制之下。
triumph 着重指胜利或成功的辉煌。
victory 普通用词，主要指在战争、斗争或竞赛中获得的胜利，强调艰辛与成功。
be\get bogged down: be unable to make progressThe local government got bogged down in problems of how to handle the emission of hazardous chemicals by industrial facilities.Most investigations of the issue seem to bog down when they start talking about the effect of existing telecommunications regulations and fees.当他们开始讨论有关现行电信条款和收费的影响时，这一问题的多项研究似乎就无法进行下去了。
全新版大学英语综合教程4课件
Recre • Unit 4 News Reporting
01
Unit 1 Ways of Learning
Reading and Vocabulary
• Summary: The reading materials for this unit will cover various topics, including culture, history, society, and science, to help expand students' vocabulary and improve their reading comprehension abilities.
3. The writing section will provide writing exercises to help students apply the grammar and translation skills they have learned to write.
Listening and Speaking
Writing Skills
• Skills: The textbook selects the most common sports related writing skills and patterns, which can help students master the language skills of sports reports, letters, memories, etc. through a series of writing exercises
综英4 Unit1复习笔记
1. assumption n.假定假设make two assumptionsthe underlying assumptiona. assumablev. assume2. contemplate ['kɔntəm,pleit] v.认真地考虑；观看，欣赏doing/sthcontemplate committing suicidecontemplate the various optionsShe stood contemplating her figure in the mirror. He contemplated her with a faint smile.a. contemplative沉思的；冥想的；默想的n. contemplation n. 沉思；注视；意图3. contend [kən'tend] v竞争；斗争；奋斗；争论；主张too powerful for me to contend with.contend for powercontend that……4. crude adj. 粗糙的；天然的，未加工的；粗鲁的crude oil/sugar/ore 原油/未开采的矿iron ore铁矿crude schemes/ideas 初步计划/构想a crude shelter 一个简陋的住所crude manners 粗鲁的举止5. eliminate [i'limineit] v.消除（多跟抽象名词）；The credit card eliminates the need for cash or cheques.Our team was eliminated in the first round.击败，淘汰；The dictator eliminated anyone who might be a threat to him.彻底消灭6. elusive adj.get an interview with that elusive man 很难见的wider international success has been elusive.很难到达的the poem has an elusive quality难懂的ad. elusivelyn. elusiveness v. elude 逃避，躲避7. emerge v.The moon emerged from behind the clouds.出现，显现New evidence has emerged to contradict earlier claims.Local government has recently emerged as a major issue. 暴露，被知道She emerged from the divorce a stronger person. 从困境中走出来n. emergencea. emergent8. immerse v. 浸；沉浸immerse the knife in boiling waterImmerse the cloth in the dye 染料found Mr. Johnson immersed in his writinghe immersed himself in pleasure9. presumably adv. 大概；推测起来；可假定Presumably there’s a good reason for her absence, as sh e doesn’t usually stay away from work.a. presumable可能有的；可推测的n. presumption 推测，假说v. presume10. quest n. 追求；寻找v.探索，寻求World leaders are now united in their quest for peace.Foreign powers had long penetrated the area in q uest of wealth or influence, or to counter the lu sts of their adversaries.11. resolve v,解决难题；下决心resolve the conflict.I resolved to keep quiet about what I had heard. She resolved that if he couldn’t find the n ecessary courage, she would.n.resolution 决心决议12. restricted adj. 受限制的；保密的It’s difficult trying to work in such a restricted s pace.The sale of alcohol is restricted to people underthe age of 18There is restricted access to this information.v. restrictn. restriction n. 限制；约束；束缚a. restrictive adj. 限制的；约束的；限制性的13. self-evident adj.不言自喻的It is self-evident that childhood experienc es influence our adult behavior.（speak for itself）（His performance can speak for itself）14. subtlety n. 微妙；敏锐；精明 a. subtle ad. subtlyShe argued her case with considerable subtlety. Some of the subtleties of the language are lost in translation.To appreciate all of this beauty relies upon your noticing its subtleties.15. validity n. 有效性；正确性；正确I would question the validity of that statement. Lawyers are questioning the validity of the city’s new telecom contract.You don’t know enough about the subject to ques tion the validity of my statementa. valida.n. invalidv. validatepro-British 亲英（派） pro-America 亲美（派） pro-Chinese 亲华（派）pro-abortion 赞成/支持堕胎 pro-western 支持西方的 pro-independence 赞成独立pro-revolutionary 支持革命的人foolproof 不会有差错或误解的 waterproo f 防水的 bulletproof 防弹的burglarproof 防盗的 soundproof 隔音的childproof container 防孩子摔坏的容器tamperproof（机械装置等）可防止乱摆弄的 fl ameproof 防火的idiot-proof 简单易懂的，容易操作的，可靠的by way of cut and dried 提前准备的已经解决的 high seas公海a vast sea of:fat chance (of sth/doing sth) chew the fa t（长时间）闲聊，闲扯be/become immersed infrom a… perspectivethis state of affairs：this kind of situati oncommon-sense reactioncannot help but doat best: taking the most hopeful viewpiece togetherbe relevant to:in the event of: 万一read of: (=read about) to find out informat ion from books, newspapers etcForeign Secretary---Germany 外交大臣Foreign Minister---UK 外交部长Secretary of State---USA 国务卿t ake… into account/take account of sth: stem from:concern oneself withbe given equal weight: to consider equally importantbe faulted on the groundsare destined tomake of 理解形成historical 与历史有关的historic 有历史意义的economic 与经济有关的economical 节约的restricted restriction行为方面的限制limited limit 数量上的限制cause事业原因根据目标course 课程进程过程 take a natural course顺其自然take it as a matter of course 认为理所当然source saucesuppose 猜想假设姑且说assume 假设担当presume 假定冒昧推测1. 尚不知飞机撞毁的原因。
全新版大学英语综合教材4UNIT1
气象灾害（台风、风暴潮、雪灾、雹灾、沙尘暴、
酸雨、雷灾） Biological disasters and forest grassland fire, etc. 生物灾害和森林草原火灾等。
Earthquake
Now our country is in a
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
ring Pacific seismic zone and asia-europe seismic zone between, is the continental earthquake most centralized country 我国处在环太平洋地震 带和亚欧地震带之间， 是全球大陆地震最集中 的国家
609制作
Natural disasters
The earth's natural variation, including
human activity induced natural variation, when this kind of variation to the human society bring harm, is a natural disaster.
to predict the earthquake happened. Because earthquakes occur without apparent sign of seismic wave is in earthquake is to produce, but now the earthquake high-risk countries have been able to advance half a minute to predict the earthquake. 以现在的技术来说,还不足以预测地震的发生。 因为地震的发生没有明显的征兆，地震波也 是在地震是才产生的，但是现在地震高发的 国家已经能够提前半分钟预知地震了。
全新版大学英语综合教程4_Unit1课后答案
Part II Text A lexf OrganizationAppendix I - $9II. More Synonyms in Context1) During the First World War, battles occurred here and there over vast areas.Some of themost dramatic fighting took place in the gloomy trenches of France and Belgium.2) Elizabeth made careful preparations for the interview and her efforts /homework paid off.3)1 spent hours trying to talk him into accepting the settlement, but he turneda deaf ear to all mywords.4) Pneumonia had severely weakened her body, and I wondered how her fragilebody could withstand the harsh weather.- 90 - Appendix IIII. Usage1)But often it is not until we fall ill that we finally learn to appreciategood health.2)A rich old lady lay dead at home for two weeks—and nobody knew anything aboutit.3)It's said he dropped dead from a heart attack when he was at work1)Don't sit too close to the fire to keep warm—you could easily get burned,especially if you fall asleep.4)In those days people believed in marrying young and having children early.5)Little Tom was unable to sit still for longer than a few minutes.Comprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze1.1. invasion3. Conquest5. launching 7. campaign9. reckon with 2. stand in the way4. catching... off his guard6. declaration8. drag onAppendix I - 91-2.1. allow2.reckoned3. highly4.forecasts5. rapidly6.instant7. delivery8.advantage9. observing10.powerfulII. Translation1.Mr. Doherty and his family are currently engaged in getting the autumn harvestin on the farm.2.We must not underestimate the enemy. They are equipped with the mostsophisticated weapons.3.Having been out of job/Not having had a job for 3months, Phil is gettingincreasingly desperate.4.Sam, as the project manager, is decisive, efficient, and accurate in hisjudgement.5.Since the chemical plant was identified as the source of solution, the villageneighborhood committee decided to close it down at the cost of 100 jobs.The offensive had already lasted three days, but we had not gained much ground. The division commander instructed our battalion to get around to the rear of the enemy and launch a surprise attack. To do so, however, we had to crossa marshland and many of us were afraid we might get bogged down in the mud. Ourbattalion commander decided to take a gamble. By a stroke of luck/Lucky enough, thanks to the severely cold weather which made the marshland freeze over, we arrived at our destination before dawn and began attacking the enemy from the rear. This turned the tide of the battle. The enemy, caught off guard, soon surrendered.。
全新版大学英语综合教程4课后答案
全新版大学英语综合教程4课后答案第一课：Unit 11. 选择题答案：1.B2.D3.A4.C5.D2. 填空题答案：1.pollution2.decreased3.pollution4.environmental5.protected3. 阅读理解答案：1.B2.C3.A4. 作文题参考范文：过度开发和污染对环境造成了极大的破坏，严重影响了我们的生活质量。
为了保护环境，每个人都应承担起责任。
首先，政府应加强环境保护法律的实施，严惩违法行为。
其次，我们个人应该从自身做起，节约能源，减少废物的产生。
最重要的是，我们应该增加对环境保护的意识，积极参与到环保行动中，为改善环境贡献自己的力量。
第二课：Unit 21. 选择题答案：1.B2.A3.C4.B5.D2. 填空题答案：1.anxious2.interviewspletely4.experienced5.globally3. 阅读理解答案：1.B2.D3.C4. 作文题参考范文：面试是求职过程中至关重要的一环。
为了在面试中脱颖而出，我们需要做好准备。
首先，我们应该对公司有足够的了解，包括公司的历史、发展战略等。
其次，我们需要对自己进行充分的自我认知，并准备好能展示自己能力的例子与实际经验。
最重要的是，面试中的沟通能力和自信也是评估标准，需要注意自己的表达方式和仪态。
通过充分准备并展示自己的优势，我们就能提高面试成功的机会。
第三课：Unit 31. 选择题答案：1.D2.B3.A4.C5.D2. 填空题答案：1.ignorance2.traditional3.encourage4.valuable5.potential3. 阅读理解答案：1.C2.D3.B4. 作文题参考范文：传统文化是我们民族的瑰宝，具有非常重要的意义。
保护传统文化是我们的责任。
首先，我们应该加强对传统文化的学习和传承，传统的艺术、音乐、戏剧等都需要得到更多的关注和弘扬。
其次，我们应该积极参与到传统文化的保护活动中，例如参观博物馆、参加文化节等。
全新版大学英语综合教程4_Unit1课后答案
全新版大学英语(第二版)综合教程4_U n i t1课后答案(总4页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--Part II Text A lexf OrganizationAppendix I - $9II. More Synonyms in Context1) During the First World War, battles occurred here and there over vast areas. Some of themost dramatic fighting took place in the gloomy trenches of France and Belgium.2) Elizabeth made careful preparations for the interview and her efforts / homework paid off.3)1 spent hours trying to talk him into accepting the settlement, but he turned a deaf ear to allmywords.4) Pneumonia had severely weakened her body, and I wondered how her fragile bodycould withstand the harsh weather.- 90 - Appendix IIII. Usage1)But often it is not until we fall ill that we finally learn to appreciate good health.2)A rich old lady lay dead at home for two weeks—and nobody knew anything about it.3)It's said he dropped dead from a heart attack when he was at work1)Don't sit too close to the fire to keep warm—you could easily get burned, especially if youfall asleep.4)In those days people believed in marrying young and having children early.5)Little Tom was unable to sit still for longer than a few minutes.Comprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze1.1. invasion3. Conquest 5. launching 7. campaign 9. reckon with 2. stand in the way4. catching... off his guard 6. declaration8. drag on10. bringing...to a haltAppendix I - 91 -2.1. allow2.reckoned3. highly4.forecasts5. rapidly6.instant7. delivery8.advantage9. observing10.powerfulII. Translation1.Mr. Doherty and his family are currently engaged in getting the autumn harvest in on thefarm.2.We must not underestimate the enemy. They are equipped with the most sophisticatedweapons.3.Having been out of job/Not having had a job for 3months, Phil is getting increasinglydesperate.4.Sam, as the project manager, is decisive, efficient, and accurate in his judgement.5.Since the chemical plant was identified as the source of solution, the village neighborhoodcommittee decided to close it down at the cost of 100 jobs.The offensive had already lasted three days, but we had not gained much ground. The division commander instructed our battalion to get around to the rear of the enemy and launch a surprise attack. To do so, however, we had to cross a marshland and many of us were afraid we might get bogged down in the mud. Our battalion commander decided to take a gamble. By a stroke of luck/Lucky enough, thanks to the severely cold weather which made the marshland freeze over, we arrived at our destination before dawn and began attacking the enemy from the rear. This turned the tide of the battle. The enemy, caught off guard, soon surrendered.。
全新版大学英语（第二版）综合教程4Unit1课后答案
Part II Text Alexf OrganizationParts Paragraphs'' Main IdeasPart One Paras 1-2Introduction — Both Napoleon's and Hitler's military campaigns failed because of the severity of the Russian winter.Part Two Paras 3-11Napoleon's military campaign against RussiaPart Three Paras 12-20Hitler's military campaign against the Soviet UnionPart Four Para 21ConclusionConclusion——The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign.2.Sections Paragraphs Main IdeasSection One Paras 12-13Hitler's blitzkrieg against Russia and Stalin's scorched earth policySection Two Paras 14-18the battles fought at Leningrad, Moscow and Stalingrad Section Three Paras 19-20the Russian counter-offensive and the outcome of the war VocabularyI. 1. 1) alliance 3) stroke 5) minus 7) declarations 2) at the cost of 4) limp 6) regions 8) siegeAppendix I - $9 9) raw10) bide his time 11) have taken their toll12) in the case of 2. 1) is faced with2) get bogged down 3) is pressing on / pressed on 4) drag on 5) get by 6) dine out 7) have cut back 8) get through 3. 1) The rapid advance in gene therapy may lead to the conquest of cancer in the near future.2) Production in many factories has been brought to a halt by the delayed arrival of raw materials due to the dock workers’ strike.3) Sara has made up her mind that her leisure interests will/should never get in the way of her career. 4) Obviously the reporter's question caught the foreign minister off guard. 5) The introduction of the electronic calculator has rendered the slide rule out of date / obsolete. 4. 1) Being faced with an enemy forces much superior to ours, we had to give up an enemy forces much superior to ours, we had to give up the occupation of big cities and big cities and retreat to the rural and mountainous the rural and mountainous regions to build up our bases.2) Unity Unity is is crucial crucial to to the efficient operation operation of an of an organization. organization. Failure Failure to to reckon reckon reckon with with this problem will weaken its strength. In many cases, work may be brought to a halt by constant internal struggle in an organization. 3) The Red Army fought a heroic battle at Stalingrad and won the decisive victory against the G ermans. In fact, this battle turned the tide in the Second World War. During this famous battle, the Soviet troops withstood the German siege and weakened the German army by launching a series of counterattacks. II. More Synonyms in Context1) 1) During the First World War, battles occurred here and there over vast areas. Some of the During the First World War, battles occurred here and there over vast areas. Some of the most dramatic fighting took place in the gloomy trenches of France and Belgium.2) 2) Elizabeth made careful preparations for the interview and her efforts / homework paid off. Elizabeth made careful preparations for the interview and her efforts / homework paid off. 3)1 spent hours trying to talk him into accepting the settlement, but he turned a deaf ear to all my words. 4) Pneumonia had severely weakened her body, and I wondered how her fragile body could withstand the harsh weather.- 90 - App endi x IIII. Usage1) But often it is not until we fall ill that we finally learn to appreciate good health. 2) A rich old lady lay dead at home for two weeks —and nobody knew anything about it. 3) It's said he dropped dead from a heart attack when he was at work 1) Don't sit too close to the fire to keep warm —you could easily get burned, especially if you fall asleep.4) In those days people believed in marrying young a nd having children early. and having children early. 5) Little Tom was unable to sit still for longer than a few minutes.Structure1. 1) To his great delight, Dr. Deng discovered two genes in wild rice that can increase the yield by30 percent.2) To her great relief, her daughter had left the building before it collapsed. 3) To our disappointment, our women's team lost out to the North Koreans. 4) We think, much to our regret, that we will not be able to visit you during the coming Christ-mas. 2. 1) These birds nest in the vast swamps (which lie to the) east of the Nile.2) By 1948, the People's Liberation Army had gained control of the vast areas north of the Yangtze River. 3) Michelle was born in a small village in the north of France, but came to live in the United States at the age of four. 4) 4) The Columbia River rises in western Canada and The Columbia River rises in western Canada and continues/runs through the United States for about 1,900 kilometers west of the Rocky Mountains.Comprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze(A)1. invasion 3. Conquest5. launching7. campaign9. reckon with 2. stand in the way4. catching... off his guard6. declaration8. drag on10. bringing...to a haltApp endi x I - 91 -(B)1. allow2. reckoned3. highly4. forecasts5. rapidly6. instant7. delivery8. advantage 9. observing10. Powerful II. Translation1. Mr. Doherty and his family are currently e ngaged inengaged in getting the autumn harvest in on the farm. 2. We We must must must not not underestimate the the enemy. enemy. enemy. They They are equipped with the the most most most sophisticated sophisticated weapons. 3. Having Having been been been cut cut cut of of of a a a job/Not job/Not job/Not having having having had had had a a a job job job for for for 3months, 3months, 3months, Phil Phil Phil is is is getting getting getting increasingly increasingly desperate . 4. Sam, as the project manager, is decisive, efficient , and accurate in his judgment. 5. Since the chemical plant was identified as the source of solution, the village neighborhood committee decided to close it down at the cost of 100 jobs. The offensive had already lasted three days, but we had not gained much ground. Our troops engaging the enemy at the front were faced with strong/fierce/stiff resistance. The divi-sion commander instructed our battalion to get around to the rear of the enemy and launch a surprise attack. To do so, however, we had to cross a marshland and many of us were afraid we might get bogged down in the mud. Our battalion commander decided to take a gamble. We started under cover of darkness and pressed on in spite of great difficulties. By a stroke of luck, the temperature at night suddenly dropped to minus 20 degrees Celsius and the marsh froze over. Thanks to the cold weather, we arrived at our destination before dawn and began attacking the enemy from the rear. This turned the tide of the battle. The enemy, caught off guard, soon surrendered.Part III TextBComprehension Check 1. d 3. b.-2. d 4. a- 92 -App endi x ITranslation(#JE Appendix III)Language Practice1. boast2.obstacles3. was concerned4.call ...off5. paid off6.was pinned down7. are contesting8.prior to9. holdout10.objective11. responsible for12.in case13. favorable14.due to15. on the eve of16.cancel17. complications18.stiff19. withstand20.absentPart IV Theme-Related Language Learning TasksWriting StrategyTick which of the following is more convincing: ____________ It was reported that General Eisenhower, though indecisive sometimes, had no hesitation in ordering the assault on Normandy. _____ √ ____ Eisenhower's chief of staff, Brigadier General Water Bedell Smith, later wrote:"... He sat there ... tense, weighing every consideration. Finally he looked up, and the tension was gone from his face. He said briskly, 'well, we'll go." Model PaperCan Man Triumph over Nature?When people talk of man triumphing over nature, many things come to mind. One thinks of successes in medicine in the fight against disease, such as the invention of antibiotics and the promise held out by advances in biogenetic engineering. On a broader scale, one thinks of man's success in harnessing new forms of energy from steam power through oil to nuclear power.Yet, nature has often hit back in unexpected ways to these attempts to tame it. New forms ofAppendix I- 98 -disease that are resistant to antibiotics are constantly developing. Burning fossil fuels has led to fears of global warming; while nuclear power has produced dangerous waste that will remain a hazard for generations to come.However, perhaps to talk of man triumphing over nature is the wrong way to look at the matter. We need to find ways to work with nature rather than forever fighting against it.(154 w ords)。
经典：全新版大学英语4unit-1
Unit 1
Text A The Icy Defender
1
Question?
• Who plays the role as the icy defender?
2
Impression of Russia
battle强调指战争中的一次较全面、时间较长的战斗，也指陆军或海军在某 一特定地区进行的战斗，或个人之间的争斗。
war是战争的总称，一般指包括多个战役的大规模战争。 17
Efficient adj. working well, quickly and without waste
Eg. To cut back on fossil fuels, we should build more efficient cars.
Devastating adj. Devastate vt. 毁灭，毁坏 Eg. The tsunami devastated parts of Indonesia and other countries in the region.
13
Raw adj. cold and wet; not cooked, refined, processed, organized or analyzed
10
Adolf Hitler
11
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (1889−1945): German political and military leader and one of the 20th century's most powerful dictators. Hitler converted Germany into a fully militarized society and launched World War II in 1939. He made anti-Semitism a keystone of his propaganda and policies and built the Nazi Party into a mass movement. He hoped to conquer the entire world, and for a time dominated most of Europe and much of North Africa. He instituted sterilization and euthanasia measures to enforce his idea of racial purity among the German people and slaughtered millions of Jews, Sinti and Roma (Gypsies), Slavic peoples, and many others, all of whom he considered inferior.
全新版大学英语综合教程4UNIT1课后题答案
全新版大学英语综合教程4UNIT1课后题答案Key to Exercises in Book 4Unit 1Text AVocabularyI.1. Fill in the gaps with words or phrases given in the box. Change the form where necessary.1) alliance 2) at the cost of 3) stroke 4) limp5) minus 6) regions 7) declarations 8) siege9) raw 10) bide his time 11) have taken their toll12) In the case of2. Use the verbs in brackets to form an appropriate phrasal verb you have learned and complete the sentence with it.1) is faced with 2) get bogged down3) is pressing on/pressed on 4) drag on5) get by 6) dine out7) have cut back 8) get through3. Rewrite each sentence with the word or phrase in brackets, keeping the same meaning. The first part has been written for you.1) lead to the conquest of cancer in the near future.2) has been brought to a halt by the delayed arrival of raw materials due to the dock workers’strike.3) will/should never get in the way of her career.4) caught the foreign minister off guard.5) of the electronic calculator has rendered the slide rule out of date/obsolete.4. Complete the sentences, using words or phrases inbrackets. Make additions and changes were necessary.1) Being faced with, the occupation; regions2) crucial to; efficient; to reckon with; weaken; be brought toa halt3) a heroic; the decisive; turned the tide; siege; by launchingII. More Synonyms in Context1) occurred ——took place 2) preparations——efforts/homework3) talk——words 4) weak——fragile; severe——harshIII. Usage1)fall ill2)lay dead at home for two weeks3)dropped dead from a hear attack4)fall asleep5)marrying young6)to sit still for longer than a few minutesComprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze1. Text-related1) invasion 2) stand in the way3) Conquest 4) catching … off his guard5) launching 6) declaration7) campaign 8). drag on9) reckon with 10). bringing … to a halt2. Theme-related1) allow 2) reckoned3) highly 4) forecasts5) rapidly 6) instant7) delivery 8) advantage9) observing 10) powerfulII. Translation1.Translate the sentences into English, using the words or phrases in brackets.1)Mr. Doherty and his family are currently engaged in getting the autumn harvest in on thefarm.2)We must not underestimate the enemy. They are equipped with the most sophisticatedweapons.3)Having been out of a job/Not having a job for 3 months, Phil is getting increasingly desperate.4)Sam, as a project manager, is decisive, efficient, and accurate in his judgment.5)Since the chemical plant was identified as the source of pollution, the village neighborhoodcommittee decided to close it down at the cost of 100 jobs.2.Translate the passage into English, using the words or phrases given below.The offensive had already lasted three days, but we had not gained much ground. The division commander instructed our battalion to get around to the rear of the enemy and launch a surprise attack. To do so, however, we had to cross marshland and many of us were afraid that we might get bogged down in the mud. Our battalion commander decided to take a gamble. Luckily enough, thanks to the severely cold weather which made the marchland freeze over, we arrived at our destination before dawn and began attacking the enemy from the rear. This turned the tide of the battle. The enemy, caught off guard, soon surrendered.Text BComprehension Check1. d2. d3. b4. a5. b6. dTranslation1.6月5日被选定为进攻开始日，其用意是留下一个安全系数，以防万一进攻需要推迟。
大学_全新版大学英语综合教程第四册课后习题答案及课文翻译
全新版大学英语综合教程第四册课后习题答案及课文翻译全新版大学英语综合教程课后答案完整版免费下载Appendix IKey to Exercises (Units 1-8)Unit 1Part I Pre-Reading TaskScript for the recording:The song you are about to hear is based on a true story. It tells the tale of the sinking of a ship called The Edmund Fitzgerald that was caught in a storm on Lake Superior back in November 1975, with the loss of all on board.Lake Superior is an enormous lake and the wind can at times make it dangerous to shipping, whipping up huge waves. November is a particularly dangerous month for such storms. This had long ago been noticed by a local native American tribe, the Chippewa, who used to speak of how death threatened from the lake when storm clouds gathered in November. According to legend, the big lake, which they called Gitche Gumee, was without mercy in that month, never giving up those it had marked for death.It is this legend that starts the song before it moves on to talk of The Edmund Fitzgerald. The Edmund Fitzgerald, like many other ships that sail the lake, was built to carry iron ore. Filled with ore theseships lie low in the water and can find themselves in difficulties in rough weather. So, with a full load on board we can imagine the anxiety that must have begun to creep into the hearts of the sailors on board The Edmund Fitzgerald as they felt the cold wind beginning to rise and heard the sound of it singing as it blew through the wires. For, despite the fact that the captain and crew were all experienced, "well-seasoned" as the song says, they all knew the dangers of November storms. Before long their worse fears started to come true and the storm had risen to a hurricane. The despair of the crew is captured in the words of the cook. First he comes on deck to tell the sailors it is too rough to cook, they will have to wait for their supper. The next we hear from him he is saying - $6 - Appendix Igoodbye to his shipmates. Water is pouring into the ship. The captain sends out a distress signal, but that is the last that is heard from the ship. It is swallowed up by the lake, leaving nothing behind but the mourning families of the twenty-nine sailors and the sound of the church bell ringing in their memory.Now lets listen to the song:The Wreck of the Edmund FitzgeraldGordon LightfootThe legend lives on from the Chippewa on downOr the big lake they call Gitche GumeeTke lake, it is said, rfever gives up her deadWhen the skies or November turn gloomyWitk a load of iron ore twenty-six thousand tons moreThan the Edmund Fitzgerald weighed emptyThat good ship and true was a hone to be chewedWhen the gales of November came earlyTke skip was tke pride of tke American side Coming back from some mill in Wisconsin As tke kig freigkters go, it was kigger tkan most Witk a crew and good captain well seasoned Concluding some terms witk a couple of steel firms Wken tkey left fully loaded for Cleveland And later tkat nigkt wken tke skips kell rang Could it ke tke nortk wind tkeyd been feeling Tke wind in tke wires made a tattle-tale soundAnd a wave broke over tke railingAnd every man knew, as tke captain did tooTwas tke witck of Novemker come stealingTke dawn came late and the breakfast had to waitWken the Gales of November came slashingWhen afternoon came it was freezing rainIn the face of a hurricane west windAppendix 1 - 6? -When suppertime came, the old cook came on deck sayingFellas1, its too rough to reed ya2At seven PM a main hatchway caved in, he saidFellas, its heen good to know yaThe captain wired in he had water coming inAnd the good ship and crew was in perilAnd later that night when his lights went out of sightCame the wreck of the Edmund FitzgeraldDoes any one know where the love of God goes When the waves turn the minutes to hours The searchers all say theyd have made Whitefish Bay If theyd put fifteen more miles hehind her They might have split up or they might have capsized They may have broke deep and took water And all that remains is the faces and the names Of the wives and the sons and the daughters JLake Huron rolls, Superior singsIn the rooms of her icewater mansionOld Michigan steams like a young mans dreamsThe islands and hays are for sportsmenAnd farther helow Lake OntarioTakes in what Lake Erie can send herAnd the iron boats go as the mariners all knowWith the Gales of November rememberedIn a musty old hall in Detroit they prayed In the Maritime Sailors Cathedral The church hell chimed til it rang twenty-nine times For each man on the Edmund Fitzgerald■■.??. !1 fella: (slang) fellow2 ya: (slang) you- 66 - Appendix 1Trie legend lives on irom the Chippewa on down Or the nig lake they call Gitche Gumee Superior, they said, never gives up her dead When the gales or November come earlyPart II Text Alexf Organization": ■■■■■■ -Parts Paragraphs Main IdeasPart One Paras 1-2 Introduction — Both Napoleons and Hitlers military campaigns failed because of the severity of the Russian winter.Part Two Paras 3-11 Napoleons military campaign against Russia Part Three Paras 12-20 Hitlers military campaign against the Soviet UnionPart Four Para 21 Conclusion—The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign.2.Sections Paragraphs Main IdeasSection One Paras 12-13 Hitlers blitzkrieg against Russia and Stalins scorched earth policySection Two Paras 14-18 the battles fought at Leningrad, Moscow and StalingradSection Three Paras 19-20 the Russian counter-offensive and the outcome of the warVocabularyI. 1. 1) alliance3) stroke5) minus7) declarations2) heroic 4) limp6) regions 8) siege全新版大学英语综合教程课后答下载文件预览：//sundxs/pic/original/soft/答案/公共基础课/大学英语/全新版大学英语第一册综合教程练习答案及课文译文.rar//sundxs/pic/original/soft/答案/公共基础课/大学英语/全新版大学英语第二册综合教程练习答案及课文译文.rar//sundxs/pic/original/soft/答案/公共基础课/大学英语/全新版大学英语第三册综合教程练习答案及课文译文.rar//sundxs/pic/original/soft/答案/公共基础课/大学英语/全新版大学英语第四册综合教程练习答案及课文译文.rar。
全新版大学英语综合教程book4unit1词汇详解
Unit 1Text A1.raw: adj. cold and wet; not cooked, refined, processed, organized or analyzedThe event took place on a raw February morning.This cutting board is only used to cut raw meat.Raw materials are the natural substances from whichindustrial products are made.unch: vt.1) startBeginning in the early 1960s, humans launched probes to explore other planets.This computer company launches a new product this year.2)send (sth.) on its courseOn October 4, 1957, Soviet scientists launched the world’s first artificial satelliteCollocation:launch an attack 发动战争launch a massive campaign 发动一场大规模的运动launch a company 开一家公司launch threats at sb. 向某人发出威胁launch into （积极有力地）开始launch out （精力充沛或戏剧性地）开始He launched into a long speech about the danger of taking drugs.She wants to be more than a singer and is launching out into films.3.campaign: n. a series of military operations or planned activities with a particular aimThe government is launching a massive campaign against corruption.The campaign against rats in our city got off to a good start.campaign, battle & war这三个词都是名词，均含有“战斗，战争”之意campaign 通常指在一场大的战争中，某一地区进行的一连串有既定目的的军事行动，也可作引申用。
大学英语新课标新时代第四册unit1知识点总结
大学英语新课标新时代第四册unit1知识点总结大学英语单词一、课文A重点词汇1. launch v. 发射；使（船）下水，发动，开展n. 发射，下水【例句】 The 100,000 tanner was recently launched. 十万吨轮最近下水了。
【例句】Taking up the pen as a weapon, he launched a relentless attack on the capitalist system. 他以笔做武器，对资本主义制度进行了无情的抨击。
They launched a new attack at dawn. 黎明时他们发起了一次新的进政。
【例句】China successfully launched its first man made earth satellite on 24th April 1970.一九七○年四月二十四日，中国成功地发射了第一颗人造地球卫星。
【扩展】launch vehicle 运载火箭 launch pad （火箭等的）发射台2. Conquest n.攻取，征服；克服词根： quest找，要求，需要to seek, ask, require【例句】1) The French conquest was in 1066. 法兰西征服（英格兰）发生在1066年。
2) One of the great achievements of the modern science and technologyis the conquest of space. 现代科学技术的一项伟大成就是对空间的征服。
【考点】a foreign conquest 外国人的征服physical (mental) conquest of disease 身体（精神）对疾病的征服 the conquest of difficulties (one's passion) 战胜困难（感情）the conquest of liberty 争得自由 man's conquests over nature人类征服自然3. bog n. (排水不良而使重物陷入的)泥塘,沼泽; <英俚> (屋外) 厕所 v.陷入泥沼(使)停顿,进展困难,被缠住,使…进展困难动词进行时： bogging 过去式： bogged 过去分词： bogged 【例句】 be [get] bogged down in detail 在细节上被缠得无法进展【扩展】沼泽；泥沼 marsh morass swamp4. engage vt. 1.使从事于，使忙于 2.占用 3.雇用 4.订婚 vi. 从事，参加【例句】He is engaged in teaching. 他从事于教学工作。
全新版大学英语4综合（第一课）语法
全新版大学英语4综合（第一课）语法Lesson 11 Top-down1)defend-----defender2)What is an icy defender?3)Who is the icy defender?4)What did the icy defender defend?2 Word study●1) in the case ofas far as … is concerned, as forThe rise of interest rate will be disastrous in the case of small firms.2) in case ofin the event ofDon’t use this lift in case of fire.3) (just) in caseif it should happen thatBring a map in case you get lost.●Stand / get / be in the wayprevent from doing sth.Many teachers complain that they can’t make any imp rovement in teaching methods as the existing exam system is in the way.●Devastatingadj. causing a lot of damage or destruction:If the bomb had exploded in the main shopping area, it would have been devastating.The drought has had devastating consequences.●Rawadj. 1) (of the weather) damp and colda raw morning raw winds2) not cooked, not processedraw meat raw sugar raw silk●Bleakadj.( of the weather ) cold and cheerlessa bleak winter day●Launchvt.1) startlaunch an attack against launch a campaign2) sendlaunch an artificial satellite●be/get bogged downbe unable to make progressThat country is bogged down in political crises.●Engagevt. 1) begin fighting with sb.The commander ordered the soldiers to engage the enemy immediately.2) (cause to) take part in sth.They are currently engaged in the lengthy trade negotiations.The teacher tried to engage the shy boy in conversation.3) be engaged in doing sth.: be busy in doing sth.●Crucialadj. very important, decisive, criticalthe crucial decision / test / game at the crucial moment●take a gamble: take a risk●press on / upon / ahead (with sth.)continue doing sth. in a determined wayOrganizers of the strike are determined to press on.Our school authorities are keen to press on with educational reform.●Ragevi. (of storms, fires, battles, etc.) continue violently●bide one’s timewait patiently for a chanceHe bided his time until Harvard University offered him a scholarship.●drag onmove slowly and with effort; continue endlessly & tediously These compensation cases have already dragged on for one year.（拖了）●catch sb. off guardtake sb. by surpriseThe invitation to his wedding caught me off guard.off one’s guard没有提防地，乘人不被地on one’s guard 站岗，值班；警惕，提防● 1 scorchv. (1) vt. burn or discolor (a surface) by dry heatI scorched my shirt when I was ironing it.(2) vi. (of a surface) be burned or discoloredThe meat will scorch if you don’t lower the gas.2 scorchingadj. very hota scorching day the scorching sun It’s scorching outside.●Rendervt. cause (sb./sth.) to be in a specified conditionHundreds of people were rendered homeless by the earthquake.●Desperateadj. extremely dangerous or seriousa desperate situation/illnessThe state of the country is desperate.●Severeadj. very bad; intense; difficult, etc.a severe winter/storm/drought severe pain/injuries●Harshadj. stern, cruel, severea harsh winter/judge/punishment●b ring to a haltstop completelyAir traffic had been brought to a halt by an air traffic staff’s strike.●Counter-(be) against/oppositecounterattack counterclaim counteroffer counterrevolution●turn the tide (against)change what looks like defeat into victory (over)Their persistence turned the tide against their opponents.●reckonvt. count, consider, thinkLooking up at the moon, I reckoned that it must be about dawn.be reckoned withbe taken into consideration●toll1)the number of people or animals killed or injured in particular circumstances;2)money paid for the use of a bridge or roadtoll gate●Sentence structure1 ParallelismHe was prepared for….He was prepared for…. He was not prepared for…( para.1)2 形合与意合October arrived with heavy rains. 十月来临，大雨不停。
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Lesson 11 Top-down1)defend-----defender2)What is an icy defender?3)Who is the icy defender?4)What did the icy defender defend?2 Word study●1) in the case ofas far as … is concerned, as forThe rise of interest rate will be disastrous in the case of small firms.2) in case ofin the event ofDon’t use this lift in case of fire.3) (just) in caseif it should happen thatBring a map in case you get lost.●Stand / get / be in the wayprevent from doing sth.Many teachers complain that they can’t make any imp rovement in teaching methods as the existing exam system is in the way.●Devastatingadj. causing a lot of damage or destruction:If the bomb had exploded in the main shopping area, it would have been devastating.The drought has had devastating consequences.●Rawadj. 1) (of the weather) damp and colda raw morning raw winds2) not cooked, not processedraw meat raw sugar raw silk●Bleakadj.( of the weather ) cold and cheerlessa bleak winter day●Launchvt.1) startlaunch an attack against launch a campaign2) sendlaunch an artificial satellite●be/get bogged downbe unable to make progressThat country is bogged down in political crises.●Engagevt. 1) begin fighting with sb.The commander ordered the soldiers to engage the enemy immediately.2) (cause to) take part in sth.They are currently engaged in the lengthy trade negotiations.The teacher tried to engage the shy boy in conversation.3) be engaged in doing sth.: be busy in doing sth.●Crucialadj. very important, decisive, criticalthe crucial decision / test / game at the crucial moment●take a gamble: take a risk●press on / upon / ahead (with sth.)continue doing sth. in a determined wayOrganizers of the strike are determined to press on.Our school authorities are keen to press on with educational reform.●Ragevi. (of storms, fires, battles, etc.) continue violently●bide one’s timewait patiently for a chanceHe bided his time until Harvard University offered him a scholarship.●drag onmove slowly and with effort; continue endlessly & tediouslyThese compensation cases have already dragged on for one year.（拖了）●catch sb. off guardtake sb. by surpriseThe invitation to his wedding caught me off guard.off one’s guard没有提防地，乘人不被地on one’s guard 站岗，值班；警惕，提防● 1 scorchv. (1) vt. burn or discolor (a surface) by dry heatI scorched my shirt when I was ironing it.(2) vi. (of a surface) be burned or discoloredThe meat will scorch if you don’t lower the gas.2 scorchingadj. very hota scorching day the scorching sun It’s scorching outside.●Rendervt. cause (sb./sth.) to be in a specified conditionHundreds of people were rendered homeless by the earthquake.●Desperateadj. extremely dangerous or seriousa desperate situation/illnessThe state of the country is desperate.●Severeadj. very bad; intense; difficult, etc.a severe winter/storm/drought severe pain/injuries●Harshadj. stern, cruel, severea harsh winter/judge/punishment●bring to a haltstop completelyAir traffic had been brought to a halt by an air traffic staff’s strike.●Counter-(be) against/oppositecounterattack counterclaim counteroffer counterrevolution●turn the tide (against)change what looks like defeat into victory (over)Their persistence turned the tide against their opponents.●reckonvt. count, consider, thinkLooking up at the moon, I reckoned that it must be about dawn.be reckoned withbe taken into consideration●toll1)the number of people or animals killed or injured in particular circumstances;2)money paid for the use of a bridge or roadtoll gate●Sentence structure1 ParallelismHe was prepared for….He was prepared for…. He was not prepared for…( para.1)2 形合与意合October arrived with heavy rains. 十月来临，大雨不停。
（para.15）He took a look at her with harsh eyes. 他看了看她，眼光冷酷。
They have large rooms with beautifully decorated walls.他们的房间宽敞，墙壁装饰美丽。
●Text analysis1 organizationIntroduction (1-2)Both Napoleon’s and Hitler’s military campaigns failed because of the severity of the Russian winter.Body(3-20）Napoleon’s and Hitler’s military campaigns against Russia/Soviet Union. Conclusion(21)The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign.2 ThemeThe elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign.。