微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细

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微观经济学名词解释

微观经济学名词解释

微观经济学名词解释 The following text is amended on 12 November 2020.1、微观经济学(Microeconomics)微观经济学是经济学的一部分,它分析像消费者厂商和资源所有者这些个体的经济行为(宏观经济学与之相反,它分析像国内总产品这样的经济总体行为)2、需求:消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平下愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。

3、供给:生产者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平下愿意而且能够出售的该种商品的数量。

4、均衡价格:均衡的最一般意义是指经济事物中有关的变量在一定条件下的相互作用下所达到的一种相对静止的状态。

均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时候的价格。

5、消费者剩余:消费者在购买一定数量的某种商品时愿意支付的总数量和实际支付的总数量之间的差额。

6、生产者剩余:生产者剩余指厂商在提供一定数量的某种产品时实际接受的总支付和愿意接受的最小总支付之间的差额。

7、需求的价格弹性:表示在一定时期内一种商品需求量变动对于该商品的价格变动的反应程度。

8、需求的收入弹性:表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品的需求量的变动对于消费者收入两变动的反应程度。

9、需求的交叉弹性:表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量的变动对于它的相关商品的价格的变动的反应程度。

是该商品的需求量的变动率和它的相关商品的价格的变动率的比值。

10、供给的价格弹性:表示在一定时期内一种商品的供给量的变动对于该商品的价格的变动的反应程度。

11、效用:指商品满足人的欲望的能力,或者说,效用是指消费者在消费商品时所感受到的满足程度。

12、基数效用论:基数效用论者认为,效用如同长度、重量等概念一样,可以具体衡量并加总求和,具体的效用量之间的比较是有意义的。

13、序数效用论:认为效用的大小是无法具体衡量的,效用之间的比较只能通过顺序或登记来表示。

14、边际效用递减规律:在一定的时间内,在其他商品的消费数量保持不变的条件下,随着消费者对某种商品消费量的增加,消费者从该商品连续增加的每一消费单位中所得到的效用增量即边际效用是递减的。

微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细

微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细

微观经济学名词解释1经济周期,经济学;经济,国家的经济状况缺乏的,罕见的.功效; 效率,效能;实力,能力; [物]性能;.同等,平等; [数]相等,等式;[ɜː'nælɪtɪ]外部性’s a 旁观者; 局外人; 看热闹的人a[ɪn'ɪʃ(ə)n]增加的 a权力分散; 人口疏散; 密度分散a a 分配,分派; 把…拨给;英[ˈæləɪt]a ( ) a’s2a 家庭; 家庭,户[æəʊiːkə'nɒmɪ; ], , ,[ɪəʊiːkə'nɒmɪ['nɔːmətɪv]标定,规定; 指定,规定;美[ɪˈɪb]准的['ʌɪə) a3aa a美[də'ɪɪ】合乎国内的Array4完全竞a ['ə] 同一的,完全相同的美[aɪˈdɛɪkəl] a 争市场互补品a['kɑəmə]需求曲a a线需求表 a a[ɪ'lɪɪəm]a均衡均衡价格a , , a劣质品[ɪn'fɪərɪə], , a需求原理, , a供给原理a aa , ,普通商品需求量 a a aa a a a ['s ɜəs] a5需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性a a , [æ'ɪs ə] n . 弹性; 弹力; 灵活性; 伸缩性;a 需求的收入弹性a a a ’ , 需求价格弹性a a a ,供给的价格弹性 a a a , ( a )总收入; 总收益 a ,6['ːl ɪŋ] a ['mæɪm əm] a a a ['ɪɪd(ə)]a a7[k ən'ːm ə]['s ɜːəs]消费者剩余 a a ['ɪn əs] a a a a ’s美[ˌæləˈɪʃn]分配,配给受益者负担 a a8无谓损失又为社会净损失 过剩的; 多余的[ˈsɜəs] a 变形; 失真[d ɪˈɔr ʃən], a9n . 关税;关税表; 价格表aa10['θɪər əm] 科斯定理, 外在性矫正税 a a [ɜː'næl ɪt ɪ] n . 外形; 外在性; 外部事物;(经济学名词) 外部效应’s a内化 [ɪn's ɛɪv][æn'zæk ʃən]交易 a11可排他的; 包括在外的;–成本效益分析a a [ɪːd ə'b ɪl ətɪ]排他性a a[释义]坐享其成,无本获利; a a 消费竞争 a ’s ’s公共地悲剧 a 寓言; 格言; a12[释义]负担能力原则,付税能力原则; an.预算赤字; a 亏空; 缺空 预算结余 纳税横向均等;总量税 a 边际税率累进税 a a 分数; 一小部分 比例税率 a累退税 a a纵向公平 a13清楚的,明确的边际产量递减规律规模不经济,规模经济最小有效规模固定成本 隐性成本 边际成本a a ( )a[释义]变动成本;14a a沉没成本 a15[m ə'nɒp(ə)lɪ]a an.垄断; 专卖; 垄断者; 专利品; a a a a16垄断竞争市场 a求过于供的市场情况; a a17<经>卡特尔,企业联合 a ['ːnɪs(ə)n]a<经>卡特尔,企业联合 a a a['ə]缩减指数 a 100纳什均衡a[,ɑl ə'g ɑp ə] a a寡头’ [d ɪˈə囚徒困境”是1950年美国兰德公司提出的博弈论模型 a “” 18边际产量递减规律a边际价值19补偿微分 a [d ɪɪm ɪ'ɪʃ(ə)n] ; 歧视, , , , 效率工资 平衡,均势; 平静ˌ[əˈl ɪəm] *人力资本 , ,n . 攻击; 罢工[课,市]; 发现移开; 撤回 a aa , ,。

微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细

微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细

微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细微观经济学名词解释Chapter 1businesscycle 经济周期fluctuations in economic activity, such as employmentand productioneconomi cs 经济学; 经济,国家的经济状况the study of how society manages its scarce 缺乏的,罕见的 resourcesefficienc y n.功效; 效率,效能; 实力,能力; [物] 性能;the property of society getting the most it can from itsscarce resourcesequality n .同等,平等; [数]相等,等式;the property of distributing economic prosperityuniformly among the members of societyexternality[,ekst ɜː'næl ɪt ɪ]外部性the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander 旁观者; 局外人; 看热闹的人 incentive s omething that induces a person to actInflation [ɪn'fle ɪʃ(ə)n]an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy marginalchangessmall incremental 增加的 adjustments to a plan of actionmarket economyan economy that allocates resources through thedecentralized 权力分散; 人口疏散; 密度分散;decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and servicesmarket failure a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate分配,分派; 把…拨给;英[ˈæləkeɪt] resources efficientlymarket power the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesopportunity costwhatever must be given up to obtain some itemproducti vity the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor inputproperty rights the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resourcesrational people people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectivesscarcity the limited nature of society’s resources Chapter 2circular-flow diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households 家庭; 家庭,户and firmsmacroeconomics [,mækr əʊiːkə'nɒmɪks; -ek-] the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growthmicroecono mics [,maɪkrəʊiːkə'nɒmɪks the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in marketsnormative['nɔːmətɪv]标准的statements claims that attempt to prescribe定,规定; 指定,规定;美[prɪˈskraɪb] how the world should bepositivestatementsclaims that attempt to describe the world as it isproduction possibilities frontier['frʌntɪə)a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technologyChapter 3advantag e the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producercomparative advantag e the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producerexports goods produced domestically美[də'mestɪklɪ】合乎国内的and sold abroadimports goods produced abroad and sold domestically opportunity costwhatever must be given up to obtain some itemChapter 4competiti ve market 完全竞争市场a market with many buyers and sellers['selə] trading identical同一的,完全相同的美[aɪˈdɛntɪkəl] products so that each buyer and seller is a price takerComplements互补品['kɑmpləm ənt]two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherdemand curve 需求曲线a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandeddemand schedule 需求表a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedEquilibriu m[,ikwɪ'lɪbrɪəm]均衡a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demandedequilibriu m price 均衡价格the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demandedequilibriu m quantity the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium pricegood劣质品[ɪn'fɪərɪə] a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demandlaw of demand 需求原理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good riseslaw of supply 供给原理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good riseslaw of supply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balancemarket a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or servicenormal good普通商品a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demandquantity demande d 需求量the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchasequantity supplied the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sellshortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity suppliedsubstitute s two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the othersupply curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsupply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsurplus ['sɜ:pləs] a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedChapter 5ceelasticity of demand 需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodelasticity [,ilæ'stɪsəti]n .弹性; 弹力; 灵活性; 伸缩性;a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded orquantity supplied to one of its determinantsincomeelasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in incomepriceelasticity of demand 需求价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in priceprice elasticity of supply 供给的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in pricetotalrevenue (in a market)总收入; 总收益the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity soldChapter 6price ceiling ['siːlɪŋ] a legal maximum['mæksɪməm] on the price at which a good can be soldpricefloora legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold taxincidenc e['ɪnsɪd(ə)ns] the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a marketChapter 7 consumer [kən'sjuːmə] surplus ['sɜːpləs]消费者剩余the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus ['maɪnəs] the amount the buyer actually pays for itcost the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodefficiency the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resourcesequality the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of societyproducer surplus the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost of providing itwelfare economic s the study of how the allocation美[ˌæləˈkeɪʃn]分配,配给of resources affects economic well-beingwillingness to pay受益者负担the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodChapter8Dead the fall in total surplus过剩的; 多余的[ˈsɜ:rpləs] thatweight loss 无谓损失又为社会净损失results from a market distortion变形; 失真[dɪˈstɔrʃən], such as a taxChapter 9tariffn .关税;关税表; 价格表a tax on goods produced abroad and solddomesticallyworld price the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that goodChapter 10Coase theorem['θɪərəm] 科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities外在性on their owncorrectiv e tax 矫正税a tax designed to induce private decision makers to take account of the social costs that arise from a negative externalityexternalit y [,ekstɜː'nælɪtɪ]n .外形; 外在性; 外部事物;(经济学名词)外部效应the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on thewell-being of a bystanderinternalizing the externalit y 内化altering incentives[ɪn'sɛntɪv] so that people take account of the external effects of their actionstransacti the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing toon[træn'zækʃən]交易costsand following through on a bargainChapter11clubgoodsgoods that are excludable but not rival in consumptioncommon resource s goods that are rival in consumption but not excludable可排他的; 包括在外的;•cost–benefitanalysis成本效益分析a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public goodexcludability [ɪks,kluːdə'bɪlətɪ]排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using itfree rider [释义]坐a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it享其成,无本获利;privategoodsgoods that are both excludable and rival in consumptionpublic goods goods that are neither excludable nor rival in consumptionrivalry inconsump tion消费竞争the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s useTragedyof the Common s公共地悲剧a parable寓言; 格言; that illustrates why common resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a wholeChapter 12 ability-to-payprinciple [释义]负担能力原则,付税能力原则;the idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burdenaveragetax ratetotal taxes paid divided by total incomebenefits principle the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesbudget deficit n.预算赤字;a shortfall亏空; 缺空of tax revenue from government spendingbudgetsurplus预算结余an excess of tax revenue over government spending horizontal equity 纳税横向均等;the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amountm tax 总量税a tax that is the same amount for every personmarginaltax rate边际税率the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of incomeprogressi ve tax 累进税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction分数; 一小部分of their income than do low-income taxpayersproportio nal tax 比例税率a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of incomeregressiv e tax 累退税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersvertical equity 纵向公平the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amountsChapter13accounting profittotal revenue minus total explicit清楚的,明确的cost averagefixed costfixed cost divided by the quantity of outputaveragetotal costtotal cost divided by the quantity of outputaveragevariablecostvariable cost divided by the quantity of outputconstant returns to scale the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changesdiminishin gmarginal product 边际产量递减规律the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increasesmies of scale 规模不经济the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increaseseconomic profit total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costseconomie s of scale 规模经济the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increasesefficientscale最小有效规模the quantity of output that minimizes average total costexplicitcostsinput costs that require an outlay of money by the firmfixed costs固定成本costs that do not vary with the quantity of output producedimplicit costs隐性成本input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firmmarginal cost边际成本the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of productionmarginal product the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of inputproductio n function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodprofit total revenue minus total costtotal cost the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production totalrevenue(for firm)the amount a firm receives for the sale of its outputvariablecosts[释义]变动成本;costs that vary with the quantity of output producedChapter14revenuetotal revenue divided by the quantity soldcompetiti ve market a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price takermarginalrevenuethe change in total revenue from an additional unit soldsunk cost 沉没成本a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recoveredChapter 15monopoly[ mə'nɒp(ə)l ɪ] a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutesnaturalmonopoly n.垄断; 专卖; 垄断者; 专利品;a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firmsprice discrimina tion the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersChapter 16 monopolistic competiti on垄断竞争市场a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identicaloligopoly求过于供的市场情况;a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products17cartel <经>卡特尔,企业联合a group of firms acting in unison ['juːnɪs(ə)n]collusion an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge<经>卡特尔,企业联合a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersgametheorythe study of how people behave in strategic situations GDPdeflator[d i'fleitə]GDP缩减指数a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100Nash equilibriu m 纳什均衡a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosenoligopoly[ ,ɑlə'gɑpəli] 寡头a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsprisoners’ dilemma [dɪˈlemə囚徒困境”是1950年美国兰德公司提出的博弈论模型a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialChapter18capital the equipment and structures used to produce goods and servicesdiminishi the property whereby the marginal product of an inputngmarginalproduct边际产量递减规律declines as the quantity of the input increasesfactors ofproductionthe inputs used to produce goods and servicesmarginal product of labor the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of laborproducti on function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodvalue ofthe marginal 边际价值product the marginal product of an input times the price of the outputChapter 19 compensating differential 补偿微分a difference in wages that arises to offset the non-monetary characteristics of different jobsdiscrimination[dɪ,skr ɪmɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n] ;歧视the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristicsefficiency wages 效率工资above- equilibrium平衡,均势; 平静ˌ[ikwəˈlɪbriəm] wages paid by firms to increase worker productivityhuman capital*人力资本the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experiencestriken .攻击; 罢工[课,the organized withdrawal移开; 撤回of labor from a firmby a union市]; 发现union a worker association that bargains with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions。

微观经济学 名词解释

微观经济学 名词解释
The marginal product of an input is the extra output added by one extra unit of that input while other inputs are held constant.
指在其他因素投入量不变时,额外增加1单位某种要素所获得的额外产量。
当某种固定要素(如土地)的供给量不受价格变化的影响,那么土地和其他要素获得的报酬(对其的支付)就叫做租金或经济租金。固定要素需求的增加只会影响它的价格。
10.Utility & The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility(效用和边际效用递减规律)
Utility denotes satifaction or how consumers rank different bundle of consumption goods, and it indicates consumer preference.
Budget Line
Assume the consumer’s income is I, the price of food is Pf and the clothing is Pc. MN is the consumer’s budget line. It sums up all the possible combinations of the two goods that would exhaust the consumer’s income.It’sabsolute slope equals the Pf/Pc ratio.
F(t`L,t`k)>t`f(L,k) , t>1
规模报酬递增是指所有的要素投入按照统一比例增加使得产出以一个更大的比例增加的现象。

微观经济学名词解释

微观经济学名词解释

1.绝对优势(Absolute advantage)如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多,那么,这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。2.逆向选择(Adverse choice)在此状况下,保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体。3.选择成本(Alternative cost)如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源,它所能生产的价值就是选择成本,也可以称之为机会成本。4.需求的弧弹性( Arc elasticity of demand)如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值,P2 和Q2 为第二组值,那么,弧弹性就等于-(Q1-Q2)(P1+P2)/(P1-P2)(Q1+Q2)5.非对称的信息(Asymmetric information)在某些市场中,每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。例如,在旧车市场上,有关旧车质量的信息,卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。6.平均成本(Average cost)平均成本是总成本除以产量。也称为平均总成本。7.平均固定成本( Average fixed cost)平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。8.平均产品(Average product)平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。9.平均可变成本(Average variable cost)平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。10.投资的β(Beta)β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。对于一种股票而言,它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时,一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。11.债券收益(Bond yield)债券收益是债券所获得的利率。12.收支平衡图(Break-even chart)收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总成本是如何变化的。收支平衡点是为避免损失而必须卖出的最小数量。13.预算线(Budget line)预算线表示消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的全部组合。它的斜率等于商品X的价格除以商品Y的价格再乘以一1。14.捆绑销售(Bundling)捆绑销售指这样一种市场营销手段,出售两种产品的厂商,要求购买其中一种产品的客户,也要购买另一种产品。15.资本(Capital)资本是指用于生产、销售及商品和服务分配的设备、厂房、存货、原材料和其他非人力生产资源。16.资本收益(Capital gain)资本收益是指人们卖出股票(或其他资产)时所获得的超过原来为它支付的那一部分。17.资本主义(Capitalism)资本主义是一种市场体系,它依赖价格体系去解决基本的经济问题:生产什么?如何生产?怎样分配?经济增长率应为多少?18.基数效用(Cardinal utility)基数效用是指像个人的体重或身高那样在基数的意义上可以度量的效用(它意味着效用之间的差别,即边际效用,是有意义的)。序数效用与它相反,它只在序数的层面上才有意义。19.卡特尔(Cartel)卡特尔是指厂商之间为了合谋而签订公开和正式协议这样一种市场结构形态。20. 科布一道格拉斯生产函数是指这样的生产函数Q=AL“IK”2 Mi3。式中,Q为产量;L为劳动的数量;K为资本的数量;M为原材料的数量;A,31,12,23均为常数。21.勾结(Collision) 勾结是指一个厂商和同业内其他的厂商签订有关价格、产量和其他事宜的协议。22.比较优势(Comparative advantage)如果与生产其他商品的成本相比,一个国家生产的某种产品的成本比另一个国家低,那么,该国就在这种商品的生产上与另一个国家相比具有比较优势。23.互补品(Complements)如果X和Y是互补品,X的需求量就与Y的价格成反向变化。24.成本不变行业(Constant-cost industry)成本不变的行业是指具有水平的长期供给曲线的行业,它的扩大并不会引起投入品价格的上升或下降。25.规模收益不变(Constant returns to scale)如果所有投入品的数量都以相同的百分数增加,并导致产量也以相同的百分数增加,就是规模收益不变的。26.消费者剩余(Consumer surplus)消费者剩余是指消费者愿意为某种商品或服务所支付的最大数量与他实际支付的数量之差。27.可竞争市场(Contestable market)可竞争市场是指那种进入完全自由以及退出没有成本的市场。可竞争市场的本质在于它们很容易受到打了就跑的进入者的伤害。28.契约曲线(Contract curve)契约曲线是(在消费者之间进行交换时)两个消费者的边际替代率相等的点的轨迹,或者(在生产者之间进行交换时)两个生产者的边际技术替代率相等的点的轨迹。29.角点解(Corner solution)角点解是指这样一种情形,预算线在位于坐标轴上的点处达到最高的可获得的30.需求的交叉弹性(Cross elasticity of demand)需求的交叉弹性是指商品Y的价格发生1%的变化时所引起的商品X的需求量变化的百分比。31.垄断的无谓损失(Deadweight loss of monopoly)如果一个完全竞争的市场转变为一个垄断的市场,这种转变所带来的总剩余的减少就是无谓损失。32.买方垄断的无谓损失(Deadweight loss of monopsony)如果一个完全竞争的市场转变成一个买方垄断的市场,这种转变所带来的总剩余的减少即为无谓损失.33.成本递减行业(Decreasing-cost industry)成本递减行业是指具有向下倾斜的长期供给曲线的行业,它的扩大会引起平均成本下降。34.规模收益递减( Decreasing return to scale)如果所有投入品的数量都以相同的百分数增加,并导致产量增加的百分数小于该百分数 ,就是规模收益递减的。35.需求曲线(Demand curve)需求曲线表示在每一价格下所需求的商品数量。36.可贷资金的需求曲线(Demand curve of loanable funds)可贷资金的需求曲线表示可贷资金的需求量与利率二者之间的关系。37.贴现率( Discount rate)当利率用于计算投资的净现值时,它被称为贴现率。38.可分散风险(Diversifiable risk)可以通过多样化来避免的风险是可分散风险。39.主导厂商( Dominant firm)在寡头垄断的行业中,主导厂商是一个制定价格的大型厂商,它允许该行业中的小厂商在此价格下销售它们想出售的全部数量的商品。40.优势策略(Dominant strategy)不论其他局中人采取什么策略,优势策略对一个局中人而言都是最好的策略。41.双头垄断(Duopoly)双头垄断是指有两个卖主这样一种市场结构。古诺模型,以及其他模型中都涉及双头垄断。42.经济效率(Economic efficiency)经济效率是指这样一种状况,所进行的任何改变都不会给任何人带来损失而能增加一些人的福利。这样一种状态就是经济的有效率状况(或者帕累托效率或帕累托最优)。43.经济利润(Economic profit)经济利润是指厂商的收益与它的成本之差,后者包括从最有利的另外一种厂商资源的使用中可以获得的收益。44.生产的经济区域(Economic region of production)生产的经济区域是指等产量线斜率为负的投入品组合。没有一个厂商会在等产量线斜率为正的点上运行,因为在这种点上总会有一种投入品的边际产品为负。45.经济资源(Economic resource)经济资源是指一种稀缺的、要求一个非零价格的资源。46.范围经济(Economies of scope)范围经济是指由厂商的范围而非规模带来的经济。只要把两种或更多的产品合并在一起生产比分开来生产的成本要低,就会存在范围经济。47.有效市场假说(Efficient markets hypothesis)根据这一假设,投资者在买卖股票时会迅速有效地利用可能的信息.所有已知的影响一种股票价格的因素都已经反映在股票的价格中,因此根据这一理论,股票的技术分析是无效的。(这个假设有三种形式。)48.财富状况(Endowment position)财富状况是指消费者每年的收人。49.恩格尔曲线(Engel curve)恩格尔曲线反映的是所购买的一种商品的均衡数量与消费者收入水平之间的关系。它是以19世纪德国的统计学家恩斯特•恩格尔的名字命名的。50.均衡(Equilibrium)均衡是指没有任何变化趋势的状态。例如,均衡价格就是一种能够维持的价格。51.过剩生产能力(Excess capacity)过剩生产能力是指成本最低产量与长期均衡中的实际产量之差。52垄.断竞争理论有一个著名的且颇有争论的结论,它认为这种市场结构之下的厂商往往会在还有过剩生产能力的情况下进行生产。53.扩张路径( Expansion path)扩张路径是指与各种产量相对应的等产量线与等成本线相切的点的轨迹。(所有投入品都是可变的。)54.期望货币价值(Expected monetary vale)为了确定一项投机的期望货币价值,计算每一种可能出现的结果的货币收益(或损失) 与其出现的概率相乘以后的和。55.预期利润(Expected profit)预期利润就是长期的平均利润值,也就是用所出现的概率加权以后的各种可能的利润水平之和。56.完全信息的预期价值(Expected value of perfect information) 完全信息的预期价值是指决策者获得完全信息所导致的预期的货币价值的增加。它是决策者为获得完全的信息而能支付的最大数量。57.显成本(Explicit costs)显成本是指账目上所包括的厂商的正常费用,诸如工资成本和原材料支付。58.外部不经济(External diseconomy)外部不经济是指由于消费或者其他人和厂商的产出所引起的一个人或厂商无法补偿的成本。59.外部经济(External economy)外部经济是指由于消费或者其他人和厂商的产出所引起的一个人或厂商无法索取的收益。60.先动优势(First-mover advantages)先动优势是由于在博弈中第一个采取行动的局中人所拥有的优势。61.固定成本(Fixed cost)固定成本为每个时期不变投入品的总成本。62.不变投人品(FIXed input)不变投入品是指生产过程中所使用的(如厂房和设备)、在考察的期间数量不变的资源。63.自由资源(Free resource)自由资源是指特别富裕以致在零价格就可以获得的资源64.一般均衡分析(General equilibrium analysis)一般均衡分析是指(与局部均衡分析相反)把各种市场和价格的相互作用都考虑进去的分析。65.吉芬反论(Giffen`s paradox)吉芬反论是指商品的需求量与价格成正向关系这样一种状况。当劣质商品价格的替代效应并不足以抵消收人效应时就会发生这样的情况。66.隐成本(Implicit cost)使用企业所有者拥有的资源(诸如他的时间与资本)的选择成本就是隐成本。 67.收入补偿的需求曲线( Income-compensated demand curve)收入补偿的需求曲线表示,当消费者的收入调整到不论价格如何都可以购买最初的市场篮子,这时在每一种价格下消费者所需求的商品的数量有多少。68.收入--消费曲线(Income-consumption curve)收入一消费曲线是把代表与全部可能的消费者货币收入相应的均衡市场篮子的点连接而成的一条曲线。这种曲线可以用于推导恩格尔曲线。69.收人效应(Income effect)收入效应是指,所有价格不变时完全由于消费者满足水平的变化所引起的商品X的需求量的改变。70.需求的收入弹性(income elasticity of demand)需求的收入弹性是指,当价格保持不变时消费者收入发生1%的变化时,所引起的需求数量变化的百分比。71.成本递增的产业(Increasing-cost industry)成本递增的行业是指具有向上倾斜的长期供给曲线的行业,它的扩大会引起投入品价格的上升。72.规模收益递增(increasing returns to scale)如果所有投入品的数量都以相同的百分数增加,并导致产量增加的百分数大于该百分数 ,就是规模收益递增的。73.无差异曲线(Indifference curve)无差异曲线表示对消费者没有区别的市场篮子的点的轨迹。74.劣质商品(Inferior good)劣质商品是指其收入效应使得实际收人增加导致需求量减少的商品。75.创新(Innovation)当一项发明第一次使用时,我们称之为创新。76.投人品(Input)生产过程中所使用的任何资源都是投入品。77.利率(lnterest rate)如果他借出1美元一年,一年后借出者收到的贴水为利率。如果利率为r,他一年后将收到(1+r)美元。78.中间品(Intermediate good)中间品是指用于生产其他商品和服务的产品。79.内部收益率(Internal rate of return)内部收益率是使一项投资项目的净现金流的现值等于项目投资支出的利率。80.投资(Investment)投资是指创造新资产的过程。81.投资需求曲线( Investment demand curve)投资需求曲线表示投资的总数量与额外1美元投资的收益率之间的关系。82.等成本曲线( Isocost curve)等成本曲线表示一个固定的总支出所能得到的各种投入品组合。83.等利润曲线( Isoprofit curve)等利润曲线表示能够产生某一利润水平的所有投入品组合。84.等产量曲线(Isoquant)等产量曲线表示能够产生某一产量的所有可能的(有效率的)投入品组合.85.等收益线( lsorevenue line)等收益线表示能够产生相同总收益的两种商品产量的全部组合。86.折弯的需求曲线(Kinked demand curve)折弯的需求曲线是垄断厂商面对的在现行的价格下有一个折点的需求曲线,需求在价格上升时要比价格下降时更富有弹性。87.劳动( Labor)劳动是指生产商品和服务的过程中所使用的人们的努力、体力和脑力。88.土地( Land)土地是指用于生产的、包括矿产和土地在内的自然资源。89.边际收益递减律(Law of diminishing marginal returns)根据这一法则,如果不断添加相同增量的一种投入品(且若其他投入品保持不变),这样所导致的产品增量在超过某一点后将会下降,也就是说,边际产品将会减少。90.边际效用递减律(Law of diminishing marginal utility)根据这一法则,当一个人消费越来越多的某种商品时(其他商品的消费保持不变),商品的边际效用最终会趋于下降.91.勒纳指数(Lerner index)勒纳指数度量一个厂商所拥有的垄断势力的大小,它等于(P—MC)/P,此处P是厂商的价格,MC是边际成本。92.学习曲线(Learning curve)学习曲线表示一种商品的平均成本与生产者的累积总产量之间的关系。 93.限制性定价(Limit pricing)限制性定价是指为了阻止其他厂商进人而采取的一种定价。限制性价格是一种使得进入者失望或阻止它们进入的价格。94.长期(Long run)长期是指所有投入品都是可变的时间期限。在长期中厂商可以全部改变它所使用的资源。95.边际成本(Marginal cost)边际成本是指由于增加最后一单位产量导致的总成本的增加。96.边际成本定价(Marginal cost pricing)边际成本定价是指这样一种定价规则,厂商或国有企业使得价格等于边际成本。97.边际支出曲线(Manginal expenditure curve)边际支出曲线表示厂商增加1单位投人品X所引起的成本的增加。98.边际产品(Marginal product)边际产品是指由于增加最后一单位某种投入品(其他投入品的数量保持不变)所带来的总产量的增加。99.边际产品转换率(Marginal rate of product transformation)边际产品转换率是指生产可能性曲线斜率的负数。100.边际替代率(Marginal rate of substitution)边际替代率是指如果消费者在收到额外一单位商品X之后要保持满足水平不变而必须放弃的商品Y的数量。101.边际收益(Marginal revenue)边际收益是指出售额外一单位产品所带来的总收益的增加。102.边际收益产品(Marginal revenue product)边际收益产品是指由于使用额外一单位投入品X所带来的总收益的增加。边际收益产品是指由于使用额外一单位投入品X所带来的总收益的增加。它等于投入X的边际产品乘以厂商的边际收益。103.边际效用( Marginal utility)边际效用是指(当所有其他的商品的消费水平保持不变时)从额外一单位商品中所获得额外满足(即效用)。104.市场(Market)市场是指为了买和卖某些商品而与其他厂商和个人相联系的一群厂商和个人。105.市场需求曲线(Market demand curve)市场需求曲线表示在整个市场中产品的价格和它的需求量之间的关系。106.市场周期(Market period)市场周期是指一种商品的供给量保持不变的一段时期。107.市场结构( Market structure)四种一般的市场类型是完全竞争、垄断、垄断竞争和寡头垄断。一个市场的结构依赖于买者和卖者的数量以及产品差别的大小。108.市场供给表( Market supply schedule)市场供给表表示在各种价格下一种商品所能够供给的数量。109.加成定价(Markup pricing)加成定价是指,为了确定一种产品的价格而把一个百分比(或绝对的)数量加到所估计的产品平均(或边际的)成本上,这就意味着该数量要计入某些无法化归任何具体产品中去的成本,并且旨在维持厂商的某一投资回报率。110.最大最小策略(Maximin strategy)最大最小策略是指局中人使得能够获得的最小收益最大化的策略。111.微观经济学(Microeconomics)微观经济学是经济学的一部分,它分析像消费者、厂商和资源所有者这些个体的经济行为(宏观经济学与之相反,它分析像国内总产品这样的经济总体行为)。112.工厂的最小有效规模(Minimum efficient size of plant)在长期中平均成本处于或接近其最小值的最小的工厂规模。模型(Model)模型是指以对现实进行简化和抽象的假设为基础的理论,根据它可以引申出对现实世界的预测或结论。113.货币收人(Money income)货币收入是指用每个时期的实际美元数量度量的消费者的收入。114.垄断竞争(Monopolistic competition)垄断竞争是指这样一种市场结构,在该市场中有很多有差别产品的卖者,进入很容易并且厂商之间没有勾结行为。115.垄断(Monopoly)垄断是指一种产品只有一个卖者的市场结构。公共事业通常就是这样的情形。116.买方垄断(Monopsony)买方垄断是指一种产品只有一个买者的市场结构。雇用一个工业城镇的全部劳动力的厂商就是一个例子。117.道德风险(Moral hazard)道德风险是指,在购买了保险之后一个人或厂商的行为发生变化以致增加了保险公司承担的盗窃、火灾和其他损失发生的概率。 118.跨国公司(Multinational firm)跨国公司是指在其他国家投资并且在国外生产和销售产品的厂商。119.多厂垄断( Multiplant monopoly)多厂垄断是指拥有和经营不止一个工厂并且要决定每个工厂产量的一个厂商。 120.多产品厂商( Multiproduct firm)多产品厂商是指生产不止一种产品的厂商。例如,杜邦公司生产化工、石油等方面的种类繁多的产品。 121.共同基金(Mutual fund)共同基金是把大量投资者和雇员的钱集中在一起,从而购买各个厂商的股票。 122.纳什均衡(Nash equilibrium)纳什均衡是指博弈论中的一种均衡,如果给出每个其他局中人的策略,在此均衡下,所有局中人都没有理由改变他自己的策略。 123.自然垄断(Natural monopoly)自然垄断是指这样一种行业,在此行业中,在产量大到足以满足全部市场的情况下商品的平均成本达到最小,因此不可能存在竞争,仅有的一个厂商就成为垄断者.124.净现值规则(Net-Present-Value Rule)净现值规则要求厂商应该从事净现值为正的投资项目。投资的净现值是投资未来现金流的现值减去投资的成本。 125.不可分散的风险(Nondiversifiable risk)不可分散的风险是指不能通过多样化来减小的风险。126.非价格竞争(Nonprice competition)由研究开发和风格的变化使商品特征的各种改变,以及厂商间的广告与其他营销手段来进行的竞争,都是非价格竞争。 127.正常商品(Normal goods)需求量随消费者的实际收入上升而增加的商品称为正常商品。 128.寡头垄断(Oligopoly)寡头垄断是指这样一种市场形态,在其中只有少数卖者,商品可以是同质的也可以是有差别的。例如,计算机和石油市场就是这样的。 129.买方寡头垄断(Oligopsony)买方寡头垄断是指只有少数买者的市场形态。 130.机会成本(Opportunity cost)如果以最好的另一种方式利用某种资源,它所能生产出来的价值为机会成本,也称为选择成本。131.最优投人品组合(Optimal input combination)如果投入品组合是经济上有效率的或者使得利润最大化(也就是说,从利润最大化的厂商的角度出发是最优的)或者两者兼而有之,这一组合就是最优投入品组合。132.序数效用(Ordinal utility)在序数的意义上可以度量的效用是序数效用,这表明一个消费者只能根据各种市场篮子给他带来的满足来给这些市场篮子排序。133.帕累托标准(Pareto criterion)帕累托标准是确定一种改变是否是一种改进的标准,根据这一标准,不损害任何人而能使大多数人(在他们看来)变得更好的改变才是一种改进。134.局部均衡分析( Partial equilibrium analysis)局部均衡分析是指这样一种分析,(与一般均衡分析相反)它假设一个市场上的价格改变时不会导致其他市场的价格发生明显的变化。135.货币收益( Pecuniary benefits)由于经济对一个项目的调整引起的相对价格的变化带来的收益(用以与增加社会福利的真实收益相区别)。136.完全竞争(Perfect Competition)完全竞争是这样一种市场结构,在其中同质的商品有很多卖者,没有一个卖者或买者能控制价格,进入很容易并且资源可以随时从一个使用者转向另一个使用者。例如,许多农产品市场就具有完全竞争市场这些特征。137.不可兑换的公司债券(Perpetuity)不可兑换的公司债券是指永远支付一个固定年息的债券。138.掠夺性定价( Predatory pricing)掠夺性定价是指为了把竞争性厂商从行业中赶走从而制定一个低价的做法。139.现值( Present value)现值是现在和将来(或过去)的一笔支付或支付流在今天的价值。140.最高限价(Price ceiling)最高限价是指政府对某种商品所规定的最高价格。例如,纽约市的租金控制就规定了房租的上限。141.价格--消费曲线(Pric-consumption curve)价格--消费线是把与在一种商品的各种价格下消费者所选择的市场篮子相对应的各个均衡点连接而成的一条曲线。142.价格歧视( Price discrimination)价格歧视是指这样一种做法,出售同一种商品,厂商向一个买者索取的价格高于其他的买者。143.富有价格弹性(Price elastic)如果需求的价格弹性大于1,那么商品的需求就是富有价格弹性。144.需求的价格弹性(Price elasticity of demand)需求的价格弹性是指价格变化1%导致的需求量变化的百分比(习惯上通常以正数表示 )。145.供给的价格弹性(Price elasticity of supply)供给的价格弹性是指价格变化1%导致的供给量变化的百分比。146.最低限价(Price floor)最低限价是指政府对某种商品所规定的最低价格。例如,联邦农业计划规定了小麦和玉米的最低价格。147.缺乏价格弹性(Price inelastic)如果需求的价格弹性小于1,那么商品的需求就是缺乏价格弹性。148.价格领导者( Price leader)价格领导者是指在寡头垄断的行业中制定价格并且其他厂商愿意跟随的厂商。149.价格系统(Price system)在价格系统下,商品和服务都有一个价格,在纯粹的资本主义经济中价格执行一个经济系统的基本职能(决定生产什么、怎样生产、每个人应该得到多少以及一个国家的增长率应该是多少)。150.委托--代理问题(Principal-agent problem)由于经理或工人可能会追求自己的目标,即便这样做会减少企业所有者的利润,从而导致了委托--代理问题。经理或工人是为所有者工作的代理人,所有者是委托人。151.囚犯困境(Prisoner`s dilemma)囚犯困境是指这样一种情形,此时两个人(或厂商)合作要比不合作好,但是每个人都觉得不合作符合他的利益,因此每个人的状况都要坏于如果他们合作时的境况。152.私人成本(Private cost)私人成本是指单个使用者为了能够使用某一资源而带来的费用。153.概率(Probability)概率是指在长期中某种结果发生的次数与总次数之比。例如,如果多次掷骰子并且 1 点出现的次数是总次数的 1/6,那么出现 1点的概率就是 1/6。154.生产者剩余(Producer surplus)生产者剩余等于厂商生产一种产品的总利润加上补偿给要素所有者超出和低于他们所要求的最小收益的数量。从几何的角度看,它等于价格曲线之下、供给曲线之上的区域。155.生产可能性曲线( Production possibilities curve)生产可能性曲线表示用一定数量的资源所能够生产出来的两种商品的各种数量组合。156.生产函数(Production function)生产函数表示在每个时期所使用的各种投入品的数量与每个时期所能生产出来的最大产量之间的关系 157.利润(Profit)厂商的收益减去它的成本就是利润。 158.公共物品(Public good)公共物品是指非竞争性和非排他性的物品。所谓非竞争性,意指为另一个消费者提供这一物品所带来的边际成本为零。所谓非排他性,意指不能排除其他人消费这一物品(不论他们是否付费)。 159.准租金(Quasi-rent)准租金是指对供给暂时不变的投入品的支付。例如,厂商的厂房在短期中是不能改变的,对它和其他不变投人品的支付就是准租金。 160.配额(Quota)配额是指对一种商品每年能够进口的数量所施加的限制。161.射线(Ray)射线是指从某些点出发向空间延伸的线。如果资本在一个轴上,劳动在另外一个轴上,那么从原点出发的一条射线就描述了资本一劳动比率不变的全部投入品组合。 162.反应曲线( Reaction curve) 反应曲线表示一个双头垄断者生产和销售多少数量,该曲线依赖于一个厂商认为另一个双头垄断。

曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释(中英)

曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释(中英)

曼昆经济学原理(第七版)微观经济学分册名词解释中英文归纳CHAPTER 1Ten Principles of EconomicsScarcity: the limited nature of society’s resources稀缺性:社会资源的有限性Economics: the study of how society manages its scarce resources经济学:研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。

Efficiency: the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources效率:社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最大利益的特性Equality: the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of society平等:经济成果在社会成员中平均分配的特性Opportunity cost: whatever must be given up to obtain some item机会成本:为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。

Rational people: people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives理性人:系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现其目标的人Marginal change: a small incremental adjustment to a plan of action边际变动:对行动计划的微小增量调整Incentive: something that induces a person to act激励:引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。

Market economy: an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services市场经济:当许多企业和家庭在物品与服务市场上相互交易时,通过它们的分散决策配置资源的经济。

宏微观经济学名词解释英语

宏微观经济学名词解释英语

宏微观经济学名词解释英语Macroeconomics and Microeconomics TerminologyMacroeconomics:1. Aggregate Demand (AD): The total demand for all goods and services in an economy at a given time and price level.2. Aggregate Supply (AS): The total supply of all goods and services in an economy at a given time and price level.3. Business Cycle: The periodic fluctuations in economic activity, measured by variables such as GDP, employment, and inflation.4. Fiscal Policy: The use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy.5. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total market value of all final goods and services produced within a countryin a given period.6. Inflation: The sustained increase in the generalprice level of goods and services in an economy over time.7. Monetary Policy: The actions taken by a central bank, such as the Federal Reserve, to influence the money supply and interest rates to achieve economic objectives.8. Recession: A period of temporary economic decline, generally identified by a fall in GDP for two consecutive quarters.9. Unemployment: The state of being without a job, actively seeking employment, and available for work.Microeconomics:1. Demand: The willingness and ability of consumers to purchase a good or service at different prices.2. Supply: The willingness and ability of producers to offer a good or service for sale at different prices.3. Equilibrium Price: The price at which the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.4. Elasticity: A measure of the responsiveness of one variable to changes in another variable.5. Marginal Cost: The additional cost of producing one more unit of a good or service.6. Marginal Revenue: The additional revenue earned from selling one more unit of a good or service.7. Opportunity Cost: The value of the next bestalternative that must be forgone to pursue a certain action.8. Perfect Competition: A market structure characterized by many small firms selling identical products, with no individual firm having the ability to influence the market price.9. Monopoly: A market structure with a single seller ofa product for which there are no close substitutes.10. Externality: A cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit.宏观经济学和微观经济学术语宏观经济学:1. 总需求(AD):在某一时间和价格水平下,经济中所有商品和服务的总需求。

微观经济学名词解释汇总(完整版)

微观经济学名词解释汇总(完整版)

微观经济学名词解释汇总(完整版)微观经济学名词解释汇总一、供给(Supply)在经济学中,供给是指市场上出售的商品或服务的数量。

供给的决定因素主要包括生产成本、技术进步、生产要素的供给以及预期市场价格等。

供给曲线通常是一个向上倾斜的曲线,表示在价格上升的情况下,供给的数量也会增加。

二、需求(Demand)需求是指消费者在一定价格下愿意购买的商品或服务的数量。

需求的决定因素主要包括价格、消费者收入、相关商品价格和个人偏好等。

需求曲线通常是一个向下倾斜的曲线,表示在价格上升的情况下,需求的数量会减少。

三、均衡价格和均衡数量(Equilibrium Price and Quantity)均衡价格和均衡数量是指供给和需求达到平衡时的价格和数量。

在均衡价格下,市场上供给的数量和消费者需求的数量完全相等,市场处于供需平衡的状态。

这一均衡的价格和数量由市场自主调节形成。

四、边际效用(Marginal Utility)边际效用是指消费者从每多消费一单位商品或服务中获得的额外满足程度。

边际效用逐渐递减的原理认为,随着继续消费,每多消费一单位商品或服务的满足程度逐渐减少。

五、边际成本(Marginal Cost)边际成本是指企业在生产中每多生产一单位产品所承担的额外成本。

边际成本逐渐增加的原理认为,随着生产规模的扩大,每增加一单位产量的成本逐渐增加。

六、弹性(Elasticity)弹性是指需求或供给对价格或收入变化的反应程度。

根据弹性变化的幅度,需求和供给可以分为弹性、非常弹性和完全不弹性。

弹性需求表示价格变化对需求变化的反应很大,而非常弹性需求表示价格变化对需求变化的反应很小。

七、垄断(Monopoly)垄断是指市场上只有一个卖家或供应商的市场形式。

垄断者通常会通过限制和控制市场中的供给,来操纵产品或服务的价格。

这种市场结构下,垄断者通常能够获得较高的利润。

八、竞争(Competition)竞争是指市场上存在多个卖家或供应商的市场形式。

微观经济学名词解释

微观经济学名词解释

经济学(Economics):研究人和社会对具有不同用途的稀缺资源配置并加以选择的科学;其目标是有效利用稀缺资源来生产商品和劳务,并在现在或将来把它们合理地分配给社会成员或集团以供消费之用。

微观经济学(Microeconomics):研究微观(Micro)、或“小型”经济单位的经济行为,如单个消费者、生产者和单一市场的经济行为。

宏观经济学(Macroeconomics):研究社会总体的经济行为及其后果,即对整个社会的消费、投资、生产、收入等进行分析研究。

经济人(Economic man):作出决策的出发点是个人利益,寻求个人利益最大化。

需求(Demand):一种商品的需求是指消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格下愿意而且能够购买的该种商品的数量。

需求函数(Demand function):用来表示一种商品的需求数量和影响该需求数量的各种因素之间相关关系的数学表达式。

供给(Supply):一种商品的供给是指生产者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格下愿意而且能够提供出售的该种商品的数量。

供给函数(Supply function):用来表示一种商品的供给数量和影响该供给数量的各种因素之间相关关系的数学表达式。

均衡(Equilibrium):指各个经济决策者(消费者、厂商)所作出的决策正好相容,在外界条件不变的情况下,每个人都不愿意再调整自己的决策,是一种相对静止的状态。

均衡价格(Equilibrium price):指商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时候的价格。

均衡数量(Equilibrium quantity):在均衡价格水平下相等的供求数量。

均衡点(Equilibrium point):一种商品的市场需求曲线和市场供给曲线的交点。

需求量的变动(Variation of demand quantity):仅仅因价格因素的变动而引起的需求数量的变动,是一种线上运动。

需求的变动(Variation od demand):由于价格以外的因素的变动而引起的需求数量的变动,是一种线的移动。

微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细

微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细

微观经济学名词解释Chapter 1businesscycle 经济周期fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and productioneconomics经济学;经济,国家的经济状况the study of how society manages its scarce缺乏的,罕见的resourcesefficiency n.功效; 效率,效能; 实力,能力; [物] 性能;the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resourcesequality n.同等,平等; [数] 相等,等式;the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of societyexternality[the unpensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of aChapter 2circular-flow diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households 家庭; 家庭,户and firmsmacroeconomics[,mækrəʊiːkə' nɒmɪks; -ek-] the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growthmicroeconomics[,maɪkrəʊiːkə'n ɒmɪks the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in marketsnormative['nɔːmətɪv]标准的statements claims that attempt to prescribe定,规定; 指定,规定;美[prɪˈskraɪb] how the world should bepositivestatementsclaims that attempt to describe the world as it is productionpossibilities frontier ['frʌntɪə)a graph that shows the binations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technologyChapter 3absoluteadvantagethe ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producerparative advantage the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producerexports goods produced domestically美[də'mestɪklɪ】合乎国内的and sold abroadimports goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyopportunitycostwhatever must be given up to obtain some itemChapter 4petitivemarket 完全竞争市场a market with many buyers and sellers['selə] trading identical同一的,完全相同的美[aɪˈdɛntɪkəl] products so that each buyer and seller is a price takerplements互补品['kɑmpləmətwo goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the othernt] demandcurve 需求曲线a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandeddemandschedule需求表a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedEquilibrium[,ikwɪ'lɪbrɪəm]均衡a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demandedequilibriumprice 均衡价格the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demandedequilibrium quantity the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium priceinferiorgood劣质品[ɪn'fɪərɪə] a good for which, other things equal, an increase in ine leads to a decrease in demandlaw of the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a gooddemand需求原理falls when the price of the good rises law ofsupply 供给原理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good riseslaw ofsupply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balancemarket a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service normalgood普通商品a good for which, other things equal, an increase in ine leads to an increase in demandquantitydemanded需求量the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchasequantitysuppliedthe amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell shortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity suppliedsubstitutes two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to anincrease in the demand for the othersupply curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsupply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsurplus ['sɜ:pləs] a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedChapter 5 cross-pric e elasticityof demand 需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, puted as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodelasticity[,ilæ'stɪsəti] n弹性; 弹a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants.力; 灵活性; 伸缩性;ineelasticity of demand需求的收入弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ ine, puted as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in inepriceelasticity of demand需求价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, puted as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in pricepriceelasticity of supply 供给的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, puted as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in pricetotal the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, puted asrevenue (ina market)总收入;总收益the price of the good times the quantity soldChapter 6priceceiling ['siːlɪŋ] a legal maximum['mæksɪməm] on the price at which a good can be soldprice floor a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold taxincidence['ɪnsɪd(ə)ns] the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a marketChapter 7 consumer[k ən'sjuːmə]surplus ['sɜːpləs]消费者剩余the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus ['maɪnəs] the amount the buyer actually pays for itcost the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodefficiency the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources equality the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of societyproducer surplus the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost of providing itwelfare economics the study of how the allocation美[ˌæləˈkeɪʃn]分配,配给of resources affects economic well-beingwillingnessto pay 受益者负担the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodChapter 8Deadweight loss无谓损失又为社会净损失the fall in total surplus过剩的; 多余的[ˈsɜ:rpləs] that results from a market distortion变形; 失真[dɪˈstɔrʃən], such as a taxChapter 9tariff a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyn .关税; 关税表; 价格表world price the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that goodChapter 10 Coasetheorem['θɪərəm] 科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities 外在性on their owncorrectivetax 矫正税a tax designed to induce private decision makers to take account of the social costs that arise from a negative externalityexternality [,ekstɜː'n ælɪtɪ]n .外形; 外在性; 外部事物;(经济the unpensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of abystander学名词)外部效应internalizing the externality 内化altering incentives[ɪn'sɛntɪv] so that people take account of the external effects of their actionstransaction[træn'zæk ʃən]交易costs the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing to and following through on a bargainChapter 11club goods goods that are excludable but not rival in consumptionmon resources goods that are rival in consumption but not excludable可排他的; 包括在外的;cost –benefit analysis成本效益分析a study that pares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public goodexcludabilit y[ɪks,kluːdə' bɪlətɪ]排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using itfree rider[释义]坐享其成,无本获利;a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for itprivategoodsgoods that are both excludable and rival in consumptionpublicgoodsgoods that are neither excludable nor rival in consumptionrivalry inconsumptio n消费竞争the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s useTragedy ofthe mons公共地悲剧a parable寓言; 格言; that illustrates why mon resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a wholeChapter 12 ability-to-p ay principle[释义]负担能力原则,付税能力原则;the idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burdenaverage taxratetotal taxes paid divided by total inebenefits principle the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesbudgetdeficit n.预算赤字;a shortfall亏空; 缺空of tax revenue from government spendingbudgetsurplus 预算结余an excess of tax revenue over government spending horizontalequity 纳税横向均the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amount等;lump-sumtax 总量税a tax that is the same amount for every personmarginaltax rate 边际税率the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of ine progressivetax 累进税a tax for which high-ine taxpayers pay a larger fraction分数; 一小部分of their ine than do low-ine taxpayersproportional tax 比例税率a tax for which high-ine and low-ine taxpayers pay the same fraction of ineregressivetax 累退税a tax for which high-ine taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their ine than do low-ine taxpayersverticalequity 纵向公平the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amountsChapter 13profittotal revenue minus total explicit清楚的,明确的cost averagefixed costfixed cost divided by the quantity of outputaveragetotal costtotal cost divided by the quantity of outputaveragevariable costvariable cost divided by the quantity of output constantreturns to scale the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changesdiminishing marginalproduct 边际产量递减规律the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increasesdiseconomies of scale 规模不经济the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increaseseconomic profit total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costsof scale 规模经济the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increasesefficientscale最小有效规模the quantity of output that minimizes average total costexplicitcostsinput costs that require an outlay of money by the firmfixed costs固定成本costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced implicitcosts隐性成本input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firmmarginalcost边际成本the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of productionmarginalproductthe increase in output that arises from an additional unit of inputproduction function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodprofit total revenue minus total costtotal cost the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production totalrevenue (forfirm)the amount a firm receives for the sale of its outputvariablecosts[释义]变动成本;costs that vary with the quantity of output producedChapter 14averagerevenuetotal revenue divided by the quantity soldpetitive market a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price takermarginalrevenuethe change in total revenue from an additional unit sold sunk cost沉没成本a cost that has already been mitted and cannot be recovered Chapter 15monopoly[mə'nɒp(ə)lɪ]a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes naturalmonopoly n.垄断; 专卖; 垄断者; 专利品;a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firmspricediscriminati on the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersChapter 16 monopolistic petition 垄断竞争市场a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identicaloligopoly求过于供的市场情况;a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsChapter 17cartel <经>卡特尔,企业联合a group of firms acting in unison ['juːnɪs(ə)n]collusion an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge<经>卡特尔,企业联合a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersgametheorythe study of how people behave in strategic situations GDPdeflator[di'fl eitə]GDP缩减指数a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosenoligopoly[,ɑlə'gɑpəli] a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products寡头prisoners’dilemma [dɪˈlemə囚徒困境”是1950年美国兰德公司提出的博弈论模型a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialChapter 18capital the equipment and structures used to produce goods and services diminishing marginalproduct 边际产量递减规律the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increasesfactors ofproductionthe inputs used to produce goods and servicesmarginal the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of laborproduct of laborproduction function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodvalue ofthemarginal边际价值productthe marginal product of an input times the price of the outputChapter 19pensatingdifferential 补偿微分a difference in wages that arises to offset the non-monetary characteristics of different jobsdiscrimination[dɪ,skrɪmɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n] ;歧视the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristicsefficiencywages 效率工资above- equilibrium平衡,均势; 平静ˌ[ikwəˈlɪbriəm] wages paid by firms to increase worker productivityhumancapital*人力资本the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experiencestriken .攻击; 罢工[课,市];发现the organized withdrawal移开; 撤回of labor from a firm by aunionunion a worker association that bargains with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions。

《微观经济学》名词解释

《微观经济学》名词解释
73、支付矩阵:博弈论中,用来描述两个人或多个参与人的策略和支付的矩阵。不同参与人的利润或效用就是支付。
74、纳什均衡:是指博弈论中的一种均衡,如果给出每个其他局中人的策略,在此均衡下,所有局中人都没有理由改变他自己的策略?
75、科斯定理:只要财产权是明确的,并且其交易成本为零或者很小,则无论在开始时将财产权赋予谁,市场均衡的最终结果都是有效率的。
45、垄断竞争市场:一个有许多厂商生产和销售有差别的同种产品的市场。
46、寡头垄断市场:是指少数几家厂商控制整个市场的产品的生产和销售的这样一种市场组织。
47、折拐需求曲线模型:又称斯威齐模型。假设条件是:如果一个寡头厂商提高价格,行业中的其他寡头厂商都不会跟着改变自己的价格,因而提价的寡头厂商的销售量的减少是很多的;如果一个寡头厂商降低价格,行业中的其他寡头厂商会将价格降到相同的水平,以避免销售份额的减少,因而该寡头厂商的销售量的增加是很有限的。
38、成本函数:成本和产量之间的关系。
39、厂商均衡: 指一个厂商在其所面临的各种约束下,利润达到最大化时的产出的水平或状态?此时厂商没有改变其产出或价格水平的动机?在规范的厂商理论中,这意味着厂商选择了一个边际收益恰好等于边际成本的产出水平?
40、完全竞争市场:必须具备以下四个条件:市场上有大量的买者和卖者;市场上每一个厂商提供的商品都是同质的;所有的资源具有完全的流动性;信息是完全的。
25、边际报酬递减规律:在技术水平不变的条件下,在连续等量地把某一种可变生产要素增加到其他一种或几种数量不变的生产要素上去的过程中,当这种可变生产要素的投入量小于某一特定值时,增加该要素投入所带来的边际产量是递增的;当这种可变要素的投入量连续增加并超过这个特定值时,增加该要素投入所带来的边际产量是递减的。

微观经济学原理(第七版)-曼昆-名词解释(带英文)

微观经济学原理(第七版)-曼昆-名词解释(带英文)

微观经济学原理曼昆名词解释稀缺性(scarcity):社会资源的有限性。

经济学(economics):研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。

效率(efficiency):社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。

平等(equality):经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。

机会成本(opportunity cost):为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。

理性人(rational people):系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。

边际变动(marginal change):对行动计划微小的增量调整。

激励(incentive):引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西.市场经济(market economy):当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时,通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。

产权(property rights):个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力。

市场失灵(market failure):市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。

外部性(externality):一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。

市场势力(market power):一个经济活动者(或经济活动者的一个小集团)对市场价格有显著影响的能力.生产率(productivity):一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量。

通货膨胀(inflation):经济中物价总水平的上升。

经济周期(business cycle):就业和生产等经济活动的波动(就是生产这类经济活动的波动.)循环流向图(circular—flow diagram):一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型.生产可能性边界(production possibilities frontier):表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形.微观经济学(microeconomics):研究家庭和企业如何做出决策,以及它们在市场上的相互交易。

宏观经济学(macroeconomics):研究整体经济现象,包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。

微观经济学名词解释和中英文对照

微观经济学名词解释和中英文对照

微观经济学名词解释和中英文对照【经济人】从事经济活动的人所采取的经济行为都是力图以自己的最小经济代价去获得自己的最大经济利益。

【需求】消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。

【供给】生产者在一定时期内在各种价格水平下愿意并且能够提供出售的该种商品的数量。

【均衡价格】。

一种商品的均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时的价格。

【供求定理】。

其他条件不变的情况下,需求变动分别引起均衡价格和均衡数量的同方向的变动,供给变动引起均衡价格的反方向变动,引起均衡数量的同方向变动。

【经济模型】。

经济模型是指用来描述所研究的经济事物的有关经济变量之间相关关系的理论结构。

【弹性】当一个经济变量发生1%的变动时,由它引起的另一个经济变量变动的百分比。

【弧弹性】表示某商品需求曲线上两点之间的需求量的变动对于价格的变动的反应程度。

【点弹性】表示需求曲线上某一点上的需求量变动对于价格变动的反应程度。

【需求的价格弹性】表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量变动对于该商品的价格变动的反应程度。

或者说,表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的该商品的需求量变化的百分比。

【需求的交叉价格弹性】。

表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量的变动相对于它的相关商品的价格变动的反应程度。

或者说,表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的另一种商品的需求量变化百分比。

【替代品】如果两种商品之间能够相互替代以满足消费者的某一种欲望,则称这两种商品之间存在着替代关系,这两种商品互为替代品。

【需求的收入弹性】需求的收入弹性表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品的需求量变动对于消费者收入量变动的反应程度。

或者说,表示在一定时期内当消费者的收入变化百分之一时所引起的商品需求量变化的百分比。

【恩格尔定律】。

在一个家庭或在一个国家中,食物支出在收入中所占的比例随着收入的增加而减少。

用弹性的概念来表述它则可以是:对于一个家庭或一个国家来说,富裕程度越高,则食物支出的收入弹性就越小;反之,则越大。

微观经济学-(英文版)名词解释讲课讲稿

微观经济学-(英文版)名词解释讲课讲稿

微观经济学-(英文版)名词解释微观经济名词解释CHAPTER 1Scarcity:the limited nature of society’s resources.Economics:the study of how society manages its scarce resources.Efficiency:the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources.Equity:the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society. Opportunity cost:whatever must be given up to obtain some item.Rational people:people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives.Marginal changes:small incremental adjustments to a plan of action.Incentive:something that induces a person to act.Market economy:an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.Property rights:the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources. Market failure:a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently. Externality:the impact of one p erson’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.Market power:the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices.Productivity:the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time. Inflation:an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.Business cycle:fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production. CHAPTER 2Circular-flow diagram:a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.Production possibilities frontier:a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.Microeconomics:the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets.Macroeconomics:the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.Positive statements:claims that attempt to describe the world as it is.Normative statements:claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be.Chapter 3Absolute advantage:the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producer Opportunity cost:whatever must be given up to obtain some itemComparative advantage:the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producerExports:goods produced domestically合乎国内的and sold abroadImports:goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyCHAPTER 4Market:a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or serviceCompetitive market:a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market priceQuantity demanded:the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.Law of demand:the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises.Demand schedule:a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.Demand curve:a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.Normal good:a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand.Inferior good:a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand.Substitutes:two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other.Complements:two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other.Quantity supplied:the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell.Law of supply:the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises.Supply schedule:a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.Supply curve:a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied. Equilibrium:a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.Equilibrium price:the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded. Equilibrium quantity:the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price. Surplus:a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.Shortage:a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.Law of supply and demand:the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance.CHAPTER 5Elasticity:a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants.Price elasticity of demand:a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.Total revenue:the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold.Income lasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income.Crossprice elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in the quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good.Price elasticity of supply:a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price.CHAPTER 6Price ceiling:a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold.Price floor:a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold.Tax incidence:the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market. CHAPTER 7Welfare economics:the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. Willingness to pay:the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good.Consumer surplus:a buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays. Cost:the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good.Producer surplus:th e amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost.Eficiency:the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of society.Euity:fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of society.CHAPTER 10Externality:the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.Internalizing an externality:altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions.Coase theorem:the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own.Transaction costs:the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain.Correct tax:a tax designed to induce decision makers to take account of the social costs that arise from a negative externality.CHAPTER 16Oligopoly:a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products. Monopolistic competition:a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical.Collusion:an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge. Cartel:a group of firms acting in unison.Nash equilibrium:a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosen.Game theory:the study of how people behave in strategic situations.Prisoners’dilemma:a particular "game" between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial.Dominant strategy:a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other players.CHAPTER 19Human capital:the accumulation of investments in people, such as education and on-the-job trainingUnion:a worker association that bargains with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditionsStrike:the organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a unionEfficiency wages:above- equilibrium wages paid by firms to increase worker productivityDiscrimination:the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristics。

曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释2-4(中英)

曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释2-4(中英)

曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释CHAPER2-4(中英版)CHAPTER 2Thinking Like an EconomistCircular-flow diagram: a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms循环流量图:一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。

Production possibilities frontier: a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology生产可能性边界:表示在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时,一个经济所能生产的产品数量的各种组合的图形。

Microeconomics: the study of how house- holds and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets微观经济学:研究家庭与企业如何做出决策,以及它们如何在市场上相互交易的学科Macroeconomics: the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth宏观经济学:研究整体经济现象,包括通货膨胀,失业和经济增长的学科。

Positive statements: claims that attempt to describe the world as it is实证表述:试图描述世界是什么样子的观点。

微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细

微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细

微观经济学名词解释Chapter 1businesscycle 经济周期fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment andproductioneconomi cs 经济学;经济,国家的经济状况the study of how society manages its scarce 缺乏的,罕见的resourcesefficienc y n.功效; 效率,效能; 实力,能力; [物] 性能;the property of society getting the most it can from its scarceresourcesequality n .同等,平等; [数]相等,等式;the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformlyamong the members of societyexternality[,ekst ɜː'næl ɪt ɪ]外部性the uncompensated impact of on e person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander 旁观者; 局外人; 看热闹的人 incentive s omething that induces a person to actInflation [ɪn'fle ɪʃ(ə)n]an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy marginalchangessmall incremental 增加的 adjustments to a plan of actionmarket economyan economy that allocates resources through thedecentralized 权力分散; 人口疏散; 密度分散;decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services market failure a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate 分配,分派; 把…拨给;英[ˈæləke ɪt] resources efficiently market powerthe ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesChapter 2circular-flowdiagrama visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flowthrough markets among households 家庭; 家庭,户and firms macroeconomics [,mækr əʊi ːk ə'n ɒm ɪks; -ek-]the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth microeconomics [,ma ɪkr əʊi ːk ə'n ɒm ɪks the study of how households and firms make decisionsand how they interact in marketsnormative['n ɔːm ət ɪv]标准的 statementsclaims that attempt to prescribe 定,规定; 指定,规定;美[pr ɪˈskra ɪb] how the world should be positivestatementsclaims that attempt to describe the world as it isproductionpossibilitiesfrontier['fr ʌnt ɪə)a graph that shows the combinations of output that theeconomy can possibly produce given the available factorsof production and the available production technologyChapter 3absoluteadvantagethe ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than anotherproducercomparati ve advantag ethe ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer exports goods produced domestically 美[d ə'mest ɪkl ɪ】合乎国内的 andsold abroad imports goods produced abroad and sold domestically opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some itemChapter 4competiti ve market a market with many buyers and sellers['sel ə] trading identical 同一的,完全相同的美[a ɪˈd ɛnt ɪk əl] products so that each完全竞争市场buyer and seller is a price taker Complements互补品['kɑmpləmənt]two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherdemand curve 需求曲线a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandeddemand schedule 需求表a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedEquilibrium[,ikwɪ'lɪbrɪəm]均衡a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demandedequilibriu m price 均衡价格the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demandedequilibriu m quantity the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium priceinferiorgood劣质品[ɪn'fɪərɪə] a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demandlaw of demand 需求原理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good riseslaw of supply 供给原理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good riseslaw of supply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balancemarket a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or servicenormal good a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand普通商品quantitydemanded 需求量the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able topurchasequantitysuppliedthe amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sellshortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater thanquantity supplied substitute s two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other supply curvea graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsupply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsurplus ['s ɜ:pl əs] a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedChapter5cross-pri ceelasticity ofdemand 需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodelasticity [,ilæ'st ɪs əti]n . 弹性; 弹力; 灵活性; 伸缩性; a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded orquantity supplied to one of its determinantsincomea measure of how much the quantity demanded of a goodelasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性 responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income price elasticity ofdemand 需求价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in pricepriceelasticityof supply供给的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a goodresponds to a change in the price of that good, computed asthe percentage change in quantity supplied divided by thepercentage change in pricetotal revenue (in a market)总收入; 总收益the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity soldChapter 6price ceiling ['si ːl ɪŋ] a legal maximum['mæks ɪm əm] on the price at which a good can be soldprice floora legal minimum on the price at which a good can be soldtaxincidenc e['ɪns ɪd(ə)ns]the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a marketChapter 7consumer [k ən'sju ːmə] surplus['s ɜːpl əs]消费者剩余the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus ['ma ɪn əs] theamount the buyer actually pays for itcost the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodefficiency the property of society getting the most it can from its scarceresources equality the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly amongthe members of society producer surplus the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost of providing itwelfareeconomicsthe study of how the allocation 美[ˌæləˈke ɪʃn]分配,配给 ofresources affects economic well-beingwillingnes s to pay受益者负担 the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodChapter 8Deadweightloss 无谓损失又为社会净损失the fall in total surplus 过剩的; 多余的[ˈsɜ:rpl əs] that results from a market distortion 变形; 失真[d ɪˈst ɔr ʃən], such as a taxChapter 9tariff n . 关税;关税表; 价格表a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyworld pricethe price of a good that prevails in the world market for that goodChapter 10Coasetheorem['θɪər əm]科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without costover the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem ofexternalities 外在性 on their owncorrectiv a tax designed to induce private decision makers to takee tax 矫正税 account of the social costs that arise from a negative externalityexternalit y [,ekst ɜː'næl ɪt ɪ] n . 外形; 外在性; 外部事物; (经济学名词) 外部效应the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander internalizing the externalit y 内化altering incentives[ɪn's ɛnt ɪv] so that people take account of the external effects of their actions transaction[træn'z æk ʃən]交易 coststhe costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing to and following through on a bargainChapter 11club goodsgoods that are excludable but not rival in consumptioncommonresources goods that are rival in consumption but not excludable 可排他的; 包括在外的;co st –benefit analysis 成本效益分析a study that compares the costs and benefits to society ofproviding a public goodexcludabi lity [ɪks,klu ːd ə'b ɪl ət ɪ]排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be preventedfrom using itfree rider[释义]坐享其成,无本获利; a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it private goods goods that are both excludable and rival in consumption public goodsgoods that are neither excludable nor rival in consumptionrivalry inconsump tion 消费竞争the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s use Tragedyof theCommon s 公共地悲剧a parable 寓言; 格言; that illustrates why common resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a wholeChapter 12ability-to-payprinciple[释义]负担能力原则,付税能力原则;the idea that taxes should be levied on a person according tohow well that person can shoulder the burdenaveragetax ratetotal taxes paid divided by total incomebenefits principle the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesbudgetdeficit n.预算赤字;a shortfall 亏空; 缺空 of tax revenue from governmentspendingbudgetsurplus 预算结余an excess of tax revenue over government spending horizontal equity纳税横向the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxesshould pay the same amount均等;lump-sum tax 总量税a tax that is the same amount for every person marginaltax rate 边际税率the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income progressive tax 累进税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction 分数; 一小部分 of their income than do low-income taxpayersproportional tax 比例税率a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay thesame fraction of incomeregressive tax 累退税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction oftheir income than do low-income taxpayersverticalequity 纵向公平the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxesshould pay larger amountsChapter 13accounting profittotal revenue minus total explicit 清楚的,明确的 costaveragefixed costfixed cost divided by the quantity of outputaveragetotal cost total cost divided by the quantity of outputaverage variable costvariable cost divided by the quantity of outputconstantreturns toscalethe property whereby long-run average total cost stays thesame as the quantity of output changesdiminishin gmarginal product 边际产量递减规律the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increasesmies of scale 规模不经济the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increaseseconomic profit total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costseconomie s of scale 规模经济the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increasesefficientscale最小有效规模the quantity of output that minimizes average total costexplicitcostsinput costs that require an outlay of money by the firmfixedcosts固定成本costs that do not vary with the quantity of output producedimplicitcosts隐性成本input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firmmarginal cost边际成本the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of productionmarginal product the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of inputproductio n function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodprofit total revenue minus total costtotal cost the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production totalrevenue(for firm)the amount a firm receives for the sale of its outputvariablecosts[释义]变动成本;costs that vary with the quantity of output produced Chapter14revenuetotal revenue divided by the quantity sold competiti ve marketa market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker marginal revenuethe change in total revenue from an additional unit sold sunkcost 沉没成本 a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recoveredChapter15monopoly[mə'n ɒp(ə)l ɪ]a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes naturalmonopoly n.垄断; 专卖; 垄断者; 专利品;a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms price discrimina tionthe business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersChapter16 monopolistic competiti on 垄断竞争市场a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical oligopoly求过于供的市场情况;a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsChapter17cartel <经>卡特尔,企业联合a group of firms acting in unison ['juːnɪs(ə)n]collusion an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge<经>卡特尔,企业联合a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersgametheorythe study of how people behave in strategic situations GDPdeflator[d i'fleitə]GDP缩减指数a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100Nash equilibriu m 纳什均衡a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosenoligopoly[ ,ɑlə'gɑpəli] 寡头a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsprisoners’ dilemma [dɪˈlemə囚徒困境”是1950年美国兰德公司提出的博弈论模型a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialChapter18capital the equipment and structures used to produce goods and servicesdiminishi ng the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increasesmarginalproduct边际产量递减规律factors ofproductionthe inputs used to produce goods and servicesmarginal product of labor the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of laborproducti on function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodvalue ofthemarginal边际价值productthe marginal product of an input times the price of the outputChapter19compensating differential 补偿微分a difference in wages that arises to offset the non-monetary characteristics of different jobsdiscrimination[dɪ,skr ɪmɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n] ;歧视the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristicsefficiency wages 效率工资above- equilibrium平衡,均势; 平静ˌ[ikwəˈlɪbriəm] wages paid by firms to increase worker productivityhuman capital*人力资本the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experiencestriken .攻击; 罢工[课,市];发现the organized withdrawal移开; 撤回of labor from a firm by a union 精品文档,你值得期待union a worker association that bargains with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions。

(完整版)微观经济学名词解释双语版

(完整版)微观经济学名词解释双语版

微观经济名词解释CHAPTER 1 BriefingScarcity : the limited nature of society's resources。

Economics : the study of how society manages its scarce resources.Efficiency : the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources.Equity : the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society.Opportunity cost : whatever must be given up to obtain some item。

Rational : systematically and purposefully doing the best you can to achieve your objectives。

Marginal changes : small incremental adjustments to a plan of action。

Incentive : something that induces a person to act。

Market economy : an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services。

Property rights : the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources。

宏微观经济学英文名词解释

宏微观经济学英文名词解释

宏微观经济学英文名词解释Macroeconomics and Microeconomics: Key Concepts Explained。

In the realm of economics, two fundamental branches govern the analysis and understanding of economic systems: macroeconomics and microeconomics. These disciplines delve into the intricate workings of economies, albeit from different perspectives. Below, we elucidate the key concepts in both macro and microeconomics, shedding light on their significance and how they shape our understanding of economic phenomena.Macroeconomics:。

1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): GDP serves as a cornerstone indicator in macroeconomics, representing the total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders over a specific period. It encapsulates the economic health and performance of a nation, reflecting its overall output and standard of living.2. Inflation: Inflation denotes the rate at which the general price level of goods and services rises over time. It erodes purchasing power and influences consumer behavior, investment decisions, and government policies. Central banks often target a specific inflation rate to maintain economic stability.3. Unemployment: Unemployment measures the proportion of the labor force actively seeking employment but unable to find jobs. It reflects underutilization of labor resources within an economy, impacting income distribution, social welfare, and government expenditure on welfare programs.4. Fiscal Policy: Fiscal policy pertains to the use of government spending and taxation to influence economic conditions. Governments employ fiscal measures to stimulate or restrain economic growth, manage inflation, and address unemployment through budgetary adjustments and public expenditure programs.5. Monetary Policy: Monetary policy involves the regulation of money supply and interest rates by central banks to achieve macroeconomic objectives. Through tools like open market operations and reserve requirements, monetary authorities aim to control inflation, stabilize currency value, and promote economic growth.Microeconomics:。

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微观经济学名词解释1122 Chapter 1businesscycle 经济周期 fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment andproductioneconomic s 经济学;经济,国家的经济状况 the study of how society manages its scarce 缺乏的,罕见的 resourcesefficien cy n.功效; 效率,效能; 实力,能力; [物] 性能; the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resourcesequality n .同等,平等; [数]相等,等式; the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformlyamong the members of societyexternal ity[,ekst ɜːthe uncompensated impact of one person’s ac tions on theChapter 2circular-flo w diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households 家庭; 家庭,户and firmsmacroeconomics [,mækrəʊiːkə'nɒmɪks; -ek-]the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growthmicroeconomics [,maɪkr əʊiːkə'n ɒmɪks the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in marketsnormative['nɔːmətɪv]标准的statements claims that attempt to prescribe定,规定; 指定,规定;美[prɪˈskraɪb] how the world should bepositivestatementsclaims that attempt to describe the world as it isproduction possibilitie s frontier a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production33['frʌntɪə)technology Chapter 3absolute advantage the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producercomparative advantage the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producerexports goods produced domestically美[də'mestɪklɪ】合乎国内的and sold abroadimports goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyopportunity costwhatever must be given up to obtain some itemChapter 4competitive market 完全竞争市场a market with many buyers and sellers['selə] trading identical同一的,完全相同的美[aɪˈdɛntɪkəl]products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker44ts互补品['kɑmpləmənt]two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherdemandcurve 需求曲线a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandeddemandschedule 需求表a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedEquilibri um[,ikwɪ'lɪbrɪəm]均衡a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demandedequilibrium price 均衡价格the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demandedequilibrium quantity the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price5566good劣质品 [ɪn'f ɪər ɪə] a good for which, other things equal, an increase in incomeleads to a decrease in demandlaw of demand 需求原理 the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises law of supply 供给原理 the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises law ofsupply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balancemarketa group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or servicenormal good 普通商品a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demandquantity the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able tov1.0 可编辑可修改77demanded 需求量purchase quantity supplied the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sellshortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater thanquantity suppliedsubstitut es two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the othersupply curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsupplyschedule a table that shows the relationship between the price ofa good and the quantity supplied surplus['s ɜ:pləs]a situation in which quantity supplied is greater thanquantity demandedChapter 5cross-pr a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one goodice elastici ty of demand 需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodelastici ty[,ilæ' stɪsəti]n .弹性;弹力;灵活性;伸缩性;a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded orquantity supplied to one of its determinantsincomeelastici ty of demand 需求的收入弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income88v1.0 可编辑可修改99priceelastici ty ofdemand 需求价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computedas the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price priceelastici ty ofsupply 供给的价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computedas the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price total revenue (in amarket)总收入; 总收益the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good,computed as the price of the good times the quantity soldChapter 6price ceiling ['si ːl ɪa legal maximum['m æks ɪm əm] on the price at which a good can be soldŋ]pricefloora legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold taxincidenc e['ɪnsɪd(ə)ns]the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a marketChapter 7consumer[ kən'sju ːmə]surplus ['sɜːpl əs]消费者剩余the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus ['ma ɪnəs] the amount the buyer actually pays for itcost the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodefficienc y the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resourcesequality the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly1010among the members of societyproducer surplus the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost of providing itwelfare economics the study of how the allocation美[ˌæləˈkeɪʃn]分配,配给 of resources affects economic well-beingwillingness to pay受益者负担the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodChapter 8Deadweightloss 无谓损失又为社会净损失the fall in total surplus过剩的; 多余的[ˈsɜ:rpləs] that results from a market distortion变形; 失真[dɪˈstɔrʃən], such as a taxChapter91111tariffn .关税;关税表; 价格表a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyworld price the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that goodChapter 10Coasetheorem[ 'θɪər əm] 科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities外在性 on their owncorrecti ve tax 矫正税a tax designed to induce private decision makers to take account of the social costs that arise from a negative externalityexternality [,ekstɜː'nælɪthe uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander12121313t ɪ] n . 外形; 外在性; 外部事物; (经济学名词) 外部效应internalizing the external ity 内化 altering incentives[ɪn's ɛnt ɪv] so that people take account of the external effects of their actions transact ion[tr æn'z æk ʃən]交易 coststhe costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing toand following through on a bargainChapter11clubgoods goods that are excludable but not rival in consumptioncommongoods that are rival in consumption but not excludableresources 可排他的; 包括在外的;cost–benefit analysis 成本效益分析a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public goodexcludabi lity [ɪks,kluːd ə'bɪlətɪ]排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using itfree rider [释义]坐享其成,无本获利;a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for itprivategoodsgoods that are both excludable and rival in consumption public goods that are neither excludable nor rival in consumption1414v1.0 可编辑可修改1515goods rivalry inconsumption 消费竞争 the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishesother people’s useTragedy of the Commons 公共地悲剧a parable 寓言; 格言; that illustrates why common resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a wholeChapter12ability-t o-pay principle[释义]负担能力原则,付税能力原则; the idea that taxes should be levied on a person accordingto how well that person can shoulder the burdenaveragetotal taxes paid divided by total incometax ratebenefits principle the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesbudgetdeficit n.预算赤字;a shortfall亏空; 缺空 of tax revenue from government spendingbudgetsurplus预算结余an excess of tax revenue over government spending horizontal equity 纳税横向均等;the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amountlump-sumtax 总量税a tax that is the same amount for every personmarginaltax rate边际税率the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income progressi a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction1616v1.0 可编辑可修改1717ve tax 累进税 分数; 一小部分 of their income than do low-income taxpayersproportional tax比例税率 a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers paythe same fraction of incomeregressive tax 累退税 a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smallerfraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersverticalequity 纵向公平the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxesshould pay larger amountsChapter 13 accounting profit total revenue minus total explicit 清楚的,明确的 costaveragefixed cost fixed cost divided by the quantity of outputaveragetotal cost total cost divided by the quantity of outputaveragevariable cost divided by the quantity of output1818cost constantreturns toscale the property whereby long-run average total cost stays thesame as the quantity of output changesdiminishi ngmarginal product 边际产量递减规律 the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increasesdiseconom ies of scale 规模不经济the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increaseseconomic profit total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costseconomiesof scale规模经济 the property whereby long-run average total cost falls asthe quantity of output increasesefficient scale 最小the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost1919explicitcosts input costs that require an outlay of money by the firmfixedcosts 固定成本 costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced implicitcosts 隐性成本 input costs that do not require an outlay of money by thefirmmarginalcost 边际成本the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unitof productionmarginal productthe increase in output that arises from an additional unit of inputproductio n function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good profittotal revenue minus total costtotal cost the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production total revenuethe amount a firm receives for the sale of its outputv1.0 可编辑可修改2020(for firm) variable costs [释义]变动成本;costs that vary with the quantity of output producedChapter14averagerevenue total revenue divided by the quantity soldcompetitivemarket a market with many buyers and sellers trading identicalproducts so that each buyer and seller is a price takermarginalrevenuethe change in total revenue from an additional unit soldsunk cost 沉没成本 a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recoveredChapter 15monopoly[m a firm that is the sole seller of a product without closeə'nɒp(ə)lɪ]substitutesnaturalmonopolyn.垄断; 专卖; 垄断者; 专利品;a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firmspricediscrimina tion the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersChapter 16monopolis ticcompetiti on垄断竞争市场a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identicaloligopoly 求过于供的市场a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products2121情况;Chapter 17cartel <经>卡特尔,企业联合a group of firms acting in unison ['juːnɪs(ə)n]collusion an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge<经>卡特尔,企业联合a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersgametheorythe study of how people behave in strategic situationsGDPdeflator[di'fleit ə]GDP缩减指数a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100Nash a situation in which economic actors interacting with one2222equilibri um 纳什均衡another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosenoligopoly[,ɑlə'gɑpəli] 寡头a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsprisoners ’ dilemma [dɪˈlem ə囚徒困境”是1950年美国兰德公司提出的博弈论模型a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialChapter18capital the equipment and structures used to produce goods and services2323diminish ingmarginal product 边际产量递减规律the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increasesfactorsofproductionthe inputs used to produce goods and services marginalproduct of labor the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of laborproduction function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodvalue of themarginal 边际价值product the marginal product of an input times the price of the output2424v1.0 可编辑可修改2525Chapter 19compensati ngdifferential 补偿微分 a difference in wages that arises to offset thenon-monetary characteristics of different jobsdiscrimina tion [dɪ,skr ɪmɪ'ne ɪʃ(ə)n] ; 歧视the offering of different opportunities to similarindividuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex,age, or other personal characteristicsefficiencywages 效率工资 above- equilibrium 平衡,均势; 平静ˌ[ikw əˈl ɪbri əm]wages paid by firms to increase worker productivityhumancapital *人力资本 the knowledge and skills that workers acquire througheducation, training, and experiencestriken . 攻击; 罢工[课,市]; 发the organized withdrawal 移开; 撤回 of labor from a firmby a union现union a worker association that bargains with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions2626。

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