景观设计类外文文献分析图文
园林景观外文文献翻译演示教学
景观设计风格和园林价值保护之间的关系：德国魏玛历史公园的案例研究Martin Kümmerling, Norbert Müller景观管理与生态恢复部门以及URBIO总公司，德国埃尔福特应用技术大学关键词：生物多样性；历史公园；园艺；城市公园；植被；摘要：城市公园可以通过被引入植物的种植成为入侵源。
另一方面，城市公园作为生物多样性的热点地区，可以支持保护濒危和罕见的分类单元。
即使历史城市公园首先被评估为遗产，但它们依然为生态系统和积极的审美以及社会价值服务。
虽然在欧洲有许多研究是关于设计的，公园的哲学和历史背景就像生物多样性的研究一样，几乎没有研究提出景观设计原则如何影响了公园的生物保护价值。
因为在欧洲，公园的景观风格是一个最具影响力的历史景观设计风格，我们将我们的研究集中在德国魏玛的“伊尔姆河畔公园”。
它创建于18世纪晚期，并且在1998年被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产的一部分。
我们的研究问题是:1. 哪些设计原则、植物原料和技术实施被使用在创建和管理公园的过程中？2. 对于公园的生物保护尤其是濒危植物物种和栖息地的保护来说，当前什么才是具有价值的？3. 设计原则和现代公园的价值之间是什么关系？我们将我们的结果与类似的公园景观做一对比，并对未来可持续的公园设计和公园恢复管理给出建议。
1.引言园艺是植物物种入侵的一个主要来源（Dehnen-Schmutz, Touza,Perrings, & Williamson, 2007; Mack & Erneberg, 2002; Reichard & White, 2001）。
城市公园可以被入侵源通过种植引入分类单元而入侵（Saumel Kowarik,& Butenschon,2010）。
另一方面，在城市地区公园可以作为生物多样性的热点地区（Cornelis & Hermy,2004），可以支持保护濒临灭绝的稀有类群（Kowarik, 1998; Kunick, 1978; Li, Ouyang, Meng, & Wang, 2006; Reidl, 1989）。
外文文献翻译景观设计
景观设计•介绍:住宅绿色绿色就是城市得重要组成部分,最接近居民,与居民日常生活最密切相关得,它提高生活质量得环境,提高居民得身心健康至关重要。
绿色住宅面积水平,体现城市现代化得一个重要标志。
小区在城市绿地系统中分布最广,就是普遍绿化得重要方面,城市生态学就是一个重要得系统得一部分。
得推进城市现代化、绿色住宅面积也应该相应得提高水平,更好地满足了不同需求得环境质量。
因此,加强住宅绿色建筑设计得主要任务就是做一个好工作。
改善设计应该尊重传统、尊重科学基础上得原始背后得拒绝环境,关注生态与景观设计、绿色住宅区域,使工作到一个新得水平。
下面从生态设计与景观设计来探讨设计得新思路。
•关键词:景观、景观设计绿色居住区就是城市绿化得重要组成部分,最近得居民,居民日常生活最密切相关得,它提高生活质量得环境,提高居民得身心健康至关重要。
绿色住宅面积水平,体现城市现代化得一个重要标志。
小区在城市绿地系统中分布最广,就是普遍绿化得重要方面,城市生态学就是一个重要得系统得一部分。
得推进城市现代化、绿色住宅面积也应该相应得提高水平,更好地满足了不同需求得环境质量。
因此,加强住宅绿色建筑设计得主要任务就是做一个好工作。
改善设计应该尊重传统、尊重科学基础上得原始背后得拒绝环境,关注生态与景观设计、绿色住宅区域,使工作到一个新得水平。
下面从生态设计与景观设计来探讨设计得新思路。
1。
生态设计绿化得居民区,必须基于城市生态系统,关注生态效率,改善环境质量,维护与保留居住区城市得生态平衡。
法位于贵州省中部,位于云贵高原东部隆起区边坡中部、西南得贵州梯子一般地形得特点就是高与低东北从西南到东北。
大波浪起伏得地形,最高海拔1705、2米,最低海拔506、5米,高山与深谷,沟壑方面,切削锋利,形成一个积极得环境多样性打开。
年平均气温为12、8℃,极端最高温度为35、4℃, 极端最低温度为-10、1℃,年平均降雨量1258、8毫米。
总之,开太阳,气候温与,雨量丰富,冬天冷,夏天热,适合各种园林植物得生长与繁殖。
西方现代景观设计的探索图文.最全PPT
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巴特罗公寓
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古埃尔公园
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圣家族大教堂
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格拉斯哥学派
格拉斯哥学派的代表人物是建筑师麦金托什 （Charles Rennie Mackintosh 1868-1928），在他的早 期作品中还有一些曲线的风格的特征，到了后期， 他超越了对自然的模仿，放弃了几乎所有的曲线， 改用直线和简明的色彩。
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第一部分为紧贴着建筑的 方花园，这是一个规则式花园， 以四条水渠为主体，再分出一 些小的水渠，延伸到其它区域， 外侧是小块的草坪和方格状布 置的小花床。
规则的水渠、花池、草地、 台阶、小桥、汀步等的丰富变 化都在桥与水面之间60cm的高 差内展开。
美丽的花卉和修剪树木体 现了19世纪的传统，交叉的水 渠象征着天堂的四条河流。
园林展在当时产生了广泛的影响，一时间在德国，月桂树球、攀 援月季、艺术栏杆、装饰门、装饰庭院灯、白漆室外家具在庭院设计 46 中颇为风行。
1908年，艺术家之村举办了第三次艺术展。他建造了新艺术运动中的著名建 筑——一个展览馆和一个高50m的婚礼塔。
霍夫曼1905年开始设计的斯托克莱宫的花园也引起广泛的关注。 另外，维也纳设计师雷比施（F. Lebisch）也设计了带有分离派风格的园林， 他的作品与奥尔布里希的设计风格非常相似。
尽管他们的设计也有着维多利亚式的烙印，
但是他们的花园更加简洁、浪漫、高雅，用小尺
度的具有不同功能的空间构筑花园，并强调自然
材料的运用。
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鲁宾逊设计的Gravetye府邸入口花园（1885）
鲁宾逊主张简化 繁琐的维多利亚花园， 园林设计应满足植物 的生态习性，任其自 然生长。
景观设计类外文文献分析图文PPT课件
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5 Thermal environment of residential areas
The comfort of the exterior thermal environment of residential areas is also significant and associated with the residents’health. 5.1 Project introduction Located in the northern Zijingang Campus of Zhejiang University Zijingang Road to the west and the students’ dormitory to the south. The site covers a total area of 125000 m 2 . There are a total of 23 high-rise residential buildings, each of which is about 30 m high. 5.2 Simulation analysis of the wind environment of the community As it is stated in the national Green Building Evaluation Standards that the pedestrian wind speed should be lower than 5 m/s surrounding buildings so that it will not influence the comfort of outdoor activities and building ventilation,the standard for wind environment comfort was as follows: average wind speed <5 m/s at 1.5 m high.
外文翻译 园林设计
外文资料翻译Shady Attia.The role of landscape design in improving the microclimate in traditional courtyard-buildings in hot arid climates[C].PLEA2006 - The 23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Geneva, Switzerland,2006,6-8.英文原文（节选）AbstractArab Islamic landscape design forms a unique source of inspiration for landscapearchitecture in barren open spaces in the Middle East. Arab Islamic gardens adopted a systemmarked by perfect responsiveness to the environment. The design of urban landscapes and gardens in Arab Islamic culture was similarly guided by the dictation of aridity. The need to provide shade, to prevent dust and to conserve water meant that urban open spaces and gardens were sheltered and enclosed. Alhambra in Moorish Spain and the Al-Suhaymi House in Islamic Cairo are two useful historical references for vernacular Islamic landscape designs. This paper presents an overview of landscape design considerations for the composition of vegetation and water and initial observations of their influence in controlling and improving the microclimate in courtyard buildings as a way of passive cooling in the Middle East region. This paper is a part of a Master’s thesis in the field of passive landscape strategies at Wageningen University. The objective is to identify the comfort improvements potential of successfully-planned and integrated landscape design in traditional courtyard buildings. The layout and plant material of Alhambra, Generalife courts and Al-Suhaymi court in Islamic Cairo are examined and evaluated. This study demonstrates that in arid environments, the landscape planning, the composition of vegetation and water and choice of planting material all have important consequences in creating thermally-pleasant environments.1. INTRODUCTIONIn most Islamic designs, the role of landscape design is highly appreciated. In examining traditional courtyard gardens, it is clear that the role of urban landscape design was not only restricted to a purely ornamental or theological function. It was additionally used to control and improve the microclimate around and inside the building. This paper attempts to present the role of landscape in traditional Islamic garden courtyards by analysing the design characteristics of Al Suhaymi house courtyards in Cairo and the layout of three courtyard gardens in Alhambra and Generalife palaces in Granada, Spain. Some physical parametermeasurements regarding temperature and humidity were made, in addition to a shade study. In fact, shades in courtyard-buildings were insufficient in improving the microclimate during hot summers. Therefore, vegetation and water were used to compensate for the lack of improvement provided by the shade.2. AL SUHAYMI HOUSE:Bayt al Suhaymi is one of the most important examples of a Cairene traditional courtyard house representing the Islamic landscape design around the 16th and 17th centuries. This house stands in El Darb EL Asfar alley and is directly located off the famous Fatimid street called El Moez street. The house witnessed several building phases before reaching its final layout, which covers 2000 square meters and includes 115 spaces distributed on five levels. The house is marked by perfect responsiveness to the environment and contains architectural elements of the traditional Cairean house. The bent entrance, which assures privacy to the house, leads to an inner courtyard surrounded by rooms and is overlooked by a maqaad (a roofed balcony facing the cool northern breeze) and a takhtaboosh (a space annexed by the court for receiving male visitors during the summer).2.1 The House layoutBy analysing the Al Suhaimy house layout, we find that this house layout was based on creating a passive ventilation system in order to ameliorate the microclimate. The passive ventilation system was created by locating two inner courtyards with two different pressures within the house. The north courtyard (Fig. 1c), called the rear garden, was a large open space and was meant to have low surrounding walls in order to keep the space sunny and relatively hot. The rear garden was designed to occupy 28 percent of the total plot area of the house with a 2.6:1.3:0.5 ratio (l:w:h). On the other hand, the south courtyard (Fig. 1b), simply called the courtyard, was a rectangular courtyard covering only 200 square meters and was designed to occupy only 10 percent of the total house area with a 1.8:1:1.3 ratio (l:w:h).This passive ventilation design solution is confirmed by comparing the shade in the rear garden to the courtyard. During winter (21 December, 2:00 p.m.) I found that the amount of shade in the rear garden was more than 53% compared to 100% in the courtyard space. During summer (21 June, 2:00 pm), the amount of shade in the rear garden is more than 12% compared to 40% in the courtyard space . Moreover, measurements have proved that when temperatures rise in the rear garden of the Al Suhaymi house, the air flows against the north prevailing wind directions during most daily hours. The wind flows from the south entrance, passing the courtyard and then into the takhtaboosh, with wind speeds of 1.3 m/s, and finally reaching the rear garden . On the other hand, during the stillness of the previously mentionedwind movement, the prevailing wind flows from the rear garden when the sun drops down after noon through the takhtaboosh to the courtyard with wind speeds reaching 0.7 m/s.2.2 Landscape design in Al Suhaymi house:Based on the previous design theory, we find that the role of landscape architecture in this design was essential. By analysing the plan, we find that the landscape design aimed to emphasize the passive ventilation in the Al Suhaymi house. The Islamic landscape design considerations for the composition of vegetation and water included the following environmental-responsive design principals:Quadripartite layoutReferences to the quadripartite design occurred more than once in the Koran; therefore, Islamic gardens adopted the geometrical and often symmetrical layout. Planning the layout was based on creating two axes perpendicularly crossing each other in the middle. The quadripartite layout was also considered as an environmental landscape design principle because the axes were planned as narrow water canals or walkways while the left rectangles were planted or used as water ponds. The quadripartite layout assured a combination between plant materials, water and pavement in courtyards, all of which improved the microclimate in the buildings.In the Al Suhaymi house, the courtyard had a quadripartite layout with slightly raised narrow walkways leading to the focal fountain at the centre of the courtyard. The walkways created four relatively large planted rectangular shapes , while the rear garden had two different planned layouts. The left part of the garden followed a quadripartite layout, while the right part of the garden had circular planning with a well in the centre. The quadripartite design helped the designer to manipulate the site and create a variety for the water, vegetation and pavement composition.Use of waterThe Al Suhaymi house had a focal fountain in the courtyard and some other fountains in the halls. The focal fountain was located at the centre of the courtyard. Next, a water wheel in the north-east corner of the house supported the fountains and house dweller with water. Using the fountain inside the courtyards helped to create a cold air reservoir, in addition to humidifying Cairo’s dry air. Using the fountains in the halls also helped in soothing the internal climate of the halls, reflecting the importance of having elements from the natural environment, such as water inside the house.Vegetation and shadeThe courtyard and rear garden were both planted, but to serve the passive ventilationconcept and create a relatively hot open area, the rear garden was mainly paved and planted with some flowers, medicinal herbs and palms. On the other hand, the courtyard was mainly planted with ground covers, evergreen trees and fruitful trees to provide maximum shade for the ground within the inner courtyard walls . Moreover, greenery inside the courtyard and rear garden absorbed dust and dirt in the atmosphere in addition to reducing the amount of glare. This study measured the differences in temperature between the planted courtyard and the house roof and it was found that the temperature was between 4oC to 7oC lower in the planted courtyard. Furthermore, by comparing the relative humidity in the house inner courtyard with El Darb EL Asfar alley, the humidity in the house inner courtyard ranged between 11 to 19 percent lower than in the alley.Walls and pavilionsIn the Koran, paradise is described as an enclosed garden, surrounded by “walls” and accessible through “gates”. In Al Suhaymi House, the courtyard was surrounded with thick high walls to achieve protection from the hot, dusty, and noisy environment, and to provide a refreshing shade and cool air, all of which are essential for human comfort. Moreover, the rear garden was surrounded by low walls in order to minimize shade and to create a hot open space. The surrounding walls of Al Suhaymi gardens are considered as part of an environmental landscape design element of the Islamic garden.译文摘要阿拉伯伊斯兰园林设计的独特灵感源于中东地区的贫瘠而又开放的景观空间。
城市景观规划设计毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
风景园林外文参考文献
风景园林外文参考文献引言风景园林是一门综合性学科，涉及到设计、规划和管理公共和私人的室外空间。
它的目标是创造美丽、舒适和可持续发展的环境，以提供人们休闲娱乐、社交活动和与自然互动的机会。
本文将介绍一些与风景园林相关的外文参考文献，以帮助读者更深入地了解这个领域。
文献1：《Landscape Architecture: A Manual for Environmental Planning and Design》这本书是由Barry Starke撰写的，对于风景园林设计和规划提供了全面且系统的介绍。
书中讨论了设计原则、植物选择、水资源管理等方面的内容。
它还涵盖了与环境可持续性相关的主题，如生态系统恢复和气候变化适应性。
该书还提供了大量实际案例作为示范，展示了不同类型和规模的项目如何成功地融入环境并满足用户需求。
这些案例包括城市公园、社区花园和私人庭院等。
这本书对于学习风景园林的基本原理和实践技巧非常有价值。
它不仅适用于学生和专业人士，也适合对风景园林感兴趣的一般读者。
文献2：《Garden Design: A Book of Ideas》这本书由Heidi Howcroft和Marianne Majerus合著，是一本关于花园设计的指南。
它提供了许多创意和灵感，帮助读者构思自己的花园设计。
书中介绍了不同类型的花园风格，如英式花园、日式庭院和现代景观等。
每个风格都有详细的解释和示例照片，以及与之相关的设计原则和植物选择建议。
此外，该书还包括了关于材料选择、水景设计和照明布置等方面的信息。
这些内容可以帮助读者更好地理解如何将不同元素组合在一起，创造出独特而美丽的花园。
《Garden Design: A Book of Ideas》不仅适用于专业园艺师和设计师，也适合任何对花园设计感兴趣的人。
它是一个富有启发性和实用性的资源，能够激发创造力并提供实用的建议。
文献3：《Landscape Planning: Environmental Applications》这本书由William M. Marsh撰写，是一本关于风景园林规划的综合指南。
建筑景观设计的艺术和实践(英文中文双语版优质文档)
建筑景观设计的艺术和实践（英文中文双语版优质文档）Landscape design is a highly comprehensive discipline, which involves many disciplines such as architecture, horticulture, art, psychology, and ecology. As a landscape architect, I deeply feel the challenges and joys brought by this discipline.1. Art and AestheticsThe primary goal of landscape design is to create beautiful spaces, so art and aesthetics are indispensable elements of landscape design. Art is a way of expressing and conveying emotions, thoughts and ideas, and it can create a landscape with beauty and uniqueness through color, shape, material and space.Aesthetics is the study and understanding of beauty, which discusses the essence of beauty, the standard of beauty and the value of beauty. Landscape design needs to follow aesthetic principles, such as symmetry, proportion, rhythm, repetition, change, etc., to create an aesthetically harmonious space.2. Function and practicalityLandscape design should not only pay attention to art and aesthetics, but also consider function and practicality. Landscape architects need to understand the needs and behaviors of users, rationally arrange and design spaces to improve the efficiency and convenience of space use.For example, in the design of parks and squares, it is necessary to take into account the rest and entertainment needs of tourists, and set up rest areas, children's play facilities, and cultural display areas. In the design of residential quarters, it is necessary to consider the living and living needs of residents, and set up green belts, social spaces and fitness facilities.3. Ecological and environmental protectionLandscape design also needs to take into account ecological and environmental protection issues. Today, with the continuous advancement of urbanization and the continuous enhancement of people's awareness of environmental protection, landscape design must also keep up with the trend of the times and pay attention to ecological and environmental protection.Landscape architects need to understand issues such as land use, ecosystems, and biodiversity, and adopt sustainable design and management methods so that the landscape is environmentally friendly and ecologically valuable while maintaining its beauty.4. Humanization and Cultural InheritanceLandscape design also needs to take into account the issues of humanization and cultural heritage. As a part of human society, landscape design needs to meet human needs and cultural traditions, and provide people with safe, convenient and comfortable spaces.Landscape architects need to understand local cultural traditions and human history, and integrate local cultural characteristics and spiritual connotations into the design. For example, in urban planning and landscape design, local traditional architectural styles, folk culture, historical relics and other elements need to be fully considered to create landscapes with local characteristics.At the same time, landscape design also needs to focus on humanized design, taking into account the physical and psychological needs of users, and providing spaces suitable for people of all ages. For example, in the design of parks, it is necessary to set up barrier-free passages and humanized facilities to facilitate the travel and activities of the elderly and disabled people.5. Technology and Innovationneeds to combine various techniques and tools to realize design concepts and goals. For example, CAD, SketchUp and other software can help designers design and draw, and plant selection and green management also need to involve horticultural technology and botanical knowledge.Innovation is also an indispensable element in landscape design. It can create unique and forward-looking landscape design works by combining new technologies, new materials and new ideas.epilogueneeds to comprehensively consider factors such as art, practicality, ecology, humanization and innovation. In the design process, landscape architects need to comprehensively use various knowledge and technologies to provide users with aesthetic and practical spaces, pay attention to environmental protection and cultural heritage, and create unique and forward-looking landscape design works.景观设计是一门综合性很强的学科，它涉及到建筑、园艺、艺术、心理学、生态学等众多学科领域。
风景园林外文参考文献
风景园林外文参考文献参考文献1. “Landscape Architecture.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2021.2. “The Landscape Architecture Profession: A Brief Overview.” American Society of Landscape Architects, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2021.3. McHarg, Ian L., and Frederick Steiner. To Heal the Earth: Selected Writings of Ian L. McHarg. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1998.4. Corner, James, and Alison Bick Hirsch, eds. The Landscape Imagination: Collected Essays of James Corner 1990-2010. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2014.5. Simonds, John Ormsbee, Charles A Birnbaum, and Chip Sullivan, eds. The Landscape Architecture of Richard Haag: From Modern Space to Urban Ecological Design. Baltimore: JohnsHopkins University Press, 2015.6. Waldheim, Charles A., ed., The Landscape Urbanism Reader (New York: Princeton Architectural Press).7. “Landscape Architects Occupational Outlook Handbook.” U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S Department of Labor, n.d Web 10 Feb 20218.Harris ,Richa rd . “An Introduction to the Literature of Landscape Architecture” Library Resources & Technical Services vol .42 no .2 (April ,1998 ) :107-1119.Mitchell , G.A . “Landscape Design and Planning” Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health vol .127 no .2 (March ,2007 ) :49-5310.Werner ,Marti “The Nature of Place in Landscape Design” Journal of Garden History vol .18 no .3 (July – September ,1998 ): 179-19311. “Landscape Architecture and Environmental Sustainability: Creating Positive Cha nge Through Design.” American Societyof Landscape Architects, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2021.12. “The Sustainable Sites Initiative™.” The Sustainable Sites Initiative™, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2021.13. “Landscape Architecture and the Future of Green Infrastructure.” American Society of Landscape Architects, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2021.14.“The Role of Landscape Architecture in Urban Planning.” American Society of Landscape Architects, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2021.15.“Landscape Architecture and Public Health: Creating Health y Places.” American Society of Landscape Architects, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2021.16.“Landscape Architecture and Resilience: Adapting to Climate Change.” American Society of Landscape Architects, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2021.17.“The Benefits of Green Roofs on Urban Landscapes.” American Society of Landscape Architects, n.d.Web .10Feb .202118.“The Role of Landscape Architecture in Historic Preservation.” American Society of Landscape Architects, n.d.Web .10 Feb .202119.“Landscape Architecture and Transportation Planning: Designing for Connectivity.”American Society of Landscape Architects,n.d.Web .10 Feb .2021。
园林建筑景观设计外文翻译文献
文献信息文献标题：Digital Tools in Landscape Architecture（景观设计中的数字工具）文献作者：N Ņitavska，A Mengots文献出处：《Scientific Journal of Latvia University of Agriculture Landscape Architecture and Art》,2017,11(11):42-50字数统计：英文2507单词，13798字符；中文4104汉字外文文献Digital Tools in Landscape Architecture Abstract Nowadays professional tools in landscape architecture are more related to digital tools. Landscape architects’ hand powered tools have been replaced by computers and digital tools where the traditional techniques are supplemented with 3D modelling and animation for landscape planning in different scales and for different projects levels. The main aim of this paper is to understand and analyse the use of digital tools in landscape architecture and planning in Latvia. For the collection of data for this study a questionnaire was designed and sent to Latvian landscape architects and planners. The questions it included were on how landscape architects and planners use digital tools for the representation of their sketches and ideas and on what kind of digital tools they use in different landscape types and scales. Results showed that all the surveyed landscape architects use digital tools in their everyday professional practice – for landscape design or assessment. Most of them also still use the traditional drawings by hand for draft sketches and ideas, but for communication with public, projects and designs elaborated by digital tools are used. Landscape architects have emphasized the great potential of digital tools for enhancing communication between the landscape architect and the potential user. Digital tools (visualizations, animations, 3D models, etc.) allow the potential user to participate in the landscape planning process and easily imagine the landscape before it is created.Today landscape architects use digital tools to produce the final project presentation images (visualizations) in the landscape planning processes for selling of the project. However, we believe that in future there is a potential for using digital tools more as a communication tool, which can help in contacting clients at various levels of the project implementation, especially in the early stages of the design.Keywords: digital tools, visual communication, landscape architectureIntroductionThe landscape architect’s daily work is associated with landscaping projects of varying scales, specifics and levels, landscape research or landscape management planning. The landscape architect's profession is comparatively new – dating back a little over a hundred years ago, when in 1863 the Board of Central Park Commission in New York City approved a landscape architect's position. Since then, this new profession had officially gained more stability and recognition in its development. In landscape architecture arts and professional knowledge in the field of landscape planning as well as social, ecological and mental aspects are closely intertwined. The results of day-to-day landscape architect’s work are often subject to public criticism and perception, thus influencing the ivolvement of the residents in the issues of landscape conservation, planning, design and installation.How do information transfer and communication take place? What tools can a landscape architect use to more effectively prepare quality information, simultaneously making it easier for the residents and clients to perceive the ideas. Nowadays more and more digital tools are being used in the field of landscape architecture, which, on the one hand facilitates the presentation of the results of the remote landscape architect's work, but on the other hand reduces the possibility of using traditional drawing methods without additional processing and also leaves no room for direct communication.Digital tools allow the landscape architects to use new approaches and methods in planning and communicating about landscape planning, conservation, renovation, or installing issues. In several studies the use of digital tools has been particularlyemphasized in landscape architecture and planning in order to improve the project perception and communication among landscape architects and professionals, residents, clients as well as colleagues. The use of these digital tools is diverse, and it is adjustable to the projects of different scales and complexity in different stages of development: illustrative, immersive, interactive, intuitive and intensive.So, one of the aspects is the communication with clients and residents. A part of this communication is the emotional design which does not depict the real function of landscape or real proportions, but influence the clients and residents through artistic tools at the emotional level. The authors in their study call that kind of emotional design a “wow effect” which works not only in landscape architecture but also in all the design fields throughout the world and it is more oriented towards selling of the product. Overall, the result of the landscape architect’s work – a project or an installed object – includes the emotional aspect of art, therefore it always involves a subjective evaluation.Exactly what landscape elements or project parts must the clients and residents most often evaluate or read from the designs made by landscape architects? Does the use of versatile digital tools make it easier and with higher qualitaty to perceive the landscape elements? Communication has always been acknowledged to be one of the most significant aspects in the process of landscape design. The communication process mainly takes place between the landscape architect and the clients, as well as between two professionals. It is essential when a project is being prepared for real construction.Most often in landscape characterisation such elements as terrain, building or architectural objects, vegetation, roads, surfacing, water elements are used, which overall characterise the versatile essence of the landscape in its elements. But also, such factors as the accessibility of the landscape, its scale, colour, texture and the materials found in the landscape, the emotional factor of the total image, versatility of landscape, its uniqueness and rarity are important. Many of these factors and elements are influenced by subjective perception, thus making it difficult to objectively evaluate the results of the landscape projects.In our study we have chosen those landscape evaluation criteria which most vividly characterise the project idea, the main parameters and also the essence of the design:•the placement of elements in the landscape;•the perception of the design on the whole and the idea of the project;•vegetation – the existing and planned woody plants;•inclusion of the objects in the environment, connection with the adjoining territories;•perception of the proportions of space and elements;•terrain.The study deals with the digital tools in landscape architecture. In the current study digital tools have been analysed and compared, information about the most popular digital tools, their choice and use in the field of landscape architecture in Latvia has been obtained and the perception aspects for the types of visualization in the projects of landscape architecture have been evaluated.MethodsThe study consists of two parts:•the first part presents information about the most popular digital tools, their choice and habits of use in the field of landscape architecture – the evaluation method of the use of digital tools has been used. This information was obtained from the results of the survey on the habits of the use of digital tools in the field of landscape architecture in Latvia where the representatives involved in the field of landscape architecture participated;•in the second part of the study the perception aspects of landscape architecture visualization materials have been evaluated by means of the photography method – the evaluation method of perception aspects of visualization types has been used.The evaluation method of the use of digital toolsWithin the framework of the research, a survey was conducted to find out themost popular digital tools, their choice and use in the field of landscape architecture in Latvia. In Latvia actively working Latvian Association of Landscape Architecture. In the 2017 association had approximately 100 members, who are specialists in the field, of which 23 are certified landscape architects. In the field of landscape architecture in Latvia there is approximately 10 companies. 20 professionals from different education levels in the field of landscape architecture: the secondary professional – 1; Bachelor – 12; master's degree – 4; PhD –3 was participated in survey. The online survey from March to April of 2017 was carried out using systematic gathering of data from the target audience (professionals of the landscape architecture) characterized by the invitation (e-mail) of the respondents and the completion of the questionnaire over the World Wide Web, using software www.visidati.lv. All twenty individuals who filled in the questionnaire forms were included in the data processing.The questionnaire consisted of eleven questions. At the beginning of the questionnaire the data about the respondents’ education level and working experience in the field of landscape architecture were obtained. Further on the questions were associated with the digital tools the respondents use and the habits of their use, preconditions and goals. At the end of the questionnaire, the survey participant's opinion on digital tools in the field of landscape architecture was collected. MS Excel software was used to compile the collected data and to interpret the results.Evaluation method of the perception aspects of visualisation materials types In the current study the photography comparative method was used in determining the perception aspects of visualization materials types of landscape architecture design. The evaluation of the perception aspects of visualization materials types consisted of four stages.In the first stage, the materials for designing visual materials were obtained. In the second stage, within the framework of one project, using different digital tools, visual materials were created, which in the third stage were evaluated by the present and future professionals of landscape architecture as well as representatives of other professions. The last stage was planned for summarizing the results obtained from therespondents.The visual materials were prepared for Tradition Square of the town of Plavinas, in Latvia during the development of the technical project in January/February of 2017. The territory is located in Plavinas among Tirgus, Rainis and Daugava streets. The project has been developed with an aim to regain the lost identity of Tradition Square and connect it with the bank of the Daugava river. According to the project Tradition Square will be developed as a modern public outdoor space, incorporating both -a place for people to gather and fulfil the function of a green zone and recreation, thus radically changing the spatial planning of the existing territory – the network of pathways and layout of a green zone, at the same time showing respect to the existing valuable plantings to be preserved.In total, four visual materials were prepared – a technical plan, an animation, a poster and an interactive 3600panorama using CAD, 3D modelling and Image processing tools. During the process of designing visual materials, several computer software programmes were used – AutoCad, Sketchup, Adobe Photoshop, V-Ray for SketchUp and Lumion3D.To have the opinion of Latvia’s landscape architects and the professionals of the respective field on the designed visual materials, a queationnaire was created. The online survey was carried out using systematic gathering of data from the target audience (professionals and students of the landscape architecture, Latvian citizens) characterized by the invitation (e-mail) of the respondents and the completion of the questionnaire over the World Wide Web, using software Google forms from March – April of 2017. In total, 81 respondents were involved. The questionnaire included eight questions. The respondents were asked to evaluate the following parameters: the layout of the elements in the planned landscape, perception of the design as a whole and the project idea, vegetation – the existing and planned woody plants, the inclusion of the object in and harmonizing it with the existing environment, linkage with the adjoining territories, perception of the proportions of the space and elements and terrain. At the beginning of the questionnaire the data about the respondents’ profession and age were obtained, whereas in the middle part the respondents’opinions about the perceiving capacity of the visualization types were analysed. At the end of the questionnaire the respondents were requested to express their opinion about the visualization types they saw. MS Excel software programme was used for summarizing the data and interpreting the results.ConclusionsIn recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the use of digital tools and project visual representing in Latvia. The standards for visual representing materials of the project have been developed, as well as tasks for the digitalization of the construction documents circulation, facilitating a gradual transition to electronic data circulation and storage, using the latest technologies and world best practices.Summing up information about digital tools, their disadvantages are clear: the lack of qualitative specially designed tools for landscape architects when working in 3D modelling – lack of plant assortment or it is not sufficiently realistic and for the modelling of the landscaping elements in the terrain and the integration of objects in it is complicated and requires additional work; the lack of specific BIM software to provide better quality collaboration with professionals of other sectors during the design process and efficient file sharing.Although digital design possibilities, project development time, qualitative exchange of information with the client and data exchange opportunities are acknowledged to be the main prerequisites for the use/ non-use of a digital tool in the design process, the software price and skills to operate the tool have also been mentioned. The prices of software, compared to market prices in Latvia in this respective field, in respondent’s opinion are very often too high, which limits the use of these tools. There is also a lack of skills in handling the digital tools available, but there is also a desire to acquire and expand knowledge about these tools.Landscape architecture professionals in Latvia mainly use CAD, image processing and 3D modelling tools during project development. GIS, Virtual reality and BIM tools are not widely used in the design process among landscape architects in this country. An almost 100 percent use of computer-aided design tools is explainedby the development of plans that are required for each project. For the developing of the visual material, while presenting the idea, the image processing and 3D modelling tools have gained great popularity. According to the results of the survey these tools tend to be used in combination with each other.The results of the survey of determining the perception aspects of visual types showed that the technical project does not fully allow the residents to get an idea of the project, but the 3D visualization types – animation and the interactive 360° panorama perfectly complement the 2D visualization types. Among the residents there were also respondents who emphasized that the interactive 360° panorama is better than animation because it is less intense. The professionals acknowledged that it is best to perceive a project when it is viewable both two-dimensionally and three-dimensionally, as in each type of visualization it is possible to appreciate some other aspect of the project. The perception of information from CAD technical drawings for professionals is facilitated by the fact that they work with them on a daily basis.Complex use of digital tools in landscape design process are more helpful for understanding of landscape projects parts: placement of landscape elements; design; vegetation; connection of the planned object with the surrounding environment; proportion of space and elements; terrain.中文译文景观设计中的数字工具摘要如今，景观设计中的专业工具更多的是与数字工具相关联的。
景观建筑设计-文化景观-文献综述PPT(共 69张)
1994年在AAG第90届年会上有“文化研究在地理学中的应用: 神话、景观、通讯”专题报告会; 1995年IALE 大会上对景观类型与人类活动特征、景观建设的量化因子、21世纪的文化景观、持续发展与文化景观等命题 都有涉及。 • 在中国, 直到20世纪80年代初,文化景观的研究才日益受到地理学者们的关注。近些年来,赵荣、李占昌、李 玲琴、孔翔、肖笃宁等学者对文化景观的特性都进行了研究;刘黎民、张仁开还分别对乡村景观和小城镇文 化景观的特性进行了研究。
最早给文化景观定义的是美国文化地理学家索尔,他在《文化地理学的新近发展》一文中,提出了 文化景观的经典定义,即文化景观是附加在自然景观上的人类活动形态。为了更清楚地解释这一定义 他进一步指出:文化景观是某一文化群体利用自然景观的产物。文化是驱动力,自然是媒介,而文化景 则是结果。在某一特定文化的作用影响下,由于文化本身随时间的变化而变化,因而文化景观所经历的 发展变化则经过不同的发展阶段,或许最终将达到其发展循环的终点。但随着某种不同外来文化的介 开始某一文化景观的更新,或进行某一新的文化附加在原有景观残余之上的演化过程。
文化景观的演进
1962年，联合国教科文组织第12届会议在巴黎通过的《保护景观和遗址的风貌与特性的建议》 • 1972年,在联合国教科文组织大会巴黎第十七届会议上通过了《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》 • 1972年《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》，在公约对于文件遗产的定义中，已经出现了“与环境景色结合”
文化景观
——活的历史、人的传承
关注文化景观的背景
园林外文文献
外文文献：The Importance Aspects of Landscape Design on HousingDevelopment in Urban AreasAbstractIt has been proven that proper landscape planning and designs with the sustainability concept and approach help to create a conducive and responsive environment of housing development. This paper presents a brief of conceptual view on the important aspects of landscape design on housing development in urban areas. The review is based on the theoretical framework of the relationship between landscape design in planning and designing the housing development in urban areas as well as how it acts as an added value to the sustainable residential landscape design. A review on previous researches and journals are doing in providing a theory on the importance aspect of landscape design in housing areas. It is hoped that this paper may possibly provide significant information on landscape design towards influencing the prices and values of the house. This paper also can become an indicator towards enhancing the sustainability of living environment. Keywords: Landscape planning and design, conducive and responsive, housing development, sustainability1. IntroductionA good quality of housing area can be highlighted as an important issue in creating a sustainable living environment. According to Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan 2020, the city must be functional, live and impart a sense of community and belonging. In addition, it must also provide a clean, healthy, safe and caring environment that caters to the needs of all. Innovative designs, provision of the latest conveniences and facilities, variety of choice, quality of finish and attractiveness of the layout, shall become a priority concern especially in landscape design. Therefore, the concern about the importance landscape design in supporting a quality of life is needed especially in the context of housing development. Meanwhile, the little attention has been given to landscape design in prospect of buyers. Thus, based on the issues highlighted, the effectiveness of landscape design which can help in increasinghouse prices and values need to be studied in order to attain the sustainable housing development.This conceptual-review paper will focus on the importance of landscape design in influencing housing development. The review will develop a theoretical understanding of landscape in housing areas with a compatible used by its elements and characters that can give positive impact toward prices and values of the house.Since landscape design becomes a new branding for housing development nowadays, this review will deliver a conceptual understanding in promoting landscape design in sustaining living environment in the country. It is also important in order to achieve the National Landscape Policy action plans which are to require at least 30% of urban development areas as green areas as well as to reach the vision of National Landscape Policy to transform Malaysia into The Beautiful Garden Nation by Year 2020Landscape Design for Housing Areas.2. Landscape Design for Housing AreasLandscape is an essential part of the environment. Landscape, which includes topography, vegetation and associated plants and soil, water bodies, and their spatial configuration, is one of the most visual needs of people. They add that human-nature interactions lead human beings to have contrasting preference on the surrounding landscape and environment because a pleasing landscape can bring mental and physical benefits to people. The understanding and preference by people on their surrounding landscape provide a challenge for policy-making and implementation in housing property. According to Williams and Tilt, landscape design is the art of developing property for its greatest use and enjoyment. Thus, an effective landscape design can become integral part of a good community environment.This view is also supported by VanDerZanden and Rodie who state that landscape design blends arts with environmental, physical and biological of science which mainly focus on outdoor space. They also further explain that well-defined landscape space can enhance the quality of living areas which meet people’s preferences. Besides that, according to VanDerZanden and Rodie, landscape design is not only limited to plant material only. It alsofocuses on the hardscape that complement the plants in order to create a successful design. A well-defined landscape space can create a quality of an environment and provide a conducive living space in residential. Thislandscape design might be able to become a factor influencing the price and value of the property. In relating to landscape design and housing properties, Smith et al., suggests that housing is an activity that is deeply connected to a sustainable environment. The connections are as follows:Housing is a basic human need and its quality; price and availability are crucially important to a quality of life.The location, planning, layout and landscape design of the house make an important contribution to the community spirit.The siting of the houses and the materials from which they are made, and the uses their occupants make of such resources as energy and water, all have major environmental implications.Thus, housing can be seen as the central element which can link together economic development, the environment and social welfare in achieving a sustainable environment and society (Fig. 1). According to Gause et al., , landscape design can be used as a tool to make a community more sustainable and contribute to a balanced environment. Natural andconstructed landscape design can modify the residential community tobecome a better living environment and also increase the value of the house property.Fig. 1. The importance of housing in a sustainable society (Source: Smith et al., [6], p.5) 3. The Importance of Landscape Design in Housing Areas The main emphasis of this paper is to examine the importance oflandscape design in the planning and designing of a housing property in urban Economic Development Housing Social Welfare Environmentareas. Therefore, the elements of a housing landscape are important in order to support the need of a community to have a better living environment in their residential area. According to Ye, there are three factors that can support residential landscape elements which are the natural factor, the artificial factor, and the cultural factor. The used of plants is important to support all the beneficial impact of landscape design in housing areas. The significant of plants can give a beneficial effect for residential. According to Tyrväinen et al., plants are a benefit of its social, aesthetic, climatic and physical, ecological and economic in housing areas. In providing social benefit, plants can be used to enhance a quality of neighborhood by providing green spaces and recreation areas. This will lead to an improvement of interaction, physical and mental health of the society surrounds.Apart from that, plants also importance in provide aesthetic and pleasant environment of the community. According to Williams and Tilt, plants offer qualities that help to direct foot traffic in the landscape, moderate the environment around the home, hide objects, or lead the eye and stimulate other senses like smell and feel. Plants should be used together to enhance the best features of a property. The basic elements that plants contribute to the landscape in order to express the principles of design are formed, texture, and color. This means residential landscapes can provide an opportunity for people experience the nature in the middle of urban and create a beautiful visual image of the community areas. Besides that, plants give a beneficial impact in term of climate and ecological benefit for housing areas. Since urban areas are full of hard surface, this leads to high temperature to the surrounding. Therefore, shaded trees are important to protect the residential area from sun radiation and also provide a comfortable environment. The plants also can become an indicator to protect wildlife habitat, protection against soil erosion, and microclimate control through shade and windbreaks and reduce the pollution. Moreover, the economic values also can increase by providing a landscape design in the properties. The prices of the landscape material are higher in the market which can contribute to becoming a selling point for the house. Thus it will attract prospect buyers and increase property value.Landscape design has become a significant effect in humans as well as all living things in order to provide a conducive living environment. The aggregateeffects of landscape design can influence social, aesthetic and environmental qualities of the overall housing areas. As a result, an innovative landscape that incorporates ecologically beneficially is very important to be reviewed in creating a sustainability of living environment as a whole.4. The Elements of Landscape Design for Housing AreasThe elements of landscape design such as softscape, hardscape, and water elements are important to create balance in landscape designs. Mohd Hussain and Ahmad mentioned that the function of hardscape and softscape especially in the housing area in Malaysia give a sentimental value and contribute to creating images and character of the contemporary landscape. It can be visualized through the use of varied type of plants such as ornamental plants, herbs / kitchen garden, shaded plants and palm in most of their lawn and front yard area. In the other hand, hardscape also plays a role in the landscape setting as attractive components that balance the natural environment. Among the hard landscape elements that commonly used in the landscape in a housing area including gazebo as a place to meet, pergola, concrete pots, water features, fountains, swings and benches. Furthermore, the use of these elements will increase the benefit and value to the house property. The element that used in landscape design normally is different based on culture and the life of society. According to Ismail landscape design that could be applied in the housing area is different based on the culture of the ethnic group in Malaysia. Ismail [11] adds that landscape can be influenced through religion and belief, values and norms and custom and behavior of the culture. As an example Malay culture prefers to have ornamental and decorative style of landscape. Other than that, Malay culture usually uses native and exotic plants as softscape elements in their house. Apart from that, the Chinese cultural landscape is based on believed to bring good fortune for the residents. The red color becomes significant and dominant for them for landscape design. Therefore, they prefer to have plant materials which chosen from species with red colors and artificial plants like ‘bonsai’ in their garden. In terms of Indian culture, they believed in sacred thing and prefer to have gardens with sacred plant species together with ornamental flower plants for religious ceremonies.The elements of landscape design that have in housing also influenced by demographic factors of the user. A specific design based on demographic factors needs to be emphasized in landscape design for housing areas. Focusing on age and group of people, there are several types of people that identified using landscape facilities which are children, teenagers, adults, elderly and disabled. Marcus and Francis highlighted that children like to have activities which can entertain themselves and play together with other children. For that reason, the tot lot and playground often become a social place for children and at the same time have a seating place where parents can supervise their children. This shows that adults prefer to have leisure activities that can relax their mind and simply enjoy watching their children play. The benches that overlook to the play area are needed for parents more comfortable. In terms of teenagers, their preferences towards landscape design more focus on the activities that can create an excitement and privacy for them. Sense of privacy and eager to learn something new is factored that make teenagers have problems in using landscape design as their preference to do activities. For elderly and disabled group, they prefer to have a comfort, safety,security and easy access in their housing area. In addition, Marcus and Francis mentioned that the opportunity for meeting others, enjoy the nature and exercise are equally important to their health and socializing. Thus, the landscape plan that connected to their house usually has a functional component such as parking, ramps, walkway, railings, signage, guiding tactile that support them in accessibility from one place to another.5. ConclusionThis paper has explored the overall view of landscape design in housing areas in relation to the idea of a sustainable environment and the importance of landscape design as added value to the real estate property. With the understanding of landscape design in terms of definition, elements and importance in the context of housing properties, it hoped that would give a beneficial impact toward a sustainable environment of the landscape industry for housing in our country. The combination of hardscape and softscape elements of landscape design is important in creating a pleasing built environment for residential properties. Furthermore, the factor that influencedlandscape design become benchmarks in order to understand the basic need of landscape design in the housing area. Thus, the roles of landscape architects are very important to be introduced and promoted with regards the importance of landscape design in neighborhood societies.。
景观设计案例英文讲解
LEVEL OF HUMAN PRESSURE - MICROORGANISMS - EARTHWORMS - BUMBLEBEES
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF LAND USE CHANGES AERIAL PHOTOS
Regulated by the Ministry of Environment
AEP implementation in Estonia up to now
2000
Organic farming Estonian Native Cattle national national 0,3 ml EUR
Criteria for defining valuable cultural and historical landscapes
Cultural and historical values; Esthetical values; Recreational values; Natural values we considered the abundance of natural diversity, rare species or communities; Identity value, the ability of landscape to allow local people to delimit their territory, to identify themselves with the landscape.
Environmental measures supporting traditional
landscapes in Estonia
Agri-Environmental Programme
景观设计外文文献翻译--城市景观设计中的生态规划
城市景观设计中的生态规划Ecological planning in the urban landscape design Abstract: This article discusses the urban landscape from the relation of the following three concepts: the landscape, the city and the ecology. This paper mainly discusses how the landscape influences the city's living environment.The landscape is a stigma in the land, which is of the relationship between human and human, between man and nature. There exists some subtle relationship among landscape, city and humanized design.key word：Urban landscape、Living environment、HumanizationI. City and The Landscape(1) Overview of Landscape DesignLandscape design, first, is a people's thinking activity, performed as an art activity.Diversified thoughts formed complex diverse landscape art style. Contemporary landscape design apparently see is the diversity of the landscape forms,in fact its essence is to keep the closing up to the natural order system, reflected the more respect for human beings, more in-depth perspective of the nature of human's reality and need, not to try to conquer the nature.it is not even imitating natural, but produce a sense of belonging. Landscape is not only a phenomenon but the human visual scene. So the earliest landscape implications is actually city scene. Landscape design and creation is actually to build the city.(2) The Relationship Between Landscape and UrbanCity is a product of human social, economic and cultural development, and the most complex type. It is vulnerable to the artificial and natural environmental conditions of interference. In recent decades, with worldwide the acceleration of urbanization, the urban population intensive, heavy traffic, resource shortage, environment pollution and ecology deterioration has become the focus of attention of the human society. In the current environment condition in our country, the problem is very serious. and in some urban areas, the pollution has quite serious, and greatly influenced and restricts the sustainable development of the city.Landscape is the relationship between man and man, man and nature. This is, in fact, a kind of human living process. Living process is actually with the powers of nature and the interaction process, in order to obtain harmonious process. The landscape is the result of human life in order to survive and to adapt the natural. At the same time, the living process is also a process of establishning harmonious coexistence. Therefore, as a colony landscape, it is a stigma of the relationship between man and nature.II the city landscape planning and design(1) city landscape elementsThe urban landscape elements include natural landscape and artificial landscape. Among them, the natural landscape is mainly refers to the natural scenery, such as size hills, ancient and famous trees, stone, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. Artificiallandscape are the main cultural relics, cultural site, the botanical garden afforestation, art sketch, trade fairs, build structure, square, etc. These landscape elements must offer a lot of examples for creating high quality of the urban space environment. But for a unique urban landscape, you must put all sorts of landscape elements in the system organization,and create an orderly space form.(2)the urban landscape in the planningThe city is an organic whole, which is composed with material, economy, culture, and society.To improve the urban environment is a common voice.The key of the urban landscape design is to strengthen urban design ideas, strengthen urban design work. and blend urban design thought into the stages of urban planning. The overall urban planning in the city landscape planning is not to abandon the traditional garden, green space planning, but the extension and development of it.Both are no conflict, but also cannot be equal.In landscape planningof city planning, we should first analysis the urban landscape resources structure, fully exploit landscape elements which can reflect the characteristics of urban.Consider carefully for the formation of the system of urban landscape.III ecological planning and urban landscape (1) the relationship of urban landscape and ecological planning Landscape ecology is a newly emerged cross discipline, the main research space pattern and ecological processes of interaction, its theme is the fork the geography and ecology. It's with the whole landscape as the object, through the material flow, energy flow and information flowing the surface of the earth and value in transmission and exchange, through the biological and the biological and the interaction between human and transformation, the ecological system principle and system research methods of landscape structure and function.the dynamic change of landscape has interaction mechanism, the research of the landscape pattern, optimizing the structure, beautify the reasonable use and the protection, have very strong practicability. Urban ecological system is a natural, economic and social composite artificial ecosystem, it including life system, environment system, with a complex multi-level structure, can be in different approaches of human activity and the mutual relationship between the city and influence. Urban environment planning guidance and coordination as a macro department interests, optimizing the allocation of land resources city, reasonable urban space environment organization the important strategic deployment, must have ecological concept. Only to have the ecological view, to guide the construction of the city in the future to ecological city goal, to establish the harmonious living environment. In recent years, landscape planning in urban landscape features protection and urban environment design is wide used.(2) landscape in the living environment of ecological effectLandscape as a unit of land by different inlaid with obvious visual characteristics of the geographic entities, with the economic, ecological and aesthetic value, the multiple value judgment is landscape planning and management foundation. Landscape planning and design always is to create a pleasant landscape as the center. The appropriate human nature can understand the landscape for more suitable for human survival, reflect ecological civilization living environment, includinglandscape, building economy, prudent sex ecological stability, environmental cleanliness, space crowded index, landscape beautiful degree of content, the current many places for residential area of green, static, beauty, Ann's requirement is the popular expression. Landscape also paid special attention to the spatial relationship landscape elements, such as shape and size,density and capacity, links, and partition, location and of sequence, as their content of material and natural resources as important as quality. As the urban landscape planning should pay attention to arrange the city space pattern, the relative concentration of the open space, the construction space to density alternate with; In artificial environment appeared to nature; Increase the visual landscape diversity; Protect the environment MinGanOu and to promote green space system construction.(3) the urban landscape and ecological planning and design of the fusion of each other.The city landscape and ecological planning design reflects human a new dream, it is accompanied by industrialization and after the arrival of the era of industrial and increasingly clear. Natural and cultural, design of the environment and life environment, beautiful form and ecological functions of real comprehensive fusion, the landscape is no longer a single city of specific land, but let the ablation, to thousands; It will let nature participate in design; Let the natural process with every one according to daily life; Let people to perception, experience and care the natural process and natural design.(4) the city landscape ecological planning the humanized design1. "it is with the person this" design thought Contemporary landscape in meet purpose at the same time, more in-depth perspective on human of the nature of reality and needs. First performance for civilian design direction, application of natural organic materials and elastic curve form rich human life space. Next is the barrier-free design, namely no obstacle, not dangerous thing, no manipulation of the barrier design. Now there have been the elderly, the disabled, from the perspective of the social tendency, barrier-free design ideas began to gain popularity, at the same time for disadvantaged people to carry on the design also is human nature design to overall depth direction development trend. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts still behave in special attention to plant of bright color, smell good plant, pay attention to ZuoJu texture and the intensity of the light. The detail processing of considerate more expression of the concern, such as the only step to shop often caused visual ignored and cause staggered, in order to avoid this kind of circumstance happening, contemporary landscape sites do not be allowed under 3 steps; And as some residential area and square in the bush set mop pool, convenient the district's hygiene and wastewater recycling water. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts in many ways showed, the measure of the standard is human love.1. 1 human landscape design concept is human landscape design is to point to in landscape design activity, pay attention to human needs, in view of the user to the environment of the landscape of a need to spread design, which satisfied the user "physiological and psychological, physical and mental" multi-level needs, embodies the "people-oriented" design thought. Urban public space human landscape design, from the following four aspects to understand:1. 1.1 physical level of care. Human landscape design with functional and the rationality of design into premise condition, pay attention to the physical space reasonable layout and effective use of the function. Public space design should not only make people's psychology and physiology feel comfortable, still should configuration of facilities to meet people's complex activities demand1. The level of caring heart 1.2 Daniel. In construction material form of the space at the same time, the positive psychology advocate for users with the attention that emotion, and then make the person place to form the security, field feeling and belonging.1. 1.3 club will level of care. Emphasizes the concern of human survival environment, the design in the area under the background of urban ecological overall planning and design, to make the resources, energy rationally and effectively using, to achieve the natural, social and economic benefits of the unity of the three.1. 1.4 to a crowd of segmentation close care. Advocate barrier-free design, and try to meet the needs of different people use, and to ensure that the group of mutual influence between activities, let children, old people, disabled people can enjoy outdoor public the fun of life.1. 2 and human landscape design related environmental behavior knowledge the environment behavior is human landscape design, the main research field, pay attention to the environment and people's explicit behavior and the relationship between the interaction, tried to use the psychology of the some basic theory, methods researchers in the city and architecture in activities and to the environment of the response, and the feedback the information can be used to guide the environment construction and renovation. Western psychologist dirk DE Joan to put forward the boundary effect theory. He points out that the edge of space is people like to stay area, also is the space of the growth of the activity area [3]. Like the urban space, the margin of the wood, down the street, and the rain at the awning, awnings, corridor construction sunken place, is people like the place to stay. At the edge of space, and other people or organizations to distance themselves are is better able to observe the space of the eyes and not to be disturbed. "Man seeth" is the person's nature. A large public space are existing "the man seeth" phenomenon: the viewer consciously or unconsciously observation, in the space in front of the all activities. At the same time, some of the people with strong performance desire, in public space in various activities to attract the attention of others, so as to achieve self-fulfillment cheerful. The seemingly simple "man seeth" phenomenon, but can promote space more activities production. For example, for a walk of pedestrians may be busy street performance and to join the ranks of the show attracts, with the strange because the audience is the sight of the activities of the wonderful and short conversation, art lovers of the infection by environmental atmosphere began to sketch activities. Environmental design, according to environmental behavior related knowledge, actively create boundary space provide people stay, rest, the place of talking to facilitate more spaceThe Landscape Urbanism exhibition contained an international survey of public urban spaces by designers including Adriaan Geuze/West 8, Michael Van Valkenburgh,Patrick Schumacher, Alex Wall, and several Barcelona landscape architects (such as Enric Batlle and Joan Roig, who completed Trinitat Cloverleaf Park in a highway intersection for the 1992 Olympics). American exhibitors included Corner and Mathur, Waldheim’s teachers from Penn, Mapillero/ Pollack from New York, Conway-Schulte of Atlanta Olympics fame, and Jason Young/Omar Perez/Georgia Daskalakis/Das: 20 from Detroit. Corner’s premiated but sadly unbuilt Greenport Harborfront, Long Island Project (1997), stood out in this show. His office, Field Operations, proposed creating a sense of urban activity around the annual raising and lower-ing of the town’s ancient sailing ship Stella Maris up and down a newly created slip, with a historic, children’s carousel housed in an adjacent band shell. Corner envisioned this staged, biannual event as an attractor for peo-ple, the press, and media, who would flock to the town in its off season, inhabiting the newly created commons on the harbor front to watch the ship’s spectacular movements. In the winter, the ship would become a monumental, sculptural presence lit at night in the center of the small port’s commons; in the summer it would return to its accustomed quayside, where its masts would tower above the rooftops. 21Corner’s project in the Landscape Urbanism exhibition illustrates his concept of a “performative” ur banism based on preparing the setting for programmed and unprogrammed activi-ties on land owned in common. The three projects presented in Stalking Detroit provide further insights into this emerging strategy, and each is paired with a commentary by a landscape architect. 22 The Waldheim and Marli Santos-Munne Studio proposes the most comprehensive of landscape urbanism practices in “Decamping Detroit” (104–122). They advocate a four-stage decommissioning of land from the city’s legal control: “Dislocation” (disconnection of services), then “Erasure” (demolition and jumpstarting the native landscape ecology by dropping appropriate seeds from the air), then “Absorption” (ecological reconstitution of part of the Zone as woods, marshes, and streams), and then “Infiltration” (the recolonization of the landscape with heteropic village-like enclaves). As Corner writes in his commentary, this project “prompts you to reflect on the reversal of the traditional approach to colonization, from building to unbuilding, removal, and erasure” (122). This reversal of normal processes opens the way for a new hybrid urbanism, with dense clusters of activity and the reconstitution of the natural ecology, starting a more ecologically balanced, inner-city urban form in the void.All of Landscape Urbanism’s triumphs so far have been in such marginal and “unbuilt” locations. These range from Victoria Marshall and Steven Tupu’s premiated design for ecological mudflats, dunes, canals, and ramps into the water in the Van Alen East River Competition (1998), which would have simultaneously solved the garbage disposal problem of New York and reconstituted the Brooklyn side of the East River as an ecology to be enjoyed as productive parkland. 23 In the Downside Park, Toronto Competition (2000), Corner, with Stan Allen, competed against Tschumi, Koolhaas (who won), and two other teams, pro-viding a showcase for their “Emerging Ecologies” approach. 24 This was further elaborated in the Field Operations’ design that won first place in the Freshkills Landfill Competition, StatenIsland (2001). Together with Stan Allen (now Dean at Princeton), Corner analyzed the human, natural, and technological systems’ interaction with characteristic aerial precision. Field Operations presented the project as a series of overlaid, CAD-based activity maps and diagrams, that stacked up as in an architect’s layered axonometric section. These layered drawings clearly showed the simultaneous, differentiated activities and support systems planned to occupy the site over time, creating a diagram of the complex settings for activities within the reconstituted ecology of the manmade landfill. 25 In the Freshkills competition, Mathur and da Cunha’s used a similar approach but emphasized the shifting and changing eco-logical systems of the site over time, seeking suitable places for human settlements including residences. In the first conference on Landscape Urban-ism at the University of Pennsylvania in April 2002, Dean Garry Hack (who coauthored Kevin Lynch’s 1984 third edition of Site Planning) questioned the interstitial and small-scale strate-gies of participants (asking, “Hyper-urbanization: Places of Landscape Architecture?”). Mohsen Mostafavi, the Chairman of the AA, delivered the keynote speech, “Landscape as Urban-ism,” showing the Barcelona-style, large-scale, infrastructural work of the first three years of the AA Landscape Urbanism program. 26Dean Hack identified a key problem for landscape urbanists as they face the challenge of adapting to complex urban morphologies beyond that of an Anglo-Saxon village and its commons. Rifle ranges, the spectacle of the “Devil’s Night,” and the “Staging of Vacancy” suggested in Stalking Detroit may prove to be inadequate responses in an age when many Europeans and Americans live in idyllic, landscaped suburbs. Suburbanites are willing to pay a premium to visit staged urban spectacles. These spectacles can take the form of the Palio annual horse race in Siena, a parade on Disneyworld’s Main Street, or a week-end in a city-themed Las Vegas casino like The Venetian, with its simulation of the Grand Canal as a mall on the third floor above the gaming hall. The desire for the city as compressed hustle and bustle in small spaces remains strong. Even in ruined downtown Detroit, small ethnic enclaves like “Greek Town” or “Mexico Town” satisfy this demand, in the midst of the void. Commercial interests like Disney clearly understand how to stage an event and create an urban street spectacle based in a village-like setting. As yet, the dense urban settings of Hong Kong or New York, or even mid-rise urban morphologies like Piano’s eco-logically sensitive Potsdam Platz, Berlin (1994–1998), do not feature as part of this performative urbanism. Stalking Detroit does not begin to deal with the issue of urban morphologies or the emergence of settlement patterns over time. It concentrates on their disappearance and erasure. The problem of this approach is its amnesia and blindness to preexisting structures, urban ecologies, and morphological patterns. A common ground is useless without people to activate it and to surround it, to make it their commons. Housing, however transient or distant, is an essential part of this pattern of relationship, whether connecting to a village green or a suburban mall. With this logic, the International Building Exhibition in Berlin of 1984–1987 sponsored the recolonization of vacant inner-city lots with high-density, low-rise infill blocks in anticipation of the construction of Potsdamer Platz and the demolition of the Berlin Wall. Adaptive reuse, as in the conversion of dockland warehouses ormulti-story factories to lofts and apartments, is another successful strategy that has provided housing and workplaces to activate inner-city areas. These approaches have been slowly applied with some success in other American empowerment zones, such as those in the South Bronx and Harlem. Chicago, also a viciously segregated city, is rising slowly from its ashes; North Michigan Avenue functions as a great urban boulevard, comparable to Fifth Avenue in New York, populated with many strange hybrid skyscraper towers containing malls, department stores, hotels, offices, apartments, and parking lots (a form pioneered there by Skidmore Owings and Merill’s mixed-use Hancock Tower in 1966). Even in Detroit, Henry Ford’s grand-son is rebuilding the Ford River Rouge Plant as a model, hybrid, “green” facility. 27Landscape urbanists are just beginning to battle with the thorny issue of how dense urban forms emerge from landscape and how urban ecologies support performance spaces. The lin-ear organization of the village main street leading to a common space, with its row-house typology and long thin land subdivisions, is one of the oldest global urban patterns, studied by the pioneer urban morphologist Michael R.G. Conzen in the 1930s. 28 Urban morphologists look for the emergence of such characteristic linkages between activity and spatial patterns in human settlements. Such linkages, when repeated over time, form islands of local order structuring the larger pat-terns of global, ecological, and economic flows. 29 The pattern of the town square and approach street is another, more formal example of an urban morphology, focusing on a sin-gle center, setting up the central agora or forum as in a Greek or Roman city grid (and echoed in the courtyard-house typology). The Islamic city, with its irregular cul-de-sac structure, accommodating the topography, emerged as a variation on this classical model, with the mosque, bazaar, school, and baths replacing the forum and temples at the center. 30 Medieval European cities, also with cul-de-sacs, but based on a row-house typology, formed another morphological variation of the classical city, with market halls and cathedrals on the city square. In The Making of the American Landscape (1990), edited by Michael P. Conzen of the University of Chicago, contributors illustrate how the morphology of the city shifted from a dense single center to a “machine city.” This bipolar structure was based on railways creating a regional division between dense center and suburban villa edge (involving the separation of consumption from production, industry from farmland, rich from poor, etc.). In the second phase, the “machine city” of the Modernists (best exemplified by the morphology of Le Corbusier’s Ville Radieuse (1933) with its slab blocks and towers set in park-land) replaced the old, dense Industrial City. With the advent of the automobile, a third morphology emerged in a multi centered pattern and isolated, pavilion, building typologies, a pattern that was further extended by airports on the regional periphery. Joel Garreau identified this as the postmodern “Edge City” morphology of malls, office parks, industrial parks and residential enclaves in 1991. 31In Europe Cedric Price jokingly described these three city morphologies in terms of breakfast dishes. There was the traditional, dense, “hard-boiled egg” city fixed in concentric rings of development within its shell or walls. Then there was the “fried egg” city, where railways stretched the city’s perimeter in linear, accelerated,space-time corridors out into the landscape, resulting in a star shape. Finally there was the postmodern city, the “scrambled egg city,” where everything is distributed evenly in small granules or pavilions across the landscape in a continuous network. Koolhaas and the younger Dutch groups like MVRDV continue this tra-dition of urban, morphological analysis with a light, analogical touch. The organizing group of the 2001 International Conference of Young Planners meeting in Utrecht, for instance, used Price’s metaphors to study the impact of media and communications on the city.32 Franz Oswald , from the ETH Zurich Urban Design program, also examines the “scrambled egg” network analogy in the Synoikos and NEt city Projects . These projects study the distribution of urban morphologies in central Switzerland as layers in a cultural, commercial, industrial and informational matrix within the extreme Alpine topography and its water-sheds. 33 Schumacher, at the AA’s Design Research Laboratory, has also extended his work from Stalking Detroit into an investigation of the role of personal choice in a dynamic, typo-logical, and morphological matrix forming temporary housing structures in the city. 34 His colleagues in the Landscape Urbanism program have also shifted to a more urban orient-tion, studying Venice and its lagoon.This rationalist, morphological and landscape tradition seems to be centered in Venice. Here Bernardo Secchi and Paola Viganò continue the typo-logical analysis begun in the 1930s, but now applied to the voids of the post-modern city-region, the “Reverse City.” Viganò’s La Città Elementare (The Elementary City, 1999; it deserves translation into English) is exemplary of this larger European Landscape Urbanism movement. For Viganò, large landscape infrastructures form the basis for later urbanization. Le Corbusier’s work at the Agora in Chandigarh is exemplary in its monumental manipulation of the terrain, orientation to the regional landscape, and attempt to form an urban space. Xaveer de Geyter Architects’ After Sprawl (2002), with its fifty-by-fifty kilometer “Atlases” of European cities made by various university groups, gives an easily accessible cross section of a wider landscape urbanism and morphological network linked to Venice. In America, Carol Willis in Form Follows Finance (1995) and my colleague at Columbia Urban Design, Brian McGrath, have created a portrait of one building ecology, the sky-scraper, and its typological evolution in the flows of New York in Time formations(2000), viewable at the Sky-scraper Museum website.Activities of generation, the rich visitors sensory experiences2. The design of the sustainable developmentSustainable development principle, it is the ecology point of view, to the city system analysis, and with the minimum the minimal resource consumption to satisfy the requirements of the human, and maintain the harmony of human and the natural environment, guarantee the city several composition system-to protect natural evolution process of open space system and the urban development system balance. People are to landscape 'understanding of the contemporary landscape design and the function to reflect, have been completely out of the traditional gardening activities, the concept of landscape art value unconsciously and ecological value, the function value, cultural value happened relationship, landscape art category than before morepointed to the human is closely linked with the various aspects, become more profound and science. Contemporary landscape also actively use new technology to improve the ecological value. Such as the use of solar energy for square garden, lighting and sound box equipment supply electricity; The surface water "cycle" design concept, collecting rainwater for irrigation and waterscape provides the main resources; Using the principle of the construction of the footway, buoys that environmental protection level a kiss and interesting. And by using water scene drought, landscape water do ecology (ecological wetland), ecological XiGou "half natural change" landscape humanized waterscape design, avoid the manual water scene is the difficulty of the later-period management, but in the water since the net, purifying environment and promote biodiversity play a huge role. Therefore, to experience the landscape will surely is contained to nature and the tradition, to human compatibility.The urban landscape the principles of sustainable development and implementation details:2.1 the efficiency of land use principle for land to the survival of humans is one of the most effective resources, especially in China's large population, land resources are extremely deficient, urbanization rapidly increase background, the reasonable efficient use of land, is that we should consider an important issue. For the city landscape is concerned, how to productive use of the land? Three-dimensional is efficient land use is the most effective means. The urban landscape "three-dimensional to take" ideas contains the following six aspects of meaning. (1) in the limited on land, as much as possible to provide activity places, form the three-dimensional multi-layer activities platform landscape environment. (2) improve afforestation land use efficiency, in the same land, adopt appropriate to niche by, shrubs and trees of co-existence and co-prosperity between three-dimensional planting layout. (3) to solve the good man, for the contradiction in green, the green space and human activity space layout of the interchanges. (4) the up and down or so, all sides three-dimensional view observation, increased the landscape environment the visual image of the visual rate. (5) from the static landscape to dynamic landscape. 6 not only from the traditional technology of modern technology to introduce more (such as crossing bridge, light rail, electric rail, etc), show a colorful three-dimensional space.2.2 energy efficiency principle along with the rapid development of urbanization, China's energy demand is more and more big, the energy gap also more and more big. In recent years, China's major cities have put forward the "light" project, the public area lighting consumption in the great power. For energy efficiency in the understanding, first from the consideration on the energy saving should be not only, and should stand in the higher of the environmental protection high to know, meaning that more extensive, and more far-reaching. (for more than 70% of generating capacity in China at present still by coal, exist for SO2, CO2 and nitric oxide and other harmful gas emissions and coal dust emissions and a series of environmental problems)2.3 plant with an ecological principle city system, the green space system is perfect or。
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Key words
Key words: Landscape design, Green community, Green building, Exterior physical environment
catalogue
1 Introduction 2 Greening design 3 Luminous environment of residential areas 4 Acoustic environment of residential area 5 Thermal environment of residential areas 6 Discussion 7 Conclusions
Abstract
Landscape design for a green community should be favorable for the ambient ecological environment and for enhancement of both the local climate of a residential area and the environmental quality of life. This paper presents optimization methods for plant landscape design that take account of results of comparisons of noise reduction effecnd effects on ventilation. These methods are based on different plant configurations and various luminous environments, such as exterior sunshine and shaded areas after the simulation of exterior luminous, acoustic and thermalenvironments of a residential area using the analytic software ECOTECT, CADNA/A, and PHEONICS. Three different types of residential buildings are simulated including a faculty apartment in the Xixi Campus of Zhejiang University, the Huaqing Villa and the Gangwan Jiayuan faculty apartment of Zhejiang University, China, based on green building design theory. In addition, the methods and process flow of landscape design of green residential areas are also described for the improvement of the exteriorphysical living environment.
2 Greening design
Ecological environmental design is concerned mainly with the amount of greening, the green ecological quality and the biological symbiosis of construction.
2.1 Amount of greening
The Green Building Evaluation Standards in China require a greening rate of residential area of not less than 30% and the public greening area per capita of not less than 1 m2.
2.2 Green ecological quality
1 Introduction
Analysis of data from climate monitoring over the past 100 years shows that human activities are largely responsible for climate change. In view of the relatively inadequate resources per capita and weak foundations of the ecological environment,the promotion and implementation of the conception of sustainable development are of great urgency in China. Few publications address landscape designmethods from the point of view of green buildings.This paper presents optimization methods for plant landscape design from a green building perspective based on results of comparisons of noise reduction effects, heat island temperature decreases and effects on ventilation.