武汉大学2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语试卷
2013年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2013年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解科目名称：英语科目代码：1101注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答题纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。
Part I Reading Comprehension(2×20=40分)Directions: In this part for the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statement, and each question or unfinished statement is: followed by: four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1The changing profile of a city in the United States is apparent in the shifting definitions used by the United States Bureau of the Census. In 1870 the census officially distinguished the nation’s “Urban”from its “rural”population for the first time. “Urban population”was defined as persons living in towns of 8,000 inhabitants or more. But after 1900 it meant persons living in incorporated places having 2,500 or more inhabitants.Then, in 1950 the Census Bureau radically changed its definition of “urban”to take account of the new vagueness of city boundaries. In addition to persons living in incorporated units of 2,500 or more, the census now included those who lived inunincorporated units of that size, and also all persons living in the densely settled urban fringe, including both incorporated and unincorporated areas located around cities of 50,000 inhabitants or more. Each such unit, conceived as an integrated economic and social unit with a large population nucleus, was named a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA).Each SMSA would contain at least one central city with 50,000 inhabitants or more or two cities having shared boundaries and constituting, for general economic and social purposes, a single community with a combined population of at least 50,000, the smaller of which must have a population of at least 15,000. Such an area included the country in which the central city is located, and adjacent countries that are found to be metropolitan in character and economically and socially integrated with the country of the central city. By 1970, about two-thirds of the population of the United States was living in these urbanized areas, and of that figure more than half were living outside the central cities. While the Census Bureau and the United States government used the term SMSA (by 1969 there were 233 of them), social scientists were also using new terms to describe the elusive, vaguely defined areas reaching out from what used to be simple “town”and “cities.”A host of terms came into use: “metropolitan regions,”“polynucleated population groups,”“conurbations,”“metropolitan clusters,”“megalopolises.”and so on.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. How cities in the United States began and developedB. Solutions to overcrowding in citiesC. The changing definition of an urban areaD. How the United States Census Bureau conducts a census2. Prior to 1900, how many inhabitants would a town has to have before being defined as urban?A. 2,500B. 8,000C. 15,000D. 50,0003. According to the passage, why did the Census Bureau revise the definition of urban in 1950?A. City borders had become less distinctB. Cities had undergone radical social changeC. Elected officials could not agree on an acceptable definitionD. New businesses had relocated to larger cities4. Which of the following is NOT true of an SMSA?A. It has a population of at least 50,000B. It can include a city’s outlying regionsC. It can include unincorporated regionsD. It consists of at least two cities【答案与解析】1.C 浏览全文，可知文章首段主要讲述了19世纪和20世纪50年代前美国统计局对城区的定义，第二段则描述了1950年城区定义的改变，并引出SMSA的概念，最后第三段则着重于对SMSA的详细介绍。
2015年全国医学博士入学统一考试英语真题及答案解析
2015年全国医学博士入学统一考试英语真题及答案解析Part I: Listening comprehension(略)Part II: Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Despite his doctor’s note of caution, he never____from dring and smorking.A. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. people with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to____their hearing.A. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD. supplement33. impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to____larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. when the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their plan______.A. accordinglyB. alternativelyC. considerablyD. relatively35. it is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_____ future adults with appreciation of music.A. acquaintB. familiarizedC. endowD. amuse36. if the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy prices_____A. level outB. stand outC. come offD. wear off37. heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate_____ from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and_____ of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine,______ and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. the newly designed system is ____ to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenable Section BDirections: each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. every year more than 1000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. surviviors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude.A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A. negativeB. confusingC. eloquentD. indistinct45. top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. his imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47. the discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger, so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench it.A. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. a veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze(10%)Direction: in this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth 52 tumors were discovered in her daughter’s cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby’s cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cellsof the mother. But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father 53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child’s body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the fires 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier. But this is not the case----microchimerism 55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 70 percent of cases and to go the other way about half,56.As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer, in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59, according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of “cancer danger”. Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby’s immune system is extremely low.51. A. suggests B. suggesting C. having suggested D. suggested52. A. since B. although C. whereas D. when53. A. what B. whom C. who D. as54. A. predicted B. notorious C. proven D. detailed55. A. where B. when C. if D. whatever56. A. as many B. as much C. as well D. as often57. A. threat B. puzzle C. obstacle D. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletion C. amplification D. addition59. A. therefore B. furthermore C. nevertheless D. conclusively60. A. likelihood B. function C. influence D. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions: in this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish byhalf.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-first-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it’s pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent response to a cancer drug(or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would’ve been two competing companies hadn’t sat down and put their heads together.Are there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information? Who’s to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology’s favorite four-letter word: cure.61. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB.Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. in cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals now ____A. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion’s shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. from the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer that____A. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. from the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question___A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. the tone of the author of this passage seems to be_____A. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. potimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th leading cause of death in the US, chiefly because once it’s determined that a patient needs a new liver it’s difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there’s guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-grown livers into rats.The livers aren’t grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold(支架) with liver cells isolated from health livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also translated some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rat’s vascular systems. However, the current method isn’t perfect and can not seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can’t keep functioning for more than about 24 hours(hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat thansplant).But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong—and especially if stem-cell research established a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. it can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended to____A. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the US.D. address the source of liver transplants67. what does the author mean when he says that the livers aren’t grown from scratch?A. the making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architectureB. a huge step toward building functioning livers in the labC. the building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. growing liver cells in the donor organ68. the biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab until____A. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. what seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. the rats as wrong recipientsB. the time point of the transplantationC. the short period of the recellularizationD. the insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels70. the research team holds high hopes of_____A. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical bums typically experience severe damage to the cornea—the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye’s focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful on several patients whose bum injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient’s healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however, stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient’s own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The result of the study, based at Italy’s University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journalof Medicine.71. what is the main idea of this passage?A. stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by bums.B. the vision in the eyes blinded by bums for 10 years can be restoredC. the restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for10 yearsD. the burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons72. the Italian technique reported in this passage_____A. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye bums?A. the places in which people workB. the accidents that involve using household cleaning productsC. the mishaps that involved vehicles batteriesD. the disasters caused by battery explosion at home74. what is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. the stem cells taken from a healthy eyeB. the patient physically healthyC. the damaged eye with partial visionD. the blindness due to damaged optic nerves75. which of the following words can best describe the author’s attitude towards the new method?A. sarcasticB. indifferentC. criticalD. positivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the us by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday, a typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies—and are only party explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail(开创), after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city’s black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What’s exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies that it both probes the mechanisms invlilved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation. Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health , similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to while poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a “soft science” with little that’s serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle—fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicine.It’s time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society’s most deprived members. More important, it’s time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor.76. as shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects______.A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?A. where to liveB. which race to belong toC. how to adjust environmentallyD. what medical problem to suffer78. the Chicago-based project focuses its management on_____A. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. the racial perspectiveB. the environmental aspectC. the biological dimensionD. the psychological angel80. the author is a big fan of______A. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8,2010, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered, according to a report on the findings published in the Wall Street Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJ reports. At the very least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amid the cells of the African—American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. They used the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45’s cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies.Scientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don’t work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found ”broadly neutralizing antibodies”, which knock out many HIV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them, the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization , is a marked improvement.Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest there test methods that blend the three new antibodies together—in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug.If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, they think most people could produce then, the WSJ says.81. we can learn from the beginning of the passage that_______A. a newly discovered antibody defeats 91% of the HIV strainsB. a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC. American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD. the African—American gay man was cured of this HIV infection82. what is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African—American gay man?A. they can cure the 33 million AIDS patients in the worldB. they may strengthen the effects of the existing antiretroviral drugsC. they will kill all the HIV virusesD. they will help make a quick diagnosis of an HIV infection83. the newest antibody found in Donor 45 reflects a dramatic advance in terms of_____.A. pathologyB. pharmacologyC. HIV neutralizationD. HIV epidemiology84. according to the study authors, the three test methods are intended to____.A. advance the technology in condom production to prevent HIV infectionB. facilitate the natural immune defense against AIDSC. develop more effective antiretroviral drugs85. the passage is most likely_____.A. a news reportB. a paper in ScienceC. an excerpt from an Immunology TextbookD. an episode in a science fiction novel.Passage SixWhitening the world's roofs would offset the emissions of the world's cars for 20 years, according to a new study from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.Overall, installing lighter-colored roofs and pavement can cancel the heat effect of two years of global carbon dioxide emissions, Berkeley Lab says. It's the first roof-cooling study to use a global model to examine the issue.Lightening-up roofs and pavement can offset 57 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, about double the amount the world emitted in 2006, the study found. It was published in the journalEnvironmental Research Letters.Researchers used a conservative estimate of increased albedo, or solar reflection, suggesting that purely white roofs would be even better. They increased the albedo of all roofs by 0.25 and pavement by 0.15. That means a black roof, which has an albedo of zero, would only need to be replaced by a roof of a cooler color -- which might be more feasible to implement than a snowy white roof, Berkeley Lab says.The researchers extrapolated a roof's CO2 offset over its average lifespan. If all roofs were converted to white or cool colors, they would offset about 24 gigatons (24 billion metric tons) of CO2, but only once. But assuming roofs last about 20 years, the researchers came up with 1.2 gigatons per year. That equates to offsetting the emissions of roughly 300 million cars, all the cars in the world, for 20 years.Pavement and roofs cover 50 to 65 percent of urban areas, and cause a heat-island effect because they absorb so much heat. That's why cities aresignificantly warmer than their surrounding rural areas. This effect makes it harder -- and therefore more expensive -- to keep buildings cool in the summer. Winds also move the heat into the atmosphere, causing a regional warming effect.Energy Secretary Steven Chu, a Nobel laureate in physics (and former Berkeley Lab director), has advocated white roofs for years. He put his words into action Monday by directing all Energy Department offices to install white roofs. All newly installed roofs will be white, and black roofs might be replaced when it is cost-effective over the lifetime of the roof."Cool roofs are one of the quickest and lowest-cost ways we can reduce our global carbon emissions and begin the hard work of slowing climate change," he said in a statement.86. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. a Decline in Car EmissionsB. white Roofs or Black PavementsC. the Effect of Linghting-up RoofsD. climate Change and Extreme Weathers87. a indicated by the passage, black roofs______A. are better than snowy white onesB. reflect not heat from the sunC. are more expensive to build in the urban areasD. are supposed to be placed by snowy white ones88. if they are converted to white or cooler colors, all roofs in the world in their lifetime_____A. can absorb 1.2 gigattons of CO2 a yearB. could serve as 300 million cars in terms of emissionC. would offset the emissions from 300 million carsD. would offset about 24 gigatons of CO2 as emitted from the cars89. according to the passage, it is hard and expensive to keep the urban buildings cool because of______A. the heat-island effectB. the lack of seasonal windsC. the local unique weatherD. the fast urban shrinkage90. energy Secretary Steven Chu implies that_____A. nothing could be more effective in cooling global warming than method he has advocatedB. the method in question still needs to be justified in the futureC. our global carbon emissions can be reduced by half if cool roofs are installedD. weather change and global warming can be addressed in no timePart V Writing(20%)Directions: in this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.什么是健康？人的健康包括身体健康和心理健康两个方面。
武汉大学系统解剖学2015年考博真题试卷
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武汉大学
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：系统解剖学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1、板障
2、第二肝门
3、肋膈隐窝
4、肾段
5、子宫颈阴道部
6、盆膈
7、室上嵴
8、乳糜池
9、纹状体
10、鼓索
二、简答题
1、Glisson系统在肝内的配布，及其与肝段的关系。
2、胸膜分布，胸膜腔的特点。
3、肾的结构，位置，肾被膜的特点。
4、心脏传导系组成。
三、问答题
1、内囊的位置，分部，穿过内囊的传导束。
2015年武汉大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2015年武汉大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. English-Chinese Translation 3. Chinese-English Translation 4. WritingReading ComprehensionJustice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression: “ an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. “ That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is refleeted in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who had committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due. Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize me best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the course of his antisocial behavior must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated from the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishment is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1．The best title for this passage in______.A．Fitting Punishment to the CrimeB．Approaches to Just PunishmentC．Improvement in Legal JusticeD．Attaining Justice in the Courts正确答案：B解析：本题为主旨题。
2015武汉大学博士英语原题出处
black fiction GRE,农业补贴是04年专八第一个阅读，司法审判是2014年考研阅读，男女角色是05年专八阅读，都有原题，选项都没有改过Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that culture of rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works—yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.21. The author of the passage objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it(A)emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fiction(B)misinterprets the ideological content of such fiction(C)misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fiction(D)substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction(E)ignores the interplay between Black history and Black identity displayed in such fiction22. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with(A)evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism(B)comparing various critical approaches to a subject(C)discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism(D)summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism(E)explaining the theoretical background of a certain kind of criticism23. The author of the passage believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt(A)evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction(B)attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors(C)explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history(D)established a basis for placing Black fiction within its own unique literary tradition(E)assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically24. The author’s discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as(A)pedantic and contentious(B)critical but admiring(C)ironic and deprecating(D)argumentative but unfocused(E)stilted and insincere25. It can be inferred that the author of the passage would be LEAST likely to approve of which of the following?(A)An analysis of the influence of political events on the personal ideology of Black writes(B)A critical study that applies sociopolitical criteria to autobiographies by Black authors(C)A literary study of Black poetry that appraises the merits of poems according to the political acceptability of their themes(D)An examination of the growth of a distinct Black literary tradition within the context of Black history(E)A literary study that attempts to isolate aesthetic qualities unique to Black fiction26. The author of the passage uses all of the following in the discussion of Rosenblatt’s book EXCEPT(A)rhetorical questions(B)specific examples(C)comparison and contrast(D)definition of terms(E)personal opinion27. The author of the passage refers to James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man most probably in order to(A)point out affinities between Rosenblatt’s method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism(B)clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage(C)qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt’s book made in the first paragraph of the passage(D)illustrate the affinities among Black novels disclosed by Rosenblatt’s literary analysis(E)give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt’s workD AE B C D ETEXT D"In every known human society the male's needs for achievement can be re cognized... In agreat number of human societies men's sureness of their sex r ole is tied up with their right, orability, to practice some activity that women a re not allowed to practice. Their maleness in facthas to be underwritten by pr eventing women from entering some field or performing somefeat."This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way i n which the rolesof men and women in society should be distinguished.If talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far fromcomplete. There is a flow of publications about the continui ng domestic bondage of womenand about the complicated system of defe nces which men have thrown up around their hitherto accepted advantages, t aking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types of occupation a nd sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic do ubtof the seriousness of women's pretensions to the level of intellect and r esolution that men, itis supposed, bring to the business of running the world .There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of men 's status. In thefirst place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, inIndia, Sri Lanka and Israel.Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of women who work, especially marriedwomen and mothers of children. More diffusely there are t he increasingly numerous convergences between male and female behaviour: the approximation to identical styles indress and coiffure, the sharing of d omestic tasks, and the admission of women to all sorts of hitherto exclusiv ely male leisure-time activities.Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive or nat ural conditions ofhuman life. It is acquired more by the study of humorous c artoons than of archaelology, butthat does not matter since it is not significan t as theory but only as an expression of inwardlyfelt expectations of people's sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiationbetween the roles of the two sexes. In this rudimentary natural society men go out to huntand fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going. Amo rous initiative is firmly reserved to the man, who sets about courtship with a club.25. The phrase "men's sureness of their sex role" in the first paragraph sugg ests that theyA. are confident in their ability to charm women.B. take the initiative in courtship.C. have a clear idea of what is considered "manly".D. tend to be more immoral than women are.26. The third paragraph does NOT claim that menA. prevent women from taking up certain professions.B. secretly admire women's intellect and resolution.C. doubt whether women really mean to succeed in business.D. forbid women to join certain clubs and societies.27. The third paragraphA. generally agrees with the first paragraphB. has no connection with the first paragraphC. repeats the argument of the second paragraphD. contradicts the last paragraph28. At the end of the last paragraph the author uses humorous exaggeratio n in order toA. show that men are stronger than womenB. carry further the ideas of the earliest paragraphsC. support the first sentence of the same paragraphD. disown the ideas he is expressing29. The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraphA. is based on the study of archaeologyB. illustrates how people expect men to behaveC. is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant jokeD. proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer30. The opening quotation from Margaret Mead sums up a relationship betw een man andwoman which the authorA. approves ofB. argues is naturalC. completely rejectsD. expects to go on changing25. C26. B 27. A 28. C 29. B 30. ATEXT AFarmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step was necessary to “promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations”. It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November’s mid?t erm elections.?Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose upto $14 just because o f trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. It’s not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Uganda’s Minister of Finance. “What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete.”?Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output. This is no pie?in?the?sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenya’s economy over the past decade h as been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the “least?developed country” status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americas African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africa’s manufacturers. The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.?This is what makes Bush’s decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges rade liberalization onlyso it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles. Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally beingaddressed. Bush’s handout last month makes a lie of America’s commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.?16.By comparison, farmers ____ receive more government subsidies than others.?A.in the developing worldB.in JapanC.in EuropeD.in America?17.In addition to the economic considerations, there is a ____ motive behind Bush’s signing of the new farm bill.?A.partisanB.socialC.financialD.cultural?18.The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is that ____.?A.poor countries should be given equal opportunities in trade?B.“the least?developed country” status benefits agricultural countries?C.poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalization?D.farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies?19.The writer’s attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U.S. is ____.?A.favourableB.ambiguousC.criticalD.reserved??PART ⅢREADING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A READING COMPREHENSIONTEXT A短文大意：美国总统布什签订了一份农业议案，旨在提高农业补贴。
(完整word版)2015年全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题
2015 年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按”考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
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试卷一（Paper One)答案和试卷二（PaperTwo）答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
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试卷一答题时必须使用28 铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑：如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
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标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
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听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation，you will hear a question about what is said，The question will be read only once, After you hear the question，read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D。
Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example。
You will hear.Woman：1 fell faint.Man: No wonder You haven’t had a bite all day Question: What's the matter with the woman? You will read。
2015博士英语试题讲解
财政部财政科学研究所2015年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题PART ONE: Grammar (15 points)Directions: Below each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the sentence or that best completes the sentence. Please write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. The quality of teaching should be measured by the degree the students’potentiality is developed.A. of whichB. with whichC. in whichD. to which2. Another food crop raised by Indians strange to the European was called Indian corn.A. who wereB. that wereC. that wasD. who was3. We moved to the new house in the suburbs so that the kids would have a garden .A. in which to playB. to play withC. to playD. where to play4. There are many copper mines in the state of Arizona, contributes significantly to the state’s economy.A. a factB. which factC. whose factD. that5. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.A. so thatB. but thatC. in thatD. provided that6. Nearly all trees contains a mix of polymers that can burn like petroleum properly extracted.A. afterB. ifC. when itD. is7. The early years of the United States government were characterized by a debate concerning or individual states should have more power.A. whether the federal governmentB. either the federal governmentC. that the federal governmentD. the federal government8. Exploration of the Solar System is continuing, and at the present rate of progress all the planets within the next 50 years.A. will have been contactedB. will have contactedC. will be contactedD. will contact9. By the year of 2025, scientists probably a cure for cancer.A. will be discoveringB. are discoveringC. will have discoveredD. have discovered10. Thomas Edison’s first patented invention was a device in Congress.A. for counting votesB. that counting votesC. counts votesD. counted votes11. Using many symbols makes to put a large amount of information on a single map.A. possibleB. it is possibleC. it possibleD. that possible12. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely to the outside world.A. being lostB. having lostC. losingD. lost13. Beef cattle of all livestock for economic growth in the certain geographicregions.A. the most are importantB. are the most importantC. is the most importantD. that are most important14. advance and retreat in their eternal rhythms, but the surface of the sea itself isnever at rest.A. Not only when the tides doB. As the tides not only doC. Not only do the tidesD. Do the tides not only15. divorce ourselves from the masses of the people.A. In no time we shouldB. In no time should weC. At no time we shouldD. At no time should wePART TWO: Reading comprehension (20 points)Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1 (5 points)The good news made headlines nationwide: Deaths from several kinds of cancer have declined significantly in recent years. But the news has to be bittersweet for many cancer patients and their families. Every year, more than 500000 people in the United States still die of cancer. In fact, more than half of all patients diagnosed with cancer will die of their disease within a few years. And while it’s true survival is longer today than in the past, thequality of life for these patients is often greatly diminished. Cancer –and many of the treatments used to fight it - causes pain, nausea, fatigue, and anxiety that routinely go undertreated or untreated.In the nation’s single-minded focus on curing cancer, we have inadvertently devalued the critical need for palliative care, which focuses on alleviating physical and psychological symptoms over the course of the disease. Nothing would have a greater impact on the daily lives of cancer patients and their families than good symptom control and supportive therapy. Yet the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the federal government’s leader in cancer research and training, spent less than one percent of its 1999 budget on any aspect of research or training in palliative care.The nation needs to get serious about reducing needless suffering. NCI should commit to and fund research aimed at improving symptom control and palliative care. NCI also could designate “centers of excellence” among the cancer centers it recognizes. To get that designation, centers would deliver innovative, top-quality palliative care to all segments of the populations the centers serve; train professionals in medicine, nursing, psychology, social work, and other disciplines to provide palliative care; and conduct research.Insurance coverage for palliative and hospice care also contributes to the problem by forcing people to choose between treatment or hospice care. This “either/or” approach does not readily allow these two types of essential care to be integrated. The Medicare hospice benefit is designed specifically for people in the final stages of illness and allows enrollment only if patients are expected to survive six months or less. The benefit excludes patients from seeking both palliative care and potentially life-extending treatment.That makes hospice enrollment an obvious deterrent for many patients. And hospices, which may have the most skilled practitioners and the most experience in administering palliative care, cannot offer their services to people who could really benefit but still are pursuing active treatment.It is innately human to comfort and provide care to those suffering from cancer, particularly those close to death. Yet what seems self-evident at an individual, personal level has not guided policy at the level of institutions in this country. Death is inevitable, but severe suffering is not. To offer hope for a long life of the highest possible quality and to deliver the best quality cancer care from diagnoses to death, our public institutions need to move toward policies that value and promote palliative care.16. Palliative care is concerned with improving patients’.A. survival ratesB. quality of lifeC. lifespansD. options for health insurance providers17. According to the author, research on palliative care for .A. is more important than research for cancer curesB. has been overlooked by researchersC. is virtually non-existentD. is regarded by researchers as a frivolous topic18. The main problem of insurance coverage for hospice care and active treatment isthat .A. it does not allow patients to seek bothB. it only covers patients whose life expectancy is less than six monthsC. it deprives patients of the right to choose between two proven treatment methodsD. hospice care is only covered when it may extend a patient’s life expectancy19. Hospices offer cancer patients .A. an alternative to palliative careB. comfort in their early stages of illnessC. skilled and experienced palliative careD. an alternative to active treatment20. This text is mainly about .A. improving cancer research in the U.SB. reforming insurance coverage for cancer patientsC. understanding different options for cancer treatment and careD. reducing the suffering of cancer patientsPassage 2 (5 points)Man and women do think differently, at least where the anatomy of the brain is concerned, according to a new study. The brain is made primarily of two different types of tissue, called gray matter and white matter. This new research reveals that men think more with their gray matter, and women think more with white. Researchers stressed that just because the two sexes think differently, this does not affect intellectual performance.Psychology professor Richard Haier of the University of California, Irvine led the research along with colleagues from the University of New Mexico. Their findings show that in general, men have nearly 6.5 times the amount of gray matter related intelligence compared with women, whereas women have nearly 10 times the amount of white matter related to intelligence compared with men. “These findings suggested that human evolution has created two different types of brains designed for equally intelligent behavior,”said Haier, adding that, “by pinpointing these gender-based intelligence areas, the study has the potential to aid research on dementia and other cognitive-impairment diseases in the brain.The results are detailed in the online version of the journal NeuroImage. In human brains, gray matter represents information processing centers, whereas white matter works to network these processing centers. The results from this study may help explain why men and women excel at different types of tasks, said co-author and neuropsychologist Rex Jung of the University of New Mexico. For example, men tend to do better with tasks requiring more localized processing, such as mathematics, Jung said, while women are better at integrating and assimilating information from distributed gray-matter regions of the brain, which aids language skills. Scientists find it very interesting that while men and women use two very different activity centers and neurological pathways, men and women perform equally well on broad measures of cognitive ability, such as intelligence tests.This research also gives insight to why different types of head injuries are more disastrous to one sex or the other. For example, in women 84 percent of gray matter regions and 86 percent of white matter regions involved in intellectual performance were located inthe frontal lobes, whereas the percentages of these regions in a man’s frontal lobes are 45 percent and zero, respectively. This matches up well with clinical data that shows frontal lobe damage in women to be much more destructive than the same type of damage in men. Both Haier and Jung hope that this research with someday help doctors diagnose brain disorders in men and women earlier, as well as provide help designing more effective and precise treatments for brain damage.21. Which of the following statements is true, according to paragraph 1 ?A. The brain is a monolithic organ.B. Intellectual ability depends on which part of the brain is used.C. Intellectual ability varies between men and women.D. The anatomy of men’s brains and women’s brains differ.22. According to paragraph 2, this discovery is significant because .A. it is necessary to understand the anatomy of the brain when dealing with diseasesaffect thought processesB. it shows that men and women are equally intelligentC. it shows that men and women are equally intelligent overall, but specialize indifferent ways of thinkingD. many diseases of the brain are specific to gender or the other23. Which of the following statements is true about gray brain matter?A. It helps put together information from different parts of the brain.B. It is used for processing i nformation.C. There is less of it in men’s brains.D. There is a direct correlation between the amount of gray brain matter andmathematical ability.24. Which of the following statements is false about white brain matter?A. Women have more of it than men.B. It is used for putting together information from different parts of the brain.C. There is direct correlation between the amount of white brain matter and linguisticability.D. The amount of white brain matter is not directly related to overall intelligence.25. The final paragraph suggests that .A. men and women are equally intelligentB. men and women have different frontal lobesC. head injuries can have varied effects, according to whether a person is male orfemaleD. the research will be useful to other scientistsPassage 3 (5 points)So much data indicate the world’s progress towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), a set of targets adopted by world leaders at the UN more than ten years ago. But the goal-setting exercise has further pitfalls. Too often, the goals are reduced to working out how much money is needed to meet a particular target. Yet the countries that have made most progress in cutting poverty have largely done so not by spending public money, but by encouraging faster economic growth. As Shanta Devarajan,the World Bank’s chief economist for Africa, points out, growth does not just make more money available for social spending. It also increases the demand for such things as schooling, and thus helps meet other development goals. Yet the goals, as drawn up, made no mention of economic growth.Of course growth by itself does not solve all the problems of the poor. It also clear that while money helps, how it is spent and what it is spent on are enormously important. For instances, campaigners often ask for more to be spent on primary education. But throughout the developing world teachers on the public payroll are often absent from school. Teacher-absenteeism rates are around 20% in rural Kenya, 27% in Uganda and 14% in Ecuador.In any case, money that is allocated for such services rarely reaches its intended recipients. A study found that 70% of the money allocated for drugs and supplies by the Uganda government in 2000 was lost; in Ghana, 80% was siphoned off. Money needs to be spent, therefore, not merely on building more schools or hiring more teachers, but on getting them to do what they are paid for, and preventing resources from disappearing somewhere between the central government and their supposed destination.The good news is that policy experiments carried out by governments, NGOs, academics and international institutions are slowly building up a body of evidence about methods that work. A large-scale evaluation in Andhra Pradesh in southern India was shown, for example, that performance pay for teachers is three times as effective at raising pupil’s test scores as the equivalent amount spent on school supplies.And in Uganda the government, appalled that money meant for schools was not reaching them, took to publicizing how much was being allotted, using radio and newspaper. Money wastage was dramatically reduced. The World Bank hopes to bring such innovations to the notice of other governments during the summit, if it can. For if the drive against poverty is succeed, it will owe more to such ideas and wider use than to targets set at UN-sponsored summits.26. According to the text, which of the following merits can’t we derive from economicgrowth?A. It increases other demands such as education.B. It may help the government to fulfill Millennium Development Goals.C. Faster growth will lift the poor out of poverty.D. Economic growth may solve some problems of the poor.27. Teacher-absenteeism is cited as example .A. to call for governments apply performance pay for teachersB. to underline the importance of money should be spent on where it is neededC. to state that the allocated money should get staffs to do what they are paid forD. to show that African countries have a long way to go before reaching the UN’sgoalposts28. According to the author, we should when dealing with allocated money.A. avoid the leakage of moneyB. give the anti-poverty plans the priorityC. promote education to a higher levelD. improve public infrastructure first29. On which of the following would the author most probably agree?A. Economic growth does not make more money available for social spending.B. Money leakage is a big problem that Africa encounters.C. Millennium Development Goals may involve each country’s GDP growth.D. Millennium Development Goals have come to seen as applying to each developingcountry.30.We may infer from the last paragraph that .A. the World Bank plays an important role in helping Uganda fix money leakageB. money leakage is rampantly flourishing in UgandaC. Millennium Development Goals may have failed in lifting the poor out of povertyD. innovative ideas should come before targets set by UNPassage 4 (5 points)In the 20th century, all the nightmare-novels of the future imagined that books would be burnt. In the 21th century, our dystopias imagine a world where books are forgotten. To pluck just one, Gary Steynghart’s novel Super Sad True Love Story describes a world where everybody is obsessed with their electronic Apparat – an even more omnivorous i-phone with a flickering stream of shopping and reality shows and porn – and have somehow come to believe that the few remaining unread paper books left off a rank smell. The book on the book, it suggests, is closing.The book – the physical paper book – is being circled by a shoal of sharks, with sales down 9 percent this year alone. It’s being chewed by the e-book. It’s being gored by the death of the bookshop and the library. And most importantly, the mental space it occupied is being eroded by the thousand Weapons of Mass Destruction that surround us all. It’s hard to admit, but we all sense it: it is becoming almost physically harder to read books.In his gorgeous little book The Lost Art of Reading – Why Books Matter in a Distracted Time, the critic David Ulin admits to a strange feeling. All his life, he had taken reading as for granted as eating – but then, a few years ago, he “become aware, in an apartment full of books, that I could no longer find within myself the quiet necessary to read”. He would sit down to do it at night, as he always had, and read a few paragraphs, then find his mind was wandering, imploring him to check his email, or Twitter, or Facebook. “What I’m struggling with,”he writes, “is the encroachment of the buzz, the sense that there’s something out there that merits my attention.”I think most of us have this sense today, if we are honest. If you read a book with your laptop thrumming on the other side of the room, it can be like trying to read in the middle of a party, where everybody is shouting to each other. To read, you need to slow down. You need mental silence except for the words. That’s getting harder to find.No, don’t misunderstand me. I adore the web, and they will have to wrench my Twitter feed from my cold dead hands. This isn’t going to turn into an antediluvian rant against the glories of our wired world. But there’s a reason why that word –“wired”–means both “connected to the internet” and “high, frantic, unable to concentrate”.In the age of the internet, physical paper books are a technology we need more, not less. In the 1950s, the novelist Herman Hesse wrote: “The more the need for entertainment and mainstream education can be met by new inventions, the more the book will recover itsdignity and authority. We have not yet quite reached the point where young competitors, such as radio, cinema, etc, have taken over the functions from the book it can’t afford to lose.” We have now reached that point.31.By mentioning the work of Gary Steynghart, the author intends to .A. advocate the idea that reading physical paper books is out of fashionB. introduce a brand new electronic product even omnivorous than i-phoneC. prove that books will be outweighed by reality shows and porn in the futureD. indicate that books are left out in fictions describing the future world32. The most significant reason for the falling sales of paper books is that .A. electronic books are taking over more and more market share of paper booksB. people’ minds don’t have the space for reading due to all kinds of temptationC. bookstores are out of business as people prefer to borrowing books from the libraryD. people think things on the Internet are more worthy of their attention33.According to paragraph 3, we can infer that .A. people are inclined to take reading for grantedB. people’ minds are encroached by the InternetC. it’s hard to concentrate on reading nowadaysD. David Ulin’s book gives readers a strange feeling34. The explanation of the word “wired” probably indicates that .A. people always misunderstand the functions of internetB. Internet is partly responsible for the vanishing of paper booksC. people call the internet “wired world” for a reasonD. Internet will take over the functions of paper books35. Which of the following will the author most probably agree on?A. True readers can maintain reading in all kinds of environment, including noisy one.B. The Internet should be strictly condemned for endangering physical paper books.C. Physical paper books are facing extreme danger of being replaced by other things.D. Reading books isn’t in accordance with the increasing need for entertainment. PART THREE (20 points)Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written on the Answer Sheet.When a company unexpectedly finds itself losing market share and taking a beating at the hands of its competitors, it’s a clear signal that a change is needed. For a variety of reasons, any company can suddenly lose the competitive advantage that it previously enjoyed. 36. The mark of a strong business, however, is its ability to overcome such setbacks and reclaim its positions as the front runner in its field.One of the greatest variables in the process, however, is technology, which on one hand makes business more efficient and thus profitable than previously thought possible, but changes at such a rapid pace that few businesses utilize it to its full potential. Those companies that invest heavily in the latest technology of the day may find their machines out dated and obsolete the next year, thus losing the advantage that they hoped to gain, and also a substantial amount of investment money as well. 37. Those are more cautious and buy less of the latest machine may learn that technology changes more slowly, and theircompetitors who invested more heavily now hold the upper hand. It’s a game of hit or miss.Because of the uneven and unpredictable pace of progress between technological fields, 38. companies are devoting more and more resources to not only acquiring more of the latest developments, but researching the factors that determine their production so as to position themselves better to adapt to the next change. This strategy has been producing positive results for those who employ it, but it is a massively expensive one, limiting its viability to only the largest companies, who are already enjoying many advantages in the market.Such dynamics make it increasingly difficult for new setup companies to break into established markets, lacking the funding and cash reserves necessary to play the game way as the big boy do. The same technology that keeps the large companies on top, however, can still topple them. 39. New and smaller companies have less to lose and thus can afford to gamble on new technologies that larger companies consider too risky to devote themselves to. 40. In the rare occurrences when these risky endeavors bear fruit, providing themselves to be the way of future, the rewards to those daring enough, or small enough, to invest in them prove well worth the effort.PART FOUR (20 points)Directions: Translate the following sentences into English. Your translation must be written on the Answer Sheet.41．我们必须全面深化改革，以释放市场活力对冲经济下行压力。
武汉大学攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题
Earth?
A) The moon once smashed into the Earth too. B) The moon was battered earlier than the Earth. C) The moon, as a ciose neighbor. is easier to observ-e. l)) The moon's surface is heaviiy cratereei as the Earth's.
Eventually, in 2003, Manchester asked his friend Paul Reid to complete the trilogy. Now, nearly a decade later, Reid has published The Last Lion, the final piece of this monumental undertaking. Reid starts when Churchill was appointed prime minister in May 1940 and follows him through his death in 1965. While most of this volume is appropriately devoted to World War II, it also includes the vast expansion of the British welfare state following the war, the start of the Cold War and the enormous dangers it
2013武汉大学博士入学考试英语真题答案
2013武汉大学博士入学考试英语真题答案第一篇：2013武汉大学博士入学考试英语真题答案2013武汉大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案Part I Reading ComprehensionCBADBAADBCBCDACBBDDCPart II English-Chinese Translation1.去年秋季，罗诺克学院的市场调研课业已过半。
有一天，阿里·纳齐米教授宣布课堂上禁用手机的政策。
可话音刚落，他就听到了手机的铃声。
2.我们需要明白的一点是，课堂上的这个事件事先经过策划并被写成剧本。
尼尔·诺兰德始终参与了这个具有伪装性质的行动。
被砸的是他母亲闲置的一部手机，早就停机了。
3.所有的中学和大学都为学生提供了笔记本电脑，配备了计算机实验室，构建了无线网络，所有这些进步原本是为了促进学习，结果反而分散了学生的注意力。
或许，记录学生的考勤时，应该再加上一栏：到堂但未听课。
4.“这种托词我都听腻了，”也许会长寿且成果丰硕的卜浩亚教授说，“关于课上讲授内容乏味的看法真的是相对的。
相比什么它显得乏味呢？到易贝网上买鞋？事实上，我们来这里不是为了玩乐，而是为了寻求刺激。
”Part III Chinese-English TranslationAs a developing country, China is confronted with the dual task of developing its economy and protecting its environment.However, as a country with a large population, relative insufficiency of natural resources and an expanding economy, China suffers an increasingly significant disparity between economic development and natural resources and the environment.The serious environmental problem caused by severe pollution, deteriorating ecological conditions, hugeconsumption of resources and low reclamation has already become a bottleneck for the sustainable development of the Chinese economy.Proceeding from its actual conditions, China has, in the process of promoting its overall modernization program, made environmental protection one of its basic state policies, regarded the realization of sustained economic development as an important strategy and meanwhile, carried out nationwide campaigns for pollution prevention and treatment as well as environment and ecology conservation, the conditions of environmental degradation have been controlled fundamentally.Practice shows that our practice of coordinating the relationship between economic development and environmental protection is effective.Only if man makes reasonable use of nature and keeps and harmonious relationship with it in the process of development can the civilization created by him be maintained and developed, and can he share subsistence and glory with nature and develop with nature in a coordinating way.As a member of the international community, China, while making great efforts to protect its own environment, has taken an active part in international environmental affairs, striven to promote international cooperation in the field of environmental protection, and earnestly fulfilled its international obligations.All those have given full expression to the sincerity and determination of the Chinese government and people to protect the global environment.Part IVWriting(略)第二篇：2013年武汉大学教育学研究生入学考试真题2013年武汉大学教育学研究生入学考试一、选择题教育学历史内容较多（中国远古、近现代明清、民国），近现代教育理论，提出者姓名二、辨析题1、广义教育学涵括狭义的教育学2、学习策略可以直接提高学习效率3、根据加工程度，文献可以分为一次文献、二次、三次三、简答题1、教师劳动特点2、《学记》中的教学论断3、王阳明关于儿童教育的观点及意义4、5、问卷法的优缺点四、论述题1、建构主义教学观2、用教育的功能分析案例：哲学教授通过给废纸带来希望，让失去信心的学生充满自信3、柯尔伯格的道德发展理论及其教育意义第三篇：2013年华中科技大学博士英语入学考试试题翻译和写作(真题)2013年华中科技大学博士英语翻译和写作（真题）翻译题目：汉译英1.科学家认为，出生在夏天将赋予你开朗的性情，而出生在冬天则可能给你的快乐蒙上永久的阴影。
武大考博英语试题及答案
武汉大学2017年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题（满分值100分）科目名称：英语科目代码：1101注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。
Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points)Directions:In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneMr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire.On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average.Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth.Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugman’s phrase.But Silicon Valley’s best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.Uber and Airbnb are bringing dramatic improvements to two large industries that have been more or less stuck for decades. Morgan Stanley estimates that driverless cars could result in $507 billion a year of productivity gains in America, mainly from people being able to stare at their laptops instead of at the road.1.What has led to the pessimistic opinion concerning the world’s economy?A.It is based on macro-level statistics on productivity.B.It is based on close observation on corporate and investor behavior.C.It is due to the fact that many old firms are not run by bureaucrats.D.It is due to the fact that not enough new firms have been created.2.The first argument on the optimists’ side is unconvincing because the official figures________.A.are both wrong and unconvincingB.downplay the internet revolutionC.fail to include the consumer surplusD.can’t explain the decline in productivity growth3.What is true about the IT companies in Silicon Valley??A.They have only focused on the fun part of life.B.They have made a difference in the real world.C.They have more persuasive productivity.D.They have only just begun to develop.4.How can driverless cars benefit American industries?A.Driverless cars have revived two large American industries.B.The sale of driverless cars can reach hundreds of billion dollars.C.Thanks to them people free from driving can do more creative work.D.Driverless cars have stimulated the development of Uber and Airbnb.Passage TwoWinston Churchill was one of the central statesmen of the 20th century and, almost 50 years after his death, remains a subject of enduring fascination. Part of the current interest in this venerable figure can be attributed to two superb biographies written in the 1980s by historian William Manchester: “The Last Lion: Visions of Glory” and “The Last Lion: Alone.” These two books examined the first two-thirds of Churchill’s life.Unfortunately, after completing the second volume, Manchester’s health declined and the rest of the project stalled. So great was public interest in the long-delayed final volume that it was the subject of a front page story in The New York Times.Eventually, in 2003, Manchester asked his friend Paul Reid to complete the trilogy. Now, nearly a decade later, Reid has published The Last Lion, the final piece of this monumental undertaking. Reid starts when Churchill was appointed prime minister in May 1940 andfollows him through his death in 1965. While most of this volume is appropriately devoted to World War II, it also includes the vast expansion of the British welfare state following the war, the start of the Cold War and the enormous dangers it carried, and the loss of the British Empire.Reid has written a thorough and complete analysis of these years, and it is a worthy finale to the first two volumes. Exhaustively researched and carefully written, it draws on a full range of primary and secondary materials. This book will be essential reading for those who enjoyed the first two volumes and those with a deep interest in understanding this seminal figure and his place in history.Reid does a wonderful job of capturing Churchill in all his complexity. He gives Churchill great praise for his personal courage and inspirational leadership during the dark days when Britain stood alone, but he is equally clear about Churchill’s poor strategic judgments, such as the efforts to defend Greece and Crete, the Allied assault on Anzio, and the decision to send the battleship Prince of Wales and battle cruiser Repulse to the South China Sea without adequate air cover where they were promptly sunk by the Japanese.He highlights Churchill’s naiveté in dealing with Soviet Premier Stalin in the early years of the war, but praises his prescience in anticipating Stalin’s land grab in Eastern Europe at the end of the conflict. Reid also gives welcome attention to aspects of the war ― such as Churchill’s fear that the United States might decide to put its primary emphasis on defeating Japan regardless of the “Germany first” understanding he shared with Roosevelt that have received little attention in other books.5.What can be known about the two biographies of Churchill?A.They were written in an interesting style.B.They were written prior to Churchill’s death.C.They are mainly written from a historical point of view.D.They have helped intrigue the readers over a long period.6.Why did the biography once become a front page story in The New York Times?A.People were looking forward to the publication of the final volume.B.Readers were angry with the author for the delay of the final volume.C.The publication of the final volume was then a heatedly discussed issue.D.Readers wanted to know who would be the new author of the final volume.7.Why does the third volume prove to be worthy?A.It is widely read and welcomed by readers.B.It involves enough details in Churchill’s life.C.It is based on thorough and reliable research.D.It offers a unique understanding of Churchill.8.What can we know about Churchill through the third volume?A.He is a man with complexity.B.He pulled Britain through WWII.C.He made many strategic mistakes.D.He is courageous and inspirational.Passage ThreeAsteroids and comets that repeatedly smashed into the early Earth covered the planet’s surface with molten rock during its earliest days, but still may have left oases of water that could have supported the evolution of life, scientists say. The new study reveals that during the planet’s infancy, the surface of the Earth was a hellish environment, but perhaps not as hellish as often thought, scientists added.Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago. The first 500 million years of its life are known as the Hadean Eon. Although this time amounts to more than 10 percent of Earth’s history, little is known about it, since few rocks are known that are older than 3.8 billion years old.For much of the Hadean, Earth and its sister worlds in the inner solar system were pummeled with an extraordinary number of cosmic impacts. “It was thought that because of these asteroids and comets flying around colliding with Earth, conditions on early Earth may have been hellish,” said lead study author Simone Marchi, a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado. This imagined hellishness gave the eon its name —Hadean comes from Hades, the lord of the underworld in Greek mythology.However, in the past dozen years or so, a radically different picture of the Hadean began to emerge. Analysis of minerals trapped within microscopic zircon crystals dating from this econ “suggested that there was liquid water on the surface of the Earth back then, clashing with the previous picture that the Hadean was hellish,” Marchi said. This could explain why the evidence of the earliest life on Earth appears during the Hadean —maybe the planet was less inhospitable during that eon than previously thought.The exact timing and magnitude of the impacts that smashed Earth during the Hadean are unknown. To get an idea of the effects of this bombardment, Machi and his colleagues looked at the moon, whose heavily cratered surface helped model the battering that its close neighbor Earth must have experienced back then.“We also looked at highly siderophile elements (elements that bind tightly to iron), such as gold, delivered to Earth as a result of these early collisions, and the amounts of these elements tells us the total mass accreted by Earth as the results of these collisions,”Marchi said. Prior research suggests these impacts probably contributed less than 0.5 percent of the Earth’s present-day mass.The researchers discovered that “the surface of the Earth during the Hadean was heavily affected by very large collisions, by impactors [ɪm'pæktə] larger than 100 kilometers (60 miles) or so —really, really big impactors,’ Marchi said.“When Earth has a collision with an object that big, that melts a large volume of the Earth’s crust and mantle, covering a large f raction of the surface,”Marchi added. These findings suggest that Earth’s surface was buried over and over again by large volumes of molten rock —enough to cover the surface of the Earth several times. This helps explain why so few rock survive from the Hadean, the researchers said.9.Why is little known about the Earth’s first 500 million years?A.Because it is an imagined period of time.B.Because this period is of little significance.C.Because it is impossible to know about this period.D.Because no rocks are available as research evidence.10.Why is the early Earth imagined to be hellish?A.Because it was often smashed by asteroids and comets.B.Because back then Hades, the lord of Hell, resigned.C.Because it was so according to Greek mythology.D.Because back then there was no life.11.Why was the early Earth in fact less inhospitable than often thought?A.Because minerals of the Hadean have been found suggesting the existence of life.B.Because the clashing brought by asteroids and comets was not completely damaging.C.Because during the Hadean there already existed the evidence of life.D.Because there had already been liquid water on the Earth back then.12.How can the moon help with the understanding of the impacts that smashed the Earth?A.The moon once smashed into the Earth too.B.The moon was battered earlier than the Earth.C.The moon, as a close neighbor, is easier to observe.D.The moon’s surface is heavily cratered as the Earth’s.Passage FourFrom beach balls, pool toys, and jump houses, inflatable technology takes a big step forward for its next frontier: space station. A new kind of tech will be aboard Space X’s eighth supply mission to the International Space Station (ISS). A compressed living module will be delivered and attached to the station where, in the void of space, it will expand into a new habitat for astronauts.Designed by Bigelow Aerospace, the inflatable space habitat is one area NASA is exploring for potential deep space habitats and other advanced space missions.“The ‘Bigelow Expandable Activity Module,’ or the BEAM, is an expandable habitat that will be used to investigate technology and understand the potential benefits of such habitats for human missions to deep space,” NASA Administrator Charles Bolden wrote in a blog post.The habi tats could be a way to “dramatically increase” the space available for astronauts while also offering added protection from the dangers of space, like radiation and space debris, the NASA press release says.But how is an inflatable space station supposed to be a viable means of housing for space travelers? BEAMs are far more than balloon-like rooms where astronauts can take asylum. Technically, the modules don’t inflate― they expand, according to the company. And beyond just air, the habitats are reinforced with an internal metal structure. The outside is composed of multiple layers of material including things like rubber and kevlar to protect from any speeding debris.Inside SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft on the way to the ISS, the BEAM will be approximately 8 feet in diameter. It will expand once deployed in space to offer 565 cubic feet of space for astronauts. “It’ll be the first time human beings will actually step inside this expandable habitat in space,” fo rmer astronaut George Zamka, who has worked for Bigelow Aerospace, told USA Today. “There won’t be this sense of it being like a balloon.”But astronauts won’t be getting inside the module for some time yet.The BEAM will be attached to the Tranquility Node and deployed. Inside the module are a series of tools that will help the crew of the ISS monitor different aspects of the expandable area to see how it acts in space. The crew will watch heat, radiation, orbital debris, and provide information about the viability of using similar modules in the future.The testing is scheduled to go on for a two-year time period, after which the module will be released and burn up in the atmosphere. NASA’s partnership with Bigelow fits Mr. Bolden’s desire to help grow a robust private sector industry to commercialize aspects of space ― a process he sees as vital if humans want to reach farther cosmic destinations. “The world of low Earth orbit belongs to industry,” Bolden said at a press conference in January 2015.13.What is special about the new living module on SpaceX’s eighth mission to ISS?A) It is expandable. C) It is going to deep space.B) It looks like a toy.D) It will not return to Earth.14.What is the purpose of designing the inflatable space habitat?.A.It is to find out its potential capacity.B.It is to give a try on a new technology.C.It is to save time and money in production.D.It is to see if it can be applied in deep space.15.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 mean?A.The habitat will not be a balloon-like room.B.The habitat will not feel like a balloon.C.The habitat will be like a senseless balloon.D.The habitat will be a different kind of balloon.16.Why does NASA intend to commercialize aspects of space?A.It can save NASA time and energy.B.It is necessary for a robust industry.C.It is crucial for further space explorations.D.It meets both NASA’s and Bigelow’s needs.Passage FiveOf all the people on my holiday shopping list, there was one little boy for whom buying a gift had become increasingly difficult. He’s a wonderful child, adorable and loving, and he’s not fussy or irritable or spoiled. Though he lives across the country from me, I receive regular updates and photos, and he likes all the things that the boys his age want to play with. Shopping for him should be easy, but I find it hard to summon up any enthusiasm, because in all the years I’ve given him presents, he never once sent me a thank-you note.“Sending thank-you notes is becoming a lost art,” mourns Mary Mitchell, a syndicated columnist known as “Ms. Demeanor” and author of six etiquette books. In her view, each generation, compared with the one before, is losing a sense of consideration for other people. “Without respect,” she says, “you have conflict.”Ms. Demeanor would be proud of me: I have figured out a way to ensure that my children always send thank-you notes. And such a gesture is important, says Ms. Demeanor, because “a grateful attitude is a tremendous life skill, an efficient and inexpensive way to set ourselves apart in the work force and in our adult lives. Teach your children that the habit of manners comes from inside ― it’s an attitude based on respecting other people.”A few years ago, as my children descended like piranhas on their presents under the Christmas tree, the only attitude I could see was greed. Where was the appreciation of time and effort?A thank-you note should contain three things: an acknowledgement of the gift (Love the tie with the picture of a hose on it); a recognition of the time and effort spent to select it (You must have shopped all over the state to find such a unique item!); a prediction of how you will use your gift or the way it has enhanced your life (I’ll be sure to wear it to the next Mr. Ed convention!).So, five years ago, in one of my rare flashes of parental insight, I decided that the most appropriate time to teach this basic courtesy is while the tinsel is hot. To the horror of my children, I announced that henceforth every gift received will be an occasion for a thank-you note written immediately, on the spot. I have explained to my kids how I have reacted to not hearing from the little boy ― how it made me fell unappreciated and unmotivated to repeat the process next year.I have reluctantly given my kids the green light to send e-mail thank-you notes; though hand-lettered ones (at least to me) still seem friendlier. But pretty much any thank-you makes the gift giver feel special ― just as, we hope, the recipient feels. It’s a gesture that perfectly captures the spirit of the holidays.17.The author felt unmotivated when buying a gift for the little boy because he ________.A.purposely intended not to show gratitude for her kindness and considerationB.had never expressed appreciation of the gifts he received in previous years.C.had no idea how thoughtful she was in choosing a gift for himD.didn’t like any of the gift she had given him18.According to Ms. Demeanor, showing appreciation has the benefit of ________.A.forming the habit of good mannersB.regaining the lost art of expressing thanksC.motivating the gift giver to buy more giftsD.distinguishing oneself from others in work and life19.In a thank-you note, “The book will be my good companion when I am alone”serves as________.A. a recognition of the time and effort spent to select itB.an announcement of how it has enhanced your lifeC. a prediction of how you will use your giftD.an acknowledgement of the gift20.What does the author mean by “while the tinsel is hot (Line 2, Para. 6)?A.The moment her kids receive a gift.B.The moment she starts choosing gifts for each kid.C.When the art of sending thank-you notes isn’t lost yet.D.When her kids still remember who bought the gifts for them.Part II English-Chinese Translation (5’×4 = 20 points)Directions: Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1) to (4), from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Economics is no different. Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss--these terms are part of the economist’s language. In the coming chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use in specialized ways.(1)At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane. But, as you will see, its value lies in its ability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you live.Economists try to address their subject with a scientist’s objectivity. They approach the study of the economy in much the same way as a physicist approaches the study of matter and a biologist approaches the study of life: (2)They devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories.To beginners, it can seem odd to claim that economics is a science. After all, economists do not work with test tubes or telescopes. (3)The essence of science, however, is the scientific methods--the dispassionate development and testing of theories about how the world works.This method of inquiry is as applicable to studying a nation’s economy as it is to studying the earth’s gravity or a species’ evolution. (4)As Albert Einstein once put it, “The whole of science isDirections:Translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET.为了寻找实验室试验的替代品，经济学家十分关注历史所提供的自然实验。
[考研类试卷]2015年武汉大学英语翻译基础真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2015年武汉大学英语翻译基础真题试卷英译汉1 Shanghai Free Trade Area2 special envoy3 consulate-general4 National City Bank of New York5 exchange rate6 cash drains7 intangible assets8 bank balance9 pay by installment10 host university11 law firm12 current account13 antidumping14 OPEC15 export subsidy汉译英16 丝路基金17 反恐怖主义情报中心18 海外追逃19 苏格兰独立公投20 微信21 失联22 正能量23 埃博拉病毒24 权力寻租腐败25 反垄断调查26 潜规则27 科研经费28 食品安全29 依法治国30 亚太自贸区英译汉31 The most complex lesson the literary point of view teaches—and it is not, to be sure,a lesson available to all, and is even difficult to keep in mind once acquired—is to allow the intellect to become subservient to the heart. What wide reading teaches is the richness, the complexity, the mystery of life. In the wider and longer view, I have come to believe, there is something deeply apolitical—something above politics—in literature, despite what feminist, Marxist, and other politicized literary critics may think. If at the end of a long life of reading the chief message you bring away is that women have had it lousy, or that capitalism stinks, or that attention must above all be paid to victims, then I'd say youjust might have missed something crucial. Too bad, for there probably isn't time to go back to re-read your lifetime's allotment of five thousand or so books.People who have read with love and respect understand that the larger message behind all books, great and good and even some not so good as they might be, is, finally, cultivate your sensibility so that you may trust your heart. The charmingly ironic point of vast reading, at least as I have come to understand it, is to distrust much of one's education. Unfortunately, the only way to know this is first to become educated, just as the only way properly to despise success is first to achieve it.汉译英32 说起季羡林先生的认真，那是出了名的。
2015年全国医学统考考博博士英语真题与答案
2015年全国医学统考考博博士英语真题与答案目录医学考博英语历年真题 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题答案 (17)2015年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文 (19)医学考博英语历年真题2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:I n this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I fell faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question number1.1. A.How to deal with his sleeping problem. B.The cause of his sleeping problem.C.What follows his insomnia.D.The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer time. B.T o discontinue the medication.C.To come to see her again.D.To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to work. B.To take a sick leave.C.To keep away from work.D.To have a follow-up.4. A.Fullness in the stomach. B.Occasional stomachache.C.Stomach distention.D.Frequent belches.5. A.extremely severe. B.Not very severe.C.More severe than expected.D.It's hard to say.6. A.He has lost some weight. B.He has gained a lot.C.He needs to exercise more.D.He is still overweight.7. A.She is giving the man an injection. B.She is listening to the man's heart.C.She is feeling the man's pulse.D.She is helping the man stop shivering.8. A.In the gym. B.In the office.C.In the clinic.D.In the boat.9. A.Diarrhea. B.Vomiting.C.Nausea.D.A cold.10. A.She has developed allergies. B.She doesn't know what allergies are.C.She doesn't have any allergies.D.She has allergies treated already.11. A.Listen to music. B.Read magazines.C.Go play tennis.D.Stay in the house.12. A.She isn't feeling well. B.She is under pressure.C.She doesn't like the weatherD.She is feeling relieved.13. A.Michael's wife was ill B.Michael's daughter was ill.C.Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D.Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. A.She is absent-minded. B.She is in high spirits.C.She is indifferent.D.She is compassionate.15. A.Ten years ago. B.Five years ago.C.Fifteen years ago.D.Several weeks ago.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages'after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16. A.A blood test. B.A gastroscopy.C.A chest X-ray exam.D.A barium X-ray test.17. A.To lose some weight. B.To take a few more tests.C.To sleep on three pillows.D.To eat smaller,lighter meals.18. A.Potato chips. B.Chicken. C.Cereal. D.fish.19. A.Ulcer B.Cancer C.Depression. D.Hernia.20. A.He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B.He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C.He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D.He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21. A.A new concept of diabetes.B.The definition of Type1and Type2diabetes.C.The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D.The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A.Because it vaporizes easily.B.Because it becomes overactive easily.C.Because it is usually in injection form.D.Because it is not stable above40degrees Fahrenheit.23. A.The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longer.B.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C.Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D.Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A.It is stable at room temperature for several years.B.It is administered directly into the bloodstream。
2015年武汉大学考博英语考试真题
2015年武汉大学考博英语考试真题一、阅读理解Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form. of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth." That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior. must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated front the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1. The best title for this selection is （）A. Fitting Punishment to the CrimeB. Approaches to Just PunishmentC. Improvement in Legal JusticeD. Attaining Justice in the Courts2.The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the （）.A. type of crime that was provenB. severity for the punishmentC. reason for the sentenceD. outcome of the trial3. The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be（）.A. forced brain surgeryB. whippingC. solitary confinementD. the electric chair4. The Biblical expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth”was presented in order to （）.A. prove，that equality demands just punishmentB. justify the need for punishment as a part of lawC. give moral backing to retributive justiceD. prove that man has long been interested in justice"In every known human society the male's needs for achievement ca n be recognized... In agreat number of human societies men's sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, orability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to pra ctice. Their maleness in facthas to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat."This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the rolesof men and women in society should be distinguished.If talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far fromcomplete. There is a flow of publications about the continuing domest ic bondage of womenand about the complicated system of defences which men have thrown u p around theirhitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exc lusion from types ofoccupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle formof automatic doubtof the seriousness of women's pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men, itis supposed, bring to the business of running the world.There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosi on of men's status. In thefirst place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, in India, Sri Lanka and Israel.Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of wome n who work, especially married women and mothers of children. More diffusely there are the increasin gly numerousconvergences between male and female behaviour: the approximation to i dentical styles indress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admissionof women to all sorts ofhitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities.Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the pr imitive or natural conditions ofhuman life. It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons t han of archaeology, butthat does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardlyfelt expectations of people's sense of what is fundamentally proper i n the differentiationbetween the roles of the two sexes. In this rudimentary natural soci ety men go out to huntand fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going. Amorousinitiative is firmly reserved to the man, who sets about courtship w ith a club.5. The phrase "men's sureness of their sex role" in the first parag raph suggests that they （）A. are confident in their ability to charm women.B. take the initiative in courtship.C. have a clear idea of what is considered "manly".D. tend to be more immoral than women are.6. The third paragraph （）A. generally agrees with the first paragraphB. has no connection with the first paragraphC. repeats the argument of the second paragraphD. contradicts the last paragraph7. The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph（）A. is based on the study of archaeologyB. illustrates how people expect men to behaveC. is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant jokeD. proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer8. The opening quotation from Margaret Mead sums up a relationship b etween man and woman which the author（）A. approves ofB. argues is naturalC. completely rejectsD. expects to go on changingFarmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step was necessary to "promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations". It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November's mid term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. It's not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Uganda's Minister of Finance. "What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete."Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output. This is no pie in the sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenya's economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich toqualify for the "least developed country" status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americas African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africa's manufacturers. The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.This is what makes Bush's decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles. Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being addressed. Bush's handout last month makes a lie of America's commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.9.By comparison, farmers （）receive more government subsidies than others.?A.in the developing worldB.in JapanC.in EuropeD.in America?10.In addition to the economic considerations, there is a （）moti ve behind Bush’s signing of the new farm bill.?A.partisanB.socialC.financialD.cultural?11.The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage i s that （）?A.poor countries should be given equal opportunities in trade?B.“the least?developed country”status benefits agricultural countries?C.poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalizat ion?D.farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsid ies12.The writer’s attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U.S. is （）?A.favourableB.ambiguousC.criticalD.reservedRoger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.13 The author objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Ad dison Gayle because it（）.A. emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fictionB. misinterprets the ideological content of such fictionC. misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fic tionD. substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fict ion14. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with （）.A. evaluating the soundness of a work of criticismB. comparing various critical approaches to "a subjectC. discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticismD. summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism15. The author's discussion of Black Fiction can be best described a s （）.A. pedantic and contentiousB. critical but admiringC. ironic and deprecatingD. argumentative but unfocused16. It can be inferred that the author would be LEAST likely to ap prove of which of the following （）A. An analysis of the influence of political events on the personal ideology of Black writersB. A critical study that applies sociopolitical criteria to autobiogra phies by Black authorsC. A literary study of Black poetry that appraises the merits of po ems according to the political acceptability of their themesD. An examination of the growth of a distinct Black literary traditi on within the context of Black history二、汉译英得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道。
武汉大学博士生英语入学考试真题答案
2016武大博士生英语入学考试真题答案Part I Reading Comprehension(40分)BCAD ACBA DDCA DCAB CCBAPart II English-Chinese Translation(5*4=20分)1. 如果我们的时间使用得当，就能生产出有用和重要的产品，在市场上买得一定的价钱；或者充实我们的经验，增长我们的才干，待到适当时机我们就能挣到金钱。
2. 我们想到死便震惊不已，因而不惜一切努力、麻烦和费用以保全生命。
可是我们对于损失一个钟头或者一天时间往往漠不关心，忘记生命原来就是我们生活的每一天、每一小时的总和。
3. 现在如果从我们的寿命中减去所有这些岁月，我们将发现，能让我们用于有效工作的时间大概是15或20年左右。
谁能记住这一点，就不会心甘情愿地浪费他生命的每时每刻。
4. 如果我们让生命的早晨时光悄悄溜走而未加利用，我们将永远无法弥补这种损失。
等我们长大了，获得知识的能力就变得迟钝了，因此在童年和青年时期没能获得的知识或技能将永远不能获得了。
Part III Chinese-English Translation(20分)We are not sure what “intelligence” is, not what is passed on. However, the fact does not prevent us fromfinding it a very useful concept, and placing a certain amount of reliance on tests which “measure” it. In anintelligence test we take a sample of an individual’s ability to solve puzzles and problems of various kinds, and if we have ta ken a representative sample, it will allow us to predict successfully the level ofperformance he will reach in a wide variety of occupations.The Education Act 1944 passed by the British parliament made secondary schooling for all become law. Grammar school s, with the exception of small number of independent foundation schools, became available to the whole population. Since t he number of grammar schools in the country could accommodate at most approximately 25 percent of the total child popul ation of eleven-plus, some kind of selection had to be made. Narrowly academic examinations and tests were considered to be in favor of children who had had the advantage of highly-academic primary schools and academically biased homes. Inte lligence tests were then devised to counteract this narrow specialization, by introducing problems which were not based on knowledge from books. In other words, the intelligence test attempts to assess the general ability of any child to think, reaso n, judge, analyze and synthesize, mainly by presenting him with different actual situations within his range of competence a nd understanding.Part IV Writing 20分Sample1Paper Book or Electronic Book Nowadays many electronic devices emerge, such as kindle, providing possibility for ele ctronic books. However, most of the readers still prefer reading in the traditional way instead of electronic books. Why do t he paper books win the landslide victory? Apparently, paper books are of greater collection value than the electronic book. S ome readers are looking forward to a blissful atmosphere with a book in hand, sitting in the sunshine comfortably. An electr onic book can never fulfill the desire for this atmosphere. What’s more, the paper book is better for the eyes while the scree n of electronic book may do harm to the retina to some extent. Using the electronic devices, the readers are absent-minded more easily as there exist many temptations.What we can’t deny, nevertheless, is that the electronic book has its own special merits as well. First of all, it’s much chea per. Then, it’s easier to be carried with. While some readers have to put a heavy paper book in the bag, the e-book reader me rely take the phone. Also, the electronic book has a larger coverage as some books or essays don’t have the paper version. Generally speaking, the paper books are irreplaceable, still playing the dominant role in reading market. Electronic books ar e also indispensable. We readers should use these ways correctly.Sample 2Reading in an Old-fashioned Way As scientific development has been a new trend of this era, words prefixed with an “e-” has been widely-used and gradually become a part of our daily routine. It’s an era of information explosion and the creat ion and innovation of E-book technology meets the requirements and developments of the network society. However, accor ding to the survey, e-book sales dropped in the United States, as well as in the United Kingdom. It seems that people tend to read in the old-fashioned way. In my point of view, the reasons of this phenomena are as follows. First of all, paper books c an easily make people calm down. Leafing through pages and feeling the unique scent of paper is absorbing and intriguing. Secondly, books printed on paper are easily shared by people, since reading is not an individual activity. Thirdly, nowadays people enjoy the relative informality of reading, and reading paper books is a good way to make people totally unrestricted by time and space. Last but not the least, paper books are cheaper than an e-book electronic screen. Generally speaking, re ading in an old-fashioned way can also meet the multiple needs of people nowadays. Scientific innovation gives us more ch oices and we are happy to enjoy the convenience of this golden times. However, reading in an old-fashioned way in the era of information fragmentation is some kind of habit that we should retain.。
2015年湖北省考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2015年湖北省考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Cloze 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. Chinese-English Translation 5. WritingReading ComprehensionI am standing on the seventh-floor balcony of an apartment building overlooking the heart of Moscow. It is a dark city, some might say grim. It looks and feels as if it has been worn down to its bare bones: broken sidewalks, cracked facades, weeds rooted in the very mortar. This city is not easy to look at. So I avert my eyes, and they settle on a little boy sleeping inside the apartment. His name is Alexei. He is 7. With every rise and fall of his chest, Moscow, the used, broken city, is renewed for me a thousand times. A dark place has given me light in the form of my adoptive son. Alexei has been my son for only two days, but I have been waiting three years for him. That’s when I began the adoption process, three years ago, before I even knew of Alexei’s existence. Never in my imaginings did I think that I would one day be so far from home, counting my son’s breaths, counting the hours until we would board a plane for America, a place that he had no conception of “Alexei, “ I had said through a translator as I knelt before him at the orphanage and helped him with his socks. “ What do you know about America?” His reply was immediate: “I will have all the gum I want. “Most people adopt infants or very little children so that as much of their history as possible will be given to them by their parents. But Alexei carries a radiance of native culture: his memories of orphanage life in the once-closed city of Tula; the large, gracious, doting Russian women who have cared for him all his life; the aromatic Russian food he loves, and the language, that impossible, expressive, explosive Russian language that sometimes separates me from him like a wall, but also summons us to heroic legends as we attempt to communicate. I have been in Russia for two weeks. But it wasn’t until the fourth day that I was brought to see Alexei. My Russian contact drove me through 100 miles of a country struggling to get back on its feet after years of internal neglect; pitted roadways, crumbling bridges, warped roofs. It made me recall what someone had once said about Russia, that she is a third-world country with a first-world army. We finally came to an orphanage. Once inside, I stood in a near-empty room, reminding myself that this was the culmination of three years of scrutiny, disappointment, and dead-ends. There were moments when I had told myself, “It’s so much easier to have a kid the natural way. Nobody asks any questions. “ But as a single man, a biological child was not a ready option. I now recognized these as idle thoughts, for I realized that Alexei, even sight unseen, would be as much mine as if he were my natural son. The door opened. A woman came out, her hand on the shoulder of a little boy just awakened from sound sleep.I gave Alexei a Pez candy dispenser, something as alien to him as life in America. After a few moments of scrutiny, he filled with candy, a sure sign of intelligence, for Pez, dispensers are notoriously difficult to load. At the end of our first meeting Iknelt before Alexei and told him I would be back to get him in a week.1．The author watched every rise and fall of Alexei’s chestA．counting his son’s breaths and biding his time to board the planeB．turning his eyes away from the gloomy and dilapidated cityC．feeling a nameless pang of regret about the adoption processD．visualizing the potential of the city to regain its vigor and power正确答案：D解析：作者注视阿列克谢胸部一起一伏，想象该市恢复生机的潜力。
武汉大学考博英语模拟试卷26(题后含答案及解析)
武汉大学考博英语模拟试卷26(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. English-Chinese Translation 3. Chinese-English Translation 4. WritingReading ComprehensionFriction between America’s military and its civilian overseers is nothing new. America’s 220-year experiment in civilian control of the military is a recipe for friction. The nation’s history has seen a series of shifts in decision-making power among the White House, the civilian secretaries and the uniformed elite(精英). However, what may seem on the outside an unstable and special system of power sharing has, without a doubt, been a key to two centuries of military success. In the infighting dates to the revolution, George Washington waged a continual struggle not just for money, but to control the actual battle plan. The framers of the Constitution sought to clarify things by making the president the “commander in chief.”Not since Washington wore his uniform and led the troops across the Alleghenies to quell(镇压)the Whiskey Rebellion has a sitting president taken command in the field. Yet the absolute authority of the president ensures his direct command. The president was boss, and everyone in uniform knew it. In the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln dealt directly with his generals, and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton handled administrative details. Lincoln, inexperienced in military matters, initially deferred(顺从)to his generals. But when their caution proved disastrous, he issued his General War Order No. 1—explicitly commanding a general advance of all Union forces. Some generals, George B. McClellan in particular, bridled at his hands-on direction. But in constitutional terms, Lincoln was in the right. His most important decision was to put Ulysses S. Grant in charge of the Union Army in 1864. Left to its own timetable, the military establishment would never have touched Grant. The relationship between the president and his general provides a textbook lesson in civilian control and power sharing. Grant was a general who would take the fight to the enemy, and not second-guess the president’s political decisions. Unlike McClellan, for example, Grant cooperated wholeheartedly in recruiting black soldiers. For his part, Lincoln did not meddle in operations and did not visit the headquarters in the field unless invited. The balance set up by Grant and Lincoln stayed more or less in place through World War I. Not until World War II did the pendulum finally swing back toward the White House. Franklin Roosevelt, who had been assistant Navy secretary during World War I, was as well prepared to be commander in chief as any wartime president since George Washington.1．According to the author, the system of power sharing between the White House and the generals _____.A．is unstable and strangeB．is a guarantee for American military successC．has caused a series of quarrelsD．undermines the bases Of American military power正确答案：B解析：文章开头就指出，美国军界及其文职上司的矛盾由来已久，但是这个貌似脆弱的分享权力的体系，却是二百多年来美国军事胜利的保障。
中国社会科学院研究生院2015年《英语》攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
9. It was ______________ the last time around the track ______________ I really kicked it in--passing the gossiping girlfriends, blocking out the whistles of boys who had already completed their run and now were hanging out on the grassy hill, I ran--pushing hard, breathing shallowly, knowing full well that I was going to have to hear about it from my disapproving friends for the next few days. a. not until…when b. not until…that c. until…when d. until…that 10．One impediment ______________ the general use of a standard in pronunciation is the fact ______________ pronunciation is learnt naturally and unconsciously, while orthography is learnt deliberately and consciously. a. in…which b. of …in which c. on…that d. to…that Section B (5 points) Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word. 11. It is some 15 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizens between India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947. a. division b. turmoil c. fusion d. consolidation 12. Concerning speculation, philosophy looks upon things from the broadest possible perspective; for criticism, it has the twofold role of questioning and judging everything that pertains either to the foundations or to the superstructure of human thinking. a. inebriates b. forsakes c. relates d. emaciates 13. Meeting is, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological side show. Perhaps it is our civilized way to moderating，if not preventing, change. a. promoting b. impeding c. tempering d. arresting 14. The truth about alliances and their merit probably lies somewhere between the travel utopia presented by the players and the evil empires portrayed by their critics. a. collaboration b. worth c. triumph d. defect 15. But Naifeh and Smith reveal a keen intellect, an avid reader and a passionate observer of other artists’ work who progressed from labored figure studies to inspired outbursts of creative energy. Far from an artistic flash in the pan, he pursued his calling with dogged determination against nearly insurmountable odds. a. insuperable b. unsurpassable c. uncountable d. invaluable Section C (5 points) Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence. 16. One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congress is the power to
2015年博士生入学考试外语真题
2015年博士生入学考试外语真题中国社会科学院研究生院2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷英语2015年3月14 日8:30 – 11:30PART I: Vocabulary and GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.1. Even the president is not really the CEO. No one is. Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured. Power in Washington is ______________ and horizontally spread out.a. prudentb. reversiblec. diffused. mandatory2. In describing the Indians of the various sections of the United States at different stages in their history, some of the factors which account for their similarity amid difference can be readily accounted for, others are difficult to _______________.a. refineb. discernc. embedd. cluster3. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by T ony Blair, wasdesigned to give the other members of the club a bigger ______________ and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.a. sayb. transmissionc. decayd. contention4. It can hardly be denied the proliferation of so-called dirty books and films has, to date, reached almost a saturation point. People do not acknowledge the _______________ fact that children are bound to be exposed to ―dirty words‖in a myriad of ways other than through the public airwaves.a.i rrefutableb. concretec. inevitabled. haphazard5. A condition is an essential term of the contract. If a contract is not performed, it may constitute a substantial breach of contract and allow the other party to _______________ the contract, that is, treat the contract as discharged or terminated.a. repudiateb. spurnc. declined. halt6. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words as well as agreed conventions ______________ these words should be arranged to convey a particular message. a. as the way by which b. by the way in whichc. as to the way in whichd. in the way of which7. Rarely ______________ a technological development _______________ an impact on many aspects of social, economic, and cultural development as greatly as the growth of electronics.a. has… hadb. had…hadc. has…hasd. have…had8. If early humans ______________ as much as they did, they probably ______________ to evolve into different species.a. did not move and intermingle…would continueb. would not move and intermingle…had continuedc. had not moved and intermingled…would have continuedd. were not to move and intermingle…could have continued9. It was ______________ the last time around the track ______________ I really kicked itin--passing the gossiping girlfriends, blocking out the whistles of boys who had already completed their run and now were hanging out on the grassy hill, I ran--pushing hard, breathing shallowly, knowing full well that I was going to have to hear about it from my disapproving friends for the next few days.a. not until…whenb. not until…thatc. until…whend. until…that10．One impediment ______________ the general use of a standard in pronunciation is the fact ______________ pronunciation is learnt naturally and unconsciously, while orthography is learnt deliberately and consciously.a. in…whichb. of …in whichc. on…thatd. to…thatSection B (5 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.11. It is some 15 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizensbetween India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.a. divisionb. turmoilc. fusiond. consolidation12. Concerning speculation, philosophy looks upon things from the broadest possible perspective;for criticism, it has the twofold role of questioning and judging everything that pertains either to the foundations or to the superstructure of human thinking.a. inebriatesb. forsakesc. relatesd. emaciates13. Meeting is, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological side show.Perhaps it is our civilized way to moderating，if not preventing, change.a. promotingb. impedingc. temperingd. arresting14. The truth about alliances and their merit probably lies somewhere between the travel utopiapresented by the players and the evil empires portrayed bytheir critics.a. collaborationb. worthc. triumphd. defect15. But Naifeh and Smith reveal a keen intellect, an avid reader and a passionate observer of otherartists’ work who progressed from labored figure studies to inspir ed outbursts of creative energy.Far from an artistic flash in the pan, he pursued his calling with dogged determination against nearly insurmountable odds.a. insuperableb. unsurpassablec. uncountabled. invaluableSection C (5 points)Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.16.One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congress is the power toinvestigate, which is usually delegated to committees—either standing committees, specialA Bcommittees set for a specific purpose, or joint committees consisting of members of bothC Dhouses.17.One of the important corollaries to the investigative power is the power to publicizeinvestigations and their results. Most committee hearings areopen to public and are reportedA Bwidely in the mass media. Congressional investigations thus represent one important toolCavailable to lawmakers to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interest in national issues.D18.It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting is something which weA Balmost always know. We begin the natural learning of pronunciation long before we start Clearning to read or write, and in our early years we go on unconsciously imitating andDpracticing the pronunciation of those around us for many hours everyday.19. It had happened too often that the farmers sold their wheat soon after harvest when farm debtsAwere coming due, only to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions,Bproducer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to become involved, atCleast not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild.D20.Detailed studies of the tribe by the food scientists at the University of London showed thatAgathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields onB Caverage about 100 edible calories as an hour of gathering produces 240.DPART II: Reading comprehension (30 points)Directions: Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage 1Plato’s Republic has been the source of great consternation, especially in literary circles, for itsattack on the poets. Socrates in fact asserts that they should have no place in the ideal state. Eric Havelock suggests that there are several misunderstandings in this regard, and in his Preface to Plato he identifies the issues, explains the historical context.Havelock opens his discussion by suggesting that the very title of the Republic is the source of much confusion. The book is commonly understood to be a treatise on the ideal political entity, but even a casual analysis will show that only one-third of the text is concerned with statecraft. The other two-thirds cover a variety of su bjects, but the thrust of Plato’s argument amounts to an attack on the traditional Greek approach to education.The educational methods still in use in the 4th century BC had their origins in what has been called the Greek Dark Age beginning around 1200 BC when the Mycenaean era collapsed. Very little is known about the whys and wherefores of this collapse, but it wasn’t until around 700 BC that the Phoenicianalphabet began to be adapted and used in the Greek-speaking world. During the intervening centuries, all knowledge concerning Greek history, culture, mores and laws were orally transmitted down through the generations. The most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of information was rhyme. The epic form we see in Homer’s Iliad grew out of the need to preserve the Greek cultural memory. Havelock takes the reader through Book 1 of The Iliad and dissects it in detail to show how this cultural, historical and ethical heritage was conveyed. The Iliad takes on new and significant meaning to the reader of this minute examination.The Iliad and presumably other poetic vehicles were taught to children from an early age. The whole of the Greek-speaking world was immersed in the project of memorizing, and out of the masses arose those individuals with superior memories and theatrical skills who became the next generation of minstrels and teachers. Education was thus comprised of memorization and rote learning, and the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals.Plato’s focus in the Republic and elsewhere is on Homer and Hesiod and to some extent the dramatists which at the time were the centerpieces of the educational regime. Their works presented gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth. The overall result is that the Greek adolescent is continually conditioned to an attitude which at bottom is cynical. It is more important to keep up appearances than to practice the reality. Decorum and decent behavior are not obviously violated, but the inner principle of morality is. Once the Republic is viewed as a critique of the educational regime, Havelock says that the logic of its total organization becomesclear.What Pl ato was railing against was an ―oral state of mind‖ which seems to have persisted even though the alphabet and written documentation had been in use for three centuries. Illiteracy was thus stil l a widespread problem in Plato’s time, and the poetic state of mind was the main obstacle to scientific rationalism and analysis. This is why Plato regarded the poetic or oral state of mind as the arch-enemy. In his teachings he did the opposite. He ask ed his students to ―think about what they were sa ying instead of just saying it.‖The epic had become, in Plato’s view, not ―an act of creation bu t an act of reminder and recall‖ and cont ributed to what Havelock terms ―the Homeric state of mind.‖It was So crates’project (and by extension Plato’s) to reform Greek education to encourage thinking and analysis. Thus all the ranting and railing about the ―poets‖ in Plato’s Republic was limited basically to Homer and Hesiod because of what he viewed as a wholly inadequate approach to education of which these particular poets were an integral part.Unfortunately, Western culture has misconstrued wh at Plato and Socrates meant by ―the poets.‖And because we view poetry as a highly creative and elevated form of expression, our critics have failed to recognize that Plato’s diatribe had a very specific and limited target which had nothing to do with high-minded creativity, of which there is plenty, by the way, in the proscribed poet s. It wasn’t really the poets who were the problem; it was the use of them that was deemed unacceptable.Post-Havelock, we can now read the Republic with the scales lifted from our eyes and see it for what it really was: an indictment of an antiquated educational regime which had no place in a democratic society.Comprehension Questions:21. The mistaken understanding of Plato's Republic consists in the widespread belief that it consistsof _______________.a.literary criticismb. a treatise on the ideal polityc. a critique of rationalismd. an indictment of an obsolete pedagogy22. According to Havelock, Plato’s anger with the poets arose from:I: Their representation of gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth.II: Their transmission of culture, mores and laws.a. I.b. II.c. Both I and II.d. Neither I nor II.23. Prior to the 4th century BC, recitation was considered the best educational method because______________.a.poetry was seen as a highly creative and elevated form of expressionb.rhyme was the most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of informationc.there was no writing systemd.the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals24. In Plato's diatribe the poetic or oral state of mind is the arch-enemy of _______________.a.democratic societyb. the Mycenaean Republicc .the Phoenicians d. literacy25. A common critique of the present-day Chinese educational system resembles the educationalsystem that Plato fulminated against in that it often _______________.a.asks students to think about what they were saying instead of just saying it/doc/8e18884558.htmlprises of memorization and rote learningc.has a very specific and limited targetd.encourages thinking and analysisPassage 2To govern is to choose how the revenue raised from taxes is spent. So far so good, or bad. But some people earn more money than others. Should they pay proportionately more money to the government than those who earn less? And if they do pay more money are they entitled to more services than those who pay less or those who pay nothing at all? And should those who pay nothing at all because they have nothing get anything? These matters are of irritable concern to ourrulers, and of some poignancy to the rest.Although the equality of each citizen before the law is the rock upon which the American Constitution rests, economic equality has never been an American ideal. In fact, it is the one unmentionable subject in our politics, as the senator from South Dakota recently discovered when he came up with a few quasi-egalitarian tax reforms. The furious and enduring terror of Communism in America is not entirely the work of those early cold warriors Truman and Acheson.A dislike of economic equality is something deep-grained in the American Protestant character. After all, given a rich empty continent for vigorous Europeans to exploit (the Indians were simply a disagreeable part of the emptiness, like chiggers), any man of gumption could make himself a good living. With extra hard work, any man could make himself a fortune, proving that he was a better man than the rest. Long before Darwin the American ethos was Darwinian.The vision of the rich empty continent is still a part of the American unconscious in spite of the Great Crowding and its attendant miseries; and this lingering belief in the heaven any man can make for himself through hard work and clean living is a key to the majority’s prevailing and apparently unalterable hatred of the poor, kept out of sight at home, out of mind abroad.Yet there has been, from the beginning, a significant division in our ruling class. The early Thomas Jefferson had a dream: a society of honest yeomen, engaged in agricultural pursuits, without large cities, heavy industry, banks, military pretensions. The early (and the late) Alexander Hamilton wanted industry, banks, cities, and a military force capable of making itself felt in world politics. It is a nice irony that so many of toda y’s laissez-faire conservatives think that they descend from Hamilton, the proponent of a strong federal government, and that so many liberals believe themselves to be the heirs of the early Jefferson, who wanted little more than a police force and a judiciary. Always practical, Jefferson knew that certain men would rise through their own good efforts while, sadly, others would fall. Government would do no more than observe this Darwinian spectacle benignly, and provide no succor.In 1800 the Hamiltonian view was rejected by the people andtheir new President Thomas Jefferson. Four years later, the Hamiltonian view had prevailed and was endorsed by the reelected Jefferson. Between 1800 and 1805 Jefferson had seen to it that an empire in posse had become an empire in esse. The difference between Jefferson I and Jefferson II is reflected in the two inaugural addresses.It is significant that nothing more elevated than greed changed the Dr. Jekyll of Jefferson I into the Mr. Hyde of Jefferson II. Like his less thoughtful countrymen, Jefferson could not resist a deal. Subverting the Constitution he had helped create, Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon, acquiring its citizens without their consents. The author of the Declaration of Independence was quite able to forget the unalienable rights of anyone whose property he thought should be joined to our empire—a word which crops up frequently and unselfconsciously in his correspondence.In the course of land-grabbing, Jefferson II managed to get himself into hot water with France, England, and Spain simultaneously, a fairly astonishing thing to do considering the state of politics in Napoleonic Europe.Comprehension Questions:26. The author believes that Americans ________________.a. still believe America to be largely unpopulatedb. largely believe in lower taxationc. are in favor of taxation without representationd. should reconsider the Louisiana purchase27. From the passage, we may assume that the senator from South Dakota _______________.a. opposed tax reformb. was Thomas Jeffersonc. failed in his attempt to reform tax lawd. was Alexander Hamilton28. Jefferson made it possible for ________________.a. a potential empire to become a real oneb. tax laws to reflect the will of the peoplec. France, England, and Spain to simultaneously vacillate upon their mutual feelings towardsthe United States.d. Darwinian social theories to be accepted without question29. Jefferson’s early political writings espoused what would today b e called _______________.a. collectivismb. libertarianismc. socialismd. liberalism30. The author holds that Jefferson’s purchase of the Louisiana territories _______________.a. may be seen as a hypocritical actb. rigorously held with his previous views of inalienable rightsc. cannot be seen as an act of empire-expansiond. was an act meant to lower taxes and improve the wealth of the nationPassage 3If, besides the accomplishments of being witty and ill-natured, a man is vicious into the bargain, he is one of the most mischievous creatures that can enter into a civil society. His satire will then chiefly fall upon those who ought to be the most exempt from it. Virtue, merit, and everything that is praiseworthy, will be made the subject of ridicule and buffoonery. It is impossible to enumerate the evils which arise from these arrowsthat fly in the dark; and I know no other excuse that is or can be made for them, than that the wounds they give are only imaginary, and produce nothing more than a secret shame or sorrow in the mind of the suffering person. It must indeed be confessed that a lampoon or a satire do not carry in them robbery or murder; but at the same time, how many are there that would not rather lose a considerable sum of money, or even life itself, than be set up as a mark of infamy and derision? And in this case a man should consider that an injury is not to be measured by the notions of him that gives, but of him that receives it. Those who can put the best countenance upon the outrages of this nature which are offered them, are not without their secret anguish. I have often observed a passage in Socrates’ behavio r at his death in a light wherein none of the critics have considered it. That excellent man entertaining his friends a little before he drank the bowl of poison, with a discourse on the immortality of the soul, at his entering upon it says that he does not believe any the most comic genius can censure him for talking upon such a subject at such at a time. This passage, I think, evidently glances upon Aristophanes, who write a comedy on purpose to ridicule the discourses of that divine philosopher. It has been observed by many writers that Socrates was so little moved at this piece of buffoonery, that he was several times present at its being acted upon the stage, and never expressed the least resentment of it. But, with submission, I think the remark I have here made shows us that this unworthy treatment made an impression uponhis mind, though he had been too wise to discover it. When Julius Caesar was lampooned by Catullus, he invited him to a supper, and treated him with such a generous civility, that hemade the poet his friend ever after. Cardinal Mazarine gave the same kind of treatment to the learned Quillet, who had reflected upon his eminence in a famous Latin poem. The cardinal sent for him, and, after some kind expostulations upon what he had written, assured him of his esteem, and dismissed him with a promise of the next good abbey that should fall, which he accordingly conferred upon him in a few months after. This had so good an effect upon the author, that he dedicated the second edition of his book to the cardinal, after having expunged the passages which had given him offence. Though in the various examples which I have here drawn together, these several great men behaved themselves very differently towards the wits of the age who had reproached them, they all of them plainly showed that they were very sensible of their reproaches, and consequently that they received them as very great injuries. For my own part, I would never trust a man that I thought was capable of giving these secret wounds; and cannot but think that he would hurt the person, whose reputation he thus assaults, in his body or in his fortune, could he do it with the same security. There is indeed something very barbarous and inhuman in the ordinary scribblers of lampoons. I have indeed heard of heedless, inconsiderate writers that, without any malice, have sacrificed the reputation of their friends and acquaintance to a certain levity of temper, and a silly ambition of distinguishing themselves by a spirit of raillery and satire; as if it were not infinitely more honourable to be a good-natured man than a wit. Where there is this little petulant humor in an author, he is often very mischievous without designing to be so.Comprehension Questions:31. According to the author, those who want to trivializesatire tend to suggest that_______________.a. the damage is immaterialb. the effect is mere buffooneryc. wit is a streak of geniusd. the mischief must be taken in a spirit of raillery32. What would be the best strategy for the object of satire to adopt, according to the author?a. To take no heed.b. To placate the author.c. To take offence.d. To suffer the consequences.33. The main purpose of this article is ________________.a. the derision of the perpetrators of satireb. a warning against mischievous scribblersc. creating understanding of the genred. reproaching fellow satirists34. When the author speaks of ―this little petulant humor‖it is evident that he means________________.a. good-natured witb. the choleric temperc. a silly ambitiond. submission35. In view of the opinion of the author, it is unlikely that the author is a ________________.a. man of lettersb. satiristc. witd. a good-natured man Passage 4Alexander the Great’s conquests in the Eastern Mediterranean initiated a series of profound cultural transformations in the ancient centers of urban civilization of the Fertile Crescent. The final destruction of native rule and the imposition of an alien elite culture instigated a cultural discourse—Hellenism—which irrevocably marked all participants, both conquerors and conquered. This discourse was particularly characterized by a transformation of indigenous cultural traditions, necessitated by their need to negotiate their place in a new social order. As Bowerstock has argued, the process of Hellenization did not accomplish the wholesale replacement of indigenous cultural traditions with Greek civilization. Instead, it provided a new cultural vocabulary through which much pre-existing cultural tradition was often able to find new expression. This phenomenon is especially intriguing as it relates to language and literacy. The ancient civilizations of the Syro-Mesopotamian and Egyptian cultural spheres were, of course, literate, possessing indigenous literary traditions already of great antiquity at the time of the Macedonian conquests. The disenfranchisement of traditional elites by the imposition of Greek rule had the related effect of displacing many of the traditional social structures where in indigenous literacy functioned and was taught—in particular, the institutions of the palace and the temple. A new language of power, Greek, replaced the traditional language of these institutions. This had the unavoidable effect of displacing the traditional writing systems associated with these indigenous languages. Traditional literacy’s longstanding association with the centers of social and political authority began to be eroded.Naturally, the eclipse of traditional, indigenous literacy did not occur overnight. The decline of Cuneiform and Hieroglyphicliteracies was a lengthy process. Nor was the nature of their respective declines identical. Akkadian, the ancient language of Mesopotamian court and temple culture, vanished forever, along with cuneiform writing, in the first century CE. Egyptian lived on beyond the disappearance of hieroglyphic in the fourth century CE in the guise of Coptic, to succumb as a living, spoken language of daily social intercourse only after the Islamic conquest of Egypt. Even then, Coptic survives to this day as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. This latter point draws attention to an aspect of the decline of these indigenous literacies worthy of note: it is in the sphere of religion that these literacies are often preserved longest, after they have been superseded in palace circles—the last dated cuneiform text we have is an astrological text; the last dated hieroglyphic text a votive graffito. This should cause little surprise. The sphere of religion is generally one of the most conservative of cultural subsystems. The local need to negotiate the necessities of daily life and individual and collective identity embodied in traditional religious structures is slow to change and exists in ongoing dialogue with the more readily changeable royal and/or state ideologies that bind various locales together in an institutional framework.The process of ―Hellenization‖ of the an cient cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean provides us, then, with an opportunity to observe the on-going effect on traditional, indigenous literacy of the imposition of a new status language possessed of its own distinct writing system. The cultural politics of written and spoken language-use in such contexts has been much discussed and it is clear that the processes leading to the adoption of a new language—in written form, or spoken form, or both—in some cultural spheres and the retention of traditional languages inothers are complex. Factors including the imposition of a new language from above, adoption of a new language of social prestige from below, as well as preservation of older idioms of traditional statusin core cultural institutions, must have affected different sectors of a conquered society in different fashions and at different rates.Comprehension Questions:36. The languages that have to some extent managed to survive Hellenization did so in what area?a. In palace circles.b. In governmental institutions.c. In the religious sphere.d. In philological circles.37. Which aspect of society, according to the passage, is one of the most resistant to change?a. Monarchical institutions.b. Religious institutions.c. Linguistic norms.d. State ideologies.38. In the first paragraph, you saw the underlined word disenfranchisement. Choose, among thefollowing expressions, the closest in similar meaning.a. the removal of power, right and/or privilegeb. a strong sense of disappointmentc. the prohibition of the right to conduct businessd. the loss of social position39. Who was the leader of the Macedonian Conquest?a. King Philip of Macedon.b. Pericles of Athens.。