美国文学复习
美国文学复习
一、殖民地时期1607-17651607年，captain john smith 带领第一批移民在北美大陆建立第一个英国殖民地--詹姆斯敦。
1765年，殖民地人民奋起抗议英国政府颁布的印花税。
文学特点：宗教色彩，讲经布道向欧洲读者或亲友介绍新大陆的小册子和游记书信著名作家：Captain john smith,Anne Bradstreet, 以夫妻恩爱家庭美满为题材Edward Taylor，清教徒，牧师，讲道二、启蒙时期&独立战争时期1765-18世纪1730s，爱德华兹（Johnathan Edwards）为首的清教徒掀起“大觉醒”运动，企图恢复清教主义的统治，失败。
启蒙运动代表人物Benjamin Franklin(文学家科学家政治家):《格言历书》poor richard's almanac,通过格言警句宣传创业持家，待人处事的道德原则和勤奋致富的生活道路《自传》Autobiography，开创了美国名人写传记的风气独立战争时期文学以理性的散文为主，主要是各派政治力量对于革命的必要性、革命的前途与方向、政府的形式与性质等重大问题展开讨论时产生的杂文、政论文和演讲词，即便诗歌也以政治为内容。
代表作家：潘恩Thomas paine 的《常识》commom senseThomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence汉密尔顿、麦迪逊、杰伊合写的《论联邦》The Federalist Papers威廉-希尔-布朗william hill brawn,第一部美国小说《同情的力量》三、浪漫主义时期1800-1865作家们强调文学的想象力和感情色彩，反对古典主义的形式与观点，歌颂大自然，崇尚个人和普通人的思想感情，并且寻根问祖，发幽古之思情。
素材完全取自美国现实，如西部开发和拓荒经历。
他们赞美美国山水，讴歌美国生活，反映美国人民的乐观与热情。
从杰斐逊1829 上台到南北战争(1860-1865),浪漫主义文学的全盛时期，美国文学史上“第一次大繁荣”。
(完整)美国文学复习整理
美国文学复习整理一、殖民主义时期的文学（colonial settlements)＆理性和革命时期文学（revolutionary period）（文艺复兴时期)1.清教主义的shaping influence2.代表人物“T he Tenth Muse”第一位移民诗人2. Philip Freneau 菲利普·佛瑞诺有宗教隐喻，关注本土地貌、人文.写印第安人故事。
美国诗歌之父 father of American poetry代表作《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle3。
Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊起草了独立宣言 The Declaration of Independence 17764.Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因拥护独立宣言代表作：《常识》Common Sense《理性时代》The Age of Reason5.Jonathan Edwards乔纳森·埃德沃兹大觉醒运动的代表人物 the Great Awakening6.Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林代表作：《自传》The Autobiography《穷理查德历书》Poor Richard's Almanac美国梦的代表二．浪漫主义时期的文学(American Romanticism）早期浪漫主义（Early Romantic Period）1.背景：1> 时间：18世纪末到内战爆发前夕（1861）2> 条件：○1国家的快速发展，大量移民和工业化发展错误!小说的发展，期刊杂志（periodical)出现错误!受英国文学的影响2.浪漫主义的基本特征1>Stressing emotion rather than reason2>Stressing freedom and individuality3>Idealism rather than materialism4>Writing about nature, medieval legends（中世纪传说）and with supernaturalelements。
美国文学复习重点
1. Colonial American (1607-1765)Puritanism in America 清教主义1.Influence①American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. It has become, to some extent, so much a state of mind(思维模式),rather than a set of tenets.( ['tɛnɪt] 教义)②To them, religion was a matter of primary importance.③They accepted the doctrine of predestination(命运),original sin(原罪),total depravity(堕落),and limited atonement(赎罪) through a special infusion([ɪn'fjuʒn] 神典) of grace from God.[John, Calvin]④In a word, American Puritans are ready for any misfortune and tragic failures that might lie in wait for them.2. Colonial America did not always write the way Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor wrote. Some people wrote for civil and religious freedom, and some others wrote for America shaking off(摆脱) the fetter(束缚) of the savage(残酷) and rapacious(贪婪) British colonial rule.3. Early writersJohn Smith A Description of New England《新英格兰叙事》Anne Bradstreet(first American poet) Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America ( 1650 )《第十位诗神》.On the Burning of Our House 《写在我家失火之际》Edward Taylor(finest 出色的) Huswifery 《家务》Upon a Spider Catching a Fly《蜘蛛扑捉苍蝇之遐想》Chapter 2. The period of Enlightenment and the Independence War (1765 -1800)1.Eighteenth-century American thinking was dominated by two basic patterns of thought .Toward the latter part of theseventeenth century, a completely new view of the universe came into being.(Deism 自然神论)2.Benjamin Franklin(Enlightenment thinkers and writers)1）Poor Richard’s Almanac《格言历书》（Maxims格言and axioms哲理)2）Autobiography《自传》a.It is perhaps the first real post-revolutionary (开山之作)American writing as well as the first real autobiography inEnglish.b.It gives us the simple yet immensely(全面) fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state ofpoverty and obscurity(卑微) into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man. (自我奋斗成功)c．Comments1) First of all, it is a puritan document(清教徒传记). The most famous section describes his scientific scheme ofself-examination(审视) and self-improvement(完善).2) It is also an eloquent elucidation(清楚表明) of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of eighteenthcentury enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free(善良自由), by nature endowed(赋予) by God with certain inalienable(不可剥夺的) rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.3) It is the pattern of Puritan(典型清教写作风格) simplicity, directness, and concision(明朗). The plainness(平实) of itsstyle, the homeliness(通俗) of imagery(比喻), the simplicity of diction(措词), syntax and expression are some of the salient(突出) features we cannot mistake.3.Hector St John de Crevecoeur Letters From an American Farmer «美国农人书简»或者《信札》\American Romanticism（1800-1865）Section 1 Early Romantic PeriodWhat is Romanticism?A．Romanticism is a literary movement throughout the 19th C and it can be divided into the early period and the late period. Also it remains powerful in contemporary literature and art.B. It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass.C. Romanticism is associated with imagination and boundlessness, as contrasted with classicism,D. The most clearly defined romantic literary movement in the U. S. was Transcendentalism.E. The representatives of the early period includes Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper. Waldo EmersonHistorical Background: 1.American Puritanism 2.New England Transcendental Movement 3.American westward Expansion.American RomanticismFeatures：(1)American romanticism was in a way derivate: American romantic writing was some of them modelled onEnglish and European works.(2)American romanticism is a cultural heritage(文化遗产),American moral values were basically Puritan.(3)American romanticism was both imitative and independent.(4)Writers like Emerson and Whitman thought and wrote differently. They calling for the creation of a nativeAmerican culture and literature, represent“the deeper forces(坚实力量) ”of a Romanticisms at onceindigenous(本土化) and universal(广为人知).1. Washington Irving-- One of the first American writers to earn an international reputation, an early Romantic writer, and Father of the American short stories, The Father of American Literature ,“the American Goldsmith”Work：A History of New York《纽约外史》（DK）won him wide popularityThe Sketch Book《见闻札记》（GC）won international fame→contains German folk tales Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy HollowThe History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus 《哥伦布市传》A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada《攻克格拉纳达》The Alhambra《阿尔罕伯拉》Selections:Rip Van Winkle:I have observed that he was a simple, good-natured man; he was, moreover, a kind neighbor and an obedient, henpecked husband.Rip’s sole domestic adherent was his dog Wolf, who was as much henpecked as his master; For a long while he used to console himself, when driven from home, by frequenting a kind of perpetual club of the sages, philosophers, and other idle personages of the village, which held its sessions on a bench before a small inn, designated by a rubicund portrait of his majesty George the Third. “The Union Hotel, by Jonathan Doolittle.”Instead of the great tree which used to shelter the quiet little Dutch inn of yore, there now was reared a tall naked pole, with something on the top that looked like a red nightcap, and from it was fluttering a flag. The red coat was changed for one of blue and buff, a sword was stuck in the hand instead of a scepter, the head was decorated with a cocked hat, and underneath was painted in large characters, GENERAL WASHINGTON.The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Tarry Town, New York, Ichabod Crane, Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt, Katrina Van Tassel Literary career: two parts---1809~1832a.Subjects are either English or Europeanb.Conservative love for the antique---1832~1859: back to USStyle –beautiful, Romanticism, Humor, Irony(1)avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining(2)enveloping stories in an atmosphere(3)vivid and true characters(4)humour – smiling while reading(5)musical language2.James Fenimore Cooper (the American Scott)a. He is the first border writer;(边疆作家)b. Created a myth about the formative period of American nation;（创造了美国格式化时代的神话）c. Helped introduce the “Western”tradition into American literatureWork：A：Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》(masterpiece, a series of five novels)The Pioneers《拓荒者》The Prairie (1827), 《大草原》(1823)---old The Last of Mohicans(1826), 《最后的莫西干人》The Pathfinder 《探路者》(1840)---middle-age, The Deerslayer (1841) 《杀鹿人》---youth (This process is the American quest for an ideal community.)Analysis of Natty Bumppo:Presented as an ideal American, living a virtuous and free life in God’s world. To him the wilderness is good, pure, perfect, where there is freedom not tainted （变质）by human institutions; He find “civilization” both corrupt and corrupting; The civilization is poisoned at the root from the very beginning.Analysis of Judge Temple: Judge Temple is a good indication of Cooper’s ambivalence(矛盾)，as a Writer of frontier life; He is a man of honor and integrity. He is as much a frontiersman as Natty Bumppo; He represents “the practically inevitable” (实实在在的实用)aspect of frontier life, He symbolizes law and civilization.His themes:a.Native subject of frontier and wilderness(荒原)b.New sources of fiction.Section 2 American Transcendentalism （summit of the Romantic Movement）（1836-1860）Appearance：1836, “Nature” by EmersonBackground: The Mexican-America War(1846-1848)美西战争，The westward expansion 西部大开发开始What is Transcendentalism：（Puritan heritage+Foreign influence）●appeared in 1830s in US●emphasis on spirit or Oversoul and stressing importance of the individual●regarding nature as symbols of the spirit or God and emphasis on brotherhood of man●representatives: Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David ThoreauResources：Transcendentalist Club in New England—the Dial《日晷》Features1.spirit/oversoul(超灵)2.importance of individualism3.nature – symbol of spirit/God; garment(外衣) of the oversoulSignificanceA. influenced a large group of writersB. summit of American RomanticismC. marked the independence of American literatureTranscendentalism: quotes----“Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.”1. Ralph Waldo Emerson (Father of Transcendentalism)Works:Nature 自然(1836) ：“the manifesto(宣言) of American transcendentalism” and “the Bible of New Eng land Transcendentalism.”----“a transparent eyeball”The American Scholar美国学者(1837)："America's Declaration of Intellectual Independence"(知识分子独立宣言) Self-Reliance 论自助: the importance of cultivating oneself (自我培养)----individualism2. Henry David ThoreauCivil Disobedience 《论公民的不服从》Walden：a series of 18 essays；Comparing with Emerson who was a great thinker, Thoreau was a great experimentalist Selection:“I went into the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of lif e and see if I could not learn what it has to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.“We live meanly, like ants; though the fable tells us that we were long ago changed into men ... it is error upon error and clout upon clout, and our best virtue has for its occasion a superfluous and evitable wretchedness. Our life is frittered away by detail. .”3. Nathaniel Hawthorne (Typical romantic writer ;born in Massachusetts)Works:Major romances or novels ：•The Scarlet Letter 《红字》(1850) (Hester Prynne 女主；Arthur Dimmesdale 情人；Roger Chillingworth 丈夫) •The House of the Seven Gables《七个尖角阁的房子》(Matthew Maule被害死，坏人也受到诅咒而死---sin will get punished)•The Blithedale Romance 《福谷传奇》(1852)•The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》(1860)Short stories：a)Twice-Told Tales 1837 《故事重述》b)Mosses from an Old Manse1843 《古宅青苔》c)The Snow-Image, and Other Twice-Told Tales 1852 《雪人和其他重讲一遍的故事》Puritan background•The Birth-Mark《胎记》(1843)•Rappaccini’s Daughter《拉帕奇尼的女儿》(1844)•The Minister’s Black Veil《教长的黑面纱》(1836)•Young Goodman Brown《好小伙子布朗》(1835)* The Scarlet Letter(清教思想融入了美国浪漫主义，象征手法)：Adultery(通奸)—Able(能干)—Angle(天使)The scarlet letter A is ambiguous(不明确的). And the ambiguity is one of the salient(显著的) characteristics of Hawthorne’s art.*Young Goodman Brown :( Goodman Brown and Faith) Everyone possesses some evil secret.Hawthorne’s point of viewEvil is at the core of human life.(2) Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation.(3) Evil educates.(4) He has disgust in science. One source of evil is overweening (too proud of oneself) intellect.4.Herman Melville (全拼—Going out to sea; marriage; friendship with Hawthorne)Works:•Typee«泰皮»•Omoo«欧穆»•Mardi«玛地»South Pacific islands•Redburn«雷得本»voyage to England•White Jacket«白外衣»United States•Pierre«皮埃尔»•Billy Budd《比利•巴德》(a sign that he had resolved his quarrel with God)•Clarel《克拉莱尔》( a poem)Moby-Dick «白鲸»(masterpieces)A．the first American prose epic散文史诗B．an encyclopedia百科全书of everythingC．a Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting against fatesPrincipal CharactersIshmael (The narrator of the story) ；Captain AhabThe symbolism of Mobby-Dick1.The voyage to catch the white whale is the one of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of universe.2. To Ahab, the whale is an evil creature or the agent of an evil force that control the universe. As to readers, the whale is a symbol of physical limits, or a symbol of nature. It also can stand for the ultimate mystery of the universe and the wall behind which unknown malicious things are hiding.5.Walt Whitman（Free verse（自由体诗）, Envelope structure（信件结构）I - me, my nation (society), Catalogue）Work：Leaves Of Grass 《草叶集》written in the founding documents of both the Revolutionary War in the United States and the Civil War.Including：1. There Was a Child Went Forth 2. Cavalry Crossing a Ford 3. Song of MyselfThere Was a Child Went Forth 《一个孩子的成长》how a child is greatly influenced by his growing environments, be identified with the childhood of a young, growing America.Selected readings：There was a child went forth every day, And the first object he look'd upon, that object he became, And that object became part of him for the day or a certain part of the day, Or for many years or stretching cycles of years. The early lilacs became part of this child, And grass and white and red morning-glories, and white and red clover, and the song of the phoebe-bird, And the Third-month lambs and the sow's pink-faint litter, and the mare's foal and the cow's calf, And the noisy brood of the barnyard or by the mire of the pond-side,I Hear America Singing 《我听见美利坚在歌唱》Selected readings：I hear American singing, the varied carols I hear,Those of mechanics, each one singing his as it should be blithe and strongThe carpenter singing his as he measures his plank or beam, The mason singing his as he makes ready for work, or leaves off work,The boatman singing what belongs to him in his boat, the deckhand singing on the steamboat deck.The shoemaker singing as he sits on his bench, The hatter singing as he stands, The wood-cutter’s song, the ploughboy's on his way in the morning, or at noon intermission or at sundown,The delicious singing of the mother, or of the young wife at work, or of the girl sewing or washing,Each singing what belongs to him or her and to none else,The day what belongs to the day-at night the party of young fellows, Robust, friendly,Singing with open moths their strong melodious songs.Song of Myself 《自我之歌》The longest and the best . Whitman is a man bubbling with energy and laden(装满) with ideas, spontaneous(自发的) expression of his original ideasSong of MyselfSelected readings：I CELEBRATE myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loafe and invite my soul, I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass. My tongue, every atom of my blood, form'd from this soil, this air, Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin, Hoping to cease not till death.O Captain! My Captain! ( Captain" is Lincoln himself)When Lilac s Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d,(小院丁香花开时)6. Emily Dickenson (Along with Whitman, Dickinson is one of the two giants of American poetry of the 19th century)Works(1)Because I Can’t Stop for Death (masterpiece about death )Selection:Because I could not stop for Death—He kindly stopped for me—The Carriage held but just Ourselves—And Immortality.We slowly drove—He knew no haste. And I had put away My labor and my leisure too, For His Civility We passed the School, where Children strove .At Recess—in the Ring—We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain—We passed the Setting Sun—Or rather—He passed Us—The Dews drew quivering and chill—For only Gossamer, my Gown—My Tippet—only Tulle—We paused before a House that seemed A Swelling of the Ground—The Roof was scarcely visible—The Cornice—in the Ground—Since then—'tis Centuries—and yet Feels shorter than the Day I first surmised the Horses' Heads Were toward Eternity—(Death is not to be feared since it is a natural part of the endless cycle of nature. )(2)I Heard a Fly Buzz – When I died (a description of the moment of death)Selection: I heard a Fly buzz --- when I died --- The stillness in the Room Was like the stillness in the Air -- Between the Heav es of Storm --The Eyes around -- had wrung when them dry -- And breaths were gathering firm For that last Onset -- when th e King Be witnessed ---- in the Room - I willed my keepsakes ---Signed away What portion of me be Assignable --- and then it was There interposed a Fly -With Blue - uncertain stumbling Buzz - Between the light ---- and me --And the windows failed ----and then I could not see to seethemes: based on her own experiences/joys/sorrows(1)religion – doubt and belief about religious subjects(2)death and immortality(3)love – suffering and frustration caused by love(4)physical aspect of desire(5)nature – kind and cruel(6)free will and human responsibilityStyle:(1)poems without titles(2)severe economy of expression(3)directness, brevity(4)musical device to create cadence (rhythm)(5)capital letters – emphasis(6)short poems, mainly two stanzas(7)rhetoric techniques: personification – make some of abstract ideas vividComparison: Whitman vs. Dickinson1.Similarities:(1)Thematically, they both extolled(赞美), in their different ways, an emergent America, its expansion, itsindividualism and its Americanness, their poetry being part of “American Renaissance”.(2)Technically, they both added to the literary independence of the new nation by breaking free of the convention ofthe iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom in form unknown before: they were pioneers in Americanpoetry.2.differences:(1)Whitman seems to keep his eye on society at large; Dickinson explores the inner life of the individual.(2)Whereas Whitm an is “national” in his outlook, Dickinson is “regional”.(3)Dickinson has the “catalogue technique” (direct, simple style) which Whitman doesn’t have.7. Edgar Allen Poe (inventor of the detective-fiction )WorksNovels(1)The Tell-tale Heart《泄密的心》(2)The Gold-Bug（侦探小说）《金甲虫》(3)The Black Cat《黑猫》(4)The Fall of the House of Usher”《厄舍古屋的倒塌》(5)The Purloined Letter” –one of the world’s greatest detective stories. 《一封失窃的来信》Poems•To Helen 《致海伦》-----physical beauty-soulful beauty–(选读)•Annabel Lee 《安娜贝尔·李》--expresses great loss and sadnessSelection: That a maiden there lived whom you may know 住着一位少女你或许认得Second stanza---But we loved with a love that was more than love可我们相爱，爱超越了爱---Coveted her and me. 也把我和她妒嫉。
美国文学期末复习
作家作品Naturalism1、Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871-1900 战争小说之父Maggie: A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎麦琪》（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）, a pioneering work of sociological naturalism；关于南北战争的The Red Badge of Courage《红色英勇勋章》，奠定了他在美国文坛上不可动摇的地位；优秀短篇小说集The Open Boat《海上扁舟》和blue hotel 《蓝色旅馆》; wounds in the rain 《雨中的伤痕》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky《新娘来到黄天镇》2、Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945美国文学史上最杰出的现实主义小说家，一位以探索充满磨难的现实生活着称的美国自然主义作家.Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》，真实再现了当时美国社会;Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》，被称为《嘉莉妹妹》的姐妹篇;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲（Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic斯多噶）;An American Tragedy《美国悲剧》是德莱赛成就最高的作品，是人们清晰地看到了美国社会的真实情况，“至今依然具有巨大的现实意义”在《美国悲剧》中，Dreiser intended to tell us that it is the social pressure that makes Clyde's downfall inevitable. Clyde's tragedy is a tragedy that depends upon the American social system which encouraged people to pursue the "dream of success" at all costs.1、Naturalism emphasized heredity and environment as important deterministic forces shaping individualized characters who were presented in special and detailed circumstances.2. The effect of Darwinist idea of "survival of the fittest" was shattering. It is not surprising to find in Dreiser's fiction a world of jungle, where “kill or to be killed” was the law.Dreiser's Writing Features:✓As a naturalist writer, Dreiser stressed determinism in his novels which deals with everyday life, often with its sordid side.✓As a naturalist, he developed the capacity for photographic and relentless (无情的) observation, thereby truthfully reflecting the society and people of his time.✓His narrative method is natural and free from artifice.Modern Poetry3、Robert Frost罗伯特·弗罗斯特1874-196320世纪最受欢迎的美国诗人, 美国文学中的桂冠诗人田园诗；自然诗☐He used symbols from everyday country life to express his deep ideas. His graceful and traditional poetic style is highly appreciated in the country.A Boy's Will少年心愿and North of Boston波士顿之北were published and highly acclaimed in England. Mending Wall修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之后;Mountain Interval山间The Road Not taken没有选择的道路;New Hampshire 《新罕布什尔West-running Brook西流的溪涧;A Further Range 又一片牧场;A Witness Tree一株作证的树a masque of reason《理智的假面具》a masque of mercy慈悲的假面具complete poems诗歌全集a steeple bush尖塔丛林The Analysis of “The Road Not Taken”1.when confronted with important decisions which one must make in life, one must accept theconsequences, for he will not have a chance to go back.2.He encourages people to try things new and choose the road less traveled by. At the same time,he expresses the regrets that one can not choose two at the same time.3.The poem is written in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme ABAAB4.Symbolism is used as a very effective writing technique.4、Ezra Pound艾兹拉·庞德1885-1972Imagism1) With a spirit of revolt against conventions, imagism was anti-romantic and anti-Victorian.2) Imagism produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.3) Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet (creating an image). It calls for brief language, and pinpoints the precise picture in as few words as possible.美国著名诗人，意象派的代表人物。
美国文学复习大全
殖民主义时期John Smith 美国第一位作家Anne Bradstreet 第一位移民诗人Edward Taylor 清教徒诗人文艺复兴时期Benjamin Franklin 参与了起草独立宣言成名作《Poor Richard’s Almanack》《Autobiography》Thomas Paine 拥护独立宣言成名作《Great Commoner of Mankind》最平凡的人<Common Sense> 常识<the Age of Reason> 理性时代<American Crisis>美国危机Thomas Jefferson 起草了独立宣言Philip Freneau 美国诗歌之父文艺复兴的诗人《the Wild Honey》野金银花浪漫主义时期Irving 第一位纯文学作家（belletrist）<the Sketch Book>第一部短篇小说第一位浪漫主义散文体作家（prose stylist）<the Legend of Sleepy Hollow>享有国际声誉< a History of New York>第一部诙谐作品Copper 开创了海上传奇小说和边疆传奇小说<the Spy> <the Deerslayer><the Pilot> <Leatherstocking Tales><the Last of Mohicans><the Prairie>Bryant 第一个获得美国主要诗人的称号<to a Waterfowl>最完美的短诗Poe 现代短故事之父侦探小说之父<the Fall of House of Usher><the Raven><Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque>第一部短篇小说集<to Helen><Annabel Lee>Emerson 超经验主义运动<Nature> <Self-reliance> <Essays><the American Scholar> 知识分子独立宣言<Representative men><English traits>Thoreau 成名作<Walden><Civil Disobedience>Hawthorne 象征主义作家<the House of the Seven Gables><the Scarlet Letter>Melville <Mody dick>Longfellow 19世纪最受爱戴的诗人< a Psalm of Life><the Song of Hiawatha> 第一部印第安人史诗歌唯一被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人现实主义时期Whitman 创建了自由体诗歌free verse <Leaves of Grass>美国历史上一部史诗Dickson 该时期最伟大的女诗人< I Died for Beauty>Stowe 该时期唯一的女散文作家< Uncle Tom’s Cabin>Mark Twain 现实主义文学代表作<Adventures of Huckleberry Finn><Adventures of Tom Sawyer><the Gilded age><Life on the Mississippi><How to Tell a Story>对美国早期幽默文学的总结O.Henry <the Four Million><the Gift of Magi><the Cop and the Anthem>Henry James 心理现实主义的开创者<the Portrait of Lady><Daisy Miller><the Wings of the Dove><the Golden Bowl><the Ambassadors>Jack London < the People of the Abyss><the Son of the Wolf><the Call of the Wild><Martin Eden>自传体小说Dreiser <an American Tragedy> 最成功的小说金钱万能<Sister Carrie>欲望三部曲<the Financier><the Titan> <the Stoic>二十世纪文学Pound 意象派的创始人< in a Station of Metro><the Cantos>Frost 自然派诗人民族诗人<the Road not Taken><After Apple Picking><Mountain Interval>Stevens 秩序理念<the Man with the Blue Guitar><Necessary Angel> <Anecdote of the Jar>Eliot 现代主义创始人<the Waste Land> 标志现代主义文学诞生<Four Quartets><Murder in the Cathedral>Fitzgerald <the Great Gatsby><the Side of Paradise><Tender is the Night>Hemingway 推动报告文学的发展<For Whom the Bell Tolls>强调moment of truth <the Old Man and the Sea><the Sun Also Rises><a Farewell to Arms>Steinbeck 美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家<the Grapes of Wrath><of Mice and Men>Faulkner 心灵与自己冲突是永恒的主题成名作<the Sound and the Fury><a Rose for Emily>colonialism)第一部分殖民主义时期的文学一、时期综述1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）their voyage to the new land2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) About dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit3、清教徒的思想：1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位来源：(/s/blog_5d7e2e330100blsr.html) - 美国文学史复习1（colonialism)_苗苗_新浪博客3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。
美国文学史复习资料(DOC)
附：作者及作品（第一、二册）一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰•史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉•布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰•温思罗普John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰•威廉姆斯Roger Williams《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮•布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution1。
本杰明•富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)※《自传》“The Autobiography ”《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”2。
美国文学史复习要点手动
美国文学史复习要点手动1.早期美国文学（17世纪-18世纪）-早期美国文学的发展受到清教徒移民和殖民地环境的影响。
-早期作品主题包括宗教信仰、苦难和恐惧。
-著名作家有威廉·布拉德福和乔纳森·爱德华兹。
2.启蒙时期文学（18世纪）-美国启蒙时期的文学受到欧洲启蒙思想的影响。
-作品主题包括理性、自由和平等。
-著名作家有本杰明·富兰克林和汤玛斯·潘恩。
3.罗曼主义时期文学（19世纪早期）-罗曼主义时期美国文学反对启蒙时期的理性主义。
-作品主题包括个人感情、自然和超自然。
-著名作家有华盛顿·欧文和爱默生。
4.特拉华文学（19世纪中期）-特拉华文学是19世纪中期美国文学的重要流派。
-作品主题包括农民和工人的生活以及美国西部探险精神。
-著名作家有赫尔曼·梅尔维尔和华尔特·惠特曼。
5.现实主义和自然主义时期文学（19世纪末-20世纪初）-现实主义和自然主义时期的文学关注社会问题和个人命运。
-作品主题包括工业化、城市化和阶级冲突。
-著名作家有马克·吐温和斯蒂芬·克莱恩。
6.现代主义时期文学（20世纪初-中期）-现代主义时期的文学反对传统形式和价值观。
-作品表现迷失、不安和心理困惑。
-著名作家有欧内斯特·海明威和F·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德。
7.后现代主义时期文学（20世纪中期-现在）-后现代主义时期的文学拒绝一切形式的正统和稳定性。
-作品表现多样化的语言和视觉实验。
-著名作家有托尼·莫里森和大卫·福斯特·华莱士。
美国文学复习重点
期末考查题型I．文学常识（multiple choice 40 points）II．作家作品辨别（Identify the authors of the following works 10 points）III．文学术语（Literary terms 10 points，2 for each）IV．简答（Answer the following questions 10 points，5 for each）V．分析（Topic Analysis 10 points)复习重点Imagism 意象派：is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from 1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in Some Imagist Poets, included the use of the languageof common speech, project matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, andconcentration.Lost Generation：迷惘的一代，Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation,” devoid of faith and alienated from acivilization. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates”or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semipoverty. It describesthe Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in anunfamiliar changing world.The Jazz Age(享乐时代)：It refers to the 1920s, at time marked by hedonism and excitement in the life of the flaming youth. Fitzgerald is largely responsible for theterm and many of his literay works portrayed it.Naturalism(自然主义)：, a new and harsher realism，flourishing at the end of the century featuring the p erception of society’s disorders. Naturalist novels usually present characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity.The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, the religious “truths” wereillusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. Representatives: Stephen Crane;Transcendentalism超验主义：As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over therestraints of law and custom. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against thematerialism of American society.They believed in the tr anscendence of “Oversoul,” anall-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part. I t could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind. “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.” The natural implication of all this was, of course, that things in nature tended to becomesymbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual. This in turn added to thetradition of literary symbolism in American literature.Puritanism 超验主义It refers to the religuous beliefs of the Puritans, who had intended to “purify” or simplify the religious ritual of the Church of England. They believed in the originalsin and the harsh Day of Doom, although some good people --- the chosen people or “the Elect”--- may be saved.Oversoul is an all-pervading power for goodness from which allthings come and of which all things are a part. It is a key doctrine for Transcendentalist.The Gilded Age refers to the period roughly from the Civil War to the beginning of th e20th century, an age of seeming wealth and prosperity. It comes form a novel, by Mark Twain.Hemingway Hero is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent, a man of action, and one of few words. That is an individualist keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place. These people are usually spiritual strong, people of certain skills, and most of them encounter death many times.Local Color is an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things immediately observable: the dialects, customs, sights and sounds of regional America.Yoknapatawpha is the fictioanl modification of Faulkner’s hometown, Oxford, Mississippi.Most of his literary works were set in the samll county of th eAmerican South. To Faulkner, this small piece of land “the size of a stamp”was worth a life’s work in literary writing and here Faulkner created a world of imagination.Harlem Renaissance refers to a burst of literary achievement in the 1920s by black playwrights, peots and novelists who presented new insights into the American experience and paved the way for the flourishment of Black literature in the mid-century.Theatre of Absurd Avant-garde drama movement originating in the 1950s in Europe with dramatists such as Samuel Beckett (1906-1989), and Eugene Ionesco (1912-1994). Influenced philosophically by Existentialism, and in particular by Albert Camus (1913-1960), they expressed a world view in which there was no God, and life was meaningless. They had no faith in logic or rational communication, feeling that attempts to construe meanings broke down into absurdity.作家作品：1．William Cullen Bryant’s “To a Waterfow” and “Thanatopsis”2．Edgar Allan Poe’s literary achievements3．Analysis of Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter4．Analysis of Herman Melville’s Moby Dick5．Whitman’s literay achievements and his Leaves of Grass6．Features in Emily dickinson’s poetry7．Henry Jame’s thematic concerns and his The portrait of a Lady 8．Eugene O’Neill and his The Hairy Ape9．Robert Frost and his poetry10. Ernest Hemingway’s literary achievements。
美国文学复习资料整理打印
美国文学复习资料整理打印美国文学复习资料1.The literature of colonial American at the beginning of the seventeeth century.美国文学史的开始17世纪初2.The first American writer Captain John Smith第一个美国作家约翰。
史密斯船长3.early new England literature, puritan values---hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety.清教徒价值观——努力工作、节俭、虔诚和节制。
4.John Smith 约翰-史密斯；作品A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony. 真正的关系等值得注意的事件和事故所以来发生在弗吉尼亚殖民地第一种植。
A Map Of V irginia with a Description of the Country维吉尼亚州的地图描述5. William Bradford; ---------of Plymouth plantation威廉·布拉德福德;- - - - - - -普利茅斯种植园John Winthrop----------the history of new England约翰·温思罗普- - - - - - - - - - -新英格兰的历史6.Anne Dudley Bradstreet------the tenth muse lately sprung up in America安妮布莱德思特-------第十缪斯最近在美国兴起7.Edward T aylo r----the best of the puritan poets爱德华·泰勒——最好的清教徒诗人8.the war for independence lasted for eight years (1775-1783) 独立战争持续了八年(1775 -1783)9.Noah Webster declared;?? American must be as independent in literature as she is in politics,as famous for the arts as for arms. 。
美国文学期末重点复习资料
美国文学一．术语解释1，Transcendentalism(超验主义):简略版：It started in 1830s in US; which emphasis on spirit or oversoul and stressing importance of the individual; regarding nature as symbols of the spirit or God. It took idea from the romantic literatures of Europe, from Neo-Platonism and so on. Emerson was its representative.深层次版：American Transcendentalism: the emergence of the Transcendentalists as an identifiable movement took place during the late 1820s and 1830s, but the roots of their religious philosophy extended much farther back into American religious history. Transcendentalism and evangelical Protestantism followed separate evolutionary branches from American Puritanism, taking as their common ancestor the Calvinism of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe. They stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual was the most important element of society. They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses. Emerson’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” and his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.美国超验主义：美国超验主义出现的19世纪20年代末期到三十年代，但是它的根源在宗教史上要远得多。
美国文学复习资料
美国文学复习资料Unit 3 Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫-华尔多-爱默生作品1 《论自然》 Nature2 《论美国学者》 The American Scholar3 《神学院致辞》 The Divinity School Address4 《论文集》 Essays : First Series5 《论文集：第二辑》 Essays: Second Series6 《人类代表》 Representative Men7 《人生的行为》 The Conduct of Life8 《英国特征》 English Traits9 《诗集》 Poems10 《五月节》 May-Day and other PiecesUnit 4 Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔-霍桑作品1 《范肖》 Fanshawe2 《故事重述》 Twice-T old Tales3 《古宅青苔》 Mosses from an Old Manse4 《红字》 The Scarlet Letter主人公：白兰（Hester Prynne）齐里沃斯（Chillingworth）狄姆斯台尔（Dimmesdale）5 《带有七个尖角阁的房子》 The House of the Seven Gables6 《福谷传奇》 The Blithedale Romance7 《玉石雕像》 The Marble FaunUnit 5 Herman Melville赫尔曼-梅尔维尔作品1 《泰比》 Typee2 《欧穆》 Omoo3 《玛地》 Mardi4 《雷德本》 Redburn5 《白外衣》 White Jacket6 《白鲸》 Moby Dick主人公：以实玛利（Ishmael）埃哈伯（Ahab）白鲸（Moby Dick）7 《骗子的化妆表演》 The Confidence Man8 《战士集》 Battle Pieces9 《克拉瑞尔》 Clarel10 《约翰-玛尔和其他水手》 John Marr and Other Sailors11 《梯摩里昂》 Timoleon12 《毕利-伯德》 Billy BuddUnit 7一、 Edgar Allan Poe埃德加-爱伦-坡作品1 《安娜贝尔-李》 Annabel Lee2 《乌鸦》 The Raven3 《十四行诗—致科学》 Sonnet---To Science4 《致海伦》 To Helen二、 Walt Whitman沃尔特-惠特曼1 《草叶集》 Leaves of Grass2 《我歌唱自我》One‘s Self Sing3 《噢，船长！我的船长！》 O Captain! My Captain!Unit 8 Mark Twain马克-吐温原名：萨缪尔-朗荷恩-克莱门Samuel Langhorne Clemens作品1 《卡拉维拉县驰名的跳蛙》 The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County2 《傻瓜出国记》 The Innocents Abroad3 《镀金时代》 The Gilded Age4 《汤姆-索耶历险记》 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer5 《密西西比河上》 Life on the Mississippi6 《哈克贝里-费恩历险记》The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn7 《亚瑟王朝廷上的康涅狄格州美国佬》A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur‘s Court8 《傻瓜威尔逊》The Tragedy of Pudd‘ nhead Wilson9 《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》The Man That Corrupted HadleyburgUnit 9 Henry James亨利-詹姆斯1 《热衷游历的人》 A Passionate Pilgrim2 《罗德里克-赫德森》 Roderick Hudson3 《亨利-詹姆斯小说、故事集》The Novels and Tales of Henry James4 《一个美国人》 The American5 《黛西-密勒》 Daisy Miller6 《一个女士的画像》 The Portrait of a Lady7 《波士顿人》 The Bostonians8 《卡萨玛西玛公主》 The Princess of Casamassima9 《波音敦的珍藏品》 The Spoils of Poynton10 《螺丝在拧紧》 The Turn of the Screw11 《未成熟的少年时代》 The Awkward Age12 《鸽翼》 The Wings of the Dove13 《专使》The Ambassadors14 《金碗》 The Golden Bowl15 《小说的艺术》 The Art of FictionUnit 10 Stephen Crane作品1 《街头女郎麦姬》 Maggie : A Girl of the Streets2 《红色英雄勋章》 The Red Badge of Courage3 《海上扁舟》 The Open Boat4 《新娘来到黄天镇》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky5 《蓝色旅店》 The Blue HotelUnit 14 F. Scott Fitzgerald弗-斯科特-菲茨杰拉德作品1 《人间天堂》 This Side of Paradise2 《漂亮的冤家》3 《姑娘们与哲学家》 The Beautiful and the Damned4 《爵士乐时代的故事》 Tales of the Jazz Age5 《了不起的盖茨比》 The Great Gatsby主人公：盖茨比(Jay Gatzby)黛西 (Daisy)汤姆(Tom)故事叙述人：Nick Carraway6 《夜色温柔》 Tender is the Night7 《崩溃》 The Crack-UpUnit 15 William Faulkner威廉-福克纳作品1 《大理石牧神》 The Marble Faun2 《士兵的报酬》Soldier‘s Pay3 《蚊群》 Mosquitoes4 《喧嚣与骚动》 The Sound and the Fury5 《我弥留之际》 As I Lay Dying6 《八月之光》 Light in August7 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》 Absalom，Absalom!8 《沙多里斯》 Sartoris9 《村子》 The Hamlet10 《小镇》 The Town11 《大宅》 The Mansion12 《烧牲口棚》 Barn Burning主人公：阿伯纳（Abner）萨蒂（Sarty）哈里斯（Harris）Unit 16 Ernest Hemingway厄内斯特-海明威作品1 《在我们的时代里》 In Our Time2 《太阳照样升起》 The Sun Also Rises3 《永别了，武器》 A Farewell to Arms 主人公：亨利 Henry4 《丧钟为谁而鸣》 For Whom the Bell Tolls5 《老人与海》 The Old Man and the Sea6 A Clean ， Well-Lighted PlaceUnit 17Ezra Pound埃兹拉-庞德1 《狂喜》 Exultations2 《人物》 Personae3 《中国》 Cathay4 《诗章》Cantos5 《意象派诗选》 Des Imagistes6 《在一个地铁车站》In a Station of the Merto Wallace Stevens华莱士-斯蒂文斯1 《必要的天使》 The Necessary Angel2 《坛子的轶事》Anecdote of the JarUn it 18 Eugene Glastone O‘Neil尤金-格拉斯通-奥尼尔1 《东航加的夫》 Bound East for Cardiff2 《在这一带》 In the Zone3 《漫长的返航》The Long Voyage Home4 《加勒比的月亮》 The Moon of the Caribees5 《琼斯皇帝》 Emperor Jones6 《毛猿》 The Hairy Ape7 《大神布朗》 The Great God Brown8 《奇异的插曲》Strange Interlude9 《榆树下的欲望》Desire Under the Elms10 《悲悼》 Mourning Becomes Electra11 《送冰的人来了》 The Iceman Cometh12 《诗人的气质》 A Touch of the Poet13 《长日终入夜》Long Day‘s Journey Into Night14 《月照不幸人》 The Moon for the Misbegotten15 《休依》 Hughie16 《更庄严的大厦》More Stately MansionsUnit 21 Ralph Waldo Ellison拉尔夫-华尔多-埃利森作品1 《看不见的人》 Invisible Man2 《影子与行动》 Shadow and Act3 《走向领域》 Going to the TerritoryUnit 24 Saul Bellow索尔-贝娄1 《晃来晃去的人》 Dangling Man2 《受害者》 The Victim3 《奥吉-玛琪历险记》 The Adventures of Augie March4 《只争朝夕》 Seize the Day5 《雨王汉德森》 Henderson the Rain King6 《赫尔索格》 Herzog7 《塞姆勒先生的行星》Mr Sammler‘s Planet8 《洪堡的礼物》Humbolt‘s Gift9 《院长的十二月》 The Deans December10 《更多人死于悲痛》 More Die of Heartbreak11 《盗窃》 The Theft12 《真实的》 The Actual13 《拉维尔斯坦》 Ravelstein14 《奥斯比的回忆及其其他故事》Mosby‘s Memories and Other Stories15 《最后的分析》 The Last AnalysisUnit 25 Joseph Heller约瑟夫-海勒1 《第二十二条军规》 Catch-222 《我们轰炸了纽黑文》 We Bombed in New Haven3 《出了毛病》 Something Happened4 《像高尔德那样好》 Good As Gold5 《天晓得》 God KnowsUnit 26 Toni Morrison托尼-莫里森1 《在黑暗中游戏：白色与文学想象》Playing in the Dark : Whiteness and the Literary Imagination2 《最蓝的眼睛》 The Bluest Eye3 《秀拉》 Sula4 《所罗门之歌》Song of Solomon5 《柏油孩子》 Tar Baby6 《宠儿》 Beloved7 《爵士乐》 Jazz8 《天堂》 Paradise9 《爱》 LoveⅠ.Complete the following statemen ts with a proper word ora phrase according to the textbook.1.The arbiter of nineteenth-century literary realism in America was __________ ( William Dean Howells )2._______________had already pointed towards Mark Twain‘s uneasy acceptanceof the values of nineteen-century American society.( The Gilded Age)3._____________ (1878) which one American c ritic described as ―an outrage toAmerican girlhood‖ brought James his first international fame.( Dassy Miller)4.______________(1900), which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and thetragic decline of G.W.Hurstwood, was Dreiser‘s first novel.( Sister Carrie)5.In the years preceding World War I, nineteenth-century realism and_____________remained vital forces in American Literature. ( naturalism)6.Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a―______________‖, devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization.( Lost Generation)7.Early in the 1920s the most prominent of the new American playwrights,_______________established an international reputation.( Eugene O‘Neil)8.Jazz music of the American ___________-- the mostinfluential art form tooriginate in the United States-spread throughout the world.( Negro)9.In London, Frost‘s first book, ______________, brou ght him to the attention ofinfluential critics(A Boy‘s Will)10.Frost employed the plain speech of rural ________________and preferred theshort, traditional forms of lyric and narrative.( New Englanders)11.In his finest novels, The Great Gatsby and_________________, Fitzgerald hadrevealed the stridency of an age of glittering innocence.(T ender is the Night) 12.________________was the first American to be wounded in Italy during WorldWar I.( Hemingway)13.A Farewell to Arms portrayed a farewell both to ______and to _______ (war;love)14.In 1952, Hemingway portrayed an old fisherman____________ in The Old Manand the Sea.( Santiago)15.The only Faulkner novel that had come close to being a best seller in its daywas____________, a book more famous for its shock value than for its literary quality.( Sanctuary)16.*Oxford was with some fictional modifications, a prototype of Jefferson, in themythical county of Yoknapatawpha, the setting of ____________and most of Faulkner‘s subsequent works.( Sartoris)17.Emerson was recognized throughout his life as the leader of_____________movement, yet he never applied the term to himself or to his beliefs and ideas.( Transcendentalist)18.Emerson‘s truest disciple, the man who put into practice many of Emerson‘stheories, was_________.( H.D Thoreau)19._______________deals with the effects of a curse, and though the tale itself isfiction, the germ of the story sprang from the author‘s family history.( The House of the Seven Gables )20.Hawthorne‘s unique gift was for the creation of strongly _________stories whichtouch the deepest roots of man‘s moral nature. The finest examp le is the recreation of Puritan Boston, _______________.( symbolic; The scarlet letter)21._____________ is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of aseemingly supernatural white whale. (Moby-Dick)22.As we have seen, __________dominated the Puritan phase of American writing .____________was the next great subject to command the attention of the best minds.( theology; Politics)23.From 1732 to 1758 , Franklin wrote and published his famous_______________,an annual collection of proverbs(Poor Rich ard‘s Almanac)24.In 1828 the election of the frontier hero ________________as the seventhPresident of the United States had brought an effective end to the ―Virginia Dynasty‖ of American Presidents .( AndrewJackson)25.Washington Irving‘s ______________became the first work by an Americanwriter to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic .( Skwtch Book )26._____________________was the first great prose stylist of Americanromanticism , and his familiar style was destined to outlive the formal prose of such contemporaries as Acott and Cooper ,and to provide a model for the prevailing prose narrative for the future .( Washington Irving)II. Define the literary terms listed below.1.*American NaturalismAmerican naturalism was a new and harsher realism. It had been shaped by the war and by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America‘s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. Although naturalist literature described the world with brutal realism, it also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.2.*Local ColorismLocal Colorism or Regionalism as a trend first exist in the late 1860s and early 1870s in America. It may be defined as the carefulattegogoms in speech, dress or behavior especially in a geographical locality. The ultimate aim of the local colorists is to create the illusion of an indigenous little world with qualities which tells it apart from the world outside. The social and intellectual climate of the country provided a stimulating milieu for the growth of local color fiction in America. Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions. They tended to idealize and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life. They formed an important part of the realistic movement. Although it lost its momentum toward the end of the 19th century, the local spirit continued to inspire and fertilize the imagination of author.3.*Lost GenerationLost Generation or the Sad Young Men, which was created by F.S. Fitzgerald in his book All the Sad Young Men. It refers to the post-World War I generation, but a group of US writers who experienced the war established their reputation in the 1920s. It stems from a remark made by Ge rtrude Stein to Ernest Hemingway, ―You are all a lost generation.‖ Hemingway used it as an epigraph to The Sun Also Rises, a novel that expressed the attitudes of a hard-drinking, fast living set of disillusioned young expatriates in postwar Paris. The generati on was ―lost‖ in the sense and its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from US, they seemed hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotionally barren. The term includes Hemingway, Fitzgerald, Dos Passos, E.E. Cummings and so on.4.*ImagismImagism is a poetic movement of England and the U.S.flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by ―the directtreatment of the thing‖ and the economy of wor ding. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.5.*Hemingway Heroes―Hemingway Heroes ―refer to some protagoni sts in Hemingway‘s works. Such a hero is an average man of masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent .And usually he is a man of action and of few words .He is such an individualist, alone even when with other people, somewhat an outsider, keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place where one can not get happiness .The Hemingway heroes stand for a whole generation. It must end in defeat, no matter how hard he strives. This is the essence of a code of honor in which all o f Hemingway‘s heroes believe ,whether he is Nick Adams, Jake Barnes, Frederic Henry .But surely they differ some from others in their view of the world .The difference which comes gradually in view is an index to the subtle change which Hemingway‘s outlook has undergone.6.*The Jazz AgeWorld War1 was a tragic failure of old values, of old politics, of old ideas .The social mood was often one of confusion and despair. But during the 1920s American did not seem desperate, Instead, they entered a decade of prosperity and exhibitionism that prohibition, the legal ban against alcoholic beverages more to encourage than to curb. Fashions were extravagant; more land more automobiles crowded the roads, advertising flourished, and nearly every American home had a radio in it .Fads swept the nation. This was the Jazz Age, when New Orleans musicians moved ―up the river‖ to Chicago, and the theatre of New York‘sHarlem pulsed with the music that had become a symbol of the times . The roaring of the decade served to mask a quiet pain, the sense of loss that Gertrude Stein had observed in Paris. F. Scott.Fitzgerald portrays the Jazz Age as a generatio n of ―the beautiful and damned‖, drowning in their pleasures.7.American TranscendentalismAmerican Transcendentalism is more of a tendency, an attitude, than the philosophy.To ―transcend‖ something is to rise above it, to pass beyond its limits.Transcendentalists took their ideas from the romantic literature of Europe, from new-Platoism, from German idealistic philosophy, and from the revelations of Oriental-mysticism. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. Features:1、they placed emphasis on spirit as the most important thing in the Universe.2、they stressed the importance of the individual..3、they offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.8. SymbolismSymbolism is the writing technique of using symbols. A symbol conveys two kinds of meaning; it is simply itself, and it stands for something other than itself. In other words, a symbol is both literal and figurative. People, places, things and even events can be used symbolically. A symbol is a way of telling a story and a way of conveying meaning. The best symbols are those that are believable in the lives of the characters and also convincing as they convey a meaning beyond the literal level of the story.Hawthorn and Melville were the two masters of symbolism. For example, the scarlet letter ―A‖ on Hester‘s breast can give you symbolic meanings. If the symbol is obscure, then the very obscurity may also be part of the meaning of the story. Answer the following questions.III. Answer the following questions1.*What does Huck Finn reflect?Huck Finn is a veritable recreation of living models. Huck and his father, Jim, the swindlers, Colonel Sherburn and the drunkard Boggs—all these characters had prototypes in real life. The portrayal of individual incidents and characters achieved intense verisimilitude of detail. Serious problems are being discussed through the narration of a little illiterate boy. The fact of the wilderness juxtaposed with civilization, the people half wild and half civilized, many of whom are coarse, vulgar, and brutal; and the fact of brutal slavery an of human beings—Blacks—being sold in the market places like animals. All these and many other incidents are depicted in true-to-life detail as the background against which Huck Finn‘s awareness of good and evil develops. Though a local and particular book, it touches upon the human situa tion in a general, indeed ―universal‖ way: Humanitarianism ultimately triumphs.2.*What is Mark Twain‘s contribution to American Lit erature?One of Mark Twain‘s significant contributions to American literature lies in the fact that he made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary medium in the literary history of the country. The style has swept American literature and made books before Huck Finn and after it quite different. Its influence is clearly visible in twentieth-century American literature. It iscontinued in both prose and poetry. Among the number of American authors who acknowledged their indebtedness to Mark Twain are Sherwood Anderson, Ernest Hemingway, T.S.Eliot, William Faulkner, and contemporary authors such as J.D.Salinger,E.A.Robinson, Robert Frost, Carl Sandburg, William Carlos Williams,E.E.Cummings and even Ezra Pound. The importance of the style in Americanliterature cannot be overrated.3.*What are the major features in American Realism?⑴ Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporarylife and everyday life scenes are represented in a straightforward or matter-of-fact manner.⑵In realist fiction characters from all social levels are examined in depth.This is a major change, and it is one of the examples of the truthful treatment of material, because this is how real life is.⑶ Open ending is also a good example of the truthful treatment of material.⑷ Realism focuses on commonness of the lives of the common people whoare customarily ignored by the arts.⑸Realism emphasizes objectivity and offers an objective rather than anidealistic view of human nature and human experience.⑹ Realism presents moral visions.Realists are aware of accepted social standards. In their works they recreatereal life and show the dilemmas that the people are havingas they try to understand what life means in an ethical way. They are able to probe deeply into these problems of the human conscience. Their method is completely objective and carries with it the whole theoretical meaning of why people choose to be objective.4.*What do you know about The Old Man and the Sea?It is a short novel ,a fable of a kind ,about an old Cuban fisherman Santiago and his battle with a great marlin . For 84 days Santiago does not catch a single fish but he does not feel discouraged .He goes far out into the sea and hooks a giant marlin. A desperate struggle ensues in which Santiago manages to kill the fish and tie it to his boat, only to find that on the way home he has to fight a more desperate struggle with other dangerous giant sharks, which eat up the marlin, leaving only a skeleton. The old man brings it home and goes to bed to dream, almost dead with exhaustion. Here in Santiago we see again the spirit of the noble—if tragic –Hemingway type of individualism, contending with a force he knows it is futile to battle with. He keeps on fighting because he believes that ―a man is not made for defeat …A man ca n be destroyed but not defeated‖.However ,the old man eventually comes to the re alization that in going far out alone, ―beyond all the people in the world ‖,he has met his doom ,and he feels good to be one of the human and the natural world .That he begins to experience a feeling of brotherhood and love not only for his fellowmen but. For his fellow creatures in nature is a convincing proof that Hemingway ?s vision of the world has undergone profound changed.5.*―Make a comparison between Hemingway and Fitzgerald.The world after the first World War was quite different. Allthe old certainties were gone, and everything was new. There was affluence and excitement on the one hand, and on the other, disturbing indications that the old world was simply dying. Against this background Fitzgerald and Hemingway wrote. Fitzgerald was an analyst. He stayed in the United States and wrote about the Jazz Age. We go to him know what this world was like. Hemingway, on the other hand, reacted to it; he did not describe it. He went away to Europe and wrote about the expatriates. His world was basically rootless. It is Fitzgerald who was so broken emotionally by their times. Both were talented writers; both lost the ability to write rather early in their career. Ultimately when the dust of time settles down and a clearer outline appears visible, it may be that both will remain great, the one as the other, but for different reasons: Hemingway predominantly for his style, and Fitzgerald for the fact that he tried to understand American culture at its roots and thus had more to say to posterity.6.*What are fe atures of Faul kner‘s language?Faulkner is a difficult writer. Like all modern authors his demand on the cooperative response of the readers is exacting. He always structures his stories in his own original fashion and is proficient in employing a distinctive narrative method of gradually fitting in and of withholding or even giving confusing information. Gradually confusions vanish as context and periphery are definedand the center is revealed. There is a lot of interior monologues; the modern stream of consciousness technique is frequently and skillfully used. Words are often run together, with no capitalization and no proper punctuation. Sentences are not always clearly indicated; many long ones are pushed together inpeculiar ways.One fragment runs into another without which often causes irritating perplexity.There is also Faulkner‘s handling of language to consider. His prose ranges from colloquial, regional dialects to highly charged courtroom rhetoric, covering a variety of ―registers‖ of the English language. Fa ulkner was a master of his own particular style of writing.第一部分殖民地时期的美国文学What are the characteristics of Colonial America?All of the works written during this period are utilitarian , polemical , or didactic .The purpose of literature for these Puritans was first of all usefulness . It should teach some kond of lesson . In content , the literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or both . The literary style of the earliest American writers , in fact seems to have been determined by a practical consideration of the sort of impression each writer wanted to make upon a selected group of readers . Puritans‘metaphorical mode of perception helped to develop literary symbolism as they saw the physical world a symbol of God . Hence symbolism as a technique was a common practice in writing . The Piritans placed unusual stress upon plainness in writing because they were unusually interested in influencing the simp;e-minded people . Bearing the direct influence fo the Christian Biblical poetics , the Puritan writings are fresh , simp;e ,direct , and with a touch of nobility . As it faithfully imitated and transplanted European forms to the new experience , early American literature was as much a product of continuities as an indigenous creation.第二部分理性文学和革命文学.1、EnlightementThe eighteenth –century England is also , and better , known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age fo Reason . The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement going on throughout Europe at the time , with France in the vanguard . The Enlightenment celebrated reason (rationality) , equality , science and human beings‘ ability to perfect themselves and their society . The movement was based on the basic theories provided by the philosophers of the age , which ranged from John Locke‘s materialism , Lord Shaftsbury‘s deism , and George Berkeley‘s immaterialism to David Hume‘s skepticism . Whatever philosophical beliefs they might have , they held the eommom faith in human rationality and the possibility of human perfection through education . They believed that when reason served as the yardstick for the measurement of all human activities and social relations , superstition , injustice , privilege and oppression were to yield place to ―eternal truth‖ ,‖eternal justice‖ , and ―natural equality‖ or inalienable rights of men . Everything was put under scrutiny , to be measured by reason . No authorities , political or religious or otherwise , were acepted unchallenged while almost all the old societies and governments and all the traditional concepts , including Christianity , were examined and criticized . The belief provided theory for the French Revolutionin 1789 and the American War of Independence in 1776 .Alexander Pope (1688~1744) , Joseph Addison (1672~1719) , Richard Steele (1672~1792) , Jonathan Swift (1667~1745) , Daniel Defoe (1660~1731) , Henry Fielding (1707~1754) , Richard B. Sheridan (1751~1816) , Oliver Goldsmith (1730~1774) , Edward Gibbon (1737~1794) , and Samuel Johnson (1709~1784) wereamong the famous enlighteners in England . As England had already gone through its bourgeois revolution , what the English enlighteners were lege to do was to strive the bring the revolution to and end by clearing away the feudal remnants and rep;ace them with bourgeois ideology .第三部分美国的浪漫主义文学4 What are the unique features of American Romanticism?Although foreign influences were strong, American romanticism exhibited from the very outset distinct features of its own. It was different from its English and European counterpart because it originated from an amalgam of factors which were altogether American rather than anything else. American romanticism was in essence the expression of ‖a real new experience ‖and contained ‖an alien quality‖ for t he simple reason that ―the spirit of the place‖ was radically new and alien. For instance, the American national experience of ―pioneering ―into the west proved to be a rich fund of material for American writers to draw upon. The wilderness with its virgin forests ,the sound of the axe cutting its way westward, the exotic landscape with its different sights, smells, and sounds(the robin rather than the nightingale is Emily Dickinson‘s ―criterion of tone,‖ for example), and the quaint, picturesque civilizati on of a primitive race—all these constituted an incomparably superior source of inspiration for native authors. A rude Natty Bumppo in buckskin, dwelling in a frontier blockhouse, treading a solitary bridle path through virgin forests was , perhaps , matter enough for any romantic genius. And indeed, American authors were quite responsive to the stimulus which American life offered. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow‘s tentive treatment of the frontier and the Indians in his works such as Hudson valley, William CullenBryant‘s sketches of the wi ld west prairie where no human being had ever set foot and James Fenimore Cooper‘s five Leatherstocking tales with‖their majestic descriptions of American‘s limitless forests and broad blue inland lake‖—these are but aafew instances whereby the new American sensibility began to make itself felt.And ,of course , we should not forget to mention Emerson,Thoreau,Hawthorne,Melville and Whitman, all people who were instrumental ,in one way or another ,in creating an indigenous American literature. Then there is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider.American moral values were essentially Puritan.Public opinion was overwhelmingly Puritan;social life and cultural taste were predominantly conditioned by the Puritan and cultural taste were predominantly conditioned by the Puritan atmosphere of the nation.Nothing has left a deeper imprint on the character of the people as a whole than did Puritanism;no one has been so successful in imposing his way of thinking on the continent as the American Puritan.puritanical influence over Ameican romanticism w3as conspicuously noticeable.One of its palpable manifestations is the fact thatAmerican romantic authors tended more to moralize than their English and European brothers.It is true that Edgar Allan poe fough t vehemently against ―the heresy of the didactic‖,and writers like John Greenleaf Whittier tried to advocate both beauty and goodness.But the fact remains, nonetheless ,that many American romantic writings intended to edify more than theyentertained.There seemed to be areas of life which it was better for them to leave alone, taboos of a kind that most of the literary world agreed,however tacit it may have been, on not breaking.Sex and love werem for instance, subjects American。
美国文学复习
1、Washington Irving欧文（浪漫主义时期）代表作：The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷的故事》他的小说The Sketch Book《见闻札记》开创了美国短篇小说的传统Father of American Short Stories2、Benjamin Franklin富兰克林（启蒙时期与独立战争时期）代表作：Poor Richard's Almanac《格言历书》——通过大量的格言警句宣传创业持家、待人处事的道德原则和勤奋致富的生活道路；The Autobiography《自传》——以亲身经历再次说明，美国有的是机会，只要勤奋就能成功(American Dream)3、American Romanticism,Transcendentalism 超验主义（P3）超验主义理论的奠基人是爱默生——oversoul（超灵）4、Ralph Waldo Emerson爱默生（浪漫主义时期）代表作：Nature《论自然》——超验主义理论的“圣经”Self-Reliance《论自立》The American Scholar——爱默生在哈佛大学的著名演讲5、Henry David Thoreau梭罗（浪漫主义时期）代表作：On the Duty of Civil Disobedience《论公民的不服从》Walden《沃尔登》——详细描写他在湖畔的生活，宣传自然的美好，批判资本主义文明的消极影响，呼吁人们返璞归真，到自然中寻找生活的意义和丰富的精神世界。
6、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加艾伦坡（浪漫派作家）代表作：The Raven《乌鸦》——remembrance of his lost love The Philosophy of Composition《创作哲学》Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque《述异集》文学风格Literary Style：Dark RomanticismGothic elementSymbolismImageMusicalnessIrony主题Themes：beautyDeathHorrorMelancholyPoe is regarded as father of modern short story, father of detective story（侦探小说）and father of psychoanalytic criticism7、Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔霍桑代表作：The Scarlet Letter《红字》Twice-told Tales《故事重述》The House of the Seven Gables《带有七个尖角阁的房子》The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》艺术特色Artistic Features：Many of his works are inspired by Puritan New England, combining historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on surrealism.Hawthorne’s stories of dark romanticism suggest that guilt, sin, and evil are the most inherent natural qualities of humanity. They are mostly allegories寓言with moral messages and deep psychological complexity.interior monologue内心独白Hester Prynne白兰（红字女主角）Arthur Dimmesdale狄姆斯台尔（红字中的牧师）8、Herman Melville赫尔曼梅尔维尔代表作：Moby Dick《白鲸》9、Walt Whitman沃尔特惠特曼代表作：Leaves of Grass,《草叶集》——诗歌形式：自由诗free verse。
美国文学史复习
美国文学史复习（一）Colonialism（殖民主义）一、Puritan thoughts:1. to make their religious beliefs and practices pure,2. to restore simplicity,3. to live a hard and disciplined life4. to oppose pleasure and arts.二、Puritan values:hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (they dominated much of the earliest American writing.)（二）Romanticism一、文学特征：1. Environment:①shaped by their New World environment 美洲大陆新环境②array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditions of Europe 欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮2.美国文学的特点：①pluralistic多元化②manifestations varied 表现形式多样③individualistic个人主义④conflicting 矛盾3. Romanticism的特点：①moral enthusiasm注重道德②faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受③the presumption that the natural world was a source of corruption.认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。
4. Transcendentalism：（超验主义）①As a moral philosophy, it was neither logical nor systematized.It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。
(完整版)美国文学期末复习资料(完美版)
（美国文学期末复习资料(完美版）Imagism （意向主义）(1)Imagism came into being in Britain and US around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation。
（2）The Imagists， with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image。
（3) Imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles： i） direct treatment of subject matter； ii） economy of expression; iii） as regards rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome; iv) Ezra Pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well—known imagist poem。
Ezra Pound (爱兹拉·庞德）Cathay （1915）《中国》a volume of Chinese translation.He blue—penciled The Waste Land《荒原》 the most significant American poem of the twentieth century.Cantos 《诗章》，a modern epic Pound’s major work of poetry。
美国文学复习整理
美国文学复习整理（分时期）reasoning and revolution代表作家：1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-17901）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shr ewd humor, and first spread his reputation2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and poli tical ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题3）established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University of Pe nnsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。
4）first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges.5)As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He c onducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military s upport for America in the war. 作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。
美国文学复习题有答案
美国文学复习题有答案美国文学复习题及答案一、选择题1. 哪位作家被誉为“美国文学之父”？A. 爱德加·爱伦·坡B. 纳撒尼尔·霍桑C. 华盛顿·欧文D. 马克·吐温答案：C2. 《白鲸》的作者是谁？A. 赫尔曼·梅尔维尔B. 欧内斯特·海明威C. 杰克·伦敦D. 弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德答案：A3. 以下哪部作品不是菲茨杰拉德所著？A. 《了不起的盖茨比》B. 《夜色温柔》C. 《太阳照常升起》D. 《草叶集》答案：D二、填空题4. 爱德加·爱伦·坡是19世纪美国文学中著名的_________和_________作家。
答案：恐怖小说；侦探小说5. 《草叶集》是19世纪美国著名诗人_________的代表作。
答案：沃尔特·惠特曼6. 欧内斯特·海明威的代表作《老人与海》讲述了一位古巴老渔夫_________的故事。
答案：桑地亚哥三、简答题7. 简述《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的主题和影响。
答案：《汤姆叔叔的小屋》是美国作家哈丽雅特·比彻·斯托所著的一部反奴隶制小说，通过描绘黑人奴隶汤姆叔叔的悲惨命运，揭露了奴隶制的罪恶，对美国南北战争的爆发和废奴运动产生了深远的影响。
8. 描述《了不起的盖茨比》中盖茨比的悲剧性。
答案：《了不起的盖茨比》中的盖茨比是一个富有的商人，他为了追求自己心中的爱情和美国梦，不惜一切代价。
然而，他的努力最终未能实现，他的爱情和梦想都被现实无情地粉碎，最终以悲剧收场，反映了20世纪20年代美国社会的虚伪和道德的沦丧。
四、论述题9. 论述美国文学中的“美国梦”主题。
答案：美国梦是美国文学中一个重要的主题，它代表了个人通过努力可以实现成功和财富的信仰。
从马克·吐温的《汤姆·索亚历险记》到菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》，再到约翰·斯坦贝克的《愤怒的葡萄》，美国梦一直是美国作家探讨的主题。
美国文学复习题有答案
美国文学复习题有答案
1. 谁是美国文学史上第一位重要的诗人？
答案：爱德华·泰勒（Edward Taylor）。
2. 19世纪美国文学中，哪位作家的作品以幽默和讽刺著称？
答案：马克·吐温（Mark Twain）。
3. 简述赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的《白鲸》中的主要冲突。
答案：《白鲸》中的主要冲突是船长亚哈对白鲸莫比·迪克的复仇。
4. 谁是“垮掉的一代”文学运动中最著名的诗人？
答案：艾伦·金斯伯格（Allen Ginsberg）。
5. 在菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》中，盖茨比的悲剧结局是什么？
答案：盖茨比被威尔逊误杀，因为他认为盖茨比是导致他妻子死亡
的罪魁祸首。
6. 描述艾米莉·狄金森的诗歌风格。
答案：艾米莉·狄金森的诗歌风格以简洁、使用短句和强烈个人情
感表达为特点。
7. 谁是20世纪美国文学中“南方文艺复兴”的代表人物？
答案：威廉·福克纳（William Faulkner）。
8. 在《杀死一只知更鸟》中，阿提克斯·芬奇律师为何受到小镇居民
的尊敬？
答案：阿提克斯·芬奇律师因坚持正义和平等，为一个被错误指控
的黑人辩护而受到尊敬。
9. 简述海明威的“冰山理论”。
答案：海明威的“冰山理论”是指在写作中只展示故事的表面部分，而将更深层的意义和情感留给读者去揣摩。
10. 在《愤怒的葡萄》中，约德一家的旅程象征着什么？
答案：约德一家的旅程象征着美国大萧条时期农民的苦难和对更
好生活的不懈追求。
美国文学期末复习资料
美国文学期末复习资料美国文学作为一个重要的学科，涉及的内容很广，题材也很多。
为了帮助大家更好地进行期末复习，本文将为大家提供一些有用的资料和复习方法。
一、美国文学的历史概述美国文学的历史可以分为几个时期：殖民时期、启蒙时期、浪漫主义时期、现实主义时期、自然主义时期、现代主义时期等。
每个时期都有不同的题材和文学流派，需要我们进行详细的了解和掌握。
二、重要的美国文学作品在美国文学中，有很多重要的作品，如《飘》、《百年孤独》、《了不起的盖茨比》、《老人与海》、《麦田里的守望者》等。
这些作品的作者都是文学史上的巨匠，他们的作品对之后的文学创作产生了很大的影响，也是重要的考题。
三、主要的美国文学流派美国文学中有很多流派，如现代主义、后现代主义、现实主义、自然主义、浪漫主义等。
每个流派都有不同的特点和代表作品，需要我们对其进行深入的了解，从而更好地掌握美国文学的发展历程。
四、美国文学中的重要人物美国文学历史上有很多重要的人物，如沃尔特·惠特曼、马克·吐温、欧内斯特·海明威、海伦·凯勒等。
这些人物都是文学史上的重要人物，他们的作品对于美国文学的发展产生了深远的影响。
五、复习方法在复习美国文学的时候，我们可以采取以下几种方法：1. 将美国文学的历史概述、重要作品、主要流派、重要人物等内容进行系统的总结，形成属于自己的笔记。
2. 阅读相关作品，在了解作品的同时，结合自己的理解，形成自己的见解和思考。
3. 参加相关讲座和研讨会，向专业人士请教，深入了解美国文学的相关知识和技能。
4. 做好考试的准备，根据历年考题，进行模拟练习，找到自己的薄弱环节，进行针对性的复习。
总之，在进行美国文学的复习时，我们需要深入了解相关内容，同时养成良好的阅读习惯和思考习惯，不断加强对美国文学的理解和掌握，从而有效提高自己的成绩。
美国文学复习
一、殖民地时期1607-17651607年，captain john smith 带领第一批移民在北美大陆建立第一个英国殖民地--詹姆斯敦。
1765年，殖民地人民奋起抗议英国政府颁布的印花税。
文学特点：宗教色彩，讲经布道向欧洲读者或亲友介绍新大陆的小册子和游记书信著名作家：Captain john smith,Anne Bradstreet, 以夫妻恩爱家庭美满为题材Edward Taylor，清教徒，牧师，讲道二、启蒙时期&独立战争时期1765-18世纪1730s，爱德华兹（Johnathan Edwards）为首的清教徒掀起“大觉醒”运动，企图恢复清教主义的统治，失败。
启蒙运动代表人物Benjamin Franklin(文学家科学家政治家):《格言历书》poor richard's almanac,通过格言警句宣传创业持家，待人处事的道德原则和勤奋致富的生活道路《自传》Autobiography，开创了美国名人写传记的风气独立战争时期文学以理性的散文为主，主要是各派政治力量对于革命的必要性、革命的前途与方向、政府的形式与性质等重大问题展开讨论时产生的杂文、政论文和演讲词，即便诗歌也以政治为内容。
代表作家：潘恩Thomas paine 的《常识》commom senseThomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence汉密尔顿、麦迪逊、杰伊合写的《论联邦》The Federalist Papers威廉-希尔-布朗william hill brawn,第一部美国小说《同情的力量》三、浪漫主义时期1800-1865作家们强调文学的想象力和感情色彩，反对古典主义的形式与观点，歌颂大自然，崇尚个人和普通人的思想感情，并且寻根问祖，发幽古之思情。
素材完全取自美国现实，如西部开发和拓荒经历。
他们赞美美国山水，讴歌美国生活，反映美国人民的乐观与热情。
从杰斐逊1829 上台到南北战争(1860-1865),浪漫主义文学的全盛时期，美国文学史上“第一次大繁荣”。
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2015年秋季学期美国文学复习
一、主要作家及作品
富兰克林：《自传》The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 《穷查理年鉴》Poor Richard's Almanac （proverbs）
Anne Bradford: The Tenth Muse
弗瑞诺：Philip Freneau “Poet of American Revolution”
欧文：《睡谷传说》The Legend of the Sleepy Hollow 《瑞·普凡·温克尔》Rip Van Winkle 《见闻札记》The Sketch Book
爱默生：Transcendental Club 《论自然》（Bible of New England Transcendentalism）梭罗：《瓦尔登湖》Walden
James Fennimore Cooper：皮袜子故事集The Leather-Stocking Tales
霍桑：《红字》The Scarlet Letter （故事内容、A的象征意义）
梅尔维尔：《白鲸》（莫比·迪克）Moby Dick （叙述者百科全书）
爱伦·坡：《致海伦》To Helen 《乌鸦》The Raven 作品的特点
惠特曼：《草叶集》Leaves of Grass“Song of Myself”
迪金森：（浪漫主义时期的女诗人）
杰克·伦敦：《野性的呼唤》The Call of the Wild
豪威尔斯：The Rise of Silas Lapham
亨利·詹姆斯：《一位女士的画像》The Portrait of A Lady《黛西·米勒》Daisy Miller（admirer of European manners）
马克·吐温（乡土文学）：《镀金时代》The Gilded Age Huckleberry Finn （masterpiece）
德莱塞：《嘉莉妹妹》Sister Carrie （故事内容）
庞德：《诗章》The Cantos （对中国的文学感兴趣）
菲茨杰拉尔德（爵士时代）：《了不起的盖茨比》The Great Gatesby
海明威：《老人与海》The Old Man and the Sea
二、名词解释
美国梦、超验主义、乡土文学、意象主义、自然主义、现实主义、海明威式英雄
三、诗歌赏析
1.《自我之歌》Song of Myself Walt Whitman
2.《因为我不能停下来等待死神》Because I could not stop for Death- Emily Dickinson
3.《雪夜林中小驻》Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening Robert Lee Frost
4.《未选择的路》The Road Not Taken Robert Lee Frost
四、简答论述
1. 《白鲸》中象征主义的运用
2．马克·吐温和亨利·詹姆斯的现实主义的比较
3. 自然主义的特点
4. 评价盖茨比
5. 海明威式英雄的特点。