医学论文英文摘要翻译——实例讲解(1)
《医学英文摘要写作》详解
《医学英文摘要写作》详解医学英文摘要写作How to write a medical English abstract第一章概述一、摘要的定义、用途、和长度二、摘要的内容三、摘要的类型四、摘要的写作格式五、摘要写作的注意事项What is an abstract?An abstract is a brief summary of the most important points in a scientific paper.摘要是作者研究过程、研究目的、研究方法和研究结果的简要陈述和概括。
Purposes for AbstractsAbstracts typically serve five main goals:Help readers decide if they should read an entire article Help readers and researchers remember key findings on a topic Help readers understand a text by acting as a pre-reading outline of key pointsIndex articles for quick recovery and cross-referencing Allow supervisors to review technical work without becoming bogged down in details二、摘要的内容Contents1. Title2. Name of the author3. Unit of the author/address4. Text of the abstract5. Keywords1）目的2）方法3）结果4）结果的分析、比较、评价以及应用，提出的问题以及建议5）其他三、摘要的类型1. descriptive abstract ——描述性摘要2. informative abstract——资料性摘要3. descriptive-informative abstract——描述-资料性摘要1. Non-structured abstract （非结构式摘要）2. Structured abstract （结构式摘要）full-structuredsemi-structured1.描述性摘要Descriptive Abstract/ Indicative AbstractThe descriptive abstracts tell what topics are taken up in the paper. They contain indicative information on purpose, scope, or methodology in the original documents, but mention little or nothing about details of results, conclusions or recommendations. The advantages of a descriptive abstract are that it is easy to write and is usually short; a serious disadvantage is that it contains little information.一般只用两三句话概括论文或报道的主题，而不涉及具体的数据和结论，通常用于综述、会议报告等。
医学论文摘要范文英语
英文翻译毕业论文摘要急求毕业论文摘要的英文翻译,希望大家可以帮Keywords: internal control, monetary capital, procurement and payment。
Sales and payment collection, costs, Internal audit 内部控制是micro-management的意思吗？internal control有点拗口，建议用internal management。
毕业论文,摘要的英文翻译从李镇西充满自由精神、平等精神和创新精神的语文课堂看，李镇西的语文课堂教学实践充分体现了其独具特色的语文民主教育思想。
Given the Chinese language lectures conducted by Li Zhenxi are fully inspired by the spirit of liberty, equality and creativity, it is evident that Li Zhenxis ideology of Chinese democratic education has been put into full practice during class in a very unique way.。
同学毕业论文求英文摘要翻译谢过摘要：随着中国改革开放后飞速的毕业论文么？不过是很麻烦滴，不过一般不会不过。
Althoughtheyhaveownadvantages,thesituationoftraditionalmedicineisnotbrightandmaybeworse。
However,hardlycanadvantageofthisChinesetraditionalmedicinebereplacedactually,itisalsotheher itageofspiritualculture。
医学护理论文英文摘要（本站推荐）
医学护理论文英文摘要（本站推荐）第一篇：医学护理论文英文摘要（本站推荐）The application of nursing safety management in rooming-inFengliPeople's Hospital of Obstetrics and GynecologyGuangchang County Jiangxi province 344900Abstract：purpose Objective to avoid the ridden risks of rooming-in safety nursing effectively, reduce rooming-in nursing defects and ensure safety.method Strengthening nursing safety management in the application of rooming-in.Strengthening nursing safety education and training.Firmly establish consciousness of nursing security.Strengthen the rooming-in ward safety facilities.Improve the implementation of the system.Identify and evaluate the potential safety hazard in rooming-in clinical nursing work and timely put forward corresponding improvement measures to ensure the safety of nursing care.Through regular nursing safety inspection, timely detect problems and timely rectify and reform to avoid the potential safety hazard of rooming-in safety nursing, ensure safety.result By strengthening the safety education and training for nursing staff to firmly establish consciousness of nursing security, strengthen the rooming-in ward security settings, perfect and implement each system and promptly recognize the potential safety hazard of rooming-in.Then put forward the corresponding preventive measures to make the incidence of nursing errors significantly reduced.In 2 years, there are no serious mistakes and nursing disputes.General error by 8 in 2009 dropped to 2 in 2011.Hospital maternal and their families are satisfied, the inpatient satisfaction rate is more than98%.conclusion Nursing safety management application to rooming in ward can effectively reduce the rooming-in ward nursing defects, ensure the rooming-in ward nursing quality.Key words：Nursing safety management；direct rooming-in；application第二篇：英文论文摘要大规模灾害下应急物流运作的动态救灾需求管理（2010年）摘要：本文提出了一种在大规模自然灾害中，不完全信息条件下应急物流运作的动态救援需求管理模式。
有关医学的英语作文带翻译
Medicine is a field that has always fascinated me. It is a science that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, alleviation, or treatment of human diseases. The medical profession is one of the most respected and revered professions in society. It is a calling that requires a great deal of dedication, compassion, and knowledge.Doctors are the frontline warriors in the battle against disease. They are responsible for the health and wellbeing of their patients. They must be knowledgeable about the latest medical advancements and must be able to apply this knowledge in a practical and effective manner. They must also possess excellent communication skills to interact with their patients and their families.In addition to treating diseases, doctors also play a crucial role in promoting health and preventing illness. They educate their patients about healthy lifestyles, the importance of regular checkups, and the benefits of a balanced diet and exercise. They also advocate for public health policies that can improve the overall health of the community.However, the field of medicine is not without its challenges. Doctors often work long hours and are under immense pressure to provide the best possible care for their patients. They must also deal with the emotional toll of witnessing suffering and sometimes, the loss of life.Despite these challenges, the rewards of a career in medicine are immense. The ability to make a difference in peoples lives, to alleviate suffering, and to contribute to the advancement of medical science is incredibly fulfilling. It is a profession that offers a unique blend of intellectual stimulation, personal fulfillment, and the opportunity to serve humanity.In conclusion, medicine is a noble and essential profession. It requires a combination of knowledge, skill, and compassion. For those who are passionate about helping others and making a difference, a career in medicine can be incredibly rewarding.翻译：医学是一个一直让我着迷的领域。
中药学英文摘要范文
中药学英文摘要范文英文回答：Title: The Role of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in Modern Healthcare: A Comprehensive Review.Abstract:Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has gained increasing recognition in modern healthcare systems due to its unique approach to diagnosing and treating various illnesses. This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of TCM, exploring its historical background, fundamental principles, and clinical applications.Historical Background:TCM has a rich history dating back thousands of years, originating in ancient China. Its roots can be traced to early Taoist beliefs and empirical observations of nature.Over time, TCM evolved into a complex system of medicinethat encompasses multiple modalities, including acupuncture, herbal remedies, massage, and dietary therapy.Fundamental Principles:TCM is based on the fundamental belief that the human body is an integrated system in constant interaction withits environment. Illness is viewed as a disharmony or imbalance within this system, which can be caused by a variety of factors, such as environmental toxins, emotional stress, or dietary imbalances. TCM practitioners aim to restore balance and harmony by using various techniquesthat stimulate the body's natural healing processes.Clinical Applications:TCM is widely used to treat a wide range of conditions, including:Musculoskeletal disorders (e.g., pain, stiffness, arthritis)。
[医学英语文章带翻译]医学类英语文章
![[医学英语文章带翻译]医学类英语文章](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/a27f7987caaedd3382c4d3da.png)
[医学英语文章带翻译]医学类英语文章医学英语文章带翻译医学英语文章带翻译医学英语文章带翻译 1 椎间盘突出Unit 2 Text A Herniated Disc (Disc Herniation of the Spine) 第二单元主题 A 椎间盘突出症Many patients with back pain, leg pain, or weakness of the lower extremity muscles arediagnosed with a herniated disc. 许多患腰腿疼痛，下肢肌端乏力的病患均为椎间盘突出症。
When a disc herniation occurs, the cushion that sits between the spinal vertebra is pushedoutside its normal position. 椎间盘突出发生时，脊柱间的缓冲带将发生侧突。
A hrniated disc would not be a problem if it weren“t for the spinal nerves that are very close tothe edge of these spinal discs. 如果脊神经不是离椎间盘特别近的话，椎间盘突出就不是什么大问题了。
HOW ARE THE SPINE AND ITS DISCS *****D 脊柱与椎间盘The vertebras are the bony building blocks of the spine. 脊椎是建造脊柱的构件。
Between each of the largest parts (bodies) of the vertebrae are the discs. 各椎骨之间为椎间盘。
Ligaments are situated around the spine and discs. 脊椎和椎间盘周围散布着韧带。
论文写作中的英文摘要范例
论文写作中的英文摘要范例英文摘要(Abstract)是论文写作中必不可少的一部分，其作用是概括出论文的主要内容和结论，帮助读者迅速了解论文的核心观点。
本文将提供一篇关于论文写作中英文摘要的范例，以供参考。
AbstractWith the increasing globalization of academic research, it has become essential for scholars to effectively communicate their work to a wider audience. One crucial element in this process is the abstract, which summarizes the main points and findings of a research paper. In this article, we will provide an example of an English abstract for a research paper, demonstrating key elements and tips for writing an effective abstract.IntroductionThe abstract serves as a brief overview of a research paper, allowing readers to quickly grasp the purpose, methodology, and outcomes of the study. It should be concise yet informative, providing enough information to engage the reader while remaining within a specified word limit.Main BodyI. Purpose and BackgroundThe first element of an abstract is a clear statement of the research paper's purpose and its background. It should outline the rationale for the study, highlighting any research gaps or unanswered questions in the field. For example:This research aims to investigate the effects of climate change on coastal ecosystems, with a focus on marine biodiversity and coral reef health. Given the increasing threats to these ecosystems, understanding the potential impacts of climate change is crucial for effective conservation strategies.II. MethodologyThe abstract should briefly describe the methodology employed in the research. This can include the study design, data collection methods, and analytical approaches. However, detailed technical information should be avoided. For example:A combination of field surveys, laboratory experiments, and statistical analyses were conducted to assess the long-term effects of temperature increase and ocean acidification on coral reefs. Data on species diversity, abundance, and health were collected from various reefs in the Caribbean region.III. ResultsThe abstract should highlight the key findings of the research. It should summarize the outcomes and conclusions derived from the data analysis. However, specific data or numerical results should be avoided, focusing instead on general trends and significant discoveries. For example:Our study revealed a significant decline in coral species diversity and overall health in response to increased water temperatures and ocean acidification. Furthermore, we found a decrease in the abundance of commercially important fish species, indicating potential impacts on local communities dependent on coral reef resources.IV. Implications and ConclusionThe abstract should conclude with a discussion of the broader implications of the research and its significance. It should provide a concise statement summarizing the main contributions of the study to the field and any recommendations for future research or policy implications. For example:These findings highlight the urgent need for immediate actions to mitigate the effects of climate change on coastal ecosystems. Implementing measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and establishing marine protected areas can help safeguard marine biodiversity and protect the livelihoods of communities dependent on coral reef resources.ConclusionIn conclusion, writing an effective English abstract is crucial for communicating the key points and contributions of a research paper. By providing a clear purpose, concise methodology, major findings, and broader implications, the abstract serves as a concise summary of the research work, enticing readers to delve deeper into the full paper. By following the guidelines and structure provided in this example abstract, researchers can enhance their chances of effectively conveying their research to a global audience.。
医学英文作文翻译
医学英文作文翻译英文：As a medical professional, I believe that effective communication with patients is crucial for providingquality care. It is important to not only explain medical conditions and treatment options in a clear and concise manner, but also to actively listen to patients' concerns and questions.One way to improve communication with patients is to use plain language. Medical jargon can be confusing and intimidating for patients, so it is important to use language that is easily understood. For example, instead of using the term "hypertension," I might say "high blood pressure."Another important aspect of communication is nonverbal cues. As a physician, I try to maintain good eye contact with my patients and use body language to convey empathyand understanding. This helps to build trust and rapportwith patients, which is essential for effective communication.Finally, I believe that active listening is key to effective communication. This means giving patients my full attention, asking open-ended questions, and acknowledging their concerns. By doing so, I can better understand their needs and provide tailored care.中文：作为一名医疗专业人士，我认为与患者有效沟通对于提供优质护理至关重要。
医学论文英文摘要的翻译原则与实例分析
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医学类作文英文议论文
医学类作文英文议论文英文：As a medical student, I believe that the use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) should be integratedinto modern medical practices. TCM has been used in Chinafor thousands of years and has proven to be effective in treating a wide range of illnesses and conditions. In fact, many TCM practices, such as acupuncture and herbal medicine, have gained popularity in Western countries in recent years.One of the main benefits of integrating TCM into modern medicine is the potential for providing more holistic and personalized care to patients. TCM focuses on treating the root cause of an illness rather than just the symptoms, and it takes into account the patient's overall well-being, including their mental, emotional, and spiritual health. This approach aligns with the growing trend in modern medicine towards personalized and patient-centered care.Furthermore, TCM offers alternative treatment options for patients who may not respond well to conventional Western medicine. For example, acupuncture has been shown to be effective in managing chronic pain, and herbal remedies have been used to alleviate symptoms of conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome and menopausal symptoms.In addition, by integrating TCM into modern medical practices, we can also benefit from the wealth of knowledge and experience that TCM practitioners have accumulated over thousands of years. TCM encompasses a wide range of practices, including acupuncture, herbal medicine, massage, and dietary therapy, and each of these practices has its own unique set of principles and techniques that can complement and enhance modern medical treatments.Overall, I believe that integrating TCM into modern medical practices can lead to better patient outcomes and a more comprehensive approach to healthcare. By embracing the strengths of both TCM and modern medicine, we can provide patients with a wider range of treatment options and ultimately improve the quality of care that we deliver.中文：作为一名医学生，我相信传统中医药应该被整合到现代医学实践中。
医学博士英语摘要写作范文
英语摘要可以分成三个部分，一是引言段，引出问题；二是正文段，概述问题并加以讨论；三是结论段，用专家的建议作为结尾。
总之，摘要写作时切忌“见木不见林”，要体现出层次感，结构要明快，不要拘泥于细节，这样可以向阅卷老师表明你的逻辑性强，抓住了要点。
A Blind Zone in Childr-Nutrition（97 FATMD）This article reveals a mistaken idea in child-raising which deserves correcting. Most parents take it for granted that children should eat more animal foods such as chicken, meat and fish than grain food because the former are far more expensive and the more expensive the food is the more nutritious it is. However, this is, in fact, a mistaken idea which has lead to malnutrition among many city kids. This is indicated in a survey recently made in Shanghai.What parents don’t know is that carbohydrate in grains, starch and sugar, the main and most inexpensive nutrient for energy supply, is of equal importance in metabolism. The energy it supplies is the main source of calories in human bodies, about 60% of the total amount of calories. If there is a lack of calories provided by carbohydrate, protein and fat will be used up to provide the heat and thus can’t play their original roles in the body. Consequently, it results in a retarded development in the children and even malnutrition.Apparently, the solution to the problem is to provide kids with a well-balanced food containing protein, carbohydrate and many other nutrients, none of which can be done without.Writing Drill 4（98 FATMD）In the past several years, many Chinese college students have come to accept psychological consultation(PC) they used to reject. In 1994, many students didn’t care to think about the consultation while in 1996, over 90% of 2132 students in a survey answered the related questionnaires carefully. PC is now gradually accepted by college students in China.Surveys indicate that 70-80% college students have psychological problems and 20.3% have such obstacles. There have been reports on many severe cases resulting from misunderstanding and lack of PC. In view of this, many universities in Nanjing have set up psychological healthcare service for students. Many students have corrected their misunderstanding about PC and bravely asked the consultants for help, which has greatly helped them overcome their mental obstacles.Even some military cadets have begun to consult experts for advice. Experts point out that prompt consultation can prevent mental problems from developing into obstacles, mental illnesses and even suicide.University psychological consultation, young as it is, has made remarkable progress and grown into a unique course in universities. Though it contributed to students’ healthy growth, it still has a long way to go to be fully understood and appreciated by both students and faculties.Writing Drill 5 老年健康饮食为先Aging usually brings about recession in many bodily functions such indigestion, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and other metabolic dysfunctions. However, scientists find that these hypo functions are actually caused by irrational diets or eating habits. This article discusses this problem and the solution to it.First, balanced diet with more vegetables than animal food is especially good for the old people. Second, less staple food and less salt in food should be suggested for the aged because over consumption of these two can lead to cardiovascular diseases. Third, more bean food can replace proteins such as eggs and fat as sources of protein. Fourth, light food should be taken in instead of fat and oily foods which usually contribute to cardiovascular diseases. Fifth, doctors always advise people eat more fruit to regulate their digestion, metabolism and cardiovascular balance.In a word, a balanced diet, more vegetable food instead of fat food are of the first significance to the health of the aged and a long life.Writing Drill 6Recently, more attention has been paid to a behavioral prescription for various and physical diseases. It includes laughter, sports, dancing and even crying. These methods have different functions.Laughter activates over 80 muscles. In laughing, smooth muscles in organs contract and help improve digestion. Crying can give vent to harmful chemicals in the body accumulated by stress. Sports and dancing can relieve chronic illness such as bronchitis, back pain, diabetes, etc. that medication alone can’t do.Many diseases of today are caused by bad mental conditions, work and stress, family problems, etc. Medication doesn’t usually effect in these cases because it doesn’t treat the cause of the ailments. Behavioral prescription, with its physical and mental massage like sports and dancing, can help patients stay off the cause of their diseases. Therefore, it is advocated by many doctors and health experts.It is expected that behavioral prescription will applied more widely as an effective therapy in the near future.fWriting Drill 7 Smoking and HealthIt is not until recently that smoking has been firmly proved to be hazardous to health. It irritates the throat and respiratory passages. It sometimes leads to poor appetite, nausea, short breath, and irregular heartbeat. More importantly, smoking is associated with chronic and fatal diseases of respiratory tract. Evidence shows that smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to develop cancer of the lungs, throat, tongue, and jaw, emphysema and bronchitis as well. As a result, many nations have made enormous efforts to warn people of the dangers of smoking.While smoking, particles of tobacco tar and smoke slow down the work of cilia. The tar collected in the lungs can cause cancer. Moreover, nicotine in tobacco can be simulating by affecting various centers on the medulla oblongata region of the brain. It can affect other physiological process that in turn affect the respiratory center in the brain. It can also influence other centers that slow down the action of the heart, constrict the arteries, and cause vomiting.In brief, smoking does nothing but harm to people’s health. Therefore, smokers of any age or kind should try to give it up.这篇短文的主旨是说明吸烟对健康危害及造成危害的原因，通读全文，根据其要点可以分为四个部分：1）吸烟有害；2）吸烟有哪些具体的害处；3）为什么吸烟会有害，亦即其致害机理是什么；4）总结：吸烟有害要戒烟。
医学论文摘要翻译 (简)
• 例如: 为了防止出现新的症状, 请立即与 医生联系找医生。 • Contact your physician immediately in case of any new symptoms.
• 例: The objective of the study was to obtain the gene of human Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase used in gene therapy for Parkinson’ s disease.
compare to: The objective of the study was to obtain the gene of human Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase which is used in gene therapy for Parkinson’ s disease.
Translation of Abstracts
1. Voice
2. Tense
3. Faithfulness
4. Conciseness
5. Consistency
4. Conciseness
• 1. 选词力求简单，正确，正式，规范使用 术语。
• 2. 句式尽量采用- ing 分词和- ed 分词作 定语,少用关系代词which , who 等引导的 定语从句,既能简化语句,又能减少时态判 定的失误。
3) 正确选词 “病灶” ill kitchen arrange × perifocal “膏药” “阿胶” medical cream × dog – skin plaster donkey-skin glue× ass-skin glue
“清凉油” essential balm
医学论文英语摘要的写作及难句翻译
医学论文英语摘要的写作及难句翻译【摘要】Medical research papers are an essential part of the academic world, and writing abstracts in English can be a challenging task for many researchers. This article covers the key points to consider when writing a medical research paper abstract, including the necessary structural elements and tips for translating complex sentences. Common translation techniques for complex sentences are also discussed, along with case studies to illustrate these techniques. The importance of writing a clear and concise medical research paper abstract is emphasized in the conclusion, along with suggestions for improving translation skills and future research directions. This article serves as a guide for researchers looking to enhance their abstract writing and translation abilities in the field of medicine.【关键词】医学论文英语摘要、写作、注意事项、结构要素、翻译、难句、技巧、案例分析、重要性、提高、建议、未来研究方向1. 引言1.1 医学论文英语摘要的写作及难句翻译Introduction:Writing an abstract for a medical paper in English can be a challenging task for many researchers and authors. This is because the abstract plays a crucial role in communicating the key findings and implications of a study to a wide audience, including scientists, clinicians, and policymakers. In addition, translating complex medical concepts and technical terms into English can sometimes pose difficulties, especially for non-native English speakers. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to both the content and language of the abstract to ensure that it effectively conveys the significance of the research.2. 正文2.1 写作医学论文英语摘要的注意事项Another important aspect to consider is the language and writing style of the abstract. It should be clear, concise, and free of jargon or technical terms that may be difficult for non-experts to understand. The abstract should also be written in a formal tone and follow the appropriate format and structure for a scientific paper.2.2 医学论文英语摘要的结构要素The structure of a medical paper abstract is crucial in conveying the key points of the research effectively. Awell-structured abstract should typically include the following elements:2.3 如何翻译医学论文英语摘要中的难句When translating difficult sentences in medical paper abstracts, it is important to first understand the meaning of the original sentence. Here are some tips on how to effectively translate complex sentences in medical paper abstracts:2.4 常见难句翻译技巧Common Techniques for Translating Difficult Sentences in Medical Research Paper AbstractsTranslating medical research paper abstracts can be challenging, especially when dealing with complex or technical language. Here are some common techniques to help you tackle difficult sentences in a medical context:2.5 案例分析Case Study:In order to better illustrate the process of translating difficult sentences in medical research abstracts, we will analyze a specificexample taken from a recent study on the efficacy of a new drug for treating cardiovascular disease.Translation: 该研究进行了一项随机临床试验，评估了这种药物对重症冠状动脉疾病患者群体的影响，采用了双盲方法和安慰剂对照设计。
医学考博作文摘要模板
医学考博作文摘要模板英文回答：Abstract.This study aims to investigate the impact of healthcare interventions on patient outcomes and healthcare costs. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify relevant studies. The findings suggest that healthcare interventions can significantly improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs. However, the effectiveness of these interventions varies depending on the population, intervention type, and setting. Future research is needed to identify the most effective healthcare interventions for different patient populations and to develop strategies to scale up these interventions to improve population health outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.中文回答：摘要。
本研究旨在调查医疗保健干预措施对患者预后和医疗保健成本的影响。
进行了一项文献系统评价以识别相关研究成果。
研究结果表明，医疗保健干预措施可以显著改善患者预后，降低医疗保健成本。
然而，这些干预措施的有效性会因人群、干预类型和环境的不同而异。
医学类英文摘要模板
I (introduction/background) M (method) R (results) A D (discussion/conclusion) Objective:1. To evaluate(评价) the utility(效用) of 方法with ... in the assessment(效果) of 疾病2. To study the diagnostic(诊断) value of ... for ...3. To assess, compare, determine, perform, develop, demonstrate, investigate, ascertain, design, establish4. The aim/purpose/goals/objective of this study/research was (to)...Background and what you have done1. This study was designed to ...2. We hypothesized that ...3. We compared/investigated ...4. The relationship between ... is not clear. This study was ...5. Although several early trials(尝试) indicate(表明) treatment of ... is ..., ... Has been questioned. The objective of this report is to ...Materials and methods1. N patients with ... Were included.2. ... Was performed in N patients with ...3. Quantitative/qualitative analyses were performed by ...4. Patients were followed clinically for ... months/years.5. We examined the effects of ...Results1. The clinical manifestations(显示) of the main kinds of ... were ...,2. Not significantly different(显著性差异)3. (but) there were certain characteristic features(有某些独特特征)4. Obviously smaller than ...5. Showed a better, positive linear correlation(积极的线性相关)6. 阳性数were abnormal in the 总数with 研究内容7. The masculine(阳性) rate was ...%Conclusion1. Improvement(改善) in ... compared with ..., suggesting ...2. A satisfactory result can be achieved to ...3. The proposed(上述) ... Might be useful for ... in the future.4. The study data demonstrate(证明) ...5. In conjunction with ..., ... should be considered for ...。
医学英语作文及翻译
医学英语作文及翻译Title: The Role of Stem Cell Therapy in Modern Medicine。
Stem cell therapy, a revolutionary approach in modern medicine, holds immense promise for treating a myriad of diseases and injuries. Stem cells possess the remarkable ability to differentiate into various cell types, making them a potent tool for regenerative medicine. In this essay, we will explore the applications, challenges, and future prospects of stem cell therapy in healthcare.Firstly, let us delve into the diverse applications of stem cell therapy. One of the most notable uses is in the treatment of degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and multiple sclerosis. By replacing damagedor dysfunctional cells with healthy ones derived from stem cells, researchers aim to restore function and alleviate symptoms in affected individuals. Moreover, stem cell therapy shows great potential in repairing damaged tissues and organs, offering hope to patients with conditionsranging from heart disease to spinal cord injuries.However, despite its promises, stem cell therapy faces several challenges. Ethical concerns surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells have sparked debates worldwide. Additionally, ensuring the safety and efficacy of stemcell-based treatments remains a significant hurdle. Therisk of tumorigenesis and immune rejection necessitates rigorous testing and careful patient selection to minimize adverse effects. Furthermore, the high cost of treatment and limited accessibility pose barriers to widespread adoption, particularly in developing countries.Despite these challenges, the future of stem cell therapy appears promising. Advances in technology, such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), offer a viable alternative to embryonic stem cells, circumventing ethical dilemmas while retaining therapeutic potential. Moreover, ongoing research endeavors aim to enhance the efficiency and safety of stem cell-based treatments through genetic engineering and innovative delivery methods. As our understanding of stem cell biology continues to deepen, wecan expect further breakthroughs in regenerative medicine.In conclusion, stem cell therapy represents a paradigm shift in healthcare, offering hope for millions of individuals suffering from debilitating diseases and injuries. While challenges persist, ongoing research and technological advancements hold the key to unlocking the full potential of this groundbreaking approach. By addressing ethical concerns, improving safety measures, and enhancing accessibility, we can harness the power of stem cells to usher in a new era of healing and regeneration in medicine.(Translated into Chinese):标题，干细胞治疗在现代医学中的作用。
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Promotion of rapid testing for HIV in primary care (RHIVA2): a cluster-randomised群组随机的 controlled trial
初诊治疗中快速检测HIV的推广(艾滋病协会康复分会试验 之二): 一个群组随机对照试验 primary care (由医护人员提供的)最初保健护理(其后病人可转到专 科就诊);初诊治疗;初级治疗;初级医疗保健.
Methods
In this cluster randomised controlled trial in Hackney (London, UK), general practices were randomly assigned (1:1) to offer either opt-out rapid HIV testing to newly registering adults or continue usual care. All practices were invited to take part. Practices were randomised by an independent clinical trials unit statistician with a minimisation program最小化程序, maintaining allocation concealment隐秘性. 在哈克尼（英国伦敦）进行的群组随机对照试验中，全科医生被 〔1 随机分配（1：1），一组对新注册的成年病人进行opt-out 〕 HIV快速检测 / 常规HIV快速检测 ；另一组则继续常规护理。
CD4细胞计数低于200个/ μL的患者在干预组中和对照组中分 别为28％及46％（0.60，0.32〜1.13）（增译法） 所有快速检测诊断出的患者均顺利转入专科治疗。无不良事 件发生。
Interpretation Promotion of opt-out rapid testing in general practice led to increased rate of diagnosis, and might increase early detection of HIV. We therefore recommend implementation 实施 of HIV screening筛查 in general practices in areas with high HIV prevalence. 在全科诊疗中推广常规HIV快速检测不仅增加诊断率，还可促 使HIV的早期发现。 因此，我们建议在HIV高流行地区的全科诊疗中实施HIV筛查。
HIV: human immunodeficiency virus
AIDS: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome opt-out rapid HIV testing：...尽管新检测咨询策略仍
强调知情同意和自愿检测，但采取“知情不拒绝(opt．
out)”。即将检测作为一种常规服务，如果就诊者不提
Rate of HIV diagnosis was 0· 30 (95% CI 0· 11 to 0· 85) per 10000 patients per year in intervention practices versus 0· 07 (0· 02 to 0· 20) in control practices (adjusted ratio of geometric means几何平均数 4· 51, 95% CI 1· 27 to 16· 05; p=0· 021). 55% of patients in intervention practices versus 73% in control practices had CD4 count less than 350 cells per μL (risk ratio 0· 75, 95% CI 0· 53 to 1· 07). 干预组每年每10000名患者的HIV诊断率为0.30（95％Cl 0.11 至0.85）,对照组为0.07（0.02至0.20）（几何平均数调整率为 4.51，95％Cl 1.27〜16.05，P=0.021）。 CD4细胞计数低于350个/ μL的患者在干预组中和对照组中分 别为55％及73％（风险率为0· 75，95％Cl 0.53〜1.07）。 （句型转译）
Mean CD4 count at diagnosis was 356 cells per μL (SD 254)in intervention practices versus 270 (SD 257) in control practices (adjusted difference of square root平方根差 CD4 count 3·1, 95% CI −1·2 to 7·4; p=0·16); in a pre-planned预设 sensitivity敏感性 analysis excluding patients diagnosed via antenatal产前的 care, the difference was 6· 4 (95% CI, 1· 2 to 11· 6; p=0· 017). 干预组诊断时CD4细胞平均计数为356个/μL（SD 254），对照 组为270个/μL（SD 257）（CD4计数调整平方根差3.1，95％Cl -1.2-7.4,;P =0.16）; 在排除产前检查确诊患者的预设敏感性分析中，其差为6.4（95 ％Cl，1.2-11.6，P=0.017）。
Patients and inves assigned treatments. 该研究注册于, 注册号： ISRCTN63473710。 患者和研究人员设盲治疗分配。
Findings 40 of 45 (89%) general practices agreed to participate: 20 were assigned to the intervention group (44 971 newly registered adult patients) and 20 to the control group (38 464 newly registered adult patients), between April 19, 2010, and Aug 31, 2012. Intervention practices diagnosed 32 people with HIV versus 14 in control practices. 45个全科医生中有40人（89％）同意参加：20个被分配到干预 组（44971新注册成人患者），20个被分配到对照组（38464新 注册成人患者），时间从2010年4月19日到2012年8月31日。 干预组和对照组医生确诊的HIV感染者分别为32人与14人。 （转译法---句型转译）
RHIVA 2： the RHIVA 2 trial （ findings from the RHIVA 2 trial）
Summary 摘要
Background
Many people with HIV are undiagnosed. Early diagnosis saves lives and reduces onward transmission. We assessed whether an education programme promoting rapid HIV testing in general practice would lead to increased and earlier HIV diagnosis. 许多 HIV(艾滋病病毒)携带者未被诊断出来。早期诊断可 我们在全科诊疗中推广 HIV快速检测，并评估该教育计 以挽救生命并减少传染进一步扩散。 划是否能促使HIV诊断率的提高及早期诊断。（拆句法） 我们评估在全科诊疗中推广 HIV快速检测的教育计划是 否能促使HIV诊断率的提高及早期诊断。
28% versus 46% had CD4 count less than 200 cells per μL (0·60, 0·32 to 1·13). All patients diagnosed by rapid testing were successfully transferred into转入 specialist care. No adverse events occurred.
Funding UK Department of Health, NHS City and Hackney
英国卫生部 国民卫生服务体系 受托基金机构City & Hackney （增译法）
National Health Service trusts include NHS City & Hackney, NHS South West Essex, NHS Wigan, NHS Oxfordshire. /wiki/Event_Marketing_Solu tions
所有全科医生都受邀参加，并由一个独立的临床试验单位的统 计员进行最小化随机分配，以确保分配的隐秘性。 注解：1 . 该测试采取“知情不拒绝(opt．out)”原则。即将检测 作为一种常规服务，如果就诊者不提出拒绝，就进行HIV检测。
Neither patients nor investigators were masked遮盖，掩 饰 to treatment allocation. The primary outcome was CD4 count at diagnosis. Secondary outcomes were rate of diagnosis, proportion with CD4 count less than 350 cells per μL, and proportion with CD4 count less than 200 cells per μL微升. This study is registered , number ISRCTN63473710. 患者和研究人员均未设盲治疗分配。 主要终点为诊断时CD4细胞计数；次要终点为诊断率, CD4细胞计 数比例低于350个/μL.，及CD4细胞计数比例低于200个/μL 。