英语语言学第二章

Consonants
English consonant can be classified according
to the manner of articulation and the place of articulation.
type of stricture involved in the production of a consonant (the particular way the airstream is obstructed). involvement of the articulators in the production of a particular consonant (where the airstream is most obstructed).
Pharynx /‘færɪŋks/
咽腔
Oral cavity
/‘kævɪtɪ/ 口腔
Nasal cavity 鼻腔
Speech organs
The organs inside the oral cavity
the upper part of the mouth: the upper lip
Regressive assimilation （逆同化） and Progressive Regressive assimilation
e.g. Im+possible In+tolerant bilabial +bilabial sound alveolar +alveolar sound
held highest.
Front vowels: /i:/, /ɪ/, /e/（/ɛ/）, /æ/
(/ɑ/)
Central vowels: /ɜː/ (ə:), /ə/, /ʌ/
Back vowels: /u:/, /u/, /ɔː/, /ɔ/,
/ ɑ ː/
The shape of the lips
The low teeth
The tongue /tʌŋ/
舌头
The organs inside the oral cavity The tongue: The tip
The blade
The front
The back
The root
Speech organs
Assimilation （同化）：the way that sounds belonging to one
word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds belongs to neighboring words or syllables. assimilation （顺同化）
Biblioteka Baidu
Acoustic Phonetics (声学语音学) is the study of
the physical properties of speech sounds.
Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics （听觉语音学）
is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
Palatals （上颚音）:
/j/, /∫/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/, /t∫/
Velars （软腭音）: /k/, /g/, /ŋ/ Glottal （声门音，喉音）: /h/
English vowels
According to which part of the tongue is
Tenth
Progressive assimilation
e.g. Cats Dogs
Phonology （音系学/音位学）
Position of the vocal folds: voicing/voiced 浊音
When the vocal cords are drawn together, the airstream forces its way through and causes them to vibrate.
Diphthongs: a sequence of two sounds
produced from one vowel position to another
/eɪ//əu/ /aɪ/ /au/ /ɔɪ/ /ɪə/ /eə/
/uə/
Variations of sounds
Liaison （连音）
Rounded vowels: /u:/, /u/, /ɔ:/, /ɔ/ Unrounded vowels: /i:/, /ɪ/, /e/
(/ɛ/), /æ/ (/ɑ/), /ɜː/, /ə/, /ʌ/, /ɑː/
The width of the Mouth
Open vowels: /æ/ (/ɑ/), /ɔ/, /ɑ:/ Close vowels: /i:/, /ɪ/, /u:/, /u/ Semi-open vowels: /e/ (/ɛ/), /ɜː/,
Inside the throat The upper part: Pharynx The lower part: larynx
Position of the vocal folds: voiceless 清音
When the vocal cords are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiceless.
Broad transcription Narrow transcription
宽式音标 窄式（严式）音标
Classification of English speech sounds
Speech sounds of all languages are
broadly classified into vowels and consonants.
Speech organs (articulator)
Speech organs, also known as vocal organs, are
those parts of the human body involved in the production of speech. The speech organs can be considered as consisting of three parts:
Position of the vocal folds: glottal stop
Nasal cavity
/m/
/n/ /ŋ/
IPA 国际音标
The standardized and internationally accepted
system of phonetic transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 国际音标。
/w/
The place of articulation
Bilabials （双唇音）:
/p/, /b/, /m/, /w/
Labiodentals （唇齿音）:
/f/, /v/
Dentals （齿音）:
/θ /, /ð/
Alveolars （齿龈音）:
/t/, /d/, /n/, /s/, /z/, /r/, /l/
occur in all human languages is called phonetics. The study of sounds can be divided into three main areas: Articulatory Phonetics; Acoustic Phonetics; Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics
In particular when the second word
begins with a vowel.
e.g. My car is blue An egg
/kɑ: riz/
/ə’neg/
Variations of sounds
Elision （元音省略）, refers to the
The manner of articulation: it refers to the
The place of articulation: it refers to the
The manner of articulation
/k/, /g/
Plosives /stops (爆破音)—— /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, Fricatives （摩擦音）—— /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/,
/θ /, /ð/, /∫/, /ʒ/, /h/
Affricates (破擦音) —— /t∫/, /dʒ/ Liquids （流音）—— /l/, /r/ Nasals （鼻音）—— /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ Glides (median approximants) （滑音）—— /j/,
Chapter 2
The Sounds of Language
The two major areas of studying speech sounds: 1) phonetics 2) phonology
Phonetics
The study of the speech sounds that
Vowels: there is no obstruction to the
flow of air as it passes from the larynx to the lips.
Consonants: we are making it difficult or
impossible for the air to pass through the mouth.
The initiator of the air stream
The producer of the voice the resonating cavities
Speech production
The three cavities
of the vocal tract (声道三腔):
the upper teeth
the alveolar ridge /æl'vɪələ/
齿龈
The hard palate
腭
/'pælət/
硬腭
软
The soft palate (velum /'viːləm/)
The uvula
/'juːvjʊlə/
小舌
The organs inside the oral cavity The bottom part of the mouth: The lower lip
The study of sounds is divided into three main
areas, each dealing with one part of the process:
Articulatory Phonetics (发音语音学)is the study
of the production of speech sounds.
/ə/, /ʌ/
The length of the vowels:
Long vowels and short vowels [i] [ə] [ɔ] [u] [ʌ] [e] [æ]
[i:] [ɜː] [ɔ:] [u:] [ɑ:]
Monophthongs & Diphthongs
Monophthongs: simple vowels
loss of a sound or sounds in speech under certain circumstances. It is typical of rapid, casual speech.
e.g. factory
/'fæktrɪ/
/'fækt(ə)rɪ/
Variations of sounds