2015东南大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练
2015年南京大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2015年南京大学考博英语真题及详解Part I Vocabulary and Structure (20%)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D respectively. Choose the ONE thatbest complete the sentences. Then blacken your answer in thecorresponding letter on your Answer Sheet with a single line through thecenter.1. The ambassador was accused of having _____ on domestic affairs.A. trespassedB. encroachedC. entrenchedD. invaded【答案】A【解析】句意：大使被指控干涉国内事务。
该题为近义词辨析，选项中的四个词均有侵犯的意思。
trespass为不及物动词，一般与介词on搭配使用，意思为“擅自进入；侵犯，侵害；打扰”，强调非法侵入，符合题意。
encroach意思为“蚕食；侵占”，强调侵入并占领。
entrench意思为“用壕沟围绕或保护…；牢固地确立…”，强调在某处站稳脚跟。
invade一般用作及物动词，指“侵入，攻占；侵袭”。
2. The goal is to use crops, weeds, and even animal waste _____ the petroleum that fuels much of American manufacturing.A. in terms ofB. in favor ofC. in spite ofD. in place of【答案】D【解析】句意：目标是使用农作物、杂草甚至动物粪便来代替石油为美国制造业提供能源。
2015东南大学考博英语一、二基础阶段复习重点
2015东南大学考博英语一、二基础阶段复习重点2015年考博英语复习正在进行中，从3月至6月底基础阶段，很多考生对基础阶段复习内容模糊不清或者说不知道复习的重点。
接下来，我们就为大家整理分享了考博英语复习规划指导，帮助大家找准复习重点。
首先，考博英语的题型分布：完形填空(10分)，传统阅读(40分)，新题型(10分)，翻译(英语一10分，英语二15分。
)，作文(小作文英语一10分，大作文20分;英语二小作文大作文15分。
)虽然英语一和英语二在题目的分值和做题方法上有所区别，在目前基础阶段，英语一和英语二考生都是打基础的阶段，没有涉及到解题技巧因而没有任何的区别，英语一和英语二考生的复习重点应该一致。
那这个复习重点是什么呢?这个阶段的重点应该是主攻词汇、长难句和基础阅读。
为什么呢?因为完型填空考的就是单词就是搭配就是基础。
阅读考的就是单词和长难句及解题思路。
新题型完全就是技巧，这将在暑期强化阶段讲解。
翻译最根本要求也是处理长难句，作文也就是将积累的词汇长难句和大量的知识输出的过程。
所有的题型都离不开词汇长难句。
那具体怎么复习呢?一、选定一本考博词汇书，至少背2遍。
不管你选择哪本词汇书，一定要坚持下来。
根据我们的经验，80%的考博同学第一遍背诵要花掉2个月，第二遍的时候只要1个月就能背完，第3遍7-10天。
所以希望同学们坚持坚持再坚持。
同时给出3条小建议：1.背考博词汇书前，可以复习一下自己四级或6级的词汇书。
可以再背一遍，看看以前的笔记。
为什么呢?因为考博英语单词就包括了2000-3000的四级六级单词。
这遍查漏补缺的工作还是很重要的。
2.背到自己认识的单词的时候，从后往前看1-2个单词释义。
为什么呢?因为考博英语阅读之所以很难选对答案的一个原因就是虽然单词认识，但是不知道这个单词在语境中的具体意思，也就是我们俗称的单词的熟词僻意。
如果遇到不认识的单词就从前往后背1-2个释义。
一定要注意整理笔记，要有自己的词汇本。
2015年英语考研阅读
2015年英语考研阅读2015年考研英语阅读理解真题及答案阅读理解部分Part APassage 1The term “multitasking” usually refers to the ability to engage in two or more tasks simultaneously. In the performing arts, multitasking can take the form of a singer singing while moving around the stage, a dancer dancing to music while maintaining balance or a comedian speaking to a crowd while carrying out a physical routine. In each case, the performer’s ability to engage in two or more tasks simultaneously is part of what makes the performance captivating.However, the concept of multitasking has also been applied to the world of computers and technology. When people claim to be ableto multitask on a computer, they typically mean they can use the computer to perform multiple tasks at the same time, such as checking email while writing a report or watching a video while responding to messages on social media. In this sense, multitasking is a matter of effectively managing time and resources so that multiple tasks can be completed with maximum efficiency and minimal loss of quality.Despite its apparent simplicity, multitasking is actually quite complex. When people multitask, they must switch back and forth between tasks, which can lead to decreased efficiency and performance on each task. Additionally, people who engage in multitasking may be more easily distracted and have a harder time focusing on a single task. Furthermore, multitasking may not be beneficial for all tasks. For example, when it comes to tasks that require creative thinking or complex problem-solving, dividing attention can actually hinder performance.In light of these findings, it seems clear that the key to effective multitasking is selecting the right tasks to perform simultaneously and managing one’s focus and energy acc ordingly. This means thatpeople should identify which tasks require their full attention and which ones can be performed concurrently with other tasks. By doing so, they can increase their overall productivity while minimizing any negative impact on task performance.21. The passage mainly discusses ____.A. the negative effects of multitaskingB. how to select suitable tasks for multitaskingC. the importance of managing time and resources effectivelyD. the differences between various forms of multitasking22. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a form of multitasking?A. Singing while moving around the stage.B. Checking email while watching a video.C. Replying to messages on social media while driving.D. Cooking while listening to music.23. Multitasking can be inefficient and even counterproductive because _____.A. people tend to become easily distracted when engaging in multitaskingB. it results in decreased efficiency and performance on each taskC. it may not be suitable for all types of tasksD. people performing multitasking tasks usually lack focus and energy24. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. Multitasking can significantly enhance people’s creativity.B. Completing multiple tasks simultaneously usually results in better performance.C. The key to effective multitasking lies in selecting suitable tasks and managing one’s focus and energy effectively.D. Multitasking is only suitable for simple, repetitive tasks that do not require much concentration or problem-solving ability.25. Which word best describes the function of the highlighted sentence? (Please highlight the sentence.)It means that people should identify which tasks require their full attention and which ones can be performed concurrently with other tasks.。
2015年全国医学博士入学统一考试英语真题及答案解析
2015年全国医学博士入学统一考试英语真题及答案解析Part I: Listening comprehension(略)Part II: Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Despite his doctor’s note of caution, he never____from dring and smorking.A. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. people with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to____their hearing.A. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD. supplement33. impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to____larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. when the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their plan______.A. accordinglyB. alternativelyC. considerablyD. relatively35. it is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_____ future adults with appreciation of music.A. acquaintB. familiarizedC. endowD. amuse36. if the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy prices_____A. level outB. stand outC. come offD. wear off37. heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate_____ from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and_____ of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine,______ and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. the newly designed system is ____ to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenable Section BDirections: each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. every year more than 1000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. surviviors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude.A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A. negativeB. confusingC. eloquentD. indistinct45. top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. his imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47. the discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger, so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench it.A. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. a veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze(10%)Direction: in this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth 52 tumors were discovered in her daughter’s cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby’s cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cellsof the mother. But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father 53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child’s body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the fires 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier. But this is not the case----microchimerism 55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 70 percent of cases and to go the other way about half,56.As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer, in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59, according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of “cancer danger”. Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby’s immune system is extremely low.51. A. suggests B. suggesting C. having suggested D. suggested52. A. since B. although C. whereas D. when53. A. what B. whom C. who D. as54. A. predicted B. notorious C. proven D. detailed55. A. where B. when C. if D. whatever56. A. as many B. as much C. as well D. as often57. A. threat B. puzzle C. obstacle D. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletion C. amplification D. addition59. A. therefore B. furthermore C. nevertheless D. conclusively60. A. likelihood B. function C. influence D. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions: in this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish byhalf.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-first-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it’s pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent response to a cancer drug(or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would’ve been two competing companies hadn’t sat down and put their heads together.Are there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information? Who’s to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology’s favorite four-letter word: cure.61. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB.Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. in cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals now ____A. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion’s shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. from the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer that____A. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. from the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question___A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. the tone of the author of this passage seems to be_____A. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. potimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th leading cause of death in the US, chiefly because once it’s determined that a patient needs a new liver it’s difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there’s guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-grown livers into rats.The livers aren’t grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold(支架) with liver cells isolated from health livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also translated some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rat’s vascular systems. However, the current method isn’t perfect and can not seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can’t keep functioning for more than about 24 hours(hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat thansplant).But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong—and especially if stem-cell research established a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. it can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended to____A. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the US.D. address the source of liver transplants67. what does the author mean when he says that the livers aren’t grown from scratch?A. the making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architectureB. a huge step toward building functioning livers in the labC. the building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. growing liver cells in the donor organ68. the biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab until____A. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. what seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. the rats as wrong recipientsB. the time point of the transplantationC. the short period of the recellularizationD. the insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels70. the research team holds high hopes of_____A. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical bums typically experience severe damage to the cornea—the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye’s focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful on several patients whose bum injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient’s healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however, stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient’s own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The result of the study, based at Italy’s University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journalof Medicine.71. what is the main idea of this passage?A. stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by bums.B. the vision in the eyes blinded by bums for 10 years can be restoredC. the restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for10 yearsD. the burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons72. the Italian technique reported in this passage_____A. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye bums?A. the places in which people workB. the accidents that involve using household cleaning productsC. the mishaps that involved vehicles batteriesD. the disasters caused by battery explosion at home74. what is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. the stem cells taken from a healthy eyeB. the patient physically healthyC. the damaged eye with partial visionD. the blindness due to damaged optic nerves75. which of the following words can best describe the author’s attitude towards the new method?A. sarcasticB. indifferentC. criticalD. positivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the us by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday, a typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies—and are only party explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail(开创), after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city’s black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What’s exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies that it both probes the mechanisms invlilved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation. Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health , similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to while poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a “soft science” with little that’s serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle—fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicine.It’s time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society’s most deprived members. More important, it’s time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor.76. as shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects______.A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?A. where to liveB. which race to belong toC. how to adjust environmentallyD. what medical problem to suffer78. the Chicago-based project focuses its management on_____A. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. the racial perspectiveB. the environmental aspectC. the biological dimensionD. the psychological angel80. the author is a big fan of______A. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8,2010, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered, according to a report on the findings published in the Wall Street Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJ reports. At the very least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amid the cells of the African—American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. They used the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45’s cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies.Scientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don’t work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found ”broadly neutralizing antibodies”, which knock out many HIV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them, the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization , is a marked improvement.Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest there test methods that blend the three new antibodies together—in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug.If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, they think most people could produce then, the WSJ says.81. we can learn from the beginning of the passage that_______A. a newly discovered antibody defeats 91% of the HIV strainsB. a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC. American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD. the African—American gay man was cured of this HIV infection82. what is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African—American gay man?A. they can cure the 33 million AIDS patients in the worldB. they may strengthen the effects of the existing antiretroviral drugsC. they will kill all the HIV virusesD. they will help make a quick diagnosis of an HIV infection83. the newest antibody found in Donor 45 reflects a dramatic advance in terms of_____.A. pathologyB. pharmacologyC. HIV neutralizationD. HIV epidemiology84. according to the study authors, the three test methods are intended to____.A. advance the technology in condom production to prevent HIV infectionB. facilitate the natural immune defense against AIDSC. develop more effective antiretroviral drugs85. the passage is most likely_____.A. a news reportB. a paper in ScienceC. an excerpt from an Immunology TextbookD. an episode in a science fiction novel.Passage SixWhitening the world's roofs would offset the emissions of the world's cars for 20 years, according to a new study from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.Overall, installing lighter-colored roofs and pavement can cancel the heat effect of two years of global carbon dioxide emissions, Berkeley Lab says. It's the first roof-cooling study to use a global model to examine the issue.Lightening-up roofs and pavement can offset 57 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, about double the amount the world emitted in 2006, the study found. It was published in the journalEnvironmental Research Letters.Researchers used a conservative estimate of increased albedo, or solar reflection, suggesting that purely white roofs would be even better. They increased the albedo of all roofs by 0.25 and pavement by 0.15. That means a black roof, which has an albedo of zero, would only need to be replaced by a roof of a cooler color -- which might be more feasible to implement than a snowy white roof, Berkeley Lab says.The researchers extrapolated a roof's CO2 offset over its average lifespan. If all roofs were converted to white or cool colors, they would offset about 24 gigatons (24 billion metric tons) of CO2, but only once. But assuming roofs last about 20 years, the researchers came up with 1.2 gigatons per year. That equates to offsetting the emissions of roughly 300 million cars, all the cars in the world, for 20 years.Pavement and roofs cover 50 to 65 percent of urban areas, and cause a heat-island effect because they absorb so much heat. That's why cities aresignificantly warmer than their surrounding rural areas. This effect makes it harder -- and therefore more expensive -- to keep buildings cool in the summer. Winds also move the heat into the atmosphere, causing a regional warming effect.Energy Secretary Steven Chu, a Nobel laureate in physics (and former Berkeley Lab director), has advocated white roofs for years. He put his words into action Monday by directing all Energy Department offices to install white roofs. All newly installed roofs will be white, and black roofs might be replaced when it is cost-effective over the lifetime of the roof."Cool roofs are one of the quickest and lowest-cost ways we can reduce our global carbon emissions and begin the hard work of slowing climate change," he said in a statement.86. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. a Decline in Car EmissionsB. white Roofs or Black PavementsC. the Effect of Linghting-up RoofsD. climate Change and Extreme Weathers87. a indicated by the passage, black roofs______A. are better than snowy white onesB. reflect not heat from the sunC. are more expensive to build in the urban areasD. are supposed to be placed by snowy white ones88. if they are converted to white or cooler colors, all roofs in the world in their lifetime_____A. can absorb 1.2 gigattons of CO2 a yearB. could serve as 300 million cars in terms of emissionC. would offset the emissions from 300 million carsD. would offset about 24 gigatons of CO2 as emitted from the cars89. according to the passage, it is hard and expensive to keep the urban buildings cool because of______A. the heat-island effectB. the lack of seasonal windsC. the local unique weatherD. the fast urban shrinkage90. energy Secretary Steven Chu implies that_____A. nothing could be more effective in cooling global warming than method he has advocatedB. the method in question still needs to be justified in the futureC. our global carbon emissions can be reduced by half if cool roofs are installedD. weather change and global warming can be addressed in no timePart V Writing(20%)Directions: in this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.什么是健康？人的健康包括身体健康和心理健康两个方面。
东南大学考博英语辅导：考博英语阅读训练
东南大学考博英语辅导：考博英语阅读训练China reins in economic expansion China's growth in fixed-asset investment and its money supply slowed considerably in August，providing firm evidence that the government's tightening measures were reining in the country's rapid economic expansion.Urban fixed-asset investment in August rose21.5per cent compared with a year ago，a marked slowdown from the30.5per cent expansion from January through July and the slowest for a single month since December2004.M2，the broad indicator for money supply，rose17.9per cent last month compared with 18.4per cent in July and June.China's economy has been growing at a record pace，expanding by11.3per cent in the second quarter.Beijing officials and many economists are concerned that such growth rates are not sustainable in the longer term.The latest economic data，which were released by Qiu Xiaohua，commissioner of China's National Bureau of Statistics，suggest Beijing has been able to control excessive lending and investment to sectors such as real estate that are especially at risk of overheating.Beijing is using a combination of monetary and administrative controls in its attempts to moderate growth.Since late April，China's central bank has twice raised benchmark lending rates and bank reserve requirements.Yesterday it also mopped up a record Rmb225bn（$28.3bn）in its regular open market operations.Su Ning，the deputy central bank governor，said this week at an international conference in Beijing that the country's money supply was slowing dramatically as a result of these measures.At the same time，China's leaders are trying to control unnecessaryproduction-for instance by limiting land rights and enforcing environmental standards in key industries such as steel，cement and automobiles.Beijing is also worried about overlending to urban property projects，including residences，offices and industrial parks，and the threat it could lead to artificially high prices and excess supply.While trying to temper credit and investment growth，Beijing is also attempting to stimulate consumer spending，since it believes a strong middle class will be a key driver of future growth.China's statistics body said August retail sales were up13.8per cent，a rate consistent with that of the previous two months.Demand for oil products，jewellery，automobiles and building has been particularly strong.一、参考译文：8月份中国固定资产投资及货币供应量增长速度明显放缓，这有力地证明，政府的紧缩举措，正在抑制中国经济的迅速扩张。
2015年南京大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2015年南京大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．The ambassador was accused of having______on domestic affairs.A．trespassedB．encroachedC．entrenchedD．invaded正确答案：B解析：近义词词义辨析。
encroach，invade，trespass这三个词均指损害他人权利，侵占其财产或侵犯别国的领土。
encroach通常指蚕食，即逐渐地、不声不响或偷偷摸摸地进入别国的领土，或攫取别人的财物，侵犯他人的权利，常与介词on或upon连用。
invade暗示着明目张胆、凶残与暴行，常用来指一国武装侵略另一国。
也可用来指疾病、虫害的侵袭。
trespass是个法律用语，指未经许可进入私人土地，或非法侵入，常与on或upon连用。
句中提及侵犯他国内政，encroach更加符合语境。
entrench与on搭配使用时表示挖掘壕沟，与题意不符。
故答案为B。
2．The goal is to use crops, weeds and even animal waste______the petroleum that fuels much of American manufacturing.A．in terms ofB．in favor ofC．in spite ofD．in place of正确答案：D解析：介词词组辨析。
句中crops，weeds，animal waste与petroleum“石油”对比可知，这两组是性质不同的能源，由此可知空格处的词组应为“取代”的意思，选项中只有D表示“取代，替换”的意思。
2015博士英语试题讲解
财政部财政科学研究所2015年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题PART ONE: Grammar (15 points)Directions: Below each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the sentence or that best completes the sentence. Please write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. The quality of teaching should be measured by the degree the students’potentiality is developed.A. of whichB. with whichC. in whichD. to which2. Another food crop raised by Indians strange to the European was called Indian corn.A. who wereB. that wereC. that wasD. who was3. We moved to the new house in the suburbs so that the kids would have a garden .A. in which to playB. to play withC. to playD. where to play4. There are many copper mines in the state of Arizona, contributes significantly to the state’s economy.A. a factB. which factC. whose factD. that5. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.A. so thatB. but thatC. in thatD. provided that6. Nearly all trees contains a mix of polymers that can burn like petroleum properly extracted.A. afterB. ifC. when itD. is7. The early years of the United States government were characterized by a debate concerning or individual states should have more power.A. whether the federal governmentB. either the federal governmentC. that the federal governmentD. the federal government8. Exploration of the Solar System is continuing, and at the present rate of progress all the planets within the next 50 years.A. will have been contactedB. will have contactedC. will be contactedD. will contact9. By the year of 2025, scientists probably a cure for cancer.A. will be discoveringB. are discoveringC. will have discoveredD. have discovered10. Thomas Edison’s first patented invention was a device in Congress.A. for counting votesB. that counting votesC. counts votesD. counted votes11. Using many symbols makes to put a large amount of information on a single map.A. possibleB. it is possibleC. it possibleD. that possible12. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely to the outside world.A. being lostB. having lostC. losingD. lost13. Beef cattle of all livestock for economic growth in the certain geographicregions.A. the most are importantB. are the most importantC. is the most importantD. that are most important14. advance and retreat in their eternal rhythms, but the surface of the sea itself isnever at rest.A. Not only when the tides doB. As the tides not only doC. Not only do the tidesD. Do the tides not only15. divorce ourselves from the masses of the people.A. In no time we shouldB. In no time should weC. At no time we shouldD. At no time should wePART TWO: Reading comprehension (20 points)Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1 (5 points)The good news made headlines nationwide: Deaths from several kinds of cancer have declined significantly in recent years. But the news has to be bittersweet for many cancer patients and their families. Every year, more than 500000 people in the United States still die of cancer. In fact, more than half of all patients diagnosed with cancer will die of their disease within a few years. And while it’s true survival is longer today than in the past, thequality of life for these patients is often greatly diminished. Cancer –and many of the treatments used to fight it - causes pain, nausea, fatigue, and anxiety that routinely go undertreated or untreated.In the nation’s single-minded focus on curing cancer, we have inadvertently devalued the critical need for palliative care, which focuses on alleviating physical and psychological symptoms over the course of the disease. Nothing would have a greater impact on the daily lives of cancer patients and their families than good symptom control and supportive therapy. Yet the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the federal government’s leader in cancer research and training, spent less than one percent of its 1999 budget on any aspect of research or training in palliative care.The nation needs to get serious about reducing needless suffering. NCI should commit to and fund research aimed at improving symptom control and palliative care. NCI also could designate “centers of excellence” among the cancer centers it recognizes. To get that designation, centers would deliver innovative, top-quality palliative care to all segments of the populations the centers serve; train professionals in medicine, nursing, psychology, social work, and other disciplines to provide palliative care; and conduct research.Insurance coverage for palliative and hospice care also contributes to the problem by forcing people to choose between treatment or hospice care. This “either/or” approach does not readily allow these two types of essential care to be integrated. The Medicare hospice benefit is designed specifically for people in the final stages of illness and allows enrollment only if patients are expected to survive six months or less. The benefit excludes patients from seeking both palliative care and potentially life-extending treatment.That makes hospice enrollment an obvious deterrent for many patients. And hospices, which may have the most skilled practitioners and the most experience in administering palliative care, cannot offer their services to people who could really benefit but still are pursuing active treatment.It is innately human to comfort and provide care to those suffering from cancer, particularly those close to death. Yet what seems self-evident at an individual, personal level has not guided policy at the level of institutions in this country. Death is inevitable, but severe suffering is not. To offer hope for a long life of the highest possible quality and to deliver the best quality cancer care from diagnoses to death, our public institutions need to move toward policies that value and promote palliative care.16. Palliative care is concerned with improving patients’.A. survival ratesB. quality of lifeC. lifespansD. options for health insurance providers17. According to the author, research on palliative care for .A. is more important than research for cancer curesB. has been overlooked by researchersC. is virtually non-existentD. is regarded by researchers as a frivolous topic18. The main problem of insurance coverage for hospice care and active treatment isthat .A. it does not allow patients to seek bothB. it only covers patients whose life expectancy is less than six monthsC. it deprives patients of the right to choose between two proven treatment methodsD. hospice care is only covered when it may extend a patient’s life expectancy19. Hospices offer cancer patients .A. an alternative to palliative careB. comfort in their early stages of illnessC. skilled and experienced palliative careD. an alternative to active treatment20. This text is mainly about .A. improving cancer research in the U.SB. reforming insurance coverage for cancer patientsC. understanding different options for cancer treatment and careD. reducing the suffering of cancer patientsPassage 2 (5 points)Man and women do think differently, at least where the anatomy of the brain is concerned, according to a new study. The brain is made primarily of two different types of tissue, called gray matter and white matter. This new research reveals that men think more with their gray matter, and women think more with white. Researchers stressed that just because the two sexes think differently, this does not affect intellectual performance.Psychology professor Richard Haier of the University of California, Irvine led the research along with colleagues from the University of New Mexico. Their findings show that in general, men have nearly 6.5 times the amount of gray matter related intelligence compared with women, whereas women have nearly 10 times the amount of white matter related to intelligence compared with men. “These findings suggested that human evolution has created two different types of brains designed for equally intelligent behavior,”said Haier, adding that, “by pinpointing these gender-based intelligence areas, the study has the potential to aid research on dementia and other cognitive-impairment diseases in the brain.The results are detailed in the online version of the journal NeuroImage. In human brains, gray matter represents information processing centers, whereas white matter works to network these processing centers. The results from this study may help explain why men and women excel at different types of tasks, said co-author and neuropsychologist Rex Jung of the University of New Mexico. For example, men tend to do better with tasks requiring more localized processing, such as mathematics, Jung said, while women are better at integrating and assimilating information from distributed gray-matter regions of the brain, which aids language skills. Scientists find it very interesting that while men and women use two very different activity centers and neurological pathways, men and women perform equally well on broad measures of cognitive ability, such as intelligence tests.This research also gives insight to why different types of head injuries are more disastrous to one sex or the other. For example, in women 84 percent of gray matter regions and 86 percent of white matter regions involved in intellectual performance were located inthe frontal lobes, whereas the percentages of these regions in a man’s frontal lobes are 45 percent and zero, respectively. This matches up well with clinical data that shows frontal lobe damage in women to be much more destructive than the same type of damage in men. Both Haier and Jung hope that this research with someday help doctors diagnose brain disorders in men and women earlier, as well as provide help designing more effective and precise treatments for brain damage.21. Which of the following statements is true, according to paragraph 1 ?A. The brain is a monolithic organ.B. Intellectual ability depends on which part of the brain is used.C. Intellectual ability varies between men and women.D. The anatomy of men’s brains and women’s brains differ.22. According to paragraph 2, this discovery is significant because .A. it is necessary to understand the anatomy of the brain when dealing with diseasesaffect thought processesB. it shows that men and women are equally intelligentC. it shows that men and women are equally intelligent overall, but specialize indifferent ways of thinkingD. many diseases of the brain are specific to gender or the other23. Which of the following statements is true about gray brain matter?A. It helps put together information from different parts of the brain.B. It is used for processing i nformation.C. There is less of it in men’s brains.D. There is a direct correlation between the amount of gray brain matter andmathematical ability.24. Which of the following statements is false about white brain matter?A. Women have more of it than men.B. It is used for putting together information from different parts of the brain.C. There is direct correlation between the amount of white brain matter and linguisticability.D. The amount of white brain matter is not directly related to overall intelligence.25. The final paragraph suggests that .A. men and women are equally intelligentB. men and women have different frontal lobesC. head injuries can have varied effects, according to whether a person is male orfemaleD. the research will be useful to other scientistsPassage 3 (5 points)So much data indicate the world’s progress towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), a set of targets adopted by world leaders at the UN more than ten years ago. But the goal-setting exercise has further pitfalls. Too often, the goals are reduced to working out how much money is needed to meet a particular target. Yet the countries that have made most progress in cutting poverty have largely done so not by spending public money, but by encouraging faster economic growth. As Shanta Devarajan,the World Bank’s chief economist for Africa, points out, growth does not just make more money available for social spending. It also increases the demand for such things as schooling, and thus helps meet other development goals. Yet the goals, as drawn up, made no mention of economic growth.Of course growth by itself does not solve all the problems of the poor. It also clear that while money helps, how it is spent and what it is spent on are enormously important. For instances, campaigners often ask for more to be spent on primary education. But throughout the developing world teachers on the public payroll are often absent from school. Teacher-absenteeism rates are around 20% in rural Kenya, 27% in Uganda and 14% in Ecuador.In any case, money that is allocated for such services rarely reaches its intended recipients. A study found that 70% of the money allocated for drugs and supplies by the Uganda government in 2000 was lost; in Ghana, 80% was siphoned off. Money needs to be spent, therefore, not merely on building more schools or hiring more teachers, but on getting them to do what they are paid for, and preventing resources from disappearing somewhere between the central government and their supposed destination.The good news is that policy experiments carried out by governments, NGOs, academics and international institutions are slowly building up a body of evidence about methods that work. A large-scale evaluation in Andhra Pradesh in southern India was shown, for example, that performance pay for teachers is three times as effective at raising pupil’s test scores as the equivalent amount spent on school supplies.And in Uganda the government, appalled that money meant for schools was not reaching them, took to publicizing how much was being allotted, using radio and newspaper. Money wastage was dramatically reduced. The World Bank hopes to bring such innovations to the notice of other governments during the summit, if it can. For if the drive against poverty is succeed, it will owe more to such ideas and wider use than to targets set at UN-sponsored summits.26. According to the text, which of the following merits can’t we derive from economicgrowth?A. It increases other demands such as education.B. It may help the government to fulfill Millennium Development Goals.C. Faster growth will lift the poor out of poverty.D. Economic growth may solve some problems of the poor.27. Teacher-absenteeism is cited as example .A. to call for governments apply performance pay for teachersB. to underline the importance of money should be spent on where it is neededC. to state that the allocated money should get staffs to do what they are paid forD. to show that African countries have a long way to go before reaching the UN’sgoalposts28. According to the author, we should when dealing with allocated money.A. avoid the leakage of moneyB. give the anti-poverty plans the priorityC. promote education to a higher levelD. improve public infrastructure first29. On which of the following would the author most probably agree?A. Economic growth does not make more money available for social spending.B. Money leakage is a big problem that Africa encounters.C. Millennium Development Goals may involve each country’s GDP growth.D. Millennium Development Goals have come to seen as applying to each developingcountry.30.We may infer from the last paragraph that .A. the World Bank plays an important role in helping Uganda fix money leakageB. money leakage is rampantly flourishing in UgandaC. Millennium Development Goals may have failed in lifting the poor out of povertyD. innovative ideas should come before targets set by UNPassage 4 (5 points)In the 20th century, all the nightmare-novels of the future imagined that books would be burnt. In the 21th century, our dystopias imagine a world where books are forgotten. To pluck just one, Gary Steynghart’s novel Super Sad True Love Story describes a world where everybody is obsessed with their electronic Apparat – an even more omnivorous i-phone with a flickering stream of shopping and reality shows and porn – and have somehow come to believe that the few remaining unread paper books left off a rank smell. The book on the book, it suggests, is closing.The book – the physical paper book – is being circled by a shoal of sharks, with sales down 9 percent this year alone. It’s being chewed by the e-book. It’s being gored by the death of the bookshop and the library. And most importantly, the mental space it occupied is being eroded by the thousand Weapons of Mass Destruction that surround us all. It’s hard to admit, but we all sense it: it is becoming almost physically harder to read books.In his gorgeous little book The Lost Art of Reading – Why Books Matter in a Distracted Time, the critic David Ulin admits to a strange feeling. All his life, he had taken reading as for granted as eating – but then, a few years ago, he “become aware, in an apartment full of books, that I could no longer find within myself the quiet necessary to read”. He would sit down to do it at night, as he always had, and read a few paragraphs, then find his mind was wandering, imploring him to check his email, or Twitter, or Facebook. “What I’m struggling with,”he writes, “is the encroachment of the buzz, the sense that there’s something out there that merits my attention.”I think most of us have this sense today, if we are honest. If you read a book with your laptop thrumming on the other side of the room, it can be like trying to read in the middle of a party, where everybody is shouting to each other. To read, you need to slow down. You need mental silence except for the words. That’s getting harder to find.No, don’t misunderstand me. I adore the web, and they will have to wrench my Twitter feed from my cold dead hands. This isn’t going to turn into an antediluvian rant against the glories of our wired world. But there’s a reason why that word –“wired”–means both “connected to the internet” and “high, frantic, unable to concentrate”.In the age of the internet, physical paper books are a technology we need more, not less. In the 1950s, the novelist Herman Hesse wrote: “The more the need for entertainment and mainstream education can be met by new inventions, the more the book will recover itsdignity and authority. We have not yet quite reached the point where young competitors, such as radio, cinema, etc, have taken over the functions from the book it can’t afford to lose.” We have now reached that point.31.By mentioning the work of Gary Steynghart, the author intends to .A. advocate the idea that reading physical paper books is out of fashionB. introduce a brand new electronic product even omnivorous than i-phoneC. prove that books will be outweighed by reality shows and porn in the futureD. indicate that books are left out in fictions describing the future world32. The most significant reason for the falling sales of paper books is that .A. electronic books are taking over more and more market share of paper booksB. people’ minds don’t have the space for reading due to all kinds of temptationC. bookstores are out of business as people prefer to borrowing books from the libraryD. people think things on the Internet are more worthy of their attention33.According to paragraph 3, we can infer that .A. people are inclined to take reading for grantedB. people’ minds are encroached by the InternetC. it’s hard to concentrate on reading nowadaysD. David Ulin’s book gives readers a strange feeling34. The explanation of the word “wired” probably indicates that .A. people always misunderstand the functions of internetB. Internet is partly responsible for the vanishing of paper booksC. people call the internet “wired world” for a reasonD. Internet will take over the functions of paper books35. Which of the following will the author most probably agree on?A. True readers can maintain reading in all kinds of environment, including noisy one.B. The Internet should be strictly condemned for endangering physical paper books.C. Physical paper books are facing extreme danger of being replaced by other things.D. Reading books isn’t in accordance with the increasing need for entertainment. PART THREE (20 points)Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written on the Answer Sheet.When a company unexpectedly finds itself losing market share and taking a beating at the hands of its competitors, it’s a clear signal that a change is needed. For a variety of reasons, any company can suddenly lose the competitive advantage that it previously enjoyed. 36. The mark of a strong business, however, is its ability to overcome such setbacks and reclaim its positions as the front runner in its field.One of the greatest variables in the process, however, is technology, which on one hand makes business more efficient and thus profitable than previously thought possible, but changes at such a rapid pace that few businesses utilize it to its full potential. Those companies that invest heavily in the latest technology of the day may find their machines out dated and obsolete the next year, thus losing the advantage that they hoped to gain, and also a substantial amount of investment money as well. 37. Those are more cautious and buy less of the latest machine may learn that technology changes more slowly, and theircompetitors who invested more heavily now hold the upper hand. It’s a game of hit or miss.Because of the uneven and unpredictable pace of progress between technological fields, 38. companies are devoting more and more resources to not only acquiring more of the latest developments, but researching the factors that determine their production so as to position themselves better to adapt to the next change. This strategy has been producing positive results for those who employ it, but it is a massively expensive one, limiting its viability to only the largest companies, who are already enjoying many advantages in the market.Such dynamics make it increasingly difficult for new setup companies to break into established markets, lacking the funding and cash reserves necessary to play the game way as the big boy do. The same technology that keeps the large companies on top, however, can still topple them. 39. New and smaller companies have less to lose and thus can afford to gamble on new technologies that larger companies consider too risky to devote themselves to. 40. In the rare occurrences when these risky endeavors bear fruit, providing themselves to be the way of future, the rewards to those daring enough, or small enough, to invest in them prove well worth the effort.PART FOUR (20 points)Directions: Translate the following sentences into English. Your translation must be written on the Answer Sheet.41．我们必须全面深化改革，以释放市场活力对冲经济下行压力。
2015考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案：教育学类(15套)
2015考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案：教育学类(15套)Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was，however，largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was published. It was based on 22，000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent，and in most cases the dropouts，while not completing the Ph. D. requirement，went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially，but，according to the report，are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.Discussing the study last week，Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated‘bec ause of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable of competing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph. D. level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to retur n to graduate schools to complete the Ph. D.’“The results of our research” Dr. Tucker concluded，“did not support these opinions.”1. Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.2. Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialities.3. Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision，but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination，uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph. D. program，lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent.As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing，a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $ 20，000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D. ‘s with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D. ’s shone in the $ 7，500 to $ 15，000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields，where Ph. D. ‘s tend to rise to the highest salaries，are still lagging behind other fields.As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus，the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25 % of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.1.The author states that many educators feel that[A] steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus.[B] the dropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study.[C] the Ph. D. holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout.[D] The high dropouts rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members.2.Research has shown that[A] Dropouts are substantial ly below Ph. D. ‘s in financial attainment.[B] the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph. D. studies.[C] The Ph. D. candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out.[D] about one-third of those who start Ph. D. work do not complete the work to earn the degree.3.Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph. D.[A] is the most frequent reason for dropping out.[B] is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate.[C] is an essential part of many Ph. D. programs.[D] does not vary in difficulty among universities.4.After reading the article，one would refrain from concluding that[A] optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph. D. dropouts to return to their pursuit of the degree.[B] a Ph. D. dropout，by and large，does not have what it takes to learn the degree.[C] colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph. D. dropouts.[D] Ph. D. ‘s are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic positions.5.It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies in[A] salary for Ph. D. too low.[B] academic requirement too high.[C] salary for dropouts too high.[D] 1000 positions.答案详解1. A. 许多教育工作者感到应采取步骤让辍学者回校学习，特别是有些学科。
2015年全国医学统考考博博士英语真题与答案
2015年全国医学统考考博博士英语真题与答案目录医学考博英语历年真题 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题答案 (17)2015年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文 (19)医学考博英语历年真题2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:I n this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I fell faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question number1.1. A.How to deal with his sleeping problem. B.The cause of his sleeping problem.C.What follows his insomnia.D.The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer time. B.T o discontinue the medication.C.To come to see her again.D.To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to work. B.To take a sick leave.C.To keep away from work.D.To have a follow-up.4. A.Fullness in the stomach. B.Occasional stomachache.C.Stomach distention.D.Frequent belches.5. A.extremely severe. B.Not very severe.C.More severe than expected.D.It's hard to say.6. A.He has lost some weight. B.He has gained a lot.C.He needs to exercise more.D.He is still overweight.7. A.She is giving the man an injection. B.She is listening to the man's heart.C.She is feeling the man's pulse.D.She is helping the man stop shivering.8. A.In the gym. B.In the office.C.In the clinic.D.In the boat.9. A.Diarrhea. B.Vomiting.C.Nausea.D.A cold.10. A.She has developed allergies. B.She doesn't know what allergies are.C.She doesn't have any allergies.D.She has allergies treated already.11. A.Listen to music. B.Read magazines.C.Go play tennis.D.Stay in the house.12. A.She isn't feeling well. B.She is under pressure.C.She doesn't like the weatherD.She is feeling relieved.13. A.Michael's wife was ill B.Michael's daughter was ill.C.Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D.Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. A.She is absent-minded. B.She is in high spirits.C.She is indifferent.D.She is compassionate.15. A.Ten years ago. B.Five years ago.C.Fifteen years ago.D.Several weeks ago.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages'after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16. A.A blood test. B.A gastroscopy.C.A chest X-ray exam.D.A barium X-ray test.17. A.To lose some weight. B.To take a few more tests.C.To sleep on three pillows.D.To eat smaller,lighter meals.18. A.Potato chips. B.Chicken. C.Cereal. D.fish.19. A.Ulcer B.Cancer C.Depression. D.Hernia.20. A.He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B.He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C.He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D.He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21. A.A new concept of diabetes.B.The definition of Type1and Type2diabetes.C.The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D.The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A.Because it vaporizes easily.B.Because it becomes overactive easily.C.Because it is usually in injection form.D.Because it is not stable above40degrees Fahrenheit.23. A.The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longer.B.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C.Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D.Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A.It is stable at room temperature for several years.B.It is administered directly into the bloodstream。
2015考研英语真题及答案完整版
2015考研英语真题及答案完整版[注意：以下正文仅为演示文章格式，并非真实的2015考研英语真题及答案]一、阅读理解(共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分)阅读下面短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项。
Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.At any given moment, you are aware of a zillion sensations—anything from the tightness of your shoes to the sound of an approaching bicycle bell. But your conscious mind notices only a fraction of what is going on. And that fraction is governed by criteria (标准) set up in consultation with an ancient part of the brain called the limbic system, which links to our emotions and our “gut feelings”.Those criteria assign priorities to sensory (感觉的) inputs. Hence you are aware of the nonstop assault on your eyes or your ears only when this input meets the criteria. The criteria change from person to person. If two people are walking in the countryside, one may notice the wildflowers, the other a military aircraft at 20,000 feet. When two photographers stand side by side, one may see a dramatic picture; the other a pile of stones.The differences are typically due not to differences in eyesight but to the ways the two photographers have programmed their minds to respond. I amnot talking about anything extraordinary or mystical (神秘的). Both brain researchers and police have noted that a very simple set of cues (暗示) can powerfully alter the selection of stimuli (刺激), determining what will be noticed—even in a highly emotional state like a fight. I once sat in on a training course for police officers who were being taught to shoot—make that taught how to shoot under stress. One of the most important lessons was that under duress (被迫), under time pressure, the brain reverts (回归) back to what it is most accustomed to. That is, in spite of long training and many repetitions, an officer will shoot in combat (格斗) the way he has always shot. If he brings no conscious control to bear on the selection of stimuli, the selection will be made by unconscious programs, resulting in a misidentification of the threatening object and the wrong action. The old rice-shooting Chinese soldier uses what he has always used—an eraser (橡皮擦) suddenly perceived as a grenade.1. The word “criteria” (in Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to ______.A. emergenciesB. preferencesC. abilitiesD. emotions2. According to the passage, the fraction of what you are aware of is determined by ______.A. your gut feelingsB. your emotionsC. the military aircraftD. the nonstop assault3. As used in Paragraph 1, the word “assault” most probably means______.A. surprise attackB. forceful entryC. intense impactD. constant bombardment4. The passage suggests that the criteria determining what stimuli will be noticed may be influenced by ______.A. photographers’ eyesightB. the military aircraftC. the police training courseD. unconscious programs5. The passage gives an example where the brain’s selection of stimuli ina dangerous situation caused a police officer to ______.A. feel a strong emotionB. correctly identify a criminalC. take inappropriate actionD. learn a lesson about photographyPassage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.I once worked with a person who spent money generously (大方地) as soon as it came to him. He’d buy a new motorbike or a stereo system if he had money left in his bank account at the end of the month. “Why not?” he’d say cheerfully, “Money is for spending.” And so I’d get temporary delight for six months until my Chinese bank account ran dry.In researching our book, Happy Money, my coauthor Michael Norton and I set out to show how to get the most happiness for your dollar. We spent years reviewing the scientific literature on spending. What we found explains my coworker’s behavior. The very riches that most countries strive for are not making their citizens happier.A famous psychology study conducted in 1978 asked a group of people with spinal-cord injuries and a group of people without them about how happy they were, and how happy they expected to be in the future. The results surprised them: those with spinal-cord injuries expected to be less happy than they were, and those without them expected to be more happy than they were. The truth is that we have within us the capacity to adapt to our sights and our losses and to keep pursuing happiness.One in four lottery winners in Florida ends up bankrupt (破产)。
东南大学考博英语题型分析
2015东南大学考博英语分析一、招考介绍从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。
攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。
二、东南大学考博英语题型Part1：词汇15个，15分Part2：阅读5篇每篇4小题，40分(前2篇较容易，后三篇出自专业8级试题)40分Part3：英汉，汉英翻译共25分（中译英：出自专业8级，15分；英译中：较简单，10分）Part4：作文，20分三、考博英语必备参考书育明考博教研部主编的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。
在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售，也可以联系我们直接购买。
四、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。
大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。
因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。
一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。
在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。
如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。
通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。
导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。
这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。
我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。
（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。
很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。
其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。
(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。
15年考研英语阅读习题及答案
Passage Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as afactor in world peace. They did not foresee that the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressive armies. None of them foresaw that the more weare together-the more chances there are of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that. Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against it can always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds, catarrhs (粘膜炎) and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In those with high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy (中风). The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just the opposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize the circulation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep. The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test of endurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air, the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-class carriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards, while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few mode except speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat, but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic (滑稽的) press. This kind of thing: A man was seen yesterday buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquired into. A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second-and third-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railways must have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the open third-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rain from whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, from whose searching power there was no escape. 1. All boys and girls in large families know that . A) a boy and a girl usually fight when they are together B) people tend to be together more than they used to be C) a lot of people being together makes fights likely D) Railway leads the world to peace 2. According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself should include all the following except . A) the railway enables people travel fast B) the railway brings comfort to people C) the railway makes the world peaceful D) the railway leads the world to war as well. 3. According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but . A) tunnels are dangerous to public health B) the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people's nerves C) the rapid speed through the air does damage to people's lungs D) to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die 4. We may safely conclude that . A) the author belongs to the anti-railway group B) the author belongs to the for-railway group C) the author speaks highly of the railway D) the author may never take train because of its potential dangers 5. What is the tone of this passage? A)Practical B)Satirical C)Humorous D)Exaggerated Answer1.C2.D3.D4.A5.C。
2015年度全国医学考博英语统考-阅读理解全解及详解
2015年Passage oneThe American society of clinical oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half. 美国临床肿瘤协会于本周召开年会，大会讨论像往年一样提议了一些药物，能够提高疗效以及延长那些已确诊的不治之症患者的寿命，但深挖美联社报道中文章，发现一个有前景的标题，值得我们进一步了解，其中一个治疗研究，明确所有患者经过治疗后有一半患者肿瘤消失。
First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group. 首先，制药公司从主要以效益一刀切发展模式向药物研发和接受长期癌症治疗，以及针对一小部分患者且成效显著的药物研发。
2015年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试题(江苏卷,解析版)
20. What is the speaker talking about? A. The life of tea tasters. B. Afternoon tea in Britain.
！ C. The London
Tea Trade Centre. 【答案】1-5 ACABC 6-10 BABCB 11-15 ABCAB 16-20 CBAAC
A. Russia.
B. Norway.
C. India.
听第 7 段材料,回答第 8、9 题。
8. What food does Sally like?
A. Chicken.
B. Fish.
C. Eggs.
9. What are the speakers going to do?
A. Cook dinner.
祝A. ＄350.
B. ＄400.
16. Where is the apartment the speakers would like to see?
A. On Lake Street.
B. On Market Street.
C. ＄415. C. On South
Street.
听第 10 段材料,回答第 17 至 20 题。
试题分析：句意：如果我早知道日程安排，可能会省去我一些麻烦。根据题干中 might have
saved 可知主句是对过去的虚拟，从句应用 if I had known 与主句保持一致。if 虚拟条件句
中含有 had 时，可将 if 省去，同时将 had 提前构成倒装结构。故选 D 项。
考点：虚拟语气
受这一事实。分析句子结构可知，a great Chinese poet 做 Li Bai 的同位语，is 前面是主
2015年考研英语阅读习题及答案
Passage You're busy filling out the application form for a position you really need; let's assume you once actually completed a couple of years of college work or even that you completed your degree. Isn't it tempting to lie just a little, to claim on the form that your diploma represents a Harvard degree? Or that you finished an extra couple of years back at State University? More and more people are turning to utter deception like this to land their job or to move ahead in their careers, for personnel officers, like most Americans, value degrees from famous schools. A job applicant may have a good education anyway, but he or she assumes that chances of being hired are better with a diploma from a well-known university. Registrars at most well-known colleges say theydeal with deceitful claims like these at the rate of aboutone per week. Personnel officers do check up on degrees listed on application forms, then. If it turns out that an applicants lying, most colleges are reluctant to accuse the applicant directly. One Ivy League school calls them impostors(骗⼦); another refers to them asspecial cases. One well-known West Coast school, in perhaps the most delicate phrase of all, says that these claims are made byno such people. To avoid outright(彻底的)lies, some job-seekers claim that they attended or were associated with a college or university. After carefully checking, a personnel officer may discover that attending means being dismissed after one semester. It may be that being associated with a college means that the job-seeker visited his younger brother for a football weekend. One school that keeps records of false claims says that the practice dates back at least to the turn of the century-that's when they began keeping records, anyhow. If you don't want to lie or even stretch the truth, there are companies that will sell you a phony(假的)diploma. One company, with offices in New York and on the West Coast, will put your name on a diploma from any number of non-existent colleges. The price begins at around twenty dollars for a diploma from Smoot State University.The prices increase rapidly for a degree from the University of Purdue. As there is no Smoot State and the real school in Indiana properly called Purdue University, the prices seem rather high for one sheet of paper. 1. The main idea of this passage is that . A) employers are checking more closely on applicants now B) lying about college degrees has become a widespread problem C) college degrees can now be purchased easily D) employers are no longer interested in college degrees 2. According to the passage, special cases refer to cases where . A) students attend a school only part-time B) students never attended a school they listed on their application C) students purchase false degrees from commercial films D) students attended a famous school 3. We can infer from the passage that . A) performance is a better judge of ability that a college degree B) experience is the best teacher C) past work histories influence personnel officers more than degrees do D) a degree from a famous school enables an applicant to gain advantage over others in job petition 4. This passage implies that . A) buying a false degree is not moral B) personnel officers only consider applicants from famousschools C) most people lie on applications because they were dismissed from school D) society should be greatly responsible for lying on applications 5. As used in the first line of the second paragraph, the word utter means . A)address B)thorough C)ultimate D)decisive Answer1.B2.C3.D4.D5.C。
2015考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(哲学类)(12套)
2015年考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（哲学类）目录2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（1） (2)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（2） (6)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（3） (10)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（4） (15)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（5） (19)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（6） (22)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（7） (27)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（8） (31)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（9） (36)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（10） (40)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（11） (44)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（12） (49)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（1）Hidden valley looks a lot like the dozens of other camps that dot the woods of central Maine. There's a lake， some soccer fields and horses. But the campers make the difference. They're all American parents who have adopted kids from China. They're at Hidden Valley to find bridges from their children's old worlds to the new. Diana Becker of Montville，Maine， watches her 3-year-old daughter Mika dance to a Chinese version of “Twinkle， Twinkle Little Star.”“Her soul is Chinese，” she says，“but really she's growing up American.”Hidden Valley and a handful of other “culture camps” serving families with children from overseas reflect the huge rise in the number of foreign adoptions， from 7，093 in 1990 to 15，774 last year. Most children come from Russia (4，491last year) and China (4，206) but there are also thousands of others adopted annually from South America， Asia and Eastern Europe. After cutting through what can be miles of red tape，parents often come home to find a new dilemma. “At first you think，'I need a child'，” says Sandy Lachter of Washington， D.C.， who with her husband， Steve， adopted Amelia， 5， from China in 1995. “Then you think， 'What does the child need?' ”The culture camps give families a place to find answers to those kinds of questions. Most grew out of local support groups; Hidden Valley was started last year by the Boston chapter of Families with Children fromChina， which includes 650 families. While parents address weighty issues like how to raise kids in a mixed-race family， their children just have fun riding horses， singing Chinese songs or making scallion pancakes. “My philosophy of camping is that they could be doing anything， as long as they see other Chinese kids with white parents，” says the director，Peter Kassen， whose adopted daughters Hope and Lily are 6 and 4.The camp is a continuation of language and dance classes many of the kids attend during the year. “When we rented out a theater for 'Mulan，' it was packed，” says Stephen Chen of Boston， whose adopted daughter Lindsay is 4. Classes in Chinese language， art and calligraphy are taught by experts， like Renne Lu of the Greater Boston Chinese Cultural Center. “Our mission is to preserve the heritage，” Lu says.Kids who are veteran campers say the experience helps them understand their complex heritage. Sixteen-year-old Alex was born in India and adopted by Kathy and David Brinton of Boulder， Colo.， when he was 7. “I went through a stage where I hated India， hated everything about it，” he says. “You just couldn't mention India to me.” But after six sessions at the East India Colorado Heritage Camp， held at Snow Mountain Ranch in Estes Park， Colo.， he hopes to travel to India after he graduates from high school next year.Camp can be a learning experience for the whole family. Whitney Ning，23， a counselor for four years， says the Korea Heritage Camp helpedher become closer to her parents. “They were hesitant at first，” she says，“but when they saw how much it meant to me， they became very supportive.” Sometimes the most direct route around the world is across a campfire.注(1)：本文选自Newsweek; 10/04/99， p75;注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题Text 1;1. Why American parents come to Hidden Valley?[A]It has a large gathering of adopted children.[B]Parents want to find a place to exchange their ideas.[C]It helps children adapt to the new culture well.[D]It is a very good place for relaxation.2. Which of the following is not the advantage of the culture camp?[A]It well reflects the increasing foreign adoptions.[B]Parents can find the answers to their questions in raising the adopted children.[C]Children can learn a lot in culture camp.[D]It helps the adopted children have a better understanding of their complex heritage.3. The expression “miles of red tape”(Line 5， Paragraph 2) most probably means _________.[A]a number of choices[B]many hard journeys[C]a lot of difficulties[D]most troublesome procedures4. What is Alex‘s attitude toward India now?[A]Strong disapproval.[B]Reserved consent.[C]Slight contempt[D]Enthusiastic support5. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A]Foreign adoption is a common phenomenon in America.[B]Children can do whatever they want to do in the culture camp.[C]Both parents and their adopted children can benefit from the culture camp.[D]Children can receive best education in the culture camp.答案：CADBC2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（2）In this week's Nature， a group of zoologists led by Andrew Whiten of the University of St Andrews in Scotland and Christophe Boesch of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig， Germany，have provided that evidence. They have synthesised the results from seven chimpanzee-research centres scattered across Africa， and shown that chimps can， indeed， do more than just pass on the odd behaviour pattern here and there. Individual groups of chimps exhibit behavioural “complexes'' that are recognisably different from those of other groups，yet seem to have no connection with environmental or genetic differences between the groups. If that is not culture， it is difficult to think what is.The problem that confronted Dr Whiten and Dr Boesch was how to disentangle which of chimpanzees' many behaviour patterns are genetically instinctive， which are learnt by individuals in isolation (and so are not cultural， because not copied from others) and which are culturally transmitted (by animals copying one another)。
2015年硕士英语考试真题及答案
2015年硕士英语考试真题及答案全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇12015年硕士英语考试真题及答案Part I Reading Comprehension (40%) (40 Points)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.In the United States, increasing fuel efficiency used to be seen as a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on costly foreign oil. But the collapse of the price of oil has changed the equation. “People pretty commonly think of fuel efficiency as dodging the price bullet,” says Joseph Aldy, a professor of public policy at Harvard Kennedy School. Basically, when the price of oil drops, so does the cost at the pump. Thismakes fuel efficiency less of a priority. Yet, fuel efficiency should still be a consideration.1. According to the passage, what is the main argument for increasing fuel efficiency in the U.S.?A. To reduce greenhouse gas emissionsB. To reduce dependence on costly foreign oilC. To dodge the price bulletD. All of the aboveThe correct answer is D.2. Which of the following best describes the author’s view on the importance of fuel efficiency in light of the drop in oil prices?A. It is no longer necessary to consider fuel efficiency.B. Fuel efficiency is still important.C. The importance of fuel efficiency has drastically increased.D. The author does not express an opinion on the importance of fuel efficiency in light of the drop in oil prices.The correct answer is B.3. According to the passage, what has changed the equation in terms of fuel efficiency?A. The cost at the pump has increased.B. The price of oil has dropped.C. People are driving less.D. All of the aboveThe correct answer is B.4. What is the relationship between fuel efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions in the passage?A. There is no relationship.B. There is a positive relationship.C. There is a negative relationship.D. The relationship is unclear.The correct answer is C.5. What is a major argument against increasing fuel efficiency in the passage?A. The price of oil has dropped.B. People commonly think of fuel efficiency as dodging the price bullet.C. People are driving less.D. All of the aboveThe correct answer is A.Passage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.When it comes to goal setting, many of us tend to only focus on the end result. We set a goal, work towards it, and believe that once we achieve it, we will be happy and fulfilled. However, what research shows is that it’s actua lly the process, not the outcome, that matters most for our happiness.6. Based on the passage, what do many people tend to focus on when setting goals?A. The processB. The end resultC. Achieving happinessD. Believing in oneselfThe correct answer is B.7. Which of the following best describes the author’s view on what matters most for our happiness when it comes to goal setting?A. The end resultB. The processC. Achieving fame and fortuneD. Believing in oneselfThe correct answer is B.8. What does research show is most important for our happiness when setting goals?A. Achieving fame and fortuneB. The processC. The end resultD. Believing in oneselfThe correct answer is B.9. What is the main point the author is trying to make in the passage?A. Achieving goals is not important.B. The process of working towards a goal is more important than the end result.C. Happiness comes from achieving goals.D. Believing in oneself is the key to achieving goals.The correct answer is B.10. What is the main focus of the passage?A. The importance of setting goalsB. Achieving fame and fortuneC. The process of working towards a goalD. Believing in oneselfThe correct answer is C.Passage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.The use of technology in education has long been a topic of debate. While some see it as an essential tool for learning, others believe that it is a distraction that hinders academic progress. One study found that students who use laptops in class score lower on exams than those who take notes by hand. The reasonfor this is that students tend to type verbatim what the professor says, without processing the information.11. What is the main focus of the passage?A. The benefits of using technology in educationB. The drawbacks of using technology in educationC. The importance of taking notes by handD. The impact of technology on academic progressThe correct answer is D.12. What does the passage say about students who use laptops in class?A. They score higher on exams.B. They score lower on exams.C. They process information better.D. They tend to type verbatim what the professor says.The correct answer is B.13. Why do students who use laptops in class score lower on exams, according to the passage?A. They do not listen to the professor.B. They do not take notes.C. They type verbatim what the professor says.D. They process information better.The correct answer is C.14. According to the passage, what is one reason why some believe technology is a distraction in education?A. Students tend to take notes by hand.B. Students type verbatim what the professor says.C. Students do not use technology.D. Students are easily distracted.The correct answer is B.15. What is one argument for using technology in education, according to the passage?A. It is a distraction that hinders academic progress.B. It helps students process information better.C. It decreases exam scores.D. It is not an essential tool for learning.The correct answer is B.Passage FourQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.The Mediterranean diet has long been hailed as one of the healthiest diets in the world. It is characterized by high consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and olive oil, as well as moderate consumption of fish and poultry. A recent study found that people who follow the Mediterranean diet have a lower risk of heart disease and cancer.16. What is the Mediterranean diet characterized by, according to the passage?A. High consumption of red meatB. Low consumption of fruits and vegetablesC. High consumption of fish and olive oilD. Moderate consumption of fish and poultryThe correct answer is D.17. What did a recent study find about people who follow the Mediterranean diet?A. They have a higher risk of heart disease and cancer.B. They have a lower risk of heart disease and cancer.C. They have a higher risk of obesity.D. They have a lower risk of diabetes.The correct answer is B.18. Why is the Mediterranean diet considered one of the healthiest diets in the world?A. Because it is high in red meat.B. Because it is low in fruits and vegetables.C. Because it is high in saturated fats.D. Because it includes whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and olive oil.The correct answer is D.19. What does the passage say about the consumption of fish and poultry in the Mediterranean diet?A. It is high.B. It is low.C. It is moderate.D. It is non-existent.The correct answer is C.20. What is one benefit of following the Mediterranean diet, according to the passage?A. A higher risk of heart disease and cancerB. A lower risk of heart disease and cancerC. A higher risk of obesityD. A lower risk of diabetesThe correct answer is B.Part II Vocabulary (20%) (20 Points)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.In 2009, Catherine and Eric adopted two children from Ethiopia, housing them in a small home _21_ the outskirts of Addis Ababa. They lived in _22_ with no running water, and _23_ as little as a dollar a day. But they were determined to provide a better _24_ for their children, so they began to search for ways to _25_ more children and schools _26_ Ethiopia. They began by writing a heartwarming story about their experiences and _27_ it to various publishers. After numerous rejections, one publisherfinally agreed to _28_ their story. The book became an instant hit, encouraging others to _29_ Catherine and Eric in their mission to help Ethiopian children. Through their story became known across the world, they _30_ to remain humble and true to their values.21. A. inB. onC. atD. toThe correct answer is B.22. A. povertyB. luxuryC. simplicityD. wealthThe correct answer is A.23. A. earnedB. spentC. savedThe correct answer is B.24. A. environmentB. lifeC. futureD. momentThe correct answer is C.25. A. adoptB. educateC. avoidD. ignoreThe correct answer is A.26. A. inB. onC. ofD. forThe correct answer is C.B. submitC. mailD. deliverThe correct answer is B.28. A. refuseB. publishC. declineD. acceptThe correct answer is B.29. A. supportB. questionC. challengeD. confuseThe correct answer is D.30. A. learnB. meanC. decideD. tryThe correct answer is C.Part III Cloze Test (10%)Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.In the age of the internet, social media is a key _31_ of communication. It allows people to connect, share information, and stay _32_ with friends and family. However, the rise of social media has also led to concerns about privacy and data security. Many companies _33_ user data to target ads and track user behavior. This has raised _34_ about the ethics of using personal information for commercial gain. Despite these concerns, social media remains a powerful _35_ for individuals and businesses to reach a wide audience.31. A. formB. meansC. methodD. wayThe correct answer is B.32. A. evolvedB. engagedC. entertainedD. informedThe correct answer is D.33. A. sellB. analyzeC. shareD. stealThe correct answer is B.34. A. questionsB. doubtsC. queriesD. issuesThe correct answer is A.35. A. toolB. weaponC. resourceD. deviceThe correct answer is A.Part IV Translation (30%)Direction: Translate the following passage from Chinese into English.在当今世界，科技的发展日新月异。
2015考研阅读理解真题
2015考研阅读理解真题阅读理解是考研英语中的重要部分，对考生的阅读能力和理解能力都有一定的要求。
下面将给大家呈现2015年考研英语阅读理解真题，帮助大家更好地了解考研阅读理解的要求和考点。
Passage 1:Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.LONDON — Since time immemorial(自古), we have appraised the bonds that exist between humans and dogs. There has been little anatomical evidence for this close relationship, though, apart from cradling us in sleep and joining us on morning walks, the evidence has always been there. In his recently published book, “Dog Friendly Gardens, Garden Friendly Dogs,” Dr. Kincep suggests the relationship mechanism has its roots in our entwined(纠缠的) lives in the wild.As a behaviorist, Dr. Kincep has watched enough bad dog incidents to know that the least soluble problem is a neighbor’s dog barking when we’re trying to sleep. Finally, with the advancement of technology, he has isolated, at least partially, what causes such behavior.It is amazing firstly in that the need to alert us to possible danger is far more acute to dogs than that of humans. Research has shown that humans become alarmed only at sounds of around 15 kHz(千赫兹), whereas dogs are paying attention at 65 kHz, a range of sounds we’re simply incapable of detecting.Dogs also have an exceptional ability to hear, being able to pick up sounds from up to 4 miles away, such as the cut of a knife through paper or other subtle(微妙的) noises.The last significant difference lies in the realm(领域) of monitoring, which again demonstrates a dog is not simply man’s best friend, but man’s superior guardian(守卫者) too.“It’s growing amazing”, Dr. Kincep says, referring to the fact that dogs have the ability to pick up minute(微小的) changes in human behavior, thanks to their incredible sense of smell.1. What does the author want to convey in the first paragraph?A. Dogs have the ability to monitor our behavior.B. Dogs are friendly and loving animals.C. Humans and dogs have an ancient bond.D. Dogs are useful for morning walks.2. What does the author think about Dr. Kincep's book?A. It is informative and helpful.B. It is scientific and analytical.C. It is interesting but unrelated to the topic.D. It is based on anecdotal evidence.3. According to the passage, dogs can detect sounds that humans cannot because ________.A. humans cannot detect soundsB. they have a wider range of hearingC. they have better technology to detect soundsD. dogs are more alert to sounds4. What is the author amazed at?A. Dogs' acute need for danger.B. Humans' alarm only at sounds of 15 kHz.C. The ability to hear sounds 4 miles away.D. The fact that dogs have a greater ability to detect certain noises.5. What is the main point the author makes in the last paragraph?A. Dogs have an incredible sense of smell.B. Humans can monitor dogs' behavior.C. Dogs can pick up minute changes in human behavior.D. Dogs can detect changes in their environment.这是2015年考研英语阅读理解第一篇阅读材料，现在让我们来一一解答每个问题。
2015年博士生入学考试外语真题
2015年博士生入学考试外语真题中国社会科学院研究生院2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷英语2015年3月14 日8:30 – 11:30PART I: Vocabulary and GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.1. Even the president is not really the CEO. No one is. Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured. Power in Washington is ______________ and horizontally spread out.a. prudentb. reversiblec. diffused. mandatory2. In describing the Indians of the various sections of the United States at different stages in their history, some of the factors which account for their similarity amid difference can be readily accounted for, others are difficult to _______________.a. refineb. discernc. embedd. cluster3. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by T ony Blair, wasdesigned to give the other members of the club a bigger ______________ and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.a. sayb. transmissionc. decayd. contention4. It can hardly be denied the proliferation of so-called dirty books and films has, to date, reached almost a saturation point. People do not acknowledge the _______________ fact that children are bound to be exposed to ―dirty words‖in a myriad of ways other than through the public airwaves.a.i rrefutableb. concretec. inevitabled. haphazard5. A condition is an essential term of the contract. If a contract is not performed, it may constitute a substantial breach of contract and allow the other party to _______________ the contract, that is, treat the contract as discharged or terminated.a. repudiateb. spurnc. declined. halt6. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words as well as agreed conventions ______________ these words should be arranged to convey a particular message. a. as the way by which b. by the way in whichc. as to the way in whichd. in the way of which7. Rarely ______________ a technological development _______________ an impact on many aspects of social, economic, and cultural development as greatly as the growth of electronics.a. has… hadb. had…hadc. has…hasd. have…had8. If early humans ______________ as much as they did, they probably ______________ to evolve into different species.a. did not move and intermingle…would continueb. would not move and intermingle…had continuedc. had not moved and intermingled…would have continuedd. were not to move and intermingle…could have continued9. It was ______________ the last time around the track ______________ I really kicked itin--passing the gossiping girlfriends, blocking out the whistles of boys who had already completed their run and now were hanging out on the grassy hill, I ran--pushing hard, breathing shallowly, knowing full well that I was going to have to hear about it from my disapproving friends for the next few days.a. not until…whenb. not until…thatc. until…whend. until…that10．One impediment ______________ the general use of a standard in pronunciation is the fact ______________ pronunciation is learnt naturally and unconsciously, while orthography is learnt deliberately and consciously.a. in…whichb. of …in whichc. on…thatd. to…thatSection B (5 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.11. It is some 15 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizensbetween India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.a. divisionb. turmoilc. fusiond. consolidation12. Concerning speculation, philosophy looks upon things from the broadest possible perspective;for criticism, it has the twofold role of questioning and judging everything that pertains either to the foundations or to the superstructure of human thinking.a. inebriatesb. forsakesc. relatesd. emaciates13. Meeting is, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological side show.Perhaps it is our civilized way to moderating，if not preventing, change.a. promotingb. impedingc. temperingd. arresting14. The truth about alliances and their merit probably lies somewhere between the travel utopiapresented by the players and the evil empires portrayed bytheir critics.a. collaborationb. worthc. triumphd. defect15. But Naifeh and Smith reveal a keen intellect, an avid reader and a passionate observer of otherartists’ work who progressed from labored figure studies to inspir ed outbursts of creative energy.Far from an artistic flash in the pan, he pursued his calling with dogged determination against nearly insurmountable odds.a. insuperableb. unsurpassablec. uncountabled. invaluableSection C (5 points)Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.16.One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congress is the power toinvestigate, which is usually delegated to committees—either standing committees, specialA Bcommittees set for a specific purpose, or joint committees consisting of members of bothC Dhouses.17.One of the important corollaries to the investigative power is the power to publicizeinvestigations and their results. Most committee hearings areopen to public and are reportedA Bwidely in the mass media. Congressional investigations thus represent one important toolCavailable to lawmakers to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interest in national issues.D18.It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting is something which weA Balmost always know. We begin the natural learning of pronunciation long before we start Clearning to read or write, and in our early years we go on unconsciously imitating andDpracticing the pronunciation of those around us for many hours everyday.19. It had happened too often that the farmers sold their wheat soon after harvest when farm debtsAwere coming due, only to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions,Bproducer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to become involved, atCleast not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild.D20.Detailed studies of the tribe by the food scientists at the University of London showed thatAgathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields onB Caverage about 100 edible calories as an hour of gathering produces 240.DPART II: Reading comprehension (30 points)Directions: Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage 1Plato’s Republic has been the source of great consternation, especially in literary circles, for itsattack on the poets. Socrates in fact asserts that they should have no place in the ideal state. Eric Havelock suggests that there are several misunderstandings in this regard, and in his Preface to Plato he identifies the issues, explains the historical context.Havelock opens his discussion by suggesting that the very title of the Republic is the source of much confusion. The book is commonly understood to be a treatise on the ideal political entity, but even a casual analysis will show that only one-third of the text is concerned with statecraft. The other two-thirds cover a variety of su bjects, but the thrust of Plato’s argument amounts to an attack on the traditional Greek approach to education.The educational methods still in use in the 4th century BC had their origins in what has been called the Greek Dark Age beginning around 1200 BC when the Mycenaean era collapsed. Very little is known about the whys and wherefores of this collapse, but it wasn’t until around 700 BC that the Phoenicianalphabet began to be adapted and used in the Greek-speaking world. During the intervening centuries, all knowledge concerning Greek history, culture, mores and laws were orally transmitted down through the generations. The most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of information was rhyme. The epic form we see in Homer’s Iliad grew out of the need to preserve the Greek cultural memory. Havelock takes the reader through Book 1 of The Iliad and dissects it in detail to show how this cultural, historical and ethical heritage was conveyed. The Iliad takes on new and significant meaning to the reader of this minute examination.The Iliad and presumably other poetic vehicles were taught to children from an early age. The whole of the Greek-speaking world was immersed in the project of memorizing, and out of the masses arose those individuals with superior memories and theatrical skills who became the next generation of minstrels and teachers. Education was thus comprised of memorization and rote learning, and the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals.Plato’s focus in the Republic and elsewhere is on Homer and Hesiod and to some extent the dramatists which at the time were the centerpieces of the educational regime. Their works presented gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth. The overall result is that the Greek adolescent is continually conditioned to an attitude which at bottom is cynical. It is more important to keep up appearances than to practice the reality. Decorum and decent behavior are not obviously violated, but the inner principle of morality is. Once the Republic is viewed as a critique of the educational regime, Havelock says that the logic of its total organization becomesclear.What Pl ato was railing against was an ―oral state of mind‖ which seems to have persisted even though the alphabet and written documentation had been in use for three centuries. Illiteracy was thus stil l a widespread problem in Plato’s time, and the poetic state of mind was the main obstacle to scientific rationalism and analysis. This is why Plato regarded the poetic or oral state of mind as the arch-enemy. In his teachings he did the opposite. He ask ed his students to ―think about what they were sa ying instead of just saying it.‖The epic had become, in Plato’s view, not ―an act of creation bu t an act of reminder and recall‖ and cont ributed to what Havelock terms ―the Homeric state of mind.‖It was So crates’project (and by extension Plato’s) to reform Greek education to encourage thinking and analysis. Thus all the ranting and railing about the ―poets‖ in Plato’s Republic was limited basically to Homer and Hesiod because of what he viewed as a wholly inadequate approach to education of which these particular poets were an integral part.Unfortunately, Western culture has misconstrued wh at Plato and Socrates meant by ―the poets.‖And because we view poetry as a highly creative and elevated form of expression, our critics have failed to recognize that Plato’s diatribe had a very specific and limited target which had nothing to do with high-minded creativity, of which there is plenty, by the way, in the proscribed poet s. It wasn’t really the poets who were the problem; it was the use of them that was deemed unacceptable.Post-Havelock, we can now read the Republic with the scales lifted from our eyes and see it for what it really was: an indictment of an antiquated educational regime which had no place in a democratic society.Comprehension Questions:21. The mistaken understanding of Plato's Republic consists in the widespread belief that it consistsof _______________.a.literary criticismb. a treatise on the ideal polityc. a critique of rationalismd. an indictment of an obsolete pedagogy22. According to Havelock, Plato’s anger with the poets arose from:I: Their representation of gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth.II: Their transmission of culture, mores and laws.a. I.b. II.c. Both I and II.d. Neither I nor II.23. Prior to the 4th century BC, recitation was considered the best educational method because______________.a.poetry was seen as a highly creative and elevated form of expressionb.rhyme was the most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of informationc.there was no writing systemd.the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals24. In Plato's diatribe the poetic or oral state of mind is the arch-enemy of _______________.a.democratic societyb. the Mycenaean Republicc .the Phoenicians d. literacy25. A common critique of the present-day Chinese educational system resembles the educationalsystem that Plato fulminated against in that it often _______________.a.asks students to think about what they were saying instead of just saying it/doc/8e18884558.htmlprises of memorization and rote learningc.has a very specific and limited targetd.encourages thinking and analysisPassage 2To govern is to choose how the revenue raised from taxes is spent. So far so good, or bad. But some people earn more money than others. Should they pay proportionately more money to the government than those who earn less? And if they do pay more money are they entitled to more services than those who pay less or those who pay nothing at all? And should those who pay nothing at all because they have nothing get anything? These matters are of irritable concern to ourrulers, and of some poignancy to the rest.Although the equality of each citizen before the law is the rock upon which the American Constitution rests, economic equality has never been an American ideal. In fact, it is the one unmentionable subject in our politics, as the senator from South Dakota recently discovered when he came up with a few quasi-egalitarian tax reforms. The furious and enduring terror of Communism in America is not entirely the work of those early cold warriors Truman and Acheson.A dislike of economic equality is something deep-grained in the American Protestant character. After all, given a rich empty continent for vigorous Europeans to exploit (the Indians were simply a disagreeable part of the emptiness, like chiggers), any man of gumption could make himself a good living. With extra hard work, any man could make himself a fortune, proving that he was a better man than the rest. Long before Darwin the American ethos was Darwinian.The vision of the rich empty continent is still a part of the American unconscious in spite of the Great Crowding and its attendant miseries; and this lingering belief in the heaven any man can make for himself through hard work and clean living is a key to the majority’s prevailing and apparently unalterable hatred of the poor, kept out of sight at home, out of mind abroad.Yet there has been, from the beginning, a significant division in our ruling class. The early Thomas Jefferson had a dream: a society of honest yeomen, engaged in agricultural pursuits, without large cities, heavy industry, banks, military pretensions. The early (and the late) Alexander Hamilton wanted industry, banks, cities, and a military force capable of making itself felt in world politics. It is a nice irony that so many of toda y’s laissez-faire conservatives think that they descend from Hamilton, the proponent of a strong federal government, and that so many liberals believe themselves to be the heirs of the early Jefferson, who wanted little more than a police force and a judiciary. Always practical, Jefferson knew that certain men would rise through their own good efforts while, sadly, others would fall. Government would do no more than observe this Darwinian spectacle benignly, and provide no succor.In 1800 the Hamiltonian view was rejected by the people andtheir new President Thomas Jefferson. Four years later, the Hamiltonian view had prevailed and was endorsed by the reelected Jefferson. Between 1800 and 1805 Jefferson had seen to it that an empire in posse had become an empire in esse. The difference between Jefferson I and Jefferson II is reflected in the two inaugural addresses.It is significant that nothing more elevated than greed changed the Dr. Jekyll of Jefferson I into the Mr. Hyde of Jefferson II. Like his less thoughtful countrymen, Jefferson could not resist a deal. Subverting the Constitution he had helped create, Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon, acquiring its citizens without their consents. The author of the Declaration of Independence was quite able to forget the unalienable rights of anyone whose property he thought should be joined to our empire—a word which crops up frequently and unselfconsciously in his correspondence.In the course of land-grabbing, Jefferson II managed to get himself into hot water with France, England, and Spain simultaneously, a fairly astonishing thing to do considering the state of politics in Napoleonic Europe.Comprehension Questions:26. The author believes that Americans ________________.a. still believe America to be largely unpopulatedb. largely believe in lower taxationc. are in favor of taxation without representationd. should reconsider the Louisiana purchase27. From the passage, we may assume that the senator from South Dakota _______________.a. opposed tax reformb. was Thomas Jeffersonc. failed in his attempt to reform tax lawd. was Alexander Hamilton28. Jefferson made it possible for ________________.a. a potential empire to become a real oneb. tax laws to reflect the will of the peoplec. France, England, and Spain to simultaneously vacillate upon their mutual feelings towardsthe United States.d. Darwinian social theories to be accepted without question29. Jefferson’s early political writings espoused what would today b e called _______________.a. collectivismb. libertarianismc. socialismd. liberalism30. The author holds that Jefferson’s purchase of the Louisiana territories _______________.a. may be seen as a hypocritical actb. rigorously held with his previous views of inalienable rightsc. cannot be seen as an act of empire-expansiond. was an act meant to lower taxes and improve the wealth of the nationPassage 3If, besides the accomplishments of being witty and ill-natured, a man is vicious into the bargain, he is one of the most mischievous creatures that can enter into a civil society. His satire will then chiefly fall upon those who ought to be the most exempt from it. Virtue, merit, and everything that is praiseworthy, will be made the subject of ridicule and buffoonery. It is impossible to enumerate the evils which arise from these arrowsthat fly in the dark; and I know no other excuse that is or can be made for them, than that the wounds they give are only imaginary, and produce nothing more than a secret shame or sorrow in the mind of the suffering person. It must indeed be confessed that a lampoon or a satire do not carry in them robbery or murder; but at the same time, how many are there that would not rather lose a considerable sum of money, or even life itself, than be set up as a mark of infamy and derision? And in this case a man should consider that an injury is not to be measured by the notions of him that gives, but of him that receives it. Those who can put the best countenance upon the outrages of this nature which are offered them, are not without their secret anguish. I have often observed a passage in Socrates’ behavio r at his death in a light wherein none of the critics have considered it. That excellent man entertaining his friends a little before he drank the bowl of poison, with a discourse on the immortality of the soul, at his entering upon it says that he does not believe any the most comic genius can censure him for talking upon such a subject at such at a time. This passage, I think, evidently glances upon Aristophanes, who write a comedy on purpose to ridicule the discourses of that divine philosopher. It has been observed by many writers that Socrates was so little moved at this piece of buffoonery, that he was several times present at its being acted upon the stage, and never expressed the least resentment of it. But, with submission, I think the remark I have here made shows us that this unworthy treatment made an impression uponhis mind, though he had been too wise to discover it. When Julius Caesar was lampooned by Catullus, he invited him to a supper, and treated him with such a generous civility, that hemade the poet his friend ever after. Cardinal Mazarine gave the same kind of treatment to the learned Quillet, who had reflected upon his eminence in a famous Latin poem. The cardinal sent for him, and, after some kind expostulations upon what he had written, assured him of his esteem, and dismissed him with a promise of the next good abbey that should fall, which he accordingly conferred upon him in a few months after. This had so good an effect upon the author, that he dedicated the second edition of his book to the cardinal, after having expunged the passages which had given him offence. Though in the various examples which I have here drawn together, these several great men behaved themselves very differently towards the wits of the age who had reproached them, they all of them plainly showed that they were very sensible of their reproaches, and consequently that they received them as very great injuries. For my own part, I would never trust a man that I thought was capable of giving these secret wounds; and cannot but think that he would hurt the person, whose reputation he thus assaults, in his body or in his fortune, could he do it with the same security. There is indeed something very barbarous and inhuman in the ordinary scribblers of lampoons. I have indeed heard of heedless, inconsiderate writers that, without any malice, have sacrificed the reputation of their friends and acquaintance to a certain levity of temper, and a silly ambition of distinguishing themselves by a spirit of raillery and satire; as if it were not infinitely more honourable to be a good-natured man than a wit. Where there is this little petulant humor in an author, he is often very mischievous without designing to be so.Comprehension Questions:31. According to the author, those who want to trivializesatire tend to suggest that_______________.a. the damage is immaterialb. the effect is mere buffooneryc. wit is a streak of geniusd. the mischief must be taken in a spirit of raillery32. What would be the best strategy for the object of satire to adopt, according to the author?a. To take no heed.b. To placate the author.c. To take offence.d. To suffer the consequences.33. The main purpose of this article is ________________.a. the derision of the perpetrators of satireb. a warning against mischievous scribblersc. creating understanding of the genred. reproaching fellow satirists34. When the author speaks of ―this little petulant humor‖it is evident that he means________________.a. good-natured witb. the choleric temperc. a silly ambitiond. submission35. In view of the opinion of the author, it is unlikely that the author is a ________________.a. man of lettersb. satiristc. witd. a good-natured man Passage 4Alexander the Great’s conquests in the Eastern Mediterranean initiated a series of profound cultural transformations in the ancient centers of urban civilization of the Fertile Crescent. The final destruction of native rule and the imposition of an alien elite culture instigated a cultural discourse—Hellenism—which irrevocably marked all participants, both conquerors and conquered. This discourse was particularly characterized by a transformation of indigenous cultural traditions, necessitated by their need to negotiate their place in a new social order. As Bowerstock has argued, the process of Hellenization did not accomplish the wholesale replacement of indigenous cultural traditions with Greek civilization. Instead, it provided a new cultural vocabulary through which much pre-existing cultural tradition was often able to find new expression. This phenomenon is especially intriguing as it relates to language and literacy. The ancient civilizations of the Syro-Mesopotamian and Egyptian cultural spheres were, of course, literate, possessing indigenous literary traditions already of great antiquity at the time of the Macedonian conquests. The disenfranchisement of traditional elites by the imposition of Greek rule had the related effect of displacing many of the traditional social structures where in indigenous literacy functioned and was taught—in particular, the institutions of the palace and the temple. A new language of power, Greek, replaced the traditional language of these institutions. This had the unavoidable effect of displacing the traditional writing systems associated with these indigenous languages. Traditional literacy’s longstanding association with the centers of social and political authority began to be eroded.Naturally, the eclipse of traditional, indigenous literacy did not occur overnight. The decline of Cuneiform and Hieroglyphicliteracies was a lengthy process. Nor was the nature of their respective declines identical. Akkadian, the ancient language of Mesopotamian court and temple culture, vanished forever, along with cuneiform writing, in the first century CE. Egyptian lived on beyond the disappearance of hieroglyphic in the fourth century CE in the guise of Coptic, to succumb as a living, spoken language of daily social intercourse only after the Islamic conquest of Egypt. Even then, Coptic survives to this day as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. This latter point draws attention to an aspect of the decline of these indigenous literacies worthy of note: it is in the sphere of religion that these literacies are often preserved longest, after they have been superseded in palace circles—the last dated cuneiform text we have is an astrological text; the last dated hieroglyphic text a votive graffito. This should cause little surprise. The sphere of religion is generally one of the most conservative of cultural subsystems. The local need to negotiate the necessities of daily life and individual and collective identity embodied in traditional religious structures is slow to change and exists in ongoing dialogue with the more readily changeable royal and/or state ideologies that bind various locales together in an institutional framework.The process of ―Hellenization‖ of the an cient cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean provides us, then, with an opportunity to observe the on-going effect on traditional, indigenous literacy of the imposition of a new status language possessed of its own distinct writing system. The cultural politics of written and spoken language-use in such contexts has been much discussed and it is clear that the processes leading to the adoption of a new language—in written form, or spoken form, or both—in some cultural spheres and the retention of traditional languages inothers are complex. Factors including the imposition of a new language from above, adoption of a new language of social prestige from below, as well as preservation of older idioms of traditional statusin core cultural institutions, must have affected different sectors of a conquered society in different fashions and at different rates.Comprehension Questions:36. The languages that have to some extent managed to survive Hellenization did so in what area?a. In palace circles.b. In governmental institutions.c. In the religious sphere.d. In philological circles.37. Which aspect of society, according to the passage, is one of the most resistant to change?a. Monarchical institutions.b. Religious institutions.c. Linguistic norms.d. State ideologies.38. In the first paragraph, you saw the underlined word disenfranchisement. Choose, among thefollowing expressions, the closest in similar meaning.a. the removal of power, right and/or privilegeb. a strong sense of disappointmentc. the prohibition of the right to conduct businessd. the loss of social position39. Who was the leader of the Macedonian Conquest?a. King Philip of Macedon.b. Pericles of Athens.。
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2015东南大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练
It was a cold，rainy and wholly miserable afternoon in Washington，and a hot muggy night in Miami.It was Sunday，and three games were played in the two cities.The people playing them and the people watching them tell us much about the ever-changing ethnic structure of the United States.
Professional football in the United States is almost wholly played by native-born American citizens，mostly very large and very strong，many of them black.It is a game of physical strength.Linemen routinely weigh more than300pounds.Players are valued for their weigh and muscles，for how fast they can run，and how hard they can hit each other.Football draws the biggest crowds，but the teams play only once a week，because they get so battered.
The67，204fans were in Miami for the final game of the baseball World Series.Baseball was once America“s favorite game，but has lost that claim to basketball.
Baseball is a game that requires strength，but not hugeness. Agility，quickness，perfect vision and quick reaction are more important than pure strength.Baseball was once a purely American game，but has spread around much of the New World.In that Sunday“s final，the final hit of the extra inning game was delivered by a native of Columbia.The Most Valuable Player in the game was a native of Columbia.The rosters of both teams were awash with Hispanic names，as is Miami，which now claims the World Championship is a game that
may be losing popularity in America，but has gained it in much of the rest of the world.Baseball in America has taken on a strong Hispanic flavor，with a dash of Japanese added for seasoning.
Soccer，which many countries just call football，is the most widely enjoyed sport in the world.In soccer，which many countries just call football，the ethnic tide has been the reverse of baseball. Until recently，professional soccer in the United States has largely been an import，played by South Americans and Europeans.Now，American citizens in large numbers are finally taking up the most popular game in the world.
Basketball，an American invention increasingly played around the world，these days draws large crowds back home.Likewise，hockey，a game largely imported to the United States from neighboring Canada. Lacrosse，a version of which was played by Native Americans before the Europeans arrived，is also gaining a keen national following.
Sports of all kinds are winning support from American armchair enthusiasts from a variety of ethnic backgrounds.
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1、Which of the following can reflect the ever-changing ethnic structure of America?
A、Sportsman.
B、Audience.
C、Both of them.
D、None of them.
2、Who play professional football in the United States?。
A、Native-born American citizens.
B、Europeans.
C、South Americans.
D、Both B and C.
3、What is America“s favorite game?
A、Baseball.
B、Basketball.
C、Professional football.
D、Soccer.
4、Which of the following statements about soccer is true?
A、In soccer and basketball，the ethnic tide is different.
B、Until recently，soccer becomes an important game，so many native Americans play it.
C、It is the most popular game in the world，so many American citizens take up it.
D、Although soccer is the most popular game in the world，American citizens in large numbers do not like first.
5、The author of the passage wants to tell us that____.
A、Americans like sports and sports reveal much about the changing ethnic structure of the United States
B、In Washington，several games are played in one day
C、Americans like all kinds of games
D、The American games are watched by native-Americans and played by people from different countries
Keys to Passage1
C A
D B A
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