托福阅读背景知识概括
TOEFL阅读背景知识精选整合2020
TOEFL阅读背景知识精选整合2020为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，给大家整理新托福阅读背景知识，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
新托福阅读背景知识：超现实主义超现实主义(Surrealism)第一次世界大战完毕后的几年, 人们开始怀疑理性主义, 虽理性主义然使欧洲的文化, 政治达到顶峰但还是发生了恐怖一次大战. 虽然达达派(Dada)的艺术风靡了当时的欧洲画坛. 但是把印了字的纸片洒在地上作诗, 似乎太过消极了. 超现实主义(Surrealism)这时开始萌芽了. 1924年, 超现实主义的创始人, 也是达达派的诗人与评论家-安德烈布尔顿发表了"超现实主义宣言"(The Surrealist Manifesto). 宣言中指出: 超现实主义是结合了意识的和无意识的精神领域在每天的现实生活中而完成世界的美梦与幻想. 简单的说, 超现实主义不但重视人类意识的思考, 另外更重视下意识的范畴. 他们用科学的方法研究人在无意中画出的图画, 信手写出的字, 小孩或疯子的图画, 结合心理学与精神病学的原理, 配合上人的梦境与幻想. 结论是: 美是在解放了的意识中那些不可思议的幻象与梦境. 所以超现实主义是一种超理性, 超意识的艺术. 超现实主义的画家不受理性主义的限制而凭本能及想象, 表现超现实的题材. 他们自由自在的生活在一种时空交错的空间, 不受空间与时间的束缚, 表现出比现实世界更真实更有意义. 超现实主义首先在法国展开, 立即受西班牙画家的欢迎, 很快普及到全世界. 而原本是单纯的美术改革运动, 不久也影响到了文学, 雕刻, 戏剧, 戏剧舞台, 电影, 建筑等其它的应用艺术, 所以超现实主义可以说是影响全世界的新文艺运动. 但在第二次世界大战时, 大量的艺术家迁往美国, 同时影响美国超现实主义的风行. 1945年后"新具象"在艺术之都巴黎兴起, 超现实主义才渐渐没落新托福阅读背景知识：polymer gelspolymer gels一种聚合凝胶The following information was part of our display for theSET96 and SET98 Scientific Power to the People Exhibition, The Galleries, Bristol, 20th and 21st March 1998.A POLYMER is a very long molecule rather like a very long piece of string.The borax joins two molecules together to make a large network - rather like flexible scaffolding. This is cross-linking.This turns the fluid dissolved polymer into a GEL.In oil wells water is pushed down to push oil up. If this breaks through to the production well bore, the well will just produce water. A solution is to block the rock pores with polymer gel to make the well produce oil again. These gels can be made from naturally occurring sugar-based polymers such as Guar and they can be cross-linked with Cobalt or Chromium.Other everyday examples of polymer gels are to be found in non-drip emulsion paints, foods, car tires and agrochemicals.The polymer that we are using is POLYVINYL ALCOHOL and we are joining the strands together with BORAX. This gel, when colored, is sold in toyshops as SLIME.新托福阅读背景知识：鹦鹉螺鹦鹉螺(中文版)鹦鹉螺属于头足纲中的四鳃类。
TOEFL阅读背景知识汇总
TOEFL阅读背景知识汇总新托福阅读背景知识：石化林石化林的一点背景知识石化林存在于美国亚利桑那州的彩绘沙漠内，是广泛散布的石化木和石化树的集聚地。
来自火山灰的氧化硅溶于水并且渗入树木中，变成晶体，此时石化木便形成了。
人们现在所见到的石化木的鲜艳色彩是由其他矿物质所添加而形成的。
有些石化木看上去仿佛曾被斧子砍断以用作木柴，但它们可能是因地震断裂而形成的。
玛瑙桥(玛瑙是一种半宝石)是跨越在一条12米宽的溪流上方的单根石化木。
它在跨度上没有支撑，但两端埋在砂岩中。
宝石收藏者过去曾对石化林造成极大的破坏，如今石化木已受法律的保护，无人能再取走哪一片石头。
土著美洲人有一个解释石化林如何产生的故事。
一位女神为生火做饭集木头，但木头很湿不能燃烧。
女神很生气，便对一些木头施以恶咒语，把这们变成了石头，不能再为任何人所使用。
新托福阅读背景知识：初识芭蕾初识芭蕾芭蕾(Ballet)一词，源自意大利文Ballard，意思就是跳舞，专指“足尖舞”，是欧洲古典舞蹈的一种形式。
在其发展过程中，因常以这种舞蹈来叙述表演故事，而逐渐形成了一种特殊的演出形式。
1772年，查理·狄德罗(Charles Diderot)在法国大百科全书中说:“芭蕾系用跳舞解释行动。
特别要求剧场性的赏心悦目。
”。
帕鲁金尼(Perugino)更详细地叙述说：“芭蕾是由一位编导，运用连带哑剧的一系列独舞和群众，附加音乐和布景，去表现一种诗情画意，或一连串概念，或一个故事化的情节。
”芭蕾这种舞蹈形式一直发展到今天，形成了完整的舞剧艺术。
对于中国观众来说，芭蕾并不陌生，尤其近些年来，芭蕾受到了越来越多的观注，一股“芭蕾热”已经在几座大城市悄然兴起。
1997年的“中国歌剧舞剧年”可以说是热闹非凡，各个中外演出团体为广大观众献上了一台又一台精彩的演出，真是“你方唱罢我登场”。
从通俗的《天鹅湖》到浪漫的《吉赛尔》，从“拉丁味”的《堂·吉诃德》到充满海新托福阅读背景知识：脚尖的艺术脚尖的艺术从运动的实际需要来看，脚尖鞋的发明能够将舞者身体的重量支撑“面”经过若干倍的缩小后变成支撑“点”，从而有效地减小与地面的摩擦力，提高旋转的速度，造成风驰电掣的效果、超凡脱俗的幻觉，进而更好地为仙凡之恋这类虚幻的芭蕾题材服务。
TOEFL新托福阅读背景知识精选5篇
TOEFL新托福阅读背景知识精选5篇为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理新托福阅读背景学问汇总，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
新托福阅读背景学问：太空城休士顿太空城休士顿休士顿是US的第五大都市，人类第一次登上月球的阿波罗飞船11号就在这里升空，因而使它也成为全球著名的城镇。
这一城镇是在1836年当德克萨斯州自墨西哥获得独立时，随之而诞生。
通往墨西哥湾的休士顿港，是US第三大港，在那里出口的棉花和石油产品，其数量占全美第一位。
自从US国家航空太空总署NASA在近效设置太空中心以来，休士顿正在连续不断地急速进展。
阿斯托洛圆顶运动场Astrodome耗资3，100万美元，于1965年兴建完成的这一运动场是目前世界上最大的一座室内运动场，内部装有冷暖气设备。
棒球、足球、骞马，以至于马戏团表演，都可以在室内进行。
紧邻的Afterworld是一个规模极大的消遣中心，游客可以欣赏欧洲各种村落的景色，也能够观赏各类表演。
圣哈新托古战场SanJacintoBattlefield1836年，休士顿将军为了争取德州独立，率军与墨军激战的地方。
现在已成为州立公园，纪念塔高达174公尺，可乘电梯登上塔项。
塔下是历史博物馆。
距休士顿市约26公里。
US航空太空总署太空飞行中心NASAMannedSpacecraft因阿波罗11号在此升空而全球著名。
US国家航空太空总署NASA于1961年设立于休士顿东南方45公里处的克利阿湖畔。
四周有GeneralElectric和InternationalBusinessMachines等重要的电子工业企业，是名符其实的航空太空科学中心。
展览馆Exhibit Hall的一号馆中，陈设着太空飞行员使用的器具、太空食物、太空船模型、月球上采集的岩石，对一般观光客公开。
太空飞行中心内部极为宽阔，可在进入中心的问讯处索取地图，备作参考。
太空中心内也有礼品店，出售太空船模型、月球石头模型，以及阿波罗帽等。
TOEFL新托福阅读背景知识汇总
TOEFL新托福阅读背景知识汇总TOEFL新托福阅读背景学问汇总为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理新托福阅读背景学问汇总，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
新托福阅读背景学问：现代派文学的兴起两次世界大战之间从第一次世界大战到其次次世界大战，是US文学的其次次富强时期。
20年月，各种流派相继消失，表现了高度进展的资本主义社会的种.种冲突和精神世界方面的问题。
30年月基本上是左翼文学占主导地位，从30年月后期起，文学界分化成各个流派，又消失了纷坛多样的局面。
总的来说，现代派文学与左翼文学是这个时期两股最大的文学思潮。
从这个时期起，US文学开头发生世界性的影响。
1930年后，US作家间续得到诺贝尔文学奖金。
现代派文学的兴起20世纪初，US的经济有了很大进展。
垄断资本进一步集中，大城市人口密集，工农运动规模越来越大。
社会面貌与人的精神面貌，已非19世纪传统现实主义手法与惠特曼式的风格所能精确反映。
大战前的最初10年为孕育新的风格、新的流派作了预备。
欧洲的现代派文艺不断介绍到US。
19世纪下半期US的诗歌处于过渡阶段，继惠特曼后只消失了一个重要诗人艾米莉·狄更生。
她一反浮夸的浪漫主义诗风，以不规章的韵律、奇怪的对比和自由的联想，打开了通向US现代诗的道路。
1912年，《诗刊》在芝加哥创办，标志着现代派文艺的开头。
《诗刊》的头3卷里，消失了庞德(1885-1973)、韦·林赛(1879-1931)、艾·洛威尔(1874-1925)、威·卡·威廉斯(1883-1963)、桑德堡(1878-1967)、沃·斯蒂文斯(1879-1955)、艾·李·马斯特斯(1868-1950)、玛·莫尔(1887-1972)等人的作品。
这些人后来都成为US有成就的诗人。
其中有意象主义者，有接近劳动人民的芝加哥诗派，有20世纪的田园诗人，有新的乡土主义者，有抽象哲理派诗人。
托福阅读知识背景
托福阅读知识背景〔托福〕阅读备考可以从以下几个方面训练自己:文章的主旨、具体段落的含义、隐含内容、具体细节和逻辑漏洞等。
今天我主要给大家分享托福阅读知识背景，希望对你们有帮助!许多人认为既然是背景知识不够，最好的方法是做一些课外阅读来补充它。
这种方法确实是一个不错的选择，但实际上学习效率相对较低，缺乏针对性。
我认为，如果想扩展自己的背景知识，应该有更明确的学习步骤方法。
1.明确不理解的话题范围每个托福考生的学术背景不同，爱好和兴趣也不同。
因此，在拓展托福阅读的背景知识时，不能使用统一的方法。
我建议大家应该做的第一件事是明确划出自己不理解的话题范围，如果认为范围太大，无妨寻找托福阅读考试的相关信息。
托福阅读的题目有明确的范围，有许多教材有这方面的资料，找到它们并不难。
在找到一个话题列表后，考生可以依据自己的知识、熟悉的话题以及不感兴趣或不理解的话题做一个简单的划分，考生要明确的熟悉到自己在托福阅读背景知识方面有哪些不够，为之后的针对性提升指出正确的学习方向。
2.收集与话题相关的文章在完成了话题范围的第一步之后，下一个任务是找出一些与这些话题相关的文章，并进行高难度、有针对性的学习。
在材料选择方面，我建议大家可以从两个方向着手：一个是在报纸和杂志上寻找权威但不太学术性的文章：另一个方向是从现有的托福阅读材料中找到关于这个话题的文章，以便集中阅读。
前者可以帮助考生丰富知识，提升对这些背景知识的理解。
后者可以让考生看到托福阅读考试中可能出现关于这些话题的文章的具体内容，从而进一步加深对托福阅读考试中这些话题的理解。
3.主动思索加深印象因为有些是考生不感兴趣的学术话题，所以如果大家只是集中看文章，可能不会留下深入的印象，而且很容易在不久的将来再次忘记它。
为了避免这种状况，我建议大家用主动思索的阅读方法来加深对这些话题背景知识的印象。
具体的方法是在阅读此类文章之前，尝试为自己设置一些问题，并在阅读过程中主动寻找和思索问题的答案，以便在阅读后给出更满意的答案。
新托福阅读背景知识精选篇
新托福阅读背景知识精选篇新托福阅读背景知识：大苹果纽约大苹果纽约纽约，世界最大的城市，在这里，摩天大厦林立，有著名的第五大道(Fifth Avenue俗称第五街)、对世界经济极具影响力的华尔街Wall Street，以及艺术家们响往的格林威治村Greenwich Village。
帝国大厦EmpireStateBuilding长时期来象征著纽约摩天大楼的高达102层超高层大厦。
顶层高度达1，250英尺(381公尺)。
在第86楼上有一展望台，气候晴朗时，可以眺望周围50英里以内的景色。
洛克斐勒中心Rockefeller Center呈现美国典型的一面，在都市建筑学方面也颇饶兴趣的商业与娱乐中心。
自第49街与第50街之间，通过第五街的Promenade Gardens内，四季花草茂盛，美丽如图画，公园四周是具有代表性意义的大厦，诸如Paulding、RadioCityMusicHall,CenterTheatre等。
NBC与ABC的制作室就是RCA大厦的第70楼。
自由女神StatueofLiberty世界著名的自由女神像，位于纽约湾的利勃坦岛上，像高约46公尺。
自由女神像内部中空，可搭电梯直达神像头部。
此外，还有新设的移民博物馆Immigration Museum。
联合国theUnitedNations纽约的历史系由曼顿产生，而现代世界史则与联合国密切相关。
自第42街起直到第48街上，在广达18英亩的地基上，就兴建着著名的联合国大厦。
联合国容许观光客依到达先后次序入内参观会议情形。
中国城Chinatown中国城已具有百年以上的历史，城内居住的华裔第二代约有六千人。
中国城位于Chatham Square的西边一部份，城中主要街道为Mott。
城内有中国博物馆。
大都会美术馆TheMetropolitanMuseumofArt乃是世界最大美术馆之一。
自由代东方到现代，有关美术史的重要事项，一一呈现眼前。
内中有一美国馆，可由馆中陈列品窥知初期美国人的生活状况。
托福学科背景知识和词汇-概述说明以及解释
托福学科背景知识和词汇-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述在准备托福考试的过程中，除了英语语言能力的要求外，对于一些特定学科的背景知识也是至关重要的。
托福考试涵盖了广泛的学科领域，如自然科学、社会科学、历史、文学等，因此具备一定的学科知识能够帮助考生更好地理解和应对考试题目。
本文将探讨托福学科背景知识的含义、必要性以及对考试的重要性。
通过深入剖析学科背景知识对托福考试的影响，我们可以更好地了解如何提高学科背景知识，为取得更好的考试成绩提供有效的指导。
愿本文能够为广大托福考生提供有益的帮助。
1.2 文章结构文章结构部分的内容应包括对整篇文章的逻辑框架和组织结构的介绍。
在这一部分，我们可以简要介绍各个章节的主题和内容，以便读者更好地理解整篇文章的主要论点和观点。
同时还可以提及各个章节之间的联系和衔接，强调整篇文章的逻辑连贯性和完整性。
最后，可以指出本部分的目的是为了帮助读者更好地把握整篇文章的内容和思路，引导他们有条理地阅读和理解文章的主旨。
1.3 目的：本文旨在探讨托福考试对学科背景知识的需求以及学科背景知识在托福考试中的重要性。
通过对学科背景知识的定义、必要性以及关键作用进行分析，读者将能更好地了解托福考试所需的学科背景知识，并掌握提高学科背景知识的方法。
本文旨在帮助托福考生更有效地备考，提高考试成绩，从而实现个人的学术和职业目标。
Through this article, readers will have a better understanding of the required subject knowledge for the TOEFL exam and the importance of subject knowledge in the TOEFL exam. This article aims to help TOEFL test-takers prepare more effectively, improve their test scores, and achieve their academic and career goals.2.正文2.1 什么是托福学科背景知识托福学科背景知识指的是考生在备考托福考试过程中需要掌握的与考试相关学科领域的知识。
托福考试阅读背景知识1-30
1关于美国的历史The continent's first inhabitants walked into North America across what is now the Bering Strait from Asia. For the next 20,000 years these pioneering settlers were essentially left alone to develop distinct and dynamic cultures. In the modern US, their descendants include the Pueblo people in what is now New Mexico; Apache in Texas; Navajo in Arizona, Colorado and Utah; Hopi in Arizona; Crow in Montana; Cherokee in North Carolina; and Mohawk and Iroquois in New York State.The Norwegian explorer Leif Eriksson was the first European to reach North America, some 500 years before a disoriented Columbus accidentally discovered 'Indians' in Hispaniola (now the Dominican Republic and Haiti) in 1492. By the mid-1550s, much of the Americas had been poked and prodded by a parade of explorers from Spain, Portugal, England and France.The first colonies attracted immigrants looking to get rich quickly and return home, but they were soon followed by migrants whose primary goal was to colonize. The Spanish founded the first permanent European settlement in St Augustine, Florida, in 1565; the French moved in on Maine in 1602, and Jamestown, Virginia, became the first British settlement in 1607. The first Africans arrived as 'indentured（合同的，契约的）laborers' with the Brits a year prior to English Puritan pilgrims' escape of religious persecution（迫害）. The pilgrims founded a colony at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts, in 1620 and signed the famous Mayflower Compact - a declaration ofself-government that would later be echoed in the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. British attempts to assert authority in its 13 North American colonies led to the French and Indian War (1757-63). The British were victorious but were left with a nasty war debt, which they tried to recoup（赔偿，付还）by imposing new taxes. The rallying cry 'no taxation without representation' united the colonies, who ceremoniously dumped caffeinated cargo overboard during the Boston Tea Party. Besieged British general Cornwallis surrendered to American commander George Washington five years later at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781. In the 19th century, America's mantra was 'Manifest Destiny.' A combination of land purchases, diplomacy and outright wars of conquest had by 1850 given the US roughly its present shape. In 1803, Napoleon dumped the entire Great Plains for a pittance（微薄收入）, and Spain chipped in with Florida in 1819. The Battle of the Alamo during the 1835 Texan Revolution paved the way for Texan independence from Mexico, and the war with Mexico (1846-48) secured most of the southwest, including California.The systematic annihilation（消灭，歼灭）of the buffalo hunted by the Plains Indians, encroachment（侵犯）on their lands, and treaties not worth the paper they were written on led to Native Americans being herded into reservations, deprived of both their livelihoods and their spiritual connection to their land. Nineteenth-century immigration drastically altered the cultural landscape as settlers of predominantly British stock were joined by Central Europeans and Chinese, many attracted by the 1849 gold rush in California. The South remained firmly committed to an agrarian life heavily reliant on African American slave labor. Tensions were on the rise when abolitionist Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860. The South seceded from （脱离）the Union, and the Civil War, by far the bloodiest war in America's history, began thefollowing year. The North prevailed（胜利）in 1865, freed the slaves and introduced universal adult male suffrage（选举权）. Lincoln's vision for reconstruction, however, died with his assassination. America's trouncing of the Spaniards in 1898 marked the USA's ascendancy as a superpower and woke the country out of its isolationist slumber.The US still did its best not to get its feet dirty in WWI's trenches, but finally capitulated（停止抵抗，有条件投降）in 1917, sending over a million troops to help sort out the pesky（讨厌的，棘手的）Germans. Postwar celebrations were cut short by Prohibition in 1920, which banned alcohol in the country. The 1929 stock-market crash signaled the start of the Great Depression and eventually brought about Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, which sought to lift the country back to prosperity. After the Japanese dropped in uninvited on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the US played a major role in defeating the Axis powers. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 not only ended the war with Japan, but ushered in the nuclear age. The end of WWII segued into the Cold War - a period of great domestic prosperity and a surface uniformity belied by paranoia and betrayal. Politicians like Senator Joe McCarthy took advantage of the climate to fan anticommunist flames, while the USSR and USA stockpiled nuclear weapons and fought wars by proxy in Korea, Africa and Southeast Asia. Tensions between the two countries reached their peak in 1962 during the Cuban Missile Crisis.The 1960s was a decade of profound social change, thanks largely to the Civil Rights movement, Vietnam War protests and the discovery of sex, drugs and rock & roll. The Civil Rights movement gained momentum in 1955 with a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. As a nonviolent mass protest movement, it aimed at breaking down segregation and regaining the vote for disfranchised Southern blacks. The movement peaked in 1963 with Martin Luther King Jr's 'I have a dream speech' in Washington, DC, and the passage of the landmark 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act. Meanwhile, America's youth were rejecting the conformity of the previous decade, growing their hair long and smoking lots of dope. 'Tune in, turn on, drop out' was the mantra of a generation who protested heavily (and not disinterestedly) against the war in Vietnam. Assassinations of prominent political leaders - John and Robert Kennedy, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr - took a little gloss off the party, and the American troops mired in Vietnam took off the rest. NASA's moon landing in 1969 did little to restore national pride. In 1974 Richard Nixon became the first US president to resign from office, due to his involvement in the cover-up of the Watergate burglaries, bringing American patriotism to a new low.The 1970s and '80s were a period of technological advancement and declining industrialism. Self image took a battering at the hands of Iranian Ayatollah Khomeni. A conservative backlash, symbolized by the election and popular two-term presidency of actor Ronald Reagan, sought to put some backbone in the country. The US then concentrated on bullying its poor neighbors in Central America and the Caribbean, meddling in the affairs of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama and Grenada. The collapse of the Soviet Bloc's 'Evil Empire' in 1991 left the US as the world's sole superpower, and the Gulf War in 1992 gave George Bush the opportunity to lead a coalition supposedly representing a 'new world order' into battle against Iraq. Domestic matters, such as health reform, gun ownership, drugs, racial tension, gay rights, balancing the budget, the tenacious Whitewater scandal and the Monica Lewinsky 'Fornigate' affair tended to overshadow international concerns during the Clinton administration. In a bid to kickstart its then-ailing economy, the USA signed NAFTA, a free-trade agreement with Canada and Mexico, in 1993, invaded Haiti in its role of upholder of democracy in 1994, committed thousands of troops topeacekeeping operations in Bosnia in 1995, hosted the Olympics in 1996 and enjoyed, over the past few years, the fruits of a bull market on Wall St. The 2000 presidential election made history by being the most highly contested race in the nation's history.The Democratic candidate, Al Gore, secured the majority of the popular vote but lost the election when all of Florida's electoral college votes went to George W Bush, who was ahead of Gore in that state by only 500 votes. Demands for recounts, a ruling by the Florida Supreme Court in favor of partial recounts, and a handful of lawsuits generated by both parties were brought to a halt when the US Supreme Court split along party lines and ruled that all recounts should cease. After five tumultuous weeks, Bush was declared the winner. The early part of Bush's presidency saw the US face international tension, with renewed violence in the Middle East, a spy-plane standoff with China and nearly global disapproval of US foreign policy with regard to the environment. On the domestic front, a considerably weakened economy provided challenges for national policymakers. Whether the US can continue to hold onto its dominant position on the world stage and rejuvenate its economy remains to be seen.2英属北美殖民地的建立（1607--1733）北美洲原始居民为印第安人。
新托福阅读背景知识汇总
新托福阅读背景知识汇总新托福阅读背景知识：19世纪后半叶经济迅速发展南北战争后，由于南部种植园制度的废除，为资本主义在全国范围的发展创造了条件;造船业和机器制造业迅速发展，横贯大陆的4条铁路建成，西部广大土地的垦殖，边疆的消失，促进了国内统一市场的形成和扩大。
在中西部、远西部和南部日益开拓进程中，各地区发展了具有本地特点的工业。
外国移民的大量涌入，提供了丰富的劳动力，使北美能够大规模进行农业生产。
19世纪后半叶农业机械化迅速发展。
从1860-1916年，耕地面积由4.07亿英亩增加到8.79亿英亩，改良的土地面积扩大了3倍多，小麦和玉米的产量约增加了3倍多。
农业中大生产排挤和兼并小生产，在以工业为主的北部，农业日益采用集约耕作，在其他地区，大农场数字逐渐增加，1900年美国农产品总数的一半是由1/6的大农户生产的，形成了美国式农业资本主义发展道路。
19世纪后半叶，科学技术领域有重要发明和突破，其中首推电力的应用;1876年A.G：贝尔发明电话机，1886年T.A.爱迪生制造了电灯，1892年杜里雅兄弟试制成功汽车，1903年莱特兄弟试制飞机航行成功。
电力广泛应用于工业，导致美国经济的全面发展。
1880年工业在全国生产总值中的比重已超过农业，工业生产总值由1860年的世界第4位，跃居至1894年的首位。
美国成为高度发达的资本主义国家。
第一次世界大战前的内外政策(1889—1914)1889年美国召开泛美会议，1898年美西战争爆发，美国击败了西班牙，夺取了加勒比海的古巴和波多黎各、太平洋的关岛及菲律宾群岛，接着合并了夏威夷群岛。
1903年美国夺取了巴拿马运河区。
在远东，1899年美国提出对华“门户开放”政策。
美国在1904-1905年日俄战争中支持日本。
在日俄战争结束后，美日双方经过谈判，于1908年签订了罗脱—高平协定。
在1912年总统选举中，民主党总统候选人T.W.威尔逊上台。
威尔逊以“新自由”作为号召进行改革，降低关税，建立联邦储备银行制度，通过克莱顿反托拉斯法(1914)，征收累进所得税。
tpo50三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案背景知识
tpo50三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (7)答案 (16)背景知识 (18)阅读-2 (21)原文 (21)译文 (24)题目 (27)答案 (35)背景知识 (37)阅读-3 (41)原文 (41)译文 (44)题目 (47)答案 (54)背景知识 (55)阅读-1原文American Railroads①In the United States,railroads spearheaded the second phase of the transportation revolution by overtaking the previous importance of canals.The mid-1800s saw a great expansion of American railroads. The major cities east of the Mississippi River were linked by a spiderweb of railroad tracks.Chicago's growth illustrates the impact of these rail links.In1849Chicago was a village of a few hundred people with virtually no rail service.By1860it had become a city of100,000, served by eleven railroads.Farmers to the north and west of Chicago no longer had to ship their grain,livestock,and dairy products down the Mississippi River to New Orleans;they could now ship their products directly east.Chicago supplanted New Orleans as the interior of America's main commercial hub.②The east-west rail lines stimulated the settlement and agricultural development of the Midwest.By1860Illinois,Indiana,and Wisconsin had replaced Ohio,Pennsylvania,and New York as the leading wheat-growing states.Enabling farmers to speed their products to the East,railroads increased the value of farmland and promotedadditional settlement.In turn,population growth in agricultural areas triggered industrial development in cities such as Chicago,Davenport (Iowa),and Minneapolis,for the new settlers needed lumber for fences and houses and mills to grind wheat into flour.③Railroads also propelled the growth of small towns along their routes.The Illinois Central Railroad,which had more track than any other railroad in1855,made money not only from its traffic but also from real estate speculation.Purchasing land for stations along its path, the Illinois Central then laid out towns around the stations.The selection of Manteno,Illinois,as a stop of the Illinois Central,for example,transformed the site from a crossroads without a single house in1854into a bustling town of nearly a thousand in1860, replete with hotels,lumberyards,grain elevators,and gristmills.By the Civil War(1861-1865),few thought of the railroad-linked Midwest as a frontier region or viewed its inhabitants as pioneers.④As the nation's first big business,the railroads transformed the conduct of business.During the early1830s,railroads,like canals, depended on financial aid from state governments.With the onset of economic depression in the late1830s,however,state governments scrapped overly ambitious railroad projects.Convinced that railroads burdened them with high taxes and blasted hopes,voters turnedagainst state aid,and in the early1840s,several states amended their constitutions to bar state funding for railroads and canals.The federal government took up some of the slack,but federal aid did not provide a major stimulus to railroads before1860.Rather,part of the burden of finance passed to city and county governments in agricultural areas that wanted to attract railroads.Such municipal governments,for example,often gave railroads rights-of-way,grants of land for stations, and public funds.⑤The dramatic expansion of the railroad network in the1850s, however,strained the financing capacity of local governments and required a turn toward private investment,which had never been absent from the picture.Well aware of the economic benefits of railroads,individuals living near them had long purchased railroad stock issued by governments and had directly bought stock in railroads, often paying by contributing their labor to building the railroads.But the large railroads of the1850s needed more capital than such small investors could generate.Gradually,the center of railroad financing shifted to New York City,and in fact,it was the railroad boom of the 1850s that helped make Wall Street in New York City the nation's greatest capital market.The stocks of all the leading railroads were traded on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange during the1850s. In addition,the growth of railroads turned New York City into thecenter of modern investment firms.The investment firms evaluated the stock of railroads in the smaller American cities and then found purchasers for these stocks in New York City,Philadelphia,Paris, London,Amsterdam,and Hamburg.Controlling the flow of funds to railroads,the investment bankers began to exert influence over the railroads'internal affairs by supervising administrative reorganizations in times of trouble.译文美国铁路①在美国，铁路超越了运河从前的重要性，成为运输革命第二阶段的先锋。
TOEFL阅读背景知识
TOEFL阅读背景知识为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，给大家整理新托福阅读背景知识，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
新托福阅读背景知识：地球的旋转时间变短地球的旋转时间变短We have been talking about some of the effects that the human beings had on the earth. One you may not be aware of is that we actually begin to change the length of the day. In the other way to say, one day is the amount of time the earth needs to spin completely around an axis, the imaginary line around the center of the earth, from the north to the south. And of course there are a lot of physical causes th at can affect the speed of the earth’s rotation, but there was only one that is direct result of the human activity. Since 1950, human beings have built about ten thousand artificial reservoirs all over the world. These reservoirs have redistributed tremendous amount of the earth water. When they are used to be in the area near the equator, the imaginary line surround the middle of the earth, it’s now the reservoirs in the areas of differentlatitudes. The latitude matters because, well, thinking the earth and axis, the equator contains the areas on the earth that are the farthest away from axis. So water has been redistributed from the equator regions, then wherever the water is, to it’s close to the earth axis. It’s like when ice skaters perform spins when those skaters put their arms enclose to their bodies, they spin faster. So the earth is spinning faster because the reservoirs have redistributed the water close to its axis. And because the earth was spinning faster, since 1950 the length of day has decreased by about 8 millionths of second. I know that doesn’t sound like much but significant in that this is the first time that human beings ever had measurable affect on the earth’s motion.新托福阅读背景知识：潮汐发电潮汐发电凡在海边上生活过的人都知道，海水时进时退，海面时涨时落。
托福阅读背景知识汇总
托福阅读背景知识汇总托福考试中，阅读想要做的又快有准确，不仅需要提升英语阅读能力，还要掌握阅读背景知识。
下面就和大家分享托福阅读背景知识知多少，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读背景知识知多少阅读背景知识汇总一.考古学(archaeology)题材1.文化(cultural )考古学形态(physical)考古学(多见)2.化石(fossil )化石构成。
化石比原物更沉重(矿物质环境)化石形成原因。
坚硬物质，迅速掩埋。
化石与动物的进化关系。
3.人的左右手使用工具。
证据：敲击的划痕;手柄的形状。
牙齿上的划痕。
大脑左右半球的大小差别;趾骨的粗细差别。
作画时人像的方向4.古代陶瓷的考古。
Clay，model，wheel (转盘)，glaze，kiln5.古代文字的考古。
二.印第安题材1.白令海峡移民理论2.印第安文化3.印第安宗教观4.印第安建筑业：大、先进。
5.印第安手工业：好。
6.社会组织结构：严密、分工细、凝聚力强。
7.农业先进：A. irrigation; B. maize，squash，bean，pea。
三.动植物题材(必考)1.植物学题材(不多见)地衣、苔、真菌、蘑菇最常见。
树冠上方生物。
植物在生态平衡中的作用。
2.动物学题材(90%以上)考普通动物为多。
最近常考鸟类、蚂蚁、动物智能与灭绝(联系天文学与冰河理论)。
考动物进化(evolution)。
考动物的分类(classification)。
phyla(单数phylum)—门class—纲order—目family—科genus—属species—种carnivore/predator—食肉动物herbivore—食草动物omnivore—杂食动物动物的生活习性最为多见。
群居(social animal)动物的习性蚂蚁：社会组织结构—等级制(caste)：交流方式—信息素—气味;生活****;外来物种的有害性。
蜜蜂：群居个性;“8”字舞;蜜蜂智能;防御;天敌—大黄蜂。
tpo46三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案背景知识
tpo46三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (8)答案 (15)背景知识 (16)阅读-2 (17)原文 (17)译文 (21)题目 (23)答案 (30)背景知识 (31)阅读-3 (34)原文 (34)译文 (38)题目 (40)答案 (48)背景知识 (49)阅读-1原文The Origins of Writing①It was in Egypt and Mesopotamia(modern-day Iraq)that civilization arose,and it is there that we find the earliest examples of that key feature of civilization,writing.These examples,in the form of inscribed clay tablets that date to shortly before3000B.C.E.,have been discovered among the archaeological remains of the Sumerians,a gifted people settled in southern Mesopotamia.②The Egyptians were not far behind in developing writing, but we cannot follow the history of their writing in detail because they used a perishable writing material.In ancient times the banks of the Nile were lined with papyrus plants, and from the papyrus reeds the Egyptians made a form of paper;it was excellent in quality but,like any paper,fragile. Mesopotamia’s rivers boasted no such useful reeds,but its land did provide good clay,and as a consequence the clay tablet became the standard material.Though clumsy and bulky it has a virtue dear to archaeologists:it is durable.Fire, for example,which is death to papyrus paper or otherwriting materials such as leather and wood,simply bakes it hard,thereby making it even more durable.So when a conqueror set a Mesopotamian palace ablaze,he helped ensure the survival of any clay tablets in it.Clay,moreover, is cheap,and forming it into tablets is easy,factors that helped the clay tablet become the preferred writing material not only throughout Mesopotamia but far outside it as well,in Syria,Asia Minor,Persia,and even for a while in Crete and Greece.Excavators have unearthed clay tablets in all these lands.In the Near East they remained in use for more than two and a half millennia,and in certain areas they lasted down to the beginning of the common era until finally yielding,once and for all,to more convenient alternatives.③The Sumerians perfected a style of writing suited to clay. This script consists of simple shapes,basically just wedge shapes and lines that could easily be incised in soft clay with a reed or wooden stylus;scholars have dubbed it cuneiform from the wedge-shaped marks(cunei in Latin)that are its hallmark.Although the ingredients are merely wedges and lines,there are hundreds of combinations of these basic forms that stand for different sounds or words.Learningthese complex signs required long training and much practice;inevitably,literacy was largely limited to a small professional class,the scribes.④The Akkadians conquered the Sumerians around the middle of the third millennium B.C.E.,and they took over the various cuneiform signs used for writing Sumerian and gave them sound and word values that fit their own language.The Babylonians and Assyrians did the same,and so did peoples in Syria and Asia Minor.The literature of the Sumerians was treasured throughout the Near East,and long after Sumerian ceased to be spoken,the Babylonians and Assyrians and others kept it alive as a literary language, the way Europeans kept Latin alive after the fall of Rome. For the scribes of these non-Sumerian languages,training was doubly demanding since they had to know the values of the various cuneiform signs for Sumerian as well as for their own language.⑤The contents of the earliest clay tablets are simple notations of numbers of commodities—animals,jars, baskets,etc.Writing,it would appear,started as a primitive form of bookkeeping.Its use soon widened to document the multitudinous things and acts that are involved in daily life,from simple inventories of commodities to complicated governmental rules and regulations.⑥Archaeologists frequently find clay tablets in batches.The batches,some of which contain thousands of tablets, consist for the most part of documents of the types just mentioned:bills,deliveries,receipts,inventories,loans, marriage contracts,divorce settlements,court judgments, and so on.These records of factual matters were kept in storage to be available for reference-they were,in effect, files,or,to use the term preferred by specialists in the ancient Near East,archives.Now and then these files include pieces of writing that are of a distinctly different order,writings that do not merely record some matter of fact but involve creative intellectual activity.They range from simple textbook material to literature-and they make an appearance very early,even from the third millennium B C E.译文文字的起源①文明就是在埃及和美索不达米亚（今天的伊拉克）兴起的，在那里我们找到了文明的关键特征——书写的最早例子。
托福考试阅读背景知识(全)
托福考试阅读背景知识（下）第二次世界大战后第二次世界大战规模空前。
战争中发生的事，如600万犹太人被屠杀，原子弹在广岛爆炸，使美国知识分子感到震惊。
他们怀疑人性是否还有善良的一面，也感到人难以控制自己制造出来的巨大物质力量。
他们对文明与进步的信念发生了极大动摇。
50年代在“冷战”、麦卡锡主义和朝鲜战争的背景下，文坛趋于沉寂；印、70年代，经过越南战争、民权运动、学生运动、女权运动、水门案件，文坛活跃起来，出现了一批爱思索的作家。
在他们眼里，美国的社会变得十分复杂，价值观念混乱。
他们普遍感到不知怎样解释这样的现实，于是便通过怪诞、幻想、夸张的方式，再现生活中的混乱、恐怖和疯狂。
他们表现的是没有目标与方向的梦境世界他们讲的是支离破碎的故事，写的是“反英雄”、甚至是不完整的形象。
这个时期，文学作品中对**(包括同性爱)的描写也更为；露骨。
战争文学战后出现的第一股文学浪潮是战争小说。
其中较好的是梅勒的《裸者和死者》(1948)和詹姆斯·琼斯的《从这里到永恒》(1951)。
两部书的共同点是通过战争，写小兵、下级军官与军事机构的矛盾，即人的个性与扼杀个性的权力机构之间的冲突。
这些小说已经触及战后整个一代文学最突出的一个主题。
“怯懦的十年”50年代，右翼保守势力向30年代激进主义传统进攻，许多人由关心社会进步转而关心个人的私利。
这10年被称为“怯懦的十年”或“沉寂的十年”。
这期间，出现了一些作品，将资产阶级描绘成正面人物，鼓吹服从权威，如《穿灰法兰绒衣服的人》(1955)。
这类作品企图维护既定价值标准和现存社会秩序，很快就失去了影响。
另一方面，阿瑟·米勒等作家抵制麦卡锡主义，继续用作品抨击社会的不正义。
“垮掉的一代”50年代沉闷的政治空气使许多青年感到窒息，他们吸毒、群居，以颓唐、放纵的生活方式来表示自己的抗议。
其中有些人把这种生活与情绪写入文学作品，这便是“垮掉的一代”文学。
这种文学发展到60年代后，在国内民主运动高涨的背景下，增加了一些政治色彩。
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托福阅读的得分保障—背景知识补充
托福阅读的得分保障—背景知识补充
新托福阅读理解部分的难度不仅在于其词汇量之大，更是由于文章涉及的领域及其广泛，同样的一篇文章，如果熟悉背景知识，阅读起来就轻松很多，答题的准确率也会提高不少。
如果光是靠托福专门的复习材料显然不能达到广泛阅读的水平，因此，考生应该大量阅读不同领域的文章，只要理解文中的主要内容就可以，时间充裕的考生可以定一个明确的阅读计划。
通常托福阅读会涉及以下内容，建议考生搜集这些方面的文章来扩充自己的背景知识：
一、印第安题材
1.白令海峡移民理论
2.印第安文化
3.印第安宗教观
4.印第安建筑业：大、先进。
5.印第安手工业：好。
6.社会组织结构：严密、分工细、凝聚力强。
二、动植物题材
1.植物学题材
a. 地衣、苔、真菌、蘑菇最常见。
b. 树冠上方生物。
c. 植物在生态平衡中的作用。
2.动物学题材
a. 考普通动物为多。
最近常考鸟类、蚂蚁、动物智能与灭绝(联系天文学与冰河理论)。
b. 考动物进化(evolution)。
c. 考动物的分类(classification)。
phyla(单数phylum) —门 class—纲 order—目 family—科 genus—属 species—
种 carnivore/predator—食肉动物 herbivore—食草动物 omnivore—杂食动物
d. 动物的生活习性最为多见。
j群居(social animal)动物的习性
a) 蚂蚁：社会组织结构—等级制(caste)：交流方式—信息素—气味；生活来源；外来物种的有害性。
b) 蜜蜂：群居个性；“8”字舞；蜜蜂智能；防御；天敌—大黄蜂。
c) 大猩猩：智能：猩际关系
k迁徙 (migration )
野鸭、大雁：日照长短；辨别方向。
l伪装 (camouflage)、花拟态(mimicry )
三、考古学(archaeology)题材
1.文化(cultural ) 考古学
形态(physical)考古学
2.化石(fossil )
3.人的左右手
j 使用工具。
证据：敲击的划痕；手柄的形状。
k 牙齿上的划痕。
l 大脑左右半球的大小差别；趾骨的粗细差别。
m 作画时人像的方向
4.古代陶瓷的考古。
Clay, model, wheel ，glaze, kiln
5.古代文字的考古。
四、美国历史题材
1.美国发展线索
j 发现美洲阶段
哥伦布(意)，为黄金、茶叶、香料
West/East Indian
影响：世界观变化；国家形势变化；(爱尔兰——土豆饥荒 ) k 英国定居阶段(English settlement )
1607第一个定居点Captain John Smith影响清教徒
1620五月花号
l 殖民时期(colonial era )
m 独立战争(American Revolution )
n 新的国家(new nation)：南北不均衡
o 南北战争(Civil War )
p 战后重建。
q 西进运动 (Westward movement )
r 工业化大增长
s world war I & II
End ：1960
2.“大熔炉”：地理位置；民族融合1960’s；文化融合。
3.邮政。
j 小马快递；k 铁路邮政。
五、地理学题材
1.地理现象、土壤构成、降雪降雨。
2.冰川(glacier)、形成(foundation) à移动冰川(surge glacier )à危险
3.地球构成：地心构成
M计划、 DSDP(deep sea drill project )计划、地震波探测à超高温高压
地壳 (crust)
地幔(mantle ) upper mantle; lower mantle
地核 (core)
4.板块构成学说
converge 碰撞； spread 张裂
mantle plume 地粒、热点； a dive into b ; slide past each other
六、天文学题材
多考木星、太阳，近期多考彗星、小行星。
1.宇宙 (universe、cosmos) à星系(galaxy )，星云(nebulae) à恒星 (star、sun ) à行星 (planet)à卫星 (satellite、moon )à小行星(asteroid à彗星(comet ) à陨星 (meteorite)
2.八大行星
Mercury —水星，Venus—金星，earth—地球， Mars—火星，Jupiter —木星，Saturn —土星，Uranus —天王星，Neptune —海王星(第九大行星Pluto —-冥王星已被天文学界逐出行星之列)
3.物质粒子
molecule —分子，particle —粒子，proton—质子，electron —电子， neutron —中子，photon —光子，ion —离子
7.文学、艺术题材
1.文学
j 文学流派；k 作家、作品； l 文学体裁； m 作家生平。
2.艺术
j 流派，主考画派、雕塑
k 发展：19世界以前美国落后，之后改善原因：经济发达。
l 改善方法：向欧洲，尤其是英法学习。
m 艺术品向英法进口：当地没有；生产技术水平落后。