Argument+常用句型参考
GRE作文Argument万能模板
Inthis argument ，the author concludes/recommends that ….To support this conclusion/recommendation,the author points out/cites … .In addition/On the basis of this,the author also cites that … .This argument suffers from several critical/logical flaws,which render it unconvincing as it stands. /PE(paragraph ending)：…,the author cannotexpect us to take seriously the claim/convince me that …contribute to … /ruling out such/other possibilities/explanations/accounting for …,the author cannot justifiably conclude that …/ justify the claim/convince me that …/make any sound recommendation to …… before I can accept theauthor’s final conclusion that …(接Perhaps …)If so,this fact/Either scenario/Any of these scenarios,if ture, would significantly/seriously undermine/weaken (the arguer’s contention /conclusion that) …(1)A threshold problem with the argument invloves the statistical reliability ofthe survey because the size of the sample is too small to be sufficient.Also,the sample might be unrepresentative of … as a whole.Without a sufficiently representative sample,the author cannot draw any conclusion whatsoever on the basis of the study. (小样本、代表性)(2) …are rarely sufficient to establisha general conclusion. From the survey quotedinthis argument,we findnosignof suchprocedures for randomsamplingsand have good reasons to doubt if the sample is representative enough to reflect the general situation as a whole.Besides,…provides no information about what percentage of … responded to the surveys.The lower the percentage,the less reliable the results of the surveys/study ’s conclusion. (随机性、代表性)结尾总结用author’s conclusion depends,I would need more information about the size/randomness of the study ’s sample.The author provides no information concerning/omits to inform us about A,B,C and D.It is impossible to conclude without comparing the two groups subjects.For example, ….Without evidence of the study ’s methodological (and statistical) reliability, the author cannot rely on the study to draw any firm conclusion.(1)A is not necessarily due to B.Perhaps ….Since the argument fails to account for this alternative explanation for …,the author cannot …(2)The author unfairly attributes A to B/assumes that A were attributable tocking evidence to confirm this assumption,it is entirely possible that ….Or,perhaps ….After all,the autho r provides no evidence that ….PE.(1)A does not necessarily indicate that B.Perhaps …., ….PE.(2)The argument relies/depends on the (unsubstantiated) assumption that …/ Based on the fact that A the author infers that B.However,/Yet this is not necessarily the case.Perhaps ….If so,this fact would significantly undermine …(3)The fact that … lends no/little credible/scant support to …(4)A probleminvolves the definitionof ….The author fails todefine this critical term.If … is defined as … ,then … .In short, without a clear definition of … it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.The arguer uses previous experience to illustrate that now …,ignoring t he factor of time which perhaps can change everything including … .Eg:The economic situation becomes worse;The worsening economic situationOne problemwhy I disagree with the argument is that it is unwarranted toinfer from the success of B that A will also succeed by following the same format. Perhaps … .In short,lacking evidence that conditions on the … are relevantly similar,the author cannot convince me on the basis of A’s experience that the action would be effective in B. Eg:economic situation,regionThe argument suffers from “either-or ” reasoning.Based on t he fact that … ,the author unfairly concludes that … .However,the author overlooks the possibility …Another problemwiththe argument is that it overlooks other factors that /the possibility that A is not the only factor affectingB.For instance,perhaps entirely possible that …does in fact serve to ….PE.……/ItisThe author appreciates sb’s strong commitment to sth to some extent. However,we know the fact that to make a commitment is one thing,to achieve it is far more difficult.There is no indication that they might fulfill their promise.结尾： In sum,the argument is unconvincing as it stands/not well supported.To bolster it,the author must provide clear evidence that …The author must also show that ….To better assess/evaluate the argument we would need figures …/more information about ….We should also need to know …。
5.argument模板貌似很万能!
1，论据不足，没有具体数据. 2，过分简单得出结论，忽略多种原因. 3, 因果关系错误.模板1.In this argument, the author concludes that______. At first glance, the author’s reasoning seems to be appealing, while clearly examining the author’s reasoning, we may find that it is unconvincing. Th e argument contains several facets that are questionable.First of all, the author’s evidences are insufficient to support the conclusion. Obviously, author does not provide enough information on the subjects of the survey/poll.But we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented the public opinionsIf the [respondents] only stand for a tiny proportion of the whole [group], we should not be so sure about the conclusion that [the whole group…]It was only carried out in Sun City, but the arguer applies its result to all the company’s markets while doesn’t show us whether Sun City is a representative market of the whole markets.The study revealed, on average, only a small statistical correlation betweenOne specific example can not generate the general conclusion. Therefore,facing such limited evidence, the conclusion is unwarranted.Secondly, the author makes an oversimplified analogy between___ and___. In most instances, this is an unwarranted assumption for the simple reason that things rarely remain the same over extended periods of time/from place to place. As we know, many factors should be taken into the consideration, such as demographics of the population, geographical and physical terrain of the two different areas. _______.In addition, the author commits “after this, and therefore because of this” fallacy. The causal relationship between the cause of _____ and the effect _____ is unwarranted.Even if … has been proved as a result of … , whi ch is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that …This is a fallacious reasoning unless the author can provide persuasive evidences to rule out any other possibilities.To sum up, the conclusion lacks of credibility. Regardless of who the author is, he or she has overlooked or chosen to ignore many aspects of his or her conclusion. To strengthen the conclusion, the author should give more evidences about the above-mentioned possibilities.模板2.In this argument, the arguer advocates that [main idea]. Although this argument might seem reasonable at first glance, it is in fact ill-conceived. The reasons are stated as follows.In the first place, the arguer assumes that [fallacy 1]. Although this is entirely possible, the arguer offers no evidence to substantiate this crucial assumption. It is very likely that [reason 1]. An appropriate example is not very far to seek. [example 1]. The arguer's reasoning is definitely flawed unless the arguer can convince me that these and other possible scenarios are unlikely.In the second place, the arguer assumes that [fallacy 2]. Nevertheless, there is no guarantee that it is necessarily the case, and the arguer does not supply any evidence to confirm this assumption. It is quitepossible that [reason 2]. To illustrate this point clearly, let us take a look at the following representative example. [example 2]. Without accounting for and ruling out these and other alternative explanations, the arguer cannot bolster the recommendation.The last but not the least important, even if the evidence turns out to support the foregoing assumptions, the arguer just simply assumes that [fallacy 2] and neither any conclusive scientific evidence nor any anecdotal evidence is provided to affirm this assumption. It is reasonableto doubt that what the arguer assumes will not happen in reality. It is just as possible that [reason 3]. For example, [example 3].To reach the cited conclusion, the arguer must explain either why none of these alternatives is available or why none of them is able to sustain.To sum up, the arguer’s argument mentioned above is not based on valid evidence or sound reasoning, neither of which is dispensable for a conclusive argument. In order to draw a better conclusion, the arguer should reason more convincingly, cite some evidence that is more persuasive, and take every possible consideration into account.呃。
argument和argue的例句
argument和argue的例句argument例句：1. I had an argument with my friend about politics.我和我的朋友就政治问题进行了争论。
2. They argued for hours about who should pay the bill.他们为谁应该付账而争论了几个小时。
3. She always argues with her parents about where to go on vacation.她总是和父母争论去哪里度假。
4. The couple argued until late into the night about their future plans.这对夫妇一直争论到深夜，关于他们的未来计划。
5. He argued that his work was not finished, but his boss disagreed.他争辩说他的工作还没有完成，但他的老板不同意。
6. We argued about the best way to solve the problem.我们就如何最好地解决这个问题进行了争论。
7. They argued over who should take out the trash.他们就谁应该把垃圾倒出去进行了争论。
8. My sister and I argued about what movie to watch.我和我妹妹就该看哪部电影进行了争论。
9. The two teams argued about a foul that was calledduring the game.两个队就比赛中的一个犯规进行了争论。
10. He argued that he deserved a raise, but his boss said no.他争辩说他应该得到加薪，但他的老板说不。
Argument模板句型
Argument常用结构模板：1. 开头：In this argument the author concludes/claims that__. The conclusion is based on (the result of a survey)___. In addition, the arguer asserts that___. However, the statement alone does not constitute a logical argument in favor of its conclusion and fails to provide compelling support making this argument sound.The speaker asserts(claims/concludes/recommends) that_____. To justify the argument, the arguer points out/cites a result of a survey that_____. At the first glance, this opinion seems to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection tells me that I cannot agree with it for the following reasons(After a careful examination, we can find the conclusion drawn in the argument is ungrounded at all).2. 正文：First, it goes without saying that______.The second problem with this claim is that______.The last thing I want to take a glance at this argument is that__________.or:First, the argument questionably assumes that _____Second, the argument never addresses ______Finally, the argument omits/fails to consider_______or:First of all, the arguer commits a fallacy that of_____In addition, the validity of the survey is open to doubtFinally, the argument is based on a gratuitous assumption that_____3. 结尾：In conclusion, this is a weak argument. To strengthen the conclusion that___, this author must provide a thorough cost-benefit analysis of available alternatives and rule out factors other than___ that might be affecting current profits negatively.In sum, this argument is not convincing as it stands. To make it logically acceptable, the author would have to show that___. Additionally, the author must provide evidence of____. Only with more convincing evidence could this argument become more than just an emotional appeal.Thus, the argument is not completely sound. The evidence in support of conclusion should ____. Ultimately, the argument might have been strengthened by _____The conclusion reached in this argument lacks credibility in that the argument is based on an unwarranted assumption that _____. To strengthen this argument the arguer should provide more evidence to illustrate that_____. Then, the argument will bemore credible/convincing.The argument relies on a series of unsubstantiated assumptions, which render it unconvincing as it stands.辩驳时用一般现在时,复述原文时应与原文时态一致。
argument的用法及短语
argument的用法及短语"Argument" 是一个多义词，可以作为名词和动词使用，具体用法取决于上下文。
以下是"argument" 的主要用法和一些常见的短语：●名词用法：1.争论或辩论：例句：They had a heated argument about politics.翻译：他们就政治问题进行了激烈的争论。
2.理由或论点：例句：She presented a strong argument in favor of renewable energy.翻译：她提出了支持可再生能源的强有力论点。
3.数学或逻辑中的论证：例句：The mathematician provided a rigorous argument to prove the theorem.翻译：数学家提供了严密的论证来证明这个定理。
●动词用法：1.争论或辩论：例句：They were arguing about the best solution to the problem.翻译：他们在争论问题的最佳解决方案。
2.提出理由或论证：例句：The lawyer argued convincingly for the defendant's innocence.翻译：律师有力地为被告的清白辩护。
●常见短语：1.Settle an argument：解决争论。
例句：Let's try to settle the argument and find a compromise.2.Make an argument：提出论点。
例句：The author makes a compelling argument for environmental conservation.3.Have an argument with someone：与某人争吵。
例句：She had a heated argument with her colleague over the project.4.Strong argument：强有力的论点。
ARGUMENT写作经典句型总结
ARGUMENT写作经典句型总结[必读]ARGUMENT写作经典句型总结以下都是我24号，也就是考前2天，花了4个小时，熬夜到2点半总结出来的～来源包括：猴哥写作满分教程，寒假新东方GRE班笔记，新东方发的蓝皮的GRE写作教程后面的PETERSON的范文～我把所有句型按照自己的理解分成了13种，由于时间很紧，难免有不合理的地方，望大家谅解～～：）我写ARGUMENT所用的所有句型都是从这个东西里挑出来的～其实我觉得最好还是自己总结比较好，印象比较深一些～因为用别人的句子其实是————每个人都按自己的理性的行为结果是集体的非理性～呵呵～容易出现拼写错误的词:Assumption, available, guarantee, account, possibility, moreover,承接Therefore/thus/hence/so/consequently/clearly/moreover/besides引导结论conclude/claim/assert/propose显示,表明show/imply/prove/indicate/illustrate/demonstrate建议recommend/suggest/advise 倡议 advocate预言,预计predict/project/forecast/expect首段开头句型:1) In this editorial/argument, the author argues that __.The author also claim that __.To support these claims the author points out that __. The author also points out that __.2) This editorial/memo recommends that __.To support this recommendation, the author points out that __.the author also points out that __ ,and that __.Finally, the manager cites that __.首段结尾句型:3) I find the editorial/argument logically unconvincing in several respects. /I find this argument specious on several grounds.4) However, the argument relies on a series of unsubstantiated assumptions, which render it unconvincing as it stands. /However, the argument/editorial relies on a number of doubtful assumptions and is therefore unconvincing.5) This argument depends on several unsubstantiated assumptions and is therefore unpersuasive as it stands.6) This argument is problematic /flawed in several critical respects.7) A careful analysis of the study reveals several problems with the editorial’s argument.8) The study suffers from certain statistical and other problems, which render the conclusion based upon it unpersuasive.9) As discussed below, the argument suffers from several critical flaws and is therefore unpersuasive as it stands.10) However, careful scrutiny of the evidence reveals that it accomplishes little toward supporting the director’s claim, as discuss ed below.11) However, close scrutiny of the manager’s argument reveals several unproven assumptions, which render it unconvincing.12) The argument suffers from several logical flaws and is therefore unconvincing as it stands.13) As discussed below, the argument suffers from several critical flaws and is therefore unpersuasive.调查,统计的准确性:14) Many ___ were actually excluded from the survey.15) The result of the survey lacks validity/credibility/reliability and therefore could not lend strong support to the arguer’s claim/propose.16) The result of the survey lacks validity/credibility because/as the sample is too limited.17) The survey does not provide complete information concerning the effect ___18) The number reported ___ does not necessarily reflect the number actually ___19) The statistics comparing __ might be distorted in one or more respects20) These statistics were based only on data from __.21) The cited statistics about __ might be unreliable in other respects as well.22) It is unfair to conclude from one survey suggesting that __23) Moreover, a single survey taken just prior to __ is sustainable.24) Although the number of __ is relatively high, the per __(capita) number might be relatively low.A与B之间的关系(主要是因果关系):25) A bears some relation to B./(Establish) a casual relationship between A and B26) No evidence was given to substantiate the claim that A contribute to B27) The fact that A does not necessarily follow that B28) The mere fact that A proves nothing about B.29) The inference rests on the assumption (A) that B is unconvincing.A与B 的进行比较(类比,类推)的问题:30) Are the two towns/companies comparable at every aspect?31) The comparison between A and B is incomplete, hence/consequently we can hardly evaluate that ___32) The argument is unconvincing because it is based on a false analogy.33) Without showing that all other conditions in the two areas have been essentially the same, the author cannot convince me that __作者忽视其他原因的问题:34) The arguer ignores other possible factors that may also leads/contribute to_. Perhaps _ Or perhaps __ More over, perhaps __35) There is a good chance that ___/It is entirely/highly possible that___36) The arguer fails to take into account / rule out the possibilitythat ___, thus/hence/therefore we can not evaluate the overall effect of ___37) The author overlooks the possibility that (only a small portion of )__38) The author also ignores the possibility that __作者偷换概念,错误等同的问题:39) The arguer does not differentiate between ___ and ___作者提供信息不完全,或所给论据不支持论点的问题:40) The arguer does not provide/offer any information concerning the ___./No information concerning ___ is provided.41) However, this evidence provides little credible support for the argument’s/editorial’s conclusion/assertion.42) The evidence involving __ does not adequately show that __43) A reduction/increase in the A rate does not necessarily indicate a reduction/increase in overall A rate.44) For the majority of __ it is probably more important to __.Thus, I cannot accept the author’s sweeping recommendation for all __作者假设前提谬误问题:45) The assumption that ___ is unfounded/unwarranted/suspicious/unreliable/unconvincing/groundless/suspect able.46) No evidence could indicate that ___47) The author unfairly/fallaciously/falsely assumes that ___48) The number of ___(physicians) does not necessarily indicate the quality of ___(health care)/leads to the result that___.49) Credibility of the evidence and feasibility of the conclusion is open to doubt50) The author’s assumption that __ is unsupported.作让步假设,推出谬误类句型:51) Granted that A /even is A is true, there is no guarantee that/it does not necessarily follow that ___. /Even though, it is true that __52) Eve n if A was responsible for B, the editorial’s claim that __ is unwarranted.53) Even assuming __, the author unfairly infers that __其他论述段结尾句:54) In short, without ruling out other possible explanations for the difference between __/(scenarios), the author cannot safely/reasonably conclude that/(reasonably rely on these statistics to support the claim that) __55) In short, without evidence that all other conditions that might affect __, the author’s claim that __ is dubious at best.总结,结论用语:56) In the absence of/Lacking data concerning that total amount of ___, the credibility of the result of the survey is skeptical /unfounded/groundless/open to doubt.57) Unless the arguer can provide substantial/valid/solid/concrete evidence concerning ___, the conclusion can not be properly/safely drawn,58) In sum, the author’s evidence accomplishes little toward supporting the author’s argument for __59) To evaluate the conclusion more efficiently/to make the conclusion more convincing/to justify this claim, the author must provide supporting evidence.60) In short, without evidence that all other conditions that might affect ___, the author’s claim that ___ is dubious at best.61) In sum, the editorial relies on a series of dubious assumptions, which render it wholly unpersuasive.62) To strengthen it(the argument) the author must show that __, and that __63) To (further) bolster the editorial’s claims the author must provide cle ar evidence that reason A , and not some other phenomenon, was in fact responsible for (a increase/decline in __)其他有用句型:64) Yet common sense informs me that ___65) The base amount of donations/the increase is not available.66) A is a good indication of B67) To support these claims the author points out that ___68) 1. The major/main flaw/problem with the argument is that ___. 2. Another flaw that weakens the logic of the argument is that ___. 3.Before I come to my conclusion, it is necessary to point out that ___69) 1. To begin with, the author has failed to convince me that __2. Moreover3. Even if4. Even assuming __。
argument常用句式
THe argument rests on the gratuitous/unreasonal assumption that
The fact that the nearby city has a weakoning economy does not prove that(does not support the claim that/lends no strong support to the conclusion that) the city will not contribute significantly to tax revenues.
Unless , there is a good chance
The author is presenting a false dilemma by imposing an either-or choice between two courses of action that need not be mutually exclusive.
The editorial fails to take into account possible differences between
While it is true that , this is not true of everyone.
Unless the autheor can demonstrate that , the author's concern about these issues is unfounded.
Argument比较全的分类词汇和句式
Argument比较全的分类词汇和句式一、词汇(一) 动词支持：support, in support of, bolster, justify, substantiate, validate,保证：guarantee, warrant, demonstrate, prove, ensure that, assure (sb) that…Ø Say/tell/inform little more than/about, do littl e to…, lend no strong support to, lends little credible support to, is insufficient/far from being enough to support…, does not support/ensure/…,Ø fails to convince us that, fails to provide/produce/present any evidence/facts that... /information concerning..., provide no evidence that…, have no evidence to supportØ The author’s implicit claim that… is poorly supported/unconvincing.Ø there is no guarantee/ warrant/justification/proof/assurance/evidence that…, It does not naturally warrant that…, it is unwarranted that…,增强：solidify /strengthen/fortify/reinforce, enhance,弄清楚：make clear, elucidate, explain削弱：weaken, undermine, attenuate, dilute, invalidate评估，鉴别：evaluate, assess, appraise, identify怀疑：doubt, suspect相信：believe, be certain /sure that…, accept使用：employ (employs two lines of reasoning to), utilize, apply建立：establish (establish a causal relationship between), set up接受：accept,提出，呈现，显示：suggest, indicate, imply, show, present, reveal, introduce, propose提供：provide, be involved in, offer引用cite得出：it did not follow that…,This would go a long way toward explaining why…, reach, arrived at, get, draw有可能：there is a good chance that…有理由：have a good reason to…收集：gather, collect告诉：tell, inform指出：Point out建议：Proposal, recommendation, advocate依靠：Rest/depend/rely on, be based on, on the basis of推理：reason, infer, the reasoning that…过分… overemphasize, oversimplify宣称：assert/claim影响：affect, influence, account for, be more important than… in determining…, lead to, cause, give rise to, have some bearing on, have negative impact on有助于：help, facilitate, make for, contribute to, has done more to..., be advantageous to, benefit 归功于：owe a lot to, attribute to, ascribe to导致：lead to, result in, give rise to, cause, bring about, call... into existence由于：Result from,遭受：Suffer from, be influenced by,忽略：Ignores/overlooks; fails to take into account/consideration /consider/acknowledge/explain; fails to rule out其他因素：The possibility that, other factors that…, other likely benefits of…,other possible causes of…, other criteria for determining, the only attribute/reason/factor necessary to关心：Be concerned about, care for, consider as important喜欢：Prefer, incline最终证明是to prove to be in the result or end, turn out that/ to be, end up with意味着：mean, imply系动词：be, exist, remainIt句型：it is unwise to…, it is unwarranted to assume that…There句型：there is no guarantee that…(二) 名词证据：(the supporting) evidence (offered by the arguer), fact, information (about), data, justification for, statistical evidence, statistics,survey, study, experiment, investigation, observation, This observed phenomenon, experience, assurances, no evidence whatsoever,statistics showing that, a survey showing that, assurances from… that…假设：assumption-assume, claim, assert-assertion结论：conclusion-conclude, claim, what the arguer maintains原因：Reason, factor, cause, attribute, contingencies关注：concern about分析，检查：examination, investigations, inspection, analysis解释：explanation错误：fallacies /flaws部分：A small portion of, a fraction of作者：The arguer, This loan applicantThe… o f：the importance of, the necessity of, the reliability of, the combination of, the result of, the example of, the sign of/no sign ofThe… to：the desire to, the need to,名词后可跟的修饰其的小词Evidence available, which is of course unwarranted, A third problem with the argument, The conclusion reached in this argument, The evidence provided in this argument/ offered by the arguer, the statistical evidence upon which it relies, the evidence cited in the analysis, The statistics offered in the announcement, no evidence whatsoever, the difficulties inherent in this process, any evidence suggesting/shows that, all of which are ignored by the arguers, both of which are unknown from this argument, society as a whole(三) 形容词合理的：reliability, credibility, justifiable, reasonable, legitimacy, reliable, valid, credible, persuasive, sound无理的：unfounded, unwarranted, gratuitous, unreasonable, invalid, unconvincing , groundless, unproved, in lack of solid ground, no evidence whatsoever, untenable, poorly supported, vague, questionable, doubtful, suspect, uninformative, presumptuous, premature, ineffective, probablymisleading, Unfairly, oversimplified, counterproductive, impractical, meaningless强有力的：solid, strong, substantial很少的：trivial, trifling, slim information负的：Negative, adverse相关的，重要的：relevant严重的，主要的：Major, critical, serious, main不充分的：insufficient,具体的：specific, detailed, particular暗含的：Implicit-explicit仔细的：careful, thorough, comprehensive仅仅：mere在名词后修饰的形容词：enough /necessary to,(四) 副词不好poorly, seriously, unfairly,必然necessarily,可能probably,其他automatically, naturally, directly–indirectly, actually, only, equally, admittedly, merely, significantly, mutually, randomly, respectively, very, especially, particularly,非常：very, extremely, tremendously, enormously, heavily, deeply, great,节俭的：sparingly插入语：as we know; as is known to everyone, which is of course unwarranted单独：alone(五) 介词缺乏：in short of-in absence of-lacking-in lack of-without, unless尽管：regardless of, despite, in spite of根据，按照：according to，in terms of, in light of关于，就...而言：concerning, about, regarding, as to /for, in respect of, in so far as, with regard to, as far as... is/are concerned(六) 连词虽然：while, although, though, whereas, albeit, howbeit, Be that as it may然而：while, whereas, however, but, yet,并列：And-as well as例如：such as, e.g., for example/instance也就是：That is, i.e.所以：so, so that, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, accordingly, as a result, as a consequence, for this reason二、模板(一) 开头：1. 描述题干：1) 结论：however the author has committed several logical flaws. For example…also…and finally…a) 推论性的结论inferential conclusionthe arguer concludes/claims that, 特殊the conclusion in this argument is thatb) 建议the arguer advocates/recommends/claims that .().2) 证据：the arguer points out that, the arguer provides/present the evidence that..., 特殊this recommendation is based on the observation that; the arguer cites the result of a recent study that..., the arguer cites the example of,3) 假设：the arguer claims/assumes that.(假设，小结论).; the arguer reasons that .(推理论证reasoning: since...,...).2. 连接词：1) In this argumentThe first issue to be addressedThis argument also relies on the idea that2) To support/justify/substantiate/ bolster /in support of the conclusion /claim/ recommendation /prediction3) In addition/Meanwhile/Moreover3. 结论This argument suffers from/is unconvincing /problematic for several/two critical fallacies /flaws /reasons.This argument is fraught with vague, oversimplified and unwarranted assumptions.A careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless the conclusion is.Although it seems to be an obvious conclusion, with further examination /inspection /analysis, you will find there are several critical/severe/serious/major/main flaws/fallacies in the argument.The conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and probably misleading.Careful examination of this supporting evidence, however, reveals that it lends little credible support to the applicant's claim.。
argument有用句式
Unless the author precludes all these possible alternatives, the argument would not be convincing and reasonable.It is entirely possible thatthere is no evidence asserts that the situation of XXX is similar with the XX's, if any details of one community is not exactly the same as the other one, the author's conclusion would not be reasonable. What if the environment situations of these two communities are totally different,…. Or what ifEven if … might have some slight effects for… , considering some othe r possible negative influences, one cannot easily judge the argument.The author also points out that… , by which tends to prove thatThere is no details can show that … are exactly the same, if the XXX's condition is pretty wonderful than XX's, the comparison between numbers would have no sense. One must also consider how broad the survey was. If the survey was limited to a few people who… , the result might be questionable.The author cannot provide enough evidence to prove… is the result of …The comparison between these two would have no sense at all, if their situations are totally different..Even if all these factors are not convincing and of no grounds, there are still no excuses to put all these problems on the head of…【开头篇】1. In this argument, t he author concludes that…/makes a suggestion that….based on the evidence that…2.To justify this conclusion, the author points out that…..The author cite the fact that…./various statistical studies about…..3.To support this conclusion, the author also ……4. However, this evidence provides little credible support for the author’s conclusion and I find this argument specious on several grounds.【结尾篇】1. In sum, as it stands the argument is indefensible and wholly unpersuasive.2. To strengthen it the author must provide clear evidence that …..3.In order to better evaluate the argument, the author should rule out all other possible factors contr ibuting to…..4.Also useful would be any information about the …..【谬误篇之类比或时间推理】1.错误类比(时间也可以：几年前与现在.貌似整体推局部或者局部推整体也可以) The author relies primarily on an analogy between A and B, but he unfairly assume that what inefficient/will work out in A would ensure the similar result in B without providing any evidence that（类比：…are similar in ways that are relevant to the argument/时间：all conditions upon which their effectiveness depend have remained unchanged）. Even assuming …. are generally the same , a variety of other factors might influence the result. It is entirely possible that…..;or perhaps …..In short, without accounting for possible differences between A and B, this argument remains untenable.【谬误篇之定义不清】Even assuming …. , it is nevertheless impossible to assess the author’s broader conclusion that……,at least without an clear definition of “…”. If by “….” the author simply means ….. , then the claim would be fair; otherwise, it would not. Lacking such a agreed-upon definition of this term, the author cannot convince me that ……【谬误篇之整体与局部】The author’s contention based on the assumption that the nationwide trendthat ….reflect….., however, it does not necessarily apply to …and the author provides no evidence that this is the case. To the extent that 相反的情景the author’s argument wo uld be undermined. Thus, without anyinformation that….. the author’s conclusion remains dubious at best.【谬误篇之因果】Even if ……, the argument rests on the further assumption that … will suffice to cause the…. Yet the author has not adequately shown it. It is entirely possible that …. Since the author fails to account for this alternative explanation for …, the author cannot convince me that …..【谬误篇之时间导致的因果】The author observes a correlation between A and B, then make an assumption that theformer is the cause of the latter. However, the author fails to rule out other possible explanations for B. For example, ….. Any of these factors, or other ….factors, might be the cause of B. Without ruling out all other such scenariosit is unsubstantiated to establish such a cause-effect relationship.【谬误篇之调查数据】The author’s conclusion about …. depend on the assumption that the poll results are statistically reliable. Yet ,the author provides no credible support to substantiate this assumption, therefore it is impossible to determine whether the survey results apply generally to …. The author must show that ….. constitute a sufficiently large sample and that this sample is representative of all ….Otherwise, the author cannot confidently draw any firm conclusions about….【solution篇之方案可行性】The author unf airly assumes the feasibility of the conclusion in that he believes …will suffice for the purpose. However, the proposal would not guarantee the expected consequence. Perhaps …. In short, until the author provides further evidence to exclude all other concerns, this argument remains dubious at best.【solution篇方案可能的恶性后果】The author asserts that ….. without weighing other unexpected consequences. It impossible that … Thus, under that possible scenario, adopting the author’s proposal might harm, rather than benefit, and this argument would be undermined.【每篇必用经典词】∙必然类：necessarily ensure warrant guarantee causal∙明显类：conspicuously obviously clearly apparently∙怀疑类：doubly unconvincing unacceptable unwarranted unfounded∙可能类：possible probably likely∙There is a good chance that...∙It is more likely that...∙It is equally possible that...∙因果类：result in result from therefore as a result∙转折类：even though however otherwise∙其他类：As we all know....∙ A great deal of empirical evidence shows that....∙It doesn’t follow that...∙The fact tells very little about ....∙Another assumption short of legitimacy is that....【八大逻辑错误篇】1.1.A groundless survey/study2.The validity of the survey is open to doubt.3.The survey lacks representativeness...4.There is no specific information about the survey...5.Without knowing how the survey was done, how it represents the publicopinion6.Who conducted the survey? Who responded? How the pool wasconducted?7.The opinion lacks representativeness of overall attitudes based on whichwe can make any general judgment about the conclusion....8.In absence of specific information about the survey, it’s impossible forus to evaluate the argument.2.Oversimplification0.The arguer commits a fallacy of oversimplification.1.There are several major factors contribute to the XXX other thanYYY ,such as/for instance ZZZ, all of which are ignored by the arguer.2.As we know ,XXX depends on many factors ,such as ZZZ, which areunknown from the argument.3.The arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between XXX andYYY .4.For example ,YYY may also help explain XXX.5.Factors such as AA and BB both have some bearing on XXX.6.Actually, the recommendation that YYYY as the only way to XXXmost likably turn out to be ineffective and somewhat misleading.3.false analogy0.The argument is based on a false analogy.1.Even though there are some points of comparison between XX andYY,there are dissimilarity as well.2.But the problem is that the two situations are not similar enough tojustify the analogical deduction.3.As we know, the struction, system, operation is conspicuouslydifferent.4.It’s a incomplete and selective comparison.5.Even though XX is proved effective in YYY,there is no guarantee thatit will just work as well in ZZZ.4. A gratuitous assumption0.The argument is based on a gratuitous assumption that ####,whichis,of course unwarranted.1.The arguer fails to convince us that....5. A false dilemma0.The arguer unfairly assumes that we must make an either/or choicebetween XX and YY.1.XX and YY are not necessarily mutually-exclusive alternatives.2.Adjusting XX and YY together might produce a better result.6. A hasty generalization0.We are informed that XXX,but we do not know whether all of ###prefer ###.1.We can believe that XXX is indeed ###,but based on this sliminformation.2.We can never evaluate the overall performance of YYY.7. A fallacy of "after this ,therefore because of this"0.The arguer unfairly assumes that XXX caused YYY,since many otherreasons1.may explain that xxx.2.Unless other possibilities have be considered and ruled out ,theconclusion3.is unconvincing.8.All things are equal.0.The arguer commits a fallacy of "all things are equal".1.The arguer assumes without justification that the backgroundconditions have remained the same at different time and differentplaces。
Argument必用词汇,句型及模式
词汇：声称，得出结论：conclude, assert, allege, contend论断,结果：conclusion, assertion, result, (recommendation)说明，显示出：illustrate, demonstrate, indicate, imply, be an indication of, be an implication of, suggest, reflect证明，支持：prove, substantiate, justify, lend support to, bolster推理，推论：inference, reasoning, deductionspeculate, reason, infer that……from……, deduce解释：explain, be an explanation for, account for考虑到：consider, take into account确定：confirm, assure, identify排除：rule out, exclude代表：represent, stand for, be representative of由……组成：consist of喜欢，倾向于：be inclined to, incline to, be fond of加强：enhance, strengthen, reinforce破坏：undermine, damage引用：quote, cite, note至于：regarding, as for按照：according to, in accordance with就……而言：in terms of一定，必然，绝对：definitely, necessarily, inevitable, inevitably, absolutely可信的：cogent, convincing, convincible, sound, persuasive, credible, reliable, warranted cogency, persuasion, credibility精确：precisely, accurately, exactly充分的：adequate, sufficient, plenty必要的：necessary, indispensablenecessity不可信的，可疑的：unconvincing, inconvincible, incredible, soundless, groundless, dubious, open to doubt, doubtful, problematic, questionable, indefensible, unreliable, unfounded, unwarranted, invalid, unpersuasive, misleading真实的：true, authenticity (authentic), justifiable, veracity (真话)不充分的，欠缺的：inadequate, insufficient, vague, scant具体的：concrete, detail缺乏：in absence of, lacking, in short of依托于：rest on, depend on前提假设：assumption, assume, premise, conjecture, hypothesis与……一致：be consistent with因果关系词：因为：because, since, for, result from, owing to, due to所以：so, thus, hence, therefore, consequently相关：correlation因果关系：causal relationship, causality导致：lead to, result in源于：lie in, in that转折关系词：虽然：though, although, while, whereas但是：but, yet, however, nevertheless, nonetheless尽管：despite, in spite of而不是：rather than, instead相反：by contrast, in contrast条件关系词：只要：as long as, providing, provided, on condition (conj)只有：only条件：condition, experimental condition无论：regardless of whether, no matter what/how, whatever, however, soever (adv)比率：rate, ratio, percentage, portion重要：important, crucial, significant, importance, significance, indispensable不重要：dispensable, insignificant, unimportant复杂的：sophisticated, complex, complicated部分地：partially事与愿违的：counterproductive有害,不方便：harmful, inconvenient无害：harmless有好处：benefit, benefit from为了：for the sake of关于：with regard to, concerning, in regards to统计，数据，调查：statistics, statistically, data, survey, investigation, study, demographic, statistical integrity方面：respect, aspect, ground, facet评价，评估：evaluate, assess, appraise类比：analogy, analogical deduction推广：generalize hastily基于：be based on, be on the basis of按实际情况来说：as it stands如下：as follows种类：sort, kind, variety, type多样：diverse, varieties of几个搭配：problematic result, indefensible conclusion, gratuitous inference (assumption)一组词汇：effect 结果，影响effective 有效的effectiveness 效用affect 影响influent 流入的influence 影响（v，n）句型：因果关系：1: Comprehensive analysis is necessary to identify the actual cause of2: The arguer’s reasoning linking A with B seems reasonable on the surface.3: The fact that A happened after B accomplishes nothing towards bolstering the causalrelationship between them.4: The correlation between A and B (coincidence) is not a good indication of the causal relationship between them.5: Accordingly, ***6: reach the conclusion that ***让步句式：1: The fact that ***, while ***, ***2: Though ***, ***, nevertheless, ***3: It is true that ***; however, ***4: Conceding that ***, *** nevertheless ***5: Admitting that ***; in fact, ***6: Admittedly, ***; however, ***7: In spite of ***, ***, though.8: Reasonable as this assertion seems, it rests on the dubious reasoning.错误假设：1: The argument rests on the gratuitous assumption that ***2: The fundamental assumption that *** depends on the questionable fact that ***3: The assumption requires more concrete evidence and is not justified by the facts so far available.错误类比：1: impose the restriction that *** on ***2: The two situations are not similar enough to justify the analogical deduction / comparability草率推广：1: Unless all other conditions potentially affecting *** remains constant, it is unwarranted that ***.2: While it is true that ***, this is not true for ***3: the generalization on the basis of a sample consisting of atypical cases.条件:1: have the similar condition 条件相似2: in this condition 在这样的条件下3: in conditions of 在……条件下4: in this situation 在这种场合5: under the circumstances 在这种情况下其他句型：1: fail to account for the possibility that *** / alternative explanations2: How much heavier is it than *** （提问比较级）3: Men cover 20% of them.4: What is the ratio of ***?5: What is the percentage of the group covered by men?6: As an indication of ***, the author cites ***.7: Coincide with ***8: Without ruling out the alternative explanations above, ***9: The survey conducted by the scholars is not demographically (statistically) reliable.10: Close scrutiny of the evidence the author cites reveals that this argument is not cogent as itstands.11: Though well presented by the argument, the evidence ***补充句式1: There is no logical justification for ***2: In light of a variety of alternative explanations, the causal relationship between A and B is at least partially undermined.3: There are a great number of possibilities, failed to be considered, such as ***4: The example cited, while suggestive of these trends, is insufficient to warrant the further assertion that ***.承接：Incidentally, *** 顺便说Aside from the foregoing fallacies, ***In factActuallyNor does/is ***The same is true that ***first of all, firstly, secondly, on the one hand, on the other hand, additionally, furthermore, moreover结尾段：引导词：in sum, to sum up, in summary, all in all, in a word, consequently句式：1: The foregoing logical fallacies render this argument lacking persuasion (cogency, credibility) 2: The logical flaws above reveals this argument is open to doubt.3: To better evaluate it, I would need to know ***4: To find the exact cause of ***, further examination should be conducted.5: Conduct a thorough investigation6: As it stands, this argument suffers from the logical flaws above, which render it unconvincing on the former grounds (in the former respects).模式：1：北美范文式结构开头：一句话引用论据和结论，再用一句指出错误，引出下文中间：针对各个逻辑错误分段论证，每一段里：指出错误——举反例，列他因——总结结尾：再次指出论证的不完善，然后提出改进方案。
Argument模板和漂亮句型的整理
Argument模板和漂亮句型的整理Argument模板和漂亮句型的整理,我们一起学习一下吧，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
Argument模板和漂亮句型的整理开头实验结论In this argument, the arguer concludes that …doing…will lead to …To support the conclusion, the arguer points out that…In addition, the arguer reasons that…The argument suffers from several critical fallacies.自己应该干吗根据观察和现象自己改正根据因果In this argument, the arguer recommends that … should advise … to …To justify this claim, the arguer provides the evidence that… Thus… should follow the study’s recommendation and … in order to …自己尝试新方法根据预测和假想The conclusion in this argument is that … can expect to … by doing … In support of this prediction, the arguer claims that … Moreover, the arguer assumes that this attempt has … benefits:1) to; 2)to; 3)to; This argument is fraught with vague, oversimplified, and unwarranted assumptions.换一个供应商In this argument, the arguer advocates that … should … This recommendation is based on the observation that … Meanwhile, the arguer assumes … to be a better choice … because … This argument is problematic for … reasons.自己应该干吗根据其他州的情况In this analysis, the arguer claims that … should … To substantiate the conclusion, the arguer cites the example of … where … In addition, the arguer assumes that … This arg ument is unconvincing for several critical flaws.正文：The major problem with this argument is that …Another flaw that weakens this argument is that. …In addition, the arguer ignores several factors that might undermine the argument.… the argue r fails to consider several other relevant factors that might influence …For instance … since … what’s more … etc.样本的问题：When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generation they are used to support, so that historical changes will not invalidate the generalization调查survey 的问题：The sample of the survey conducted by the … is vague.But we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented the public opinions..(民意测验) How many people participated?The sample of the survey is not representative.数据的问题：(平均值)The study revealed, on average, only a small statistical correlation between(实验的数据不可靠) the data of the research is unconvincing (样本太小)the sample is too small to... (光数字没比例)the ratio of four to sixthere is only figures but no proportion of the survey 还是ratio?Insufficient SampleIf the [respondents] only stand for a tiny proportion of the whole [group], we should not be so sure about the conclusion that [the whole group…]The arguer commits afallacy of hasty generalization.It was only carried out in Sun City, but the arguer applies its result to all the company’s markets while doesn’t show us whether Sun City is a representative market of the whole markets.实验组的人：性别，年龄，生理特征副作用有的病人会对抗生素过敏错误的类比：But the problem is that the two situations are not similar enough to justify the analogical deduction.错误的比较：The comparison in this argument is incomplete and selective. The arguer discovers that …However, the arguer fails to provide any information regarding … respectively …别的因素：Furthermore the arguer ignores the possibility that … may … Unless the arguer also takes this factor into consideration, the comparison is unconvincing.It is very likely that … and hence… varies significantly.没有因果：Confusing causal relation with correlationthe arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if the maintenance of the airline has been improved as a result of sending its mechanics to the Seminar, which is, of course, anunwarranted assumption, it does not follow that 就算怎样，也不怎样Finally, the arguer hints that … but he fails to analyze the causes. Is it because… or because … ?-----------------------------------------------------------其他：The fact that … does not necessarily imply that …First of all, the argument is based on a hasty generalization. According to the cited studies … which is understandable.It is very likely that … and hence… varies significantly.分析常用：the actual amount of time for doing … respectively …The survey is based on two isolated examples. The arguer should survey more hospitals of both types.How large was the sampleHow many people participated?What extent do this participators improve their …speed?The arguer fails to indicate the attitude of the residents to the ABCs performance.循环假设The arguer commits a fallacy of begging the question in assuming that …-------------------------------------------------------------结尾：To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning the percentage of the affected families and their geographical distribution.In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and misleading.In conclusion, the arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between …To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide evidence that …To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information about …As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate that … is the only condition that …Additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to rule out other possible causes of the …To conclude, this argument is not persuasive as it stands.新GRE写作Argument范文Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.The following appeared in a letter from a department chairperson to the president of Pierce University."Some studies conducted by Bronston College, which is also located in a small town, reveal that both male and female professors are happier living in small towns when their spouses are also employed in the same geographic area. Therefore, in the interest of attracting the most gifted teachers and researchers to our faculty and improving the morale of our entire staff, we at Pierce University should offer employment to the spouse of each new faculty member we hire. Although we cannot expect all offers to be accepted or to be viewed as an ideal job offer, the money invested in this effort will clearly be well spent because, if their。
Argument 逻辑错误参考句式
Argument 逻辑错误参考句式1.Survey类A.The statistical figure quoted in the argument isobviously not so representative because the authorfails to offer the absolute number of…/because theauthor fails to offer the relative percentage of thenumber…B.The respondents appeared in the survey, namely therepresentatives of the group investigated, are notthe required group concerning theconclusion/assumption because the author ignoresthe fact that…C.Additionally, the time and the place in which thesurvey is conducted are not clearly demonstrated bythe author. Meanwhile, whether the survey isconducted randomly is still a puzzle.2.充分条件类错误A.Because of the lack of the reasonable evidence like…,the condition regarded as the sufficiency leading tothe outcome is obviously groundless.B.Even thought the sufficient condition the authorgives as….is necessary to result in the fact that…, theauthor still excludes some other factors like ….. Onlywhen such factors are holistically considered in thisargument can the conclusion be persuasively drawn.3.The arguer fails to establish the causal relationshipbetween the fact that ____ and the claim that ____.It is highly possible that other factors contribute to __B__.Based on the fact that __A__ occurred after __B__, the editor infers that __B__ should be responsible for __A__. However, the sequence of these events, in itself, does not suffice to prove that the earlier development caused the later one.….the real reasonsWithout ruling out scenarios such as these, the editor cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship between __A__ and __B__ upon which the editor’s recommendation depends.4.范围变化A.A threshold problem involves the definition of A .The arguer fails to define this critical term.C. 由大变小The problem with this argument lies in the assumption the author draws that the nationwide situation equally and effectively applies to the every specific location (like…). Actually,this is not the case because of the following reasons involved. …D.E. Obviously, the author’s/arguer’s assumption/conclusion, based/depended/relied/established on the given facts about the advantages/disadvantages of…, is groundless/one-sided/unpersuasive/unconvincing because he ignores/loses his sight of the relevant disadvantages/advantages included in this circumstance.…The author’s/arguer’s assumption that by…..will the…be profitable/earn great profits is definitely groundless/unconvincing because, as the common sense goes, whether profits can be gained is determined by the balance between revenue and cost. However, not only does the author fail to offer the sufficient evidence about the revenue but also the cost required in operation and development is not included. …5.The author claim that 将来, because 过去/现在. This assumption is unwarranted because things rarely remain the same over extended period of time./things invariably change/alter over extended period of time and within different context.8. false analogy…..The arguer’s recommendation relies on what might be a poor analogy between __A__ and __B__. The analogy falsely depends upon the assumption that the similarity between A and B lies in the fact that…./this false analogy is drawn by the arguer because …However, it is entirely possible that A and B are distinct in many respects. For example, …/however, the common sense tells that there exists large difference betweenA andB in many specific aspects. For instance, ….11. all-any-anything…However, it is highly possible that some exception/some other optional cases may be considered in this circumstance. To be specific, …。
arguement 常用语句
"arguement" 这个词语看起来可能是拼写错误，我猜测你可能是想问"argument" 的常用语句。
"Argument" 是英语中的一个常见词汇，它表示"论点" 或"论证"。
在写作或口语中，我们经常使用一些与argument 相关的常用语句来表达我们的观点或反驳他人的观点。
以下是一些例子：1. "My argument is that..." 我的论点是...2. "The main argument in favor of this policy is..." 支持这项政策的主要论点是...3. "The strength of this argument lies in its ability to..." 这个论点的优势在于其能够...4. "The weakness of this argument is its failure to consider..." 这个论点的弱点在于其没有考虑到...5. "In反驳这个观点，我们可以提出以下论点..." 在反驳这个观点时，我们可以提出以下论点...6. "This argument is fallacious because it忽视/忽略了..." 这个论点是谬误的，因为其忽视/忽略了...7. "The evidence/fact/data supports/contradicts this argument." 证据/事实/数据支持/反驳了这个论点。
8. "The argument is based on/founded on..." 这个论点是基于/建立在...之上。
9. "The argument assumes that..." 这个论点假定...10. "The argument is valid/invalid." 这个论点是有效的/无效的。
argument的用法总结大全
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Argument 常用论证句式
Argument 常用论证句式常用版I.Reasoning Fallacy先给出原来的逻辑推理过程，然后指出假设的谬误、不合理性，逻辑推理出现的错误：如证据不充分，缺乏因果关系，或者忽略了其他重要方面，或者以偏概全、片面得出结论。
A．给出原来的逻辑+指出推理的歪曲1．Giving that___________, S arguing that omits/neglects/overlooks__________,thereby distorting that____________.2．The author intends to provide us with bias evidence, thereby misleading that________.This belief, however, is consequently biased.3．Certain that________, it’s not necessary to mean that____________.4．Certain that________, it does not necessarily imply that__________.5．The fact that_________ does not necessarily imply that___________.B．论证过程中的假设出错：假设不切实际，不符合常识情理等1.The argument simply equates______ with_______, which is unwarranted.2.The assumption in short of legitimacy is the causal relationship claimed betweendoing___.3.The arguer’s conclusion depends on a gratuitous assumption____.4.The author’s conclusion has been drawn from the questionable assumption that____.5.The argument rests on the unreasonable assumption that_________.6.The argument relies on the gratuitous assumption that__________.7.The author assumes that__________, where only little correlation has been indicated.8.This assumptionis presenting(strongly recommended)/presents a false/tricky dilemma by doing_______,since the____________.C．证据不充足不确凿、无或杜撰因果联系a.fact 不能说明conclusion1.The fact that______ is insufficient evidence to____________.2.The mere fact that_________ lends no strong support to the conclusion that________.3.The mere fact that__________ does not ensure that_________.4.The mere fact that__________ does not prove that_______.5.The mere fact that__________ does not validate/substantiate that________.6.The mere fact that________ does not necessarily imply that_______.b.证据不足1.The author provides no evidence that__要证明的东西__.2.The arguer fails to provide any evidence that___________.3.The evidence upon which the argument relies is too vague to validate the assumption that_.4.The evidence on which the argument restsis not sufficient to prove that_______.5.The evidence provided in the argument is not sufficient to validate the assumption that___.6.The author has drawn a hasty conclusion which is based on inadequate evidence about_______.7.The argument is unacceptable if there is no compelling evidence to support the connection between A and B.c.无法建立因果联系1.The argument fails to establish a causal relationship of A and B.2.The editorial fails to establish a relationship of A and B.3.The excerpt assumes no causal relationship of A and B.4.The arguer fails to provide any information concerning__________.D．指出作者忽略某些重要因素，以削弱作者论证的可信度1.The argument fails to rule out a possibility that_____________.mon sense tells us that__________,/Experience tells us that______,(1) however, the author’s argument contradict it directly.(2) whichis in conflict with the author’s argument that____________.(3) which is in opposite to the author’s argument that____________.cking more specific information about ___________, it is impossible to assess the reliability of the survey’sresults /to draw such a questionable conclusion.4.Unless the author can demonstrate that _______, the author’s concern about these issues is unfounded.5.The editorial fails to take into account the trivial differences between A and B.6.The author fails to consider and rule out other factors that might account for something.7.The arguer ignores to take into account other likely benefits/disadvantages of something that have exerted aninfluence on something.E．指出作者以偏概全，片面论证1.While this is true, it is not necessary to generalize that_________.2.While this is true that_________, it’s not true of everyone.3.While this might be true in some cases, it is equally possible that ________.4.The arguer assumes that what is true of a group as a whole is necessarily true of each member of that group.5.The arguer assumes that what is true of people taken collectively is also true of any individual within thatgroup.6.The argument attributes a characteristic of an individual member of a group to the group as a whole.7.The arguer generalizes from what is true in an area to what must be true in all regions.8.The arguer generalizes on the basis of a sample that consisting of atypical cases.9.The arguer uses a few of exceptional cases as the basis for a claim about what is true in general.F．表面上看逻辑正确，实际上漏洞百出II.Statistical Fallacy1.The author provides no assurances that the survey on which the argument depends is statistically reliable.2.Unless the survey’s respondents are representative of the overall population of _________, the author cannotrely on it to predict the success of ____________.A.What the procedure was used?B.How large was the sample?1.The fewer respondents, the less reliable the study’s results.C.Are the statistics misleading vague?D.Are the statistics complete?1.The excerpt provides no information about the number of respondents or their occupational or residentialprofiles.2. The narrower the spectrum of occupations and geographic areas represented among respondents, themore likely that ___________________.3. Unless a sufficient number of subjects from diverse geographic areas and occupations respondedaccurately and on a regular basis, and unless accurate responses were made on behalf of deceased subjects, I simply cannot accept the editorial’s conclusion.E.Are the statistics important?F.When was the survey conducted?G.Are the statistics expressed in an average figure?H.Does the arguer confuse cause with correlation?。
argument句型
开头By citing the fact that ------, the author reaches the conclusion that -----.Unfortunately , scrupulous and comprehensive scrutiny makes it clear that the argument suffers from several logical fallacies, which render the argument hard to stand against suspicion .结尾In brief, the recommendation offered by the author is short of credibility .In order to provide a more rational one, it is best for the author to prove restrictions leads to the rise of the property value, clarify whether the two communities are comparable, Also, the author must demonstrate that the restrictions alone enable the property value to rise.选样的代表性Are the respondents representative ?/ In the study, there were only men , which means that we can conclude little relating to the effect of exercise on longevity about women . /Also , whether 500 men are able to represent all men in the country is dubious ./ Having not taken into account the above scenarios , the author cannot convincingly assume that the respondents are representative .调查无效性The author only takes into account that ----, on the ground of which the author unfairly infers that -----/(作者的论据事实).The argument regards a lack of evidence that -----as constituting sufficient evidence that it will have nothing to do with ----./ Nevertheless , it is highly possible that , ----is only one of the ---, in which case ,----./（我指出可能性）unless the author can illustrate that ----,the author’s claim about ----is unsound 。
argument句型
开头1、in this memo the vice president recommends that……..To support this recommendation the vice president cite the following facts that: (1)…;(2)…..;This article concludes that…….To justify this conclusion the article’s author note that………To support this argument the editorial’s author points out that…….2、Close scrutiny of each of these facts, however, reveals that none of them lend credible support to the recommendationI find this argument logically unconvincing in several respectsCareful examination of this supporting evidences, however , reveals that it lends little credible support to the applicant’s claimThis argument is logically flawed in several critical respects一、经不起推敲的类推1、反驳……..do not necessarily (little)indicate that ……Perhaps……..Yet the memo contains no evidence to support this assumption. …………accomplishes nothing toward bolstering the recommendation……….It is entirely possible thatLacking such evidence it is equally (entirely) possible that2、总结In short, without ruling out other possible reason for …….the vice president cannot convince me on the basis of them that ……The recommendation rest on two additional assumptions:…（可用于永恒不变的错误）… Until the vice president substantiate these assumptions I remain unconvinced thatSince the article fails to account for this alternative explanation for……the article’s author can not make any sound recommendations to …….Since the editorial fail to rule out these and other possible explanations for…. I can not accept any conclusions that…..Thus lacking reliable evidence of the effectiveness of the …..it is difficult to accept the conclusion that…..Without considering and ruling out these and other factors that might have served to…..the author cannot justifiably conclude that …….自相矛盾：the editorial seems to make two irreconcilable claims . one is that……..the other is that……Thus ,as it stands the argument is self-contradictory , and the author must either modify it by choosing between two competing objectives or somehow reconcile these two objectives二、将因果关系与单纯的关联关系或时间关系混淆起来三、认为一个群体的特征使用与该群体的所有成员By relying on the national survey to support its conclusion the argument depends on the assumption that the level of satisfaction locally with store-bought groceries reflects national levels. Yet the owner provides no evidence to support this assumption. It is possible that residents of this town are quite satisfied with these vegetables. Without eliminating this possibility , the owner cannot rely on the national survey to conclude that this town’s residents would………..四、认为某个条件是为结果的必要或充分条件In recommending Schade for the job the chairperson fails to consider other possible job candidates . Even if all the evidence shows that Schade is well qualified perhaps one or more other individuals would be even more suitable for the job . without addressing this possibility the chairperson cannot convince me that the district should hire SchadeThe article fail to consider any other curse of action that might………Perhaps,………In short , without weight the proposal against alternatives, the article’s claim that the proposed incentive are the best means of ……is wholly unconvincing五、基于可能不具有代表性的统计数据Finally, the mayor provides no evidence that the survey’s respondents are representative of the overall group of people whose trash goes to the city’s landfill. Lacking such evidence, it is entirely possible that people inclined to recycle were more willing to respond to the survey that other people were. In short ,without better evidence that the survey is statistically reliable the mayor cannot rely on it to draw any firm conclusions about……..六、基于不准确的调查或民意测验结果A threshold problem with the argument involve the statistical reliability of the survey. The director provides no evidence that the number of respondents is statistically significant or that the respondents were representative of auto work in general . Lacking information about the randomness and size of the survey’s sample , the director cannot make a convincing argument based on that surveyFirst , the survey must be shown to be reliable before I can accept any conclusion based upon it . Specifically, the responses must be accurate ,and the respondents must be statistically significant in number and representative of the overall ………….. Without evidence of the survey’s reliability , it is impossible to draw any firm conclusion about ………..七、认为一切事情都是永恒不变的结尾In sum , the recommendation relies on certain doubtful assumptions that render it unconvincing as it stands. To bolster the recommendations the vice president must provide clear evidence that……….To better assess the recommendation, I would need to know ……..,and ………,I would also need to know……..In sum, the argument is logically flawed therefore unconvincing as it stands. To strengthen it the author must……..In sum, the editorial’s author cannot justify his or her voting recommendation on the basis of the scant evidence provided in the editorial. To bolster the recommendations the vice president must provide clear evidence that……….To better assess the recommendation, I would need to know ……..,and ………,I would also need to know……..In conclusion, the recommendation is not well supported.。
argument的例句
argument的例句1. You can't just say that and expect me to believe it, can you? Like saying the sky is green!2. Don't you think it's silly to argue about something so obvious? It's like fighting over which ice cream flavor is the best!3. Why do we always have these stupid arguments? It's like we're stuck in a never-ending cycle!4. How can you even make that argument? It's as crazy as saying pigs can fly!5. You keep insisting on that, but isn't it kind of ridiculous? Just like saying a fish can ride a bike!6. I don't understand your argument at all. It's like a puzzle with missing pieces!7. Do you really think that's a good argument? It's like buildinga sandcastle in a storm!8. This argument is getting us nowhere. It's like running on a treadmill and not going forward!9. Can't we just stop this silly argument? It's like bickering over a speck of dust!10. You're so stubborn in your argument. It's like trying to movea mountain with a spoon!My view is that sometimes arguments can be unnecessary and silly, and we should try to find better ways to communicate and understand each other.。
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The author provides no evidence that … is the reason for …The arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between … and …This editorial falsely fabricates a causal link/pattern that … caused ….The editor may mask/conceal/disguise other possible factors, which are … .The argument assumes a causal relationship of … with …, whereas only a correlation has been indicated.The arguer’s reasoning linking … with … seems reasonable on the surface, but i t may not be true after further scrutiny.There is no information available to justify any causal relationship between … and …. Any further linkage of these two phenomena-- … and … --requires more evidence and is not justified by the data so far available.It does not naturally warrant the conclusion that … has significantly contributed, and thus is causal to …This observed phenomenon that …, actually says little more than that these two events are synchronic to each other and that is all.A direct correla tion between … and … does not necessarily prove that the former causes the latter.Comprehensive analysis is necessary to identify the actual causes of …The author fails to consider and rule out other factors that might account for …To find the exact cau ses of …, examination should be applied to all the factors that have significant impact on …While a high correlation is strong evidence of a causal relationship, in itself it is not sufficient.We do not have any evidence suggesting that … will cause …C ontingencies such as … can all lead to …The arguer oversimplifies the factors that would influence …The arguer oversimplifies the importance of …It is expected/anticipated that …. will inevitably lead to …The arguer attempts to extract a general principle from a specific case.The arguer supports the conclusion by over-generalizing from a specific piece of evidence that ….The example cited is insufficient to warrant …, because there is no reason to believe that the data drawn from … is representative of …The arguer draws a conclusion that is broader in scope than is warranted by the evidence advanced.The arguer infers from what has been observed to the case under exceptional conditions to what is principle true.The arguer uses a few exceptional cases as the basis for a claim about what is true in general.The argument attributes a characteristic of an individual member of a group to the group as a whole.The author generalizes from what is true in one region of space to what must be true in all regions of space.While it is true that …, this is not true for everyone.By relying on the national survey to support its conclusion, the argument depends on the assumption that this nationwide survey can represent a specific region within this nation.Th e nationwide study showing that … does not necessarily apply to …The arguer assumes that what is true of a group as a whole is necessarily true of each member of that group.The argument assumes that what is true of group of people taken collectively is also true of any individual within that group.Concerning the first benchmark, the arguer falsely takes it as the key indicator of the overall performance of ……, …, …, …, and … are not reliable standards to choose between … and …. Further, this argument s hould better evaluate more factors like …, …, and …The editorial fails to take into account possible difference between …The argument simply equates … with …The problem is that the two situations are not similar enough to justify the analogical deduction.The speaker fails to indicate what portion of ….The argument relies on the figures--…, …, and …. But these numbers are too imprecise to support the conclusion drawn.The statistical evidence that … is too vague to be informative. The result of the st udy, therefore, is incomplete to be conclusive.When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generalization they are used to support, so that historical changes will not invalidate the generalization.Since the arguer makes a claim about … in general, the sample for the survey should be able to represent all …In order to establish a strong correlation between … and …, the study’s sample must be sufficient in size representative of …From the survey quoted in the argument, however, we find no sign of such procedures for random sampling, and have good reason to doubt if the sample is representative enough to reflect the general attitudes of all workers as a whole. The argument fails to indicate what portion of the people surveyed actually responded; the smaller this portion, the less reliable the results.Yet we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented the public opinions.The arguer generalizes on the basis of a sample consisting of atypical cases.The fact that … does not prove that …The fact that … does not support the claim that …The fact that … does not ensure that …The fact that … lends no support to the conclusion that …The fact that … does not necessarily imply that …The mere fact that … is insufficient evidence to conclude that …The fact that … accomplishes nothing toward bolstering the recommendation that …The author assumes that … But it may not be the case.The argument rests on the gratuitous assumption that …The arguer’s conclusion depends on the questionable assumption that …The arguer fails to provide enough information concerning …The reasoning that … is open to doubt.Another assumption in short of legitimacy is that …The evidence provided in this argument is not sufficient to validate the assumption that …The arguer draws a hasty conclusion which is based on inadequate evidence about …The evidence it cites is inconsistent with the hypothesis that …Nor does the mere fact that … lends significant support to …Even assuming …, it is nevertheless impossible to assess the author’s broader contention that …Even if the arguer can substantiate all of the foregoing assumptions, the arguer’s assertion that … is still unwarra nted.Although this is entirely possible, the argument provides no evidence to support this assumption that …While this may be true in some cases, but it is equally possible that …But, since the editorial provides no evidence to substantiate this assumption it is equally possible that …This scenario is quite possible, especially considering that …On the one hand, the author overlooks the possibility that …; on the other hand, perhaps …Common sense and experience tells us this is not the case, and that a variety of other factors, such as …, also play major roles.If this is the case, it provides an alternative explanation for the fact that …The argument fails to rule out the possibility that …The author fails to consider other likely possibiliti es that …The argument omits factors such as …E/SLacking more specific information about how …, it is impossible to assess …Unless the author can demonstrate that …, the author’s concern about these issues is unfounded.Unless …, there is a good chance …Therefore, any decision aimed at addressing the problem of … must be based on more thorough investigation to gather sufficient data in order to narrow down and locate the actual causes of the problem.The conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and probably misleading.The article fails to account for the alternative explanations for …, thus the article’s author cannot make any sound recommendation to …Since the application has not adequately responded to this concern, his claim that … is untenable.Since the editorial fails to rule out these and other possible explanations for …, I cannot accept any conclusions about …Without eliminating this possibility, the author cannot rely on the national survey to conclude that …Given these possible sce narios, the fact that … proves nothing about …Any of these scenarios, if true, would cast considerable doubt on the argument’s conclusion that …Without weighing revenue against expenses the argument’s conclusion is premature at best.Absent either a clea r definition of the term or dear evidence that …, the author’s contention that … is simply unjustified.Lacking evidence of a sufficiently representative sample, the author cannot justifiably rely on the study to draw any conclusion whatsoever.The author must consider and eliminate this and other possible reasons why …. Otherwise, I cannot accept the author’s implicit claim that …This single sample is insufficient to draw any general conclusion about …Without additional samples from diverse geographic locations, I cannot accept the author’s sweeping generalization about …In short, lacking evidence that conditions on the two … are relatively similar, the author cannot convince me on the basis of …’s experience that …Absent additional information about the cited studies, these studies lend no credible support to the conclusion that …Without such evidence, the argument can be rejected out of hand.。