非谓语动词和从句
从句与非谓语动词之间的转换
从句与非谓语动词之间的转换非谓语动词和从句可以相互转换，那么如何将复合句改为简单句呢？首先，需要分清主从复合句，然后取消从句，一般要把引导从句的连词去掉。
例如，将"When he was waiting for the bus。
he saw a dog"改为"Waiting for the bus。
he saw a dog"。
其次，如果从句的谓语动词是主动式，就要把谓语动词改为现在分词；如果从句的谓语动词是被动式，就要把谓语动词改为过去分词，并且要注意时态的变化。
例如，将"After he had finished his homework。
he went home"改为"Having finished his homework。
he went home"。
另外，使用分词短语作状语时，它逻辑上的主语必须与句子的主语一致。
如果主从句的主语不一致，在取消掉从句变为-ing或-ed形式时，要把从句的主语保留，其它部分和以前的改法一样。
例如，将"As it was hot。
we went swimming"改为"It being hot。
we went swimming"。
需要注意的是，在使用分词短语作状语时，它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。
在很多情况下，它都表示一种伴随的动作或表示一种原因。
例如：1.If the weather allows。
I will go there.2.After the rain ped。
XXX.3.His XXX。
and he prepared to return to his institute.4.With so many comrades absent。
XXX.From the above examples。
we can see that the present participle (-ing) usually indicates an n that is happening at the same time as the main verb in the sentence。
（完整word版）非谓语动词和从句的转换
（完整word版）⾮谓语动词和从句的转换⾮谓语动词和从句的转换----⼀.不定式（短语）与从句的关系1.不定式（短语）在句中作主语，其功能相当于⼀个主语从句，因此⼆者之间可以转换。
(1).To be able to help you is really an honor.(=That I’m able to help you)(2).He seemed to know the way.(=It seemed that he knew the way.)(3).Bush is said to have decided to attack North Korea.(= It is said that Bush has decided to attack North Korea.)2.不定式（短语）在句中作宾语或宾补，相当于⼀个宾语从句(1).We still don’t know when and where to build a school.(宾语)(=when and where we should build a school)(2).I advised him to go and see the doctor.(宾补)(=that he should go and see)(3).He thought it a great pity not to have invited her. .(宾语)(=That he hadn’t invited her.)3不定式（短语）在句中作表语.，相当于⼀个表语从句(1).My suggestion is for them to leave as soon as possible.(=that they should leave)(2).My chief purpose has been for them to get a good understanding.(=that they can get a good understanding)4.不定式（短语）在句中作定语.，相当于⼀个定语从句(1).The question will be discussed at the conference shortly to open in Beijing.(=that is shortly to open in Beijing)(2).All dead, I was the only one to grow up. (=that grew up)5.不定式（短语）在句中作⽬的．结果状语.，相当于⼀个⽬的．结果状语从句(１).He came to the area in order/so as to study the folk music there.(=in order/so that)(2).The lady was so excited as not to say a word.(=so excited that she could n’t…)7.不定式（短语）在句中作原因状语.，相当于⼀个原因状语从句(１)I trembled to think of being punished by the boss.(=because I though of being punished by the boss) (2).We were disappointed to have lost the game.(=that we have lost the game)⼆．动名词（短语）与从句的关系1. 动名词（短语）在句中作主语，相当于⼀个主语从句(１).Your going away (=That you went away) made the professor angry.(2).Mary’s not being made monitor (=That Mary was not made monitor ) made us sad.被动的动名词在句中作主语时⼀般不能省(3).Being called a fool(=That he was called a fool) hurt Bob badly.2. 动名词（短语）在句中作宾语或宾补语，相当于⼀个宾语从句(1).I remember being taken to Beijing(=that I was taken to Beijing) when I was five.(2).He admitted having married Mary to a soldier(=that he had married Mary to a soldier).3.动名词（短语）在句中作表语.，相当于⼀个表语从句(1).My duty is serving the people heart and soul (that I’ll serve the people heart and soul).(2).The problem is his not having prepared his lessons for the exam(=that he hasn’t prepared his lessons for the exam)(3).The difficulty is Mary’s being caught between the two trees(=that Mary is caught between the two trees).4.介词＋动名词（短语），相当于⼀个从句(宾语从句或同位语从句 0(1）He was afraid of being scolded by his mistake.(=that he was…)(2).He was astonished at her knowing you.(=that she knew you)(3).We heard the news of our team having won.(=that our team had won)三．分词（短语）与从句的关系1.分词（短语）作定语，相当于⼀个定语从句(1）The hospital was an old building built in 1931(=that was built in 1931).(2).Do you know the girl standing over there(=who is standing over there)?(3).The man speaking to us the other day(= who spoke to us the other day) has gone to Japan.本节值得注意的问题：现在分词短语作定语时，所表⽰的动作不能先于谓语所表⽰的动作，也不可以表⽰将来。
非谓语动词与状语从句的转化
非谓语动词与状语从句的转化非谓语动词与状语从句的转化状语从句是同学们在初中就掌握的内容，现将非谓语动词与状语从句之间转换的规律作一归纳，帮助大家更好地掌握非谓语动词。
一、非谓语动词与时间状语从句间的转换。
1 .当主、从句的主语一致，主、从句的谓语动作同时或L乎同时发生时，且从句中谓语动词是主动语态，可用现在分词的一般式转换。
如：When they heard the news，they jumped with joy.Hearing the news，they jumped with joy.当他们听到这则消息时，高兴得跳了起来。
2 .当主、从句的主语一致，从句中的动作发生在主句的动作之前或从句中谓语动词是完成时，可用现在分词的完成式转换。
如：After he(had)returned home，he began to work.Having returned home，he began to work.回到家以后，他开始工作。
3 .当主、从句主语一致时，由after，before，since，as soon as等引导的从句可分别用after/before/since/on加动名词短语转换。
如：Since I saw you last，I have been ill.Since seeing you last，I have been ill.自从我上次见你后，就一直在生病。
As soon as he heard this，he couldn’t help crying.On hearing this，he couldn’t help crying.他一听到这事，不禁哭了起来。
4 .当主、从句主语一致时，以when，while引导的从句，也可用when /while加现在分词短语转换。
如While we were walking along the river, we heard someone shouting.While walking along the river，we heard someone shouting当我们正沿着河走时,我们听到有人喊叫。
非谓语动词和从句的转换
3. v-ing形式作表语可换成that引导 的表语从句
Our worry is your depending too much on him.
Our worry is that you depend too much on him.
组成介词短语分词作状语分词做状语可以转换成其相对应的状语从句来表时间条件原因
非
非
谓
谓
语
语
动
动
词
词
与
与
从
从
句
句
间
间
的
的
转
转
换
换
一、什么叫做非谓语动词
在英语中，动词按其在句子中的作用，可分为： 谓语动词和非谓语动词。 谓语动词就是可以单独直接在句子中做谓语的动词。 非谓语动词就是不能单独在句子中做谓语的动词。
注：表目的的不定式还常与so as或in order连用， 构成so as (not) to do和in order (not) to do 结构，其中so as (not) to do 不能用于句首。
To get there in time, we got up very early. = In order to get there in time, we got up very early. = We got up very early (in order/so as) to get there in time.
We will study in the house facing south.
We will study in the house that / which faces south. The man talking to my teacher is my father.
非谓语动词与从句
非谓语动词相关从句非谓语动词概述：非谓语动词与名词性从句非谓语动词与定语从句非谓语动词与状语从句There are some people insisting that they shouldn’t learn English.非谓语动词概述：动名词Ving；现在分词Ving; 过去分词ved; to do不定式分词短语从本质上而言：是由动词派生而来的形容词。
如，a sleeping baby, a used car, a frightening experience, a frightened child, etc.A baby who is sleeping.A car which is usedving形式由动词的主动形式派生而来；表示主动的动作或正在进行的动作Ved形式由动词的被动形式派生而来：表示被动的动作或已完成的动作The fallen leavesThe falling leavesThe custom fascinates me.The fascinating custom has been the subject of many books.The baby will sleep until eight.Try not to wake a sleeping baby.Some movies are rated X.Children shouldn’t see X-rated movies. My leg was broken in three places.My broken leg is healing slowly.The sinking ship= the ship that was sinking The sunken ship=the ship that has sunken. Falling leaves=Fallen leaves=现在分词的完成时态：表示分词的动作发生在主句谓语动词动作之前。
非谓语动词和从句的转换优秀课件
一、什么叫做非谓语动词
在英语中，动词按其在句子中的作用，可分为： 谓语动词和非谓语动词。 谓语动词就是可以单独直接在句子中做谓语的动词。 非谓语动词就是不能单独在句子中做谓语的动词。
二、非谓语动词的表现形式有：
不定式 （to do） 现在分词 （doing） 过去分词 （done） 动名词 （doing）
1. 时间状语：可改为时间状语从句，也可在分词前加上 连词“when , while , until”等，使其时间意义更 明确。(多置于句首，也可置于句末)
2. 原因状语：可改为原因状语从句或并列结构。(多置于 句首或句末，也可置于句中)
3. 条件状语：可加连词if , unless 等；也可换成条件 状语从句。(多置于句首)
If we weIrfegGgiivviveeennn more time , we could do it much better .
He was Wwarned of the danger, bhuet he still went skating on the ice.
但是,有些分词作状语是独立结构,不与句子的主语 产生联系;常见的有:judging from, generally
While waiting at the dentist’s, I read the whole of a short story. (=While I was waiting … ) Before being in the army, he was an engineer.
(= Before he was in the army, …) __H_av_in_g__fi_ni_sh_e_d__(finish) my work, I went to
非谓语动词和从句
有fionrisnhoetd, t必he须w用orwk.hether
He doesn’t know whether they will plant
注tr意ees:从on句S用atu正rd常ay的o陈r n述ot句. 语序.
主句是过去时， 从句是过去性质时态
妈妈在洗衣服的时候，爸爸在看报纸。
My mum _w_a_s_d_o_i_ng__s_o_m_e_w_a_s_h_i_ng____
_w__h_il_e_ dad _w_a_s_r_e_a_d_in_g__ne_w_s_p_a_p_e_rs.
他去上班时，一边开车一边听音乐。
He is listening to music w__hi_le__ he _is__d_r_iv_in_g__to__w.ork
Sb + be + adj. + to do sth
5. 制止这些捕杀很艰难. __I_t_ is hard _to__s_t_op___ the killing.
6.它们的水常常不宜饮用,因为我们给污染了.
Their water isn’t g_o_o__d__ _t_o__d_r_i_n_k___. because we’ve __m_a_d__e__ _i_t__ d__ir_t_y_. 7. 很多人决定不考虑这些. Many peopled_e_c_id_ e__n_o_t _tothink about it. 8. 很多动物无处生存.
tell sb (not) to do agree to do stop to do
即可用动名词，也可用动词不定式作宾语的：
停止正做的事情 stop doing sth 停止正做的事情去做另一件事 stop to do sth (还没做)记得要做某事 remember to do sth 记得做过某事（已经做）remember doing sth 忘记去做某事 forget to do sth 忘记做过某事 forget doing sth
非谓语动词&从句
非谓语动词非谓语动词（不能作谓语用）包括不定式、分词及动名词。
一、动词不定式1．常用形式：一般主动式to do, 一般被动式to be done完成主动式to have done, 完成被动式to have been done进行式to be doing不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：1）一般式：表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动作之后，或没有时间限制。
例如：They often watch us play table tennis.（与谓语动作同时）She hopes to go there again.（在谓语动作之后）It is necessary and important to read English every day.（无时间限制）The factory to make radios is over there.（无时间限制）m sorry to have kept you waiting.2）完成式：表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
如：I /She seems to have been a teacher for many years.3）进行式：表示正在发生的动作且与谓语动作同时发生。
例如：She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I come in.注:不定式的被动式：名词、代词为不定式的逻辑宾语时，一般用不定式被动式，例如：What is to be done is unknown. /The bridge to be bulit there is very long.不定式的否定式 not to do2．语法功能：可作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语（即除谓语之外的各种成分）。
例如：1）主语：To master a foreign language is very important.2）表语：My job is to drive them to the company every day.3）宾语：Do you want to visit the Great Wall?Can you give us some advice on what to do next?4）宾补：The teacher advised us to have a rest first.I didn’t notice them come in.注：see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to, 但变为被动语态以后（即不定式作主补时）要带to,其中let sb. do sth. 变为被动式为sb. is let do sth. help（帮助）后作宾补的动词不定式可带to，也可不带to. 即help sb.(to)do sth.5）不定式作定语：作后置定语,位于被修饰词后如：Who was the first one to get to the top of the hill yesterday?He is the man to depend on/to believe in.不定式作定语,与被其修饰的词可构成逻辑上的以下关系:a.动宾关系 e.g. I have a lot of work to do.b.主谓关系 e.g. He is always the first to help me.c.其它关系(多为固定搭配) e.g. tell me a way to solve the problem.6）状语： in order toA．目的状语：She reads China Daily every day so as to improve her English.to注：in order to 可以位于句首或句中，so as to 不能位于句首。
非谓语作定语和定语从句的区别
非谓语作定语和定语从句的区别
非谓语动词作定语和定语从句在语法结构和表达方式上有一些区别，具体如下：
1. 语法结构：
- 非谓语动词作定语：非谓语动词包括动词的现在分词(-ing)、过去分词(-ed)和不定式(to do)，它们可以在句中作定语，修饰名词或代词。
非谓语动词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词的前面。
- 定语从句：定语从句是一个句子，由关系代词(who, whom, whose, that, which)引导，用来修饰先行词(即被修饰的名词或代词)。
2. 表达方式：
- 非谓语动词作定语：非谓语动词作定语可以提供更简洁、紧凑的表达方式。
它可以通过一个动词形式来描述被修饰词的特征、状态或行为。
- 定语从句：定语从句可以提供更详细、具体的信息，通过一个完整的句子来描述被修饰词的性质、特点或关系。
3. 语义和功能：
- 非谓语动词作定语：非谓语动词作定语主要强调动作或状态，它们可以表示正在进行的动作(-ing 形式)、已完成的动作(-ed 形式)或将要进行的动作(to do 形式)。
- 定语从句：定语从句可以提供更丰富的语义信息，包括对被修饰词的进一步解释、限定或描述。
总的来说，非谓语动词作定语和定语从句在语法结构和表达方式上有所不同。
非谓语动词作定语更简洁，强调动作或状态；而定语从句更详细，提供更多的语义信息。
在使用时，需要根据具体语境和表达需要选择合适的结构。
非谓语动词语与从句的关系课件
条件状语从句转换为非谓语动词
条件状语从句
注意事项
表示动作发生的条件，如"if"、 "unless"、"provided that"等。
非谓语动词表示的动作应是主句动作 的条件或假设。
转换方法
将条件状语从句转换为非谓语动词， 如"If possible, we will go to the park tomorrow."（如果可能的话， 我们明天会去公园。）
02
非谓语动词在句子中可以作为主 语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和 补足语。
分类：不定式、动名词、分词
01
不定式
表示未发生的动作或行为，常用于表示目的、结果或条件。不定式可以
作为主语、宾语、表语和定语。
02
动名词
表示正在进行的动作或行为，常用于表示进行时态。动名词可以作为主
语、宾语和表语。
03
分词
表示完成的动作或行为，分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示正在
THANKS
感谢观看
时间状语从句
表示动作发生的时间，如"when" 、"before"、"after"、"while"等
。
转换方法
将时间状语从句转换为非谓语动词 ，如"Having finished his homework, he went to bed."（ 完成作业后，他上床睡觉了。）
注意事项
非谓语动词表示的动作应在主句动 作之前发生。
进行的动作或行为，过去分词表示已经完成的动作或行为。分词可以作
为定语、状语和补足语。
02
非，但通常放在句末，以强调其动作 或状态。
从句+非谓语动词
主语
宾语
表语
定语
状语
补语
doing
todo
doing； done
主语
宾语
表语
定语
状语
补语
doing
√ √
√ √
√ √ √
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
todo
doing； done
练习
从句PK 非谓语动词
• 1,
优点 非谓语动 词 从句 简洁 详细 缺点 歧义 繁琐
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
练习
非谓语动词
• 一， • 谓语动词--------1-----动词原形（+时态） • 非谓语动词 ----N----变形
• • • • 二，变形： doing 动名词（gerund) to do 不定式（infinitive ） doing;done 分词 （participles)
• 三，变形的决定因素： • 1， 前后搭配 • 2， 句中成分。
从句+ 非谓语动词
从句
• 一，两大步骤： • 1，外部关系（主干）：从句在主干中的成分。 • 2，内部关系（从句）：引导词+句子
• 二，引导词的决定因素： • 1，汉语意思 • 2，在从句中充当的成分。（与从句完整性的匹配）
• 三，分类 • 主谓宾系表定状补 • 主宾表定状补
• 主宾表补，同位语-----名词性从句= n. • 定语从句 = adj. （修饰名词的） • 状语从句 = adv. （修饰动词的）
练习
• Ｔｏｍ拒绝了我的邀请，这让我很生气。 Tom refused my invitation, which made me angry. Tom's refusing my invitation made me angry.
三大从句和非谓语动词学习
• 宾语: He promised to stop taking drugs.
• 宾补: His great wish is to see his team win the World Cup.
• 表目的 She stood up to be seen better. • 表原因 I am glade to know you have a good job. • 表结果 He got to the station only to find that his father was dead.
主语从句
分句在句中做主语 1. What caused the fire is still a mystery. 2. Who was responsible for the accident is not yet clear.
• How the book will sell depends on its author. • Why he left abruptly is not known to any of us.
（二）带主语：其主语≠主句主语，也就是通常所 说的“独立主格”结构。独立主格中having been, being的可省略。 1. My work (being) done, I went to bed. 2. The purse not yet (having been) found, we went to the police. -ed独立主格也可由with引出： They sat in the room with his curtains drawn.
宾语从句
分句在句中做宾语 1. We never doubt that he is honest. 2. Can you tell me who is responsible for the fire?
非谓语动词和从句
非谓语动词和从句1.非谓语动词谓语（狭义）：主要指动词，关于主语的情况，可表示动作，也可以表示状态，受主语的人称和数的限制。
Time flies.She doesn’t like the idea.You shouldn’t look down upon this kind of work.非谓语动词：在句中不能单独作谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）。
它不受主语的人称和数的限制，但有语态（主动与被动）和时态（一般式；完成式；进行式）的变化；否定式一般将not 直接放在非谓语动词之前。
1.1动词不定式肯定形式： A 主动语态 B 被动语态一般式完成式进行式完成进行式否定形式：not/never to do1.1.1不定式有两种，即带to的不定式和不带to的不定式。
I’ve come to seek your advice.What you said made me think.大多数情况下，不定式都带to, 但在特殊情况下，动词不定式的to要省略。
1.1.2动词不定式的用法：主语（it作形式主语）：To cheat in exams is punishable.注意：此时，动词不定式常常放在句子后面，而用it 作形式主语。
It is punishable to cheat in exams.宾语：动词宾语：I hope to be back in a couple of days.介词宾语：They desire nothing but to go home.宾补：I want him to be my assistant.I ordered him not to enter this room without permission.表语：His wish was to be a skillful worker.定语：Do you have anything to say?状语：I was delighted to receive your letters. （原因）We started early to avoid being late. (目的)He grew up to be a famous scholar. (结果)You would make a big mistake to take his bribe. (条件)独立成分，用来修饰整个句子，句子状语。
定语从句和非谓语动词
定语从句和非谓语动词定语从句和非谓语动词一直是SAT/ACT语法，甚至是理解阅读文章中长难句的重点，也是困扰很多考生的难点之一。
下面是店铺收集整理的定语从句和非谓语动词的相关内容，希望对您有所帮助!定语从句和非谓语动词解析：熟悉非谓语动词的同学们应该都知道，非谓语动词包括to do, doing和done，这三类动词的特别之处就在于它们可以在句子里面充当除谓语以外的任何成分，其中一个非常重要的用法就是位于名词后作为名词的后置定语，比如：The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures.以上例句里的非谓语动词的短语“bordering the deserts”就是用作定语来修饰前面的名词短语“the semiarid lands”。
很多同学很熟悉定语从句，而对非谓语动词的'用法总是有种望而却步的感觉。
但是细心的同学肯定会发现，其实在语法家族里，当将非谓语动词用作后置定语的时候，它与定语从句的用法是一样的，两者是名副其实地长相不同，但却有血缘关系的“远房表亲”。
比如，上面的例子我们就可以改写成定语从句：The semiarid lands which border the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures.再如以下带有非谓语动词短语的句子：Theorist adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understand human behavior, including aggression.我们可以改成定语从句：Theorist who adopt the psychodynamic approach hold thatinner conflicts are crucial for understand human behavior, including aggression.又如，以下的两个句子的意思是相同的：1.What audience came to see was the magic made possible by trick photography and manipulation of the cinema.2.What audience came to see was the magic that was made possible by trick photography and manipulation of the cinema.在很多情况下，学生更容易理解定语从句。
非谓语动词及从句转换
=so as not to lose his job.
非谓语动词和从句的转换
I. v-ing 形式与从句之间的转换
1. v-ing形式作主语可换成that引导的主语从句
2. v-ing形式作宾语或宾补可换成that 引导的宾语从句
I remember having paid him for his work.
I remember that I have paid him for his work. He suggests our making better use of the school library.
We will study in the house facing south.
We will study in the house that / which faces south. The man talking to my teacher is my father.
The man who / that is talking to my teacher is my father.
While waiting at the dentist’s, I read the whole of a short story. (=While I was waiting … ) Before being in the army, he was an engineer.
(= Before he was in the army, …) __H_av_in_g__fi_ni_sh_e_d__(finish) my work, I went to
非谓语和定语从句
1. 非谓语动词：谓语（notional verb 实义动词）+非谓语（non-predicate：v-ing；verb-to do; verb-to do:1、非谓语动词和动词的共同点、区别、句子中的作用、独立主格从动词当中衍生出来：具有很多动词的特征，但不能做谓语：可以做除谓语之外的其他任何成分：主语，宾语，表语（predicative)，定语（attributive），状语（adverbial modifier）补语（complement）2.作定语和做状语的区别：为什么会出现非谓语动词呢：中文一个句子可以有n个动词，但是英文一个句子只能有一个谓语，就需要把其他动词用非谓语呈现出来动词：时态、语态、非谓语，虚拟语气做状语：Having taken my temperature, my mother found I was ill.Being ill, I can’t go to school tomorrow.Not having finished his lessons, he won’t go out to playI went up to him, telling him to keep silent.Interrupted by the man, he became angry.To prevent the wild animals from extinction, we took some measures.独立主格结构：We being League members, the work was well done.(逻辑主语不一致)There being no bus, we had to walk home.Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-bulit school will look even more beautiful.都有被修饰的名词：The man standing by the window is my brother.The letter written by my classmate is very interesting.Without mothering, children’s capacity to survive is seriously affected.The man speaking to us has gone to Japan.There are a lot of students waiting to welcome the foreign teachers.To do作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To loose your confidence means failure.避免头重脚轻，it 作形式主语：it is hard to finish the task within ten minutes.做表语：her job is to clean the hall.// he appears to have caught a cold.做宾语：I decided to lose wight. Make up his mind to improve.做定语：meeting to attend; house to live in; nothing to worry about; place to live做状语：根据功能的不同；worked day and night to get money; sold her hair to buy some bread; (目的状语)；前后主语要一致；to save money, he tries every means；（结果状语）三大从句：定语从句==形容词的功能（修饰名词、代词）状语从句===副词的功能（时间、地点、目的、方式、原因、结果、让步9大从句，表示状语不仅是用状语从句）名词性从句===名词的功能（主语、宾语、表语、同位语从句）定语从句：1. 什么叫做定从，修饰名词或代词的从句。
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非谓语动词和从句1.非谓语动词谓语（狭义）：主要指动词，关于主语的情况，可表示动作，也可以表示状态，受主语的人称和数的限制。
Time flies.She doesn’t like the idea.You shouldn’t look down upon this kind of work.非谓语动词：在句中不能单独作谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）。
它不受主语的人称和数的限制，但有语态（主动与被动）和时态（一般式；完成式；进行式）的变化；否定式一般将not 直接放在非谓语动词之前。
1.1动词不定式肯定形式： A 主动语态 B 被动语态一般式完成式进行式完成进行式否定形式：not/never to do1.1.1不定式有两种，即带to的不定式和不带to的不定式。
I’ve come to seek your advice.What you said made me think.大多数情况下，不定式都带to, 但在特殊情况下，动词不定式的to要省略。
1.1.2动词不定式的用法：主语（it作形式主语）：To cheat in exams is punishable.注意：此时，动词不定式常常放在句子后面，而用it 作形式主语。
It is punishable to cheat in exams.宾语：动词宾语：I hope to be back in a couple of days.介词宾语：They desire nothing but to go home.宾补：I want him to be my assistant.I ordered him not to enter this room without permission.表语：His wish was to be a skillful worker.定语：Do you have anything to say?状语：I was delighted to receive your letters. （原因）We started early to avoid being late. (目的)He grew up to be a famous scholar. (结果)You would make a big mistake to take his bribe. (条件)独立成分，用来修饰整个句子，句子状语。
To be honest, I don’t like him.常见短语如下：to tell/ speak/ say / confess the truth, to speak frankly/ sincerely/, to be frank/plain with you坦率说，老实说；To cut/ make a long story short, to sum up, to be briefGlad/ sad/ sorry/ needless/ strange to sayTo begin/ start with1.1.3 不定式短语疑问词+动词不定式：where/who/ what/when/ how/ why/which + to do.作用：主语：how to stop pollution is a big problem.宾语：I really don’t know what to say before you.表语：the question is how to handle this dilemma.For+名、代词+动词不定式：这里，借助for引导出不定式的逻辑主语。
Here are some books for you to read on the way.It’s not right for people to marry for money.This is the way for us to follow.It is adj of sb to do sh.只用当做表语的形容词修饰人时，表示人本身具有的品格、特征、性质，我们采用of引导。
It is very kind of you to help me so much. = you are kind to help me so much.1.1.3动词不定式to 的省略感官动词(feel, see, watch, hear, etc), 使役动词(make, let, have)，半省略词help. 但在被动语态中，省略的to应该补充完整。
I heard him speak in the next room.He was heard to speak in the next room.常用结构：had better, would rather, cannot but = can do nothingbut=have nothing to do but (只好)，why do/ not?当主语成分中含有动词do的形式时，作表语的不定式可以省略to.All you need to do is press the button.1.1.4动词不定式的时态和语态She left the city, never to be seen again.The book is said to have been translated into many languages.1.1.5不定式的主动语态表示被动意思(动宾关系)I have no chair to sit on.A black tie was the proper thing to wear.1.2 动名词否定形式：直接在前面加not.1.2.1 用法：主语：my sister’s being ill makes me worried.宾语：we are looking forward to hearing from you.表语：Her job is washing clothes.同位语：This is my recreation, reading novels.定语：a walking stick, a sleeping car.My father doesn’t like being invited to make a speech.I don’t mind having been written like that.1.2.3 在下列词中，主动形式的动名词表示被动意义：want, need, require, deserve, be worth.His car needs repairing.He deserves hanging.1.2.4 包含动名词的习惯用语There is no doing…Feel like doing…On/ upon doing…No doing!What do you say to doingIt is no use/ there is no use doing…Can’t help/ resist/ avoid/ keep from doing …Far from doing, 若是形容词，可以直接用.Have difficulty in doing…1.3分词1.3.1 现在分词1.3.2 用法：定语：a gentleman standing over there表语：the book is quite interesting. (多表示主语的特征)宾补：I found him lying on the bed.状语：hearing the news, they all danced for joy(表时间).备注：现在分词作状语时，逻辑主语与句子主语应该一致。
1.3.3 独立结构，当现在分词有了自己的逻辑主语。
The day being fine, we decided to go swimming.We explored the caves, Peter acting as a guide.1.3.4 句子状语, 修饰整个句子，说明说话人的看法,也叫独立成分。
Strictly speaking, that school is not very old.Judging by his words, I think she is fit for the post.1.3.5 过去分词done,否定形式直接在其前面加not。
用法：表语：I am awfully worried.定语：give a satisfied smile宾补：keep your mouth shut and eyes open.状语：seen from the mountain, the city is magnificent.2．区别：过去分词和现在分词：语态上： a moving film, a moved audience.时间上：the changing world, the changed world.动名词和现在分词：作定语时，现分体现了逻辑主语与动词的主动关系，动名体现了被修饰词的性质和用途：A sleeping car/ a sleep child.动名词和不定式：不定式强调尚未发生，动名词暗示已经存在：My father is a millionaire, but having a lot of money does not solve all the problems.To have a lot of money is my father’s dream.不定式表示具体、特定的情况，动名词表示一般、普遍情况；I prefer walking to driving.I prefer to walk tonight, for I have had too much.跟动名词与不定式时，意义有差别的情况：Remember, forget, regret, try, go on, stop, mean.3 with/ without +复合宾语：With the boy to lead the way, we’ll find the cave easily. (条件)Without anyone noticing, I stole into the room.The boy was crying with the toy broken.2.从句句子分为简单句（只有一个主谓结构）、并列句（两个或多个互不依存的主谓结构）和复合句（一个或多个成分由从句来担任）。
从句，某些成分由类似句子的主谓结构来担任。
随着从句在句子中的作用，可以分为：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句。