非谓语动词和从句

非谓语动词和从句

1.非谓语动词

谓语（狭义）：主要指动词，关于主语的情况，可表示动作，也可以表示状态，受主语的人称和数的限制。

Time flies.

She doesn’t like the idea.

You shouldn’t look down upon this kind of work.

非谓语动词：在句中不能单独作谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）。它不受主语的人称和数的限制，但有语态（主动与被动）和时态（一般式；完成式；进行式）的变化；否定式一般将not 直接放在非谓语动词之前。

1.1动词不定式

肯定形式： A 主动语态 B 被动语态

一般式

完成式

进行式

完成进行式

否定形式：not/never to do

1.1.1不定式有两种，即带to的不定式和不带to的不定式。

I’ve come to seek your advice.

What you said made me think.

大多数情况下，不定式都带to, 但在特殊情况下，动词不定式的to要省略。

1.1.2动词不定式的用法：

主语（it作形式主语）：

To cheat in exams is punishable.

注意：此时，动词不定式常常放在句子后面，而用it 作形式主语。

It is punishable to cheat in exams.

宾语：动词宾语：I hope to be back in a couple of days.

介词宾语：They desire nothing but to go home.

宾补：I want him to be my assistant.

I ordered him not to enter this room without permission.

表语：His wish was to be a skillful worker.

定语：Do you have anything to say?

状语：I was delighted to receive your letters. （原因）

We started early to avoid being late. (目的)

He grew up to be a famous scholar. (结果)

You would make a big mistake to take his bribe. (条件)

独立成分，用来修饰整个句子，句子状语。

To be honest, I don’t like him.

常见短语如下：to tell/ speak/ say / confess the truth, to speak frankly/ sincerely/, to be frank/plain with you坦率说，老实说；

To cut/ make a long story short, to sum up, to be brief

Glad/ sad/ sorry/ needless/ strange to say

To begin/ start with

1.1.3 不定式短语

疑问词+动词不定式：where/who/ what/when/ how/ why/which + to do.

作用：

主语：how to stop pollution is a big problem.

宾语：I really don’t know what to say before you.

表语：the question is how to handle this dilemma.

For+名、代词+动词不定式：

这里，借助for引导出不定式的逻辑主语。

Here are some books for you to read on the way.

It’s not right for people to marry for money.

This is the way for us to follow.

It is adj of sb to do sh.

只用当做表语的形容词修饰人时，表示人本身具有的品格、特征、性质，我们采用of引导。

It is very kind of you to help me so much. = you are kind to help me so much.

1.1.3动词不定式to 的省略

感官动词(feel, see, watch, hear, etc), 使役动词(make, let, have)，半省略词help. 但在被动语态中，省略的to应该补充完整。

I heard him speak in the next room.

He was heard to speak in the next room.

常用结构：had better, would rather, cannot but = can do nothing

but=have nothing to do but (只好)，why do/ not?

当主语成分中含有动词do的形式时，作表语的不定式可以省略to.

All you need to do is press the button.

1.1.4动词不定式的时态和语态

She left the city, never to be seen again.

The book is said to have been translated into many languages.

1.1.5不定式的主动语态表示被动意思(动宾关系)

I have no chair to sit on.

A black tie was the proper thing to wear.

1.2 动名词

否定形式：直接在前面加not.

1.2.1 用法：

主语：my sister’s being ill makes me worried.

宾语：we are looking forward to hearing from you.

表语：Her job is washing clothes.

同位语：This is my recreation, reading novels.

定语：a walking stick, a sleeping car.