无机化学-硼族、碳族元素-氢化物 (1)
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3.6 氢化物
组成:
BnHn+4
BnHn+6 [BnHn]2-
硼烷
共20多种
缺电子性
命名:同碳烷
B2H6 乙硼烷 ( B1~B10 甲、乙、…辛、壬、癸)
B16H20
十六硼烷 (B11以上:十一 …)
若原子数目相同,而H原子数目不同:
B5H9 B5H11
戊硼烷-9 戊硼烷-11
毒性大
空气中允许的最高浓度10-6(ppm) 0.1
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
B6H10 nido-hexaborane (10)
H
H
H
CB5H9
2-carba-nido-hexaborane (9)
19
金属碳硼烷配合物 (metallocarborane)
20
无机苯: B3N3H6 (Borazine)
无机苯(硼氮苯)的电子结构和几何形状都与苯相似
应用很广的加氢还原剂
25
Ga-H/In-H 化合物
Digallane
不稳定,室温分解 Ga2H6 → 2 Ga + 3 H2
Ga2Cl6 + 4 Me3SiH → (H2GaCl)2 + 4 Me3SiCl 1/2 (H2GaCl)2 + LiGaH4 → Ga2H6 + LiCl
Digallane is volatile and condenses at −50 C into a white solid.
Brust, M.; Walker, M.; Bethell, D.; Schiffrin, D. J.; Whyman, R. J. Chem. Soc.,Chem. Comm. 1994, 801-802.
Wuelfing, W. P.; Gross, S. M.; Miles, D. T.; Murray, R. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12696-12697.
Gold metal
HNO3 + HCl
HAuCl4 ·xH2O
PPh3
AuPPh3Cl
Long-chain alkyl thiols as capping agent
Amine-borane complexes as reductants
1g of 6.3nm Au nanoparticles
N. F. Zheng et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 6550-6551
2 AlH3 + Li2SO4 + 2 H2 2 LiAlH4 + ZnCl2
2 AlH3 + 2 LiCl + ZnH2
AlH3 比 LiAlH4更活泼
24
铝烷的反应
AlH3 + N(CH3)3 → H3Al ·N(CH3)3 / H3Al ·[N(CH3)3]2 AlH3 + (C2H5)2O → H3Al ·O(C2H5)2 4 AlH3 + 3 CO2 → 3 CH4 + 2 Al2O3 AlH3 + LiH → LiAlH4 Na + Al + 2 H2 → NaAlH4 高温、高压 NaAlH4 + LiCl → LiAlH4 + NaCl
B10H14
80 C/200 atm/5hr
B4H10
H2/200-240°C/rapid hot tube pyrolysis
B5H9
12
硼烷中的五种键型
硼氢键 B-H
硼硼键 B-B
氢桥键
H
BB
开放的3中心-2电子硼桥键 B
B B 闭合的3中心-2电子硼桥键 B
BB
nido B6H10 巢式 nest
还原性
B2H6+HCl B2H5Cl+H2
B2H6+O2 B2O3+H2O
B2H6+ Cl2 BCl3 + HCl
6
以NaBH4为还原剂合成Au纳米颗粒
Brust, M.; Walker, M.; Bethell, D.; Schiffrin, D. J.; Whyman, R. J. Chem. Soc.,Chem. Comm. 1994, 801-802.
3
乙硼烷的合成
• Hf = +80 kJ/mol, so direct combination of B and H is not possible.
a. 质子置换法: MnB + 3H+ = 1/2B2H6 + Mn3+
b. 氢化法: BCl3 + 3H2 = 1/2B2H6 + 3HCl
c. 氢负离子置换法:
COCl2 光气 1 ; HCN 氰化氢
10
1
乙硼烷的成键特征
最简单的硼烷是B2H6 2BH3(g) = B2H6(g) △H=-148kJ·mol-1
HH HCCH
HH
HH
? H B B H?
HH
C has 4 valence e, H has 1, so C2H6 has enough electrons (8+6) for 7 (2c2e) bonds.
• 价轨道守恒(B) 2s + 3t + 2y + x = 3n B2H6 (2002) (styx)
B4H10
(4012)
14
closo B7H72闭式 cage
nido B6H10 巢式 nest
arachno B5H11 网式 spider’s web
15
Wade规则
1971年美国结构化学家K.Wade
11
高硼烷
• Made by controlled pyrolysis of B2H6 • Highly specific and not at all predictable (cf
disconnection approach in organic chemistry).
B2H6
160-200°C slow hot tube pyrolysis
均裂
B2H6+2:CO→2H3B:CO
5
乙硼烷的反应性
与LiH 或 NaH加合
Lewis碱 2LiH + (NaH)
Lewis酸 B2H6
酸碱加合物 2Li+[BH4]- 万能还原剂 ( Na+[BH4] -)
水解/醇解/酸解 B2H6+H2O H3BO3+H2
B2H6+ROH B(OR)3+H2
5+2
n+2
Nido(鸟)巢状
nest
4+3
n+3
Arachno蛛(网)状
spider’s web
16
对于中性硼烷、硼烷阴离子,碳硼烷的结构 均可用下式表示:
[ (CH)a(BH)pHq]dCH提供三电子,BH提供二电子
多面体骨架成键电子数 M = 3a + 2p + q + d 由于 a + p = n,则 M = 2n + a + q + d b = n+ ½ (a+q+d)
Large scale and facile
NPs can be precipitated out and redispersed into organic solvent.
N(C8H17)4+ AuCl4-
Fresh NaBH4 aqueous solution
N(C8H17)4+AuCl4RSH
B2H6 only has 6+6=12 electrons,
making an
ethane-like
structure impossible.
2
乙硼烷的成键特征
三中心两电子氢桥键
H 97 o H B
133 pm
H
B
122 o
H
H
H
119 pm
存在两种氢
1950-60s, William N. Lipscomb@ Harvard University
Carboranes or carbaboranes are compounds having as the basic structural unit a number of C and B atoms arranged on the vertices of a triangulated polyhedron. Their structure are closely related to those of the isoelectronic boranes.
多步蒸馏分离 以达到高纯度
Si + 3 HCl → HSiCl3 + H2 4 HSiCl3 → SiH4 + 3 SiCl4 催化剂:金属卤化物 AlCl3
8
Brust two-phase synthesis
broad distribution
Fast reducing occurring at the interface
9
Amine-Borane Complexes
NH3 BH3
NH2 BH3
O
NH BH3
BH3
N
10
Synthesis of well-controlled gold nanoparticles
Wuelfing, W. P.; Gross, S. M.; Miles, D. T.; Murray, R. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12696-12697.
7
以NaBH4为还原剂合成Au纳米颗粒
Organic layer Water
Baidu Nhomakorabea
N(C8H17)4+ BrHAuCl4
13
1950-1960年代, Harvard University的Lipsomb W. N.提出了硼烷成 键五要素,1976年获Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
硼氢化合物拓扑理论
对于BnHn+m:
根据守恒原理:
x 以外的切向B-H基团的数目
• 氢原子守恒: s + x = m
• 价电子守恒(B): s + 2t + 2y + x = 2n
4
乙硼烷的反应性
均裂
H
H
B
H
H
异裂
Lewis酸 与Lewis碱加合
H 2L
B H
均裂 2BH3 : L 异裂 [BH2L2]++[BH4]-
B2H6 + 2:NH3→[BH2(NH3)2]+ + [BH4]- 异裂
B2H6 + 2:NH2C4H9→2 H3B:NH2C4H9
B2H6 + 2:PF3→2H3B:PF3
B3N3H6
21
无机苯的反应
加成反应
22
Al-H 化合物
23
铝烷
Alane is a polymer. Its formula is sometimes represented with AlH3.
α-AlH3 unit cell
H coordination
Al coordination
3 LiAlH4 + AlCl3 4 AlH3 + 3 LiCl 2 LiAlH4+BeCl22AlH3 + Li2BeH2Cl2 2 LiAlH4 + H2SO4
InH3 compound has never been synthesized but monomeric InH3 has been observed in matrix isolation.
H3InP(Cy)3
26
Si-H 化合物
1.4798 A
硅烷, 通式为SinHn+2
243K
Mg2Si
在分子轨道理论基础上预言硼烷、硼烷衍生物及其它原子蔟化合物结构的规则
硼烷、硼烷衍生物及其它原子蔟化合物的结构是决定于其骨架成键电子对数
若以b表示骨架成键电子对数,n为骨架原子数: b=n+1为闭式结构 b=n+2为巢式结构 b=n+3为网式结构 b=n+4为链式结构
6+1
n+1
Closo闭合型(笼型) cage
Air and moisture must be rigorously
excluded: diborane is highly pyrophoric (引火 的)!
2NaBH4 + I2 B2H6 + 2NaI + H2 2NaBH4 + 2H3PO4 B2H6 + 2NaH2PO4 + 2H2 4BF3 + 3LiAlH4 2B2H6 + 3LiAlF4 4BF3 + 3NaAlH4 2B2H6 + 3NaAlF4
+
4NH4Cl
=====
液氨
SiH4
+
4NH3
+
2MgCl2
SiF4 + NaH SiH4 + NaF SiCl4 + LiAlH4 SiH4 + LiCl + AlCl3
3SiO2 + 6H2 + 2Al → 3SiH4 + Al2O3
Si + 2 H2 + 3 SiCl4 → 4 SiHCl3 2 SiHCl3 → SiH2Cl2 + SiCl4 2 SiH2Cl2 → SiHCl3 + SiH3Cl 2 SiH3Cl → SiH4 + SiH2Cl2
对于BnHn2-: a=0,q=0,d=2, 所以b = n+1,为闭式结构
17
Wade rule
Type formula
closo−
closed
nido−
nestlike
arachno−
weblike
hypho−
Chainlike
BnHn2− BnHn+4 BnHn+6 BnHn+8
18
碳硼烷(carborane)
组成:
BnHn+4
BnHn+6 [BnHn]2-
硼烷
共20多种
缺电子性
命名:同碳烷
B2H6 乙硼烷 ( B1~B10 甲、乙、…辛、壬、癸)
B16H20
十六硼烷 (B11以上:十一 …)
若原子数目相同,而H原子数目不同:
B5H9 B5H11
戊硼烷-9 戊硼烷-11
毒性大
空气中允许的最高浓度10-6(ppm) 0.1
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
B6H10 nido-hexaborane (10)
H
H
H
CB5H9
2-carba-nido-hexaborane (9)
19
金属碳硼烷配合物 (metallocarborane)
20
无机苯: B3N3H6 (Borazine)
无机苯(硼氮苯)的电子结构和几何形状都与苯相似
应用很广的加氢还原剂
25
Ga-H/In-H 化合物
Digallane
不稳定,室温分解 Ga2H6 → 2 Ga + 3 H2
Ga2Cl6 + 4 Me3SiH → (H2GaCl)2 + 4 Me3SiCl 1/2 (H2GaCl)2 + LiGaH4 → Ga2H6 + LiCl
Digallane is volatile and condenses at −50 C into a white solid.
Brust, M.; Walker, M.; Bethell, D.; Schiffrin, D. J.; Whyman, R. J. Chem. Soc.,Chem. Comm. 1994, 801-802.
Wuelfing, W. P.; Gross, S. M.; Miles, D. T.; Murray, R. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12696-12697.
Gold metal
HNO3 + HCl
HAuCl4 ·xH2O
PPh3
AuPPh3Cl
Long-chain alkyl thiols as capping agent
Amine-borane complexes as reductants
1g of 6.3nm Au nanoparticles
N. F. Zheng et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 6550-6551
2 AlH3 + Li2SO4 + 2 H2 2 LiAlH4 + ZnCl2
2 AlH3 + 2 LiCl + ZnH2
AlH3 比 LiAlH4更活泼
24
铝烷的反应
AlH3 + N(CH3)3 → H3Al ·N(CH3)3 / H3Al ·[N(CH3)3]2 AlH3 + (C2H5)2O → H3Al ·O(C2H5)2 4 AlH3 + 3 CO2 → 3 CH4 + 2 Al2O3 AlH3 + LiH → LiAlH4 Na + Al + 2 H2 → NaAlH4 高温、高压 NaAlH4 + LiCl → LiAlH4 + NaCl
B10H14
80 C/200 atm/5hr
B4H10
H2/200-240°C/rapid hot tube pyrolysis
B5H9
12
硼烷中的五种键型
硼氢键 B-H
硼硼键 B-B
氢桥键
H
BB
开放的3中心-2电子硼桥键 B
B B 闭合的3中心-2电子硼桥键 B
BB
nido B6H10 巢式 nest
还原性
B2H6+HCl B2H5Cl+H2
B2H6+O2 B2O3+H2O
B2H6+ Cl2 BCl3 + HCl
6
以NaBH4为还原剂合成Au纳米颗粒
Brust, M.; Walker, M.; Bethell, D.; Schiffrin, D. J.; Whyman, R. J. Chem. Soc.,Chem. Comm. 1994, 801-802.
3
乙硼烷的合成
• Hf = +80 kJ/mol, so direct combination of B and H is not possible.
a. 质子置换法: MnB + 3H+ = 1/2B2H6 + Mn3+
b. 氢化法: BCl3 + 3H2 = 1/2B2H6 + 3HCl
c. 氢负离子置换法:
COCl2 光气 1 ; HCN 氰化氢
10
1
乙硼烷的成键特征
最简单的硼烷是B2H6 2BH3(g) = B2H6(g) △H=-148kJ·mol-1
HH HCCH
HH
HH
? H B B H?
HH
C has 4 valence e, H has 1, so C2H6 has enough electrons (8+6) for 7 (2c2e) bonds.
• 价轨道守恒(B) 2s + 3t + 2y + x = 3n B2H6 (2002) (styx)
B4H10
(4012)
14
closo B7H72闭式 cage
nido B6H10 巢式 nest
arachno B5H11 网式 spider’s web
15
Wade规则
1971年美国结构化学家K.Wade
11
高硼烷
• Made by controlled pyrolysis of B2H6 • Highly specific and not at all predictable (cf
disconnection approach in organic chemistry).
B2H6
160-200°C slow hot tube pyrolysis
均裂
B2H6+2:CO→2H3B:CO
5
乙硼烷的反应性
与LiH 或 NaH加合
Lewis碱 2LiH + (NaH)
Lewis酸 B2H6
酸碱加合物 2Li+[BH4]- 万能还原剂 ( Na+[BH4] -)
水解/醇解/酸解 B2H6+H2O H3BO3+H2
B2H6+ROH B(OR)3+H2
5+2
n+2
Nido(鸟)巢状
nest
4+3
n+3
Arachno蛛(网)状
spider’s web
16
对于中性硼烷、硼烷阴离子,碳硼烷的结构 均可用下式表示:
[ (CH)a(BH)pHq]dCH提供三电子,BH提供二电子
多面体骨架成键电子数 M = 3a + 2p + q + d 由于 a + p = n,则 M = 2n + a + q + d b = n+ ½ (a+q+d)
Large scale and facile
NPs can be precipitated out and redispersed into organic solvent.
N(C8H17)4+ AuCl4-
Fresh NaBH4 aqueous solution
N(C8H17)4+AuCl4RSH
B2H6 only has 6+6=12 electrons,
making an
ethane-like
structure impossible.
2
乙硼烷的成键特征
三中心两电子氢桥键
H 97 o H B
133 pm
H
B
122 o
H
H
H
119 pm
存在两种氢
1950-60s, William N. Lipscomb@ Harvard University
Carboranes or carbaboranes are compounds having as the basic structural unit a number of C and B atoms arranged on the vertices of a triangulated polyhedron. Their structure are closely related to those of the isoelectronic boranes.
多步蒸馏分离 以达到高纯度
Si + 3 HCl → HSiCl3 + H2 4 HSiCl3 → SiH4 + 3 SiCl4 催化剂:金属卤化物 AlCl3
8
Brust two-phase synthesis
broad distribution
Fast reducing occurring at the interface
9
Amine-Borane Complexes
NH3 BH3
NH2 BH3
O
NH BH3
BH3
N
10
Synthesis of well-controlled gold nanoparticles
Wuelfing, W. P.; Gross, S. M.; Miles, D. T.; Murray, R. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12696-12697.
7
以NaBH4为还原剂合成Au纳米颗粒
Organic layer Water
Baidu Nhomakorabea
N(C8H17)4+ BrHAuCl4
13
1950-1960年代, Harvard University的Lipsomb W. N.提出了硼烷成 键五要素,1976年获Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
硼氢化合物拓扑理论
对于BnHn+m:
根据守恒原理:
x 以外的切向B-H基团的数目
• 氢原子守恒: s + x = m
• 价电子守恒(B): s + 2t + 2y + x = 2n
4
乙硼烷的反应性
均裂
H
H
B
H
H
异裂
Lewis酸 与Lewis碱加合
H 2L
B H
均裂 2BH3 : L 异裂 [BH2L2]++[BH4]-
B2H6 + 2:NH3→[BH2(NH3)2]+ + [BH4]- 异裂
B2H6 + 2:NH2C4H9→2 H3B:NH2C4H9
B2H6 + 2:PF3→2H3B:PF3
B3N3H6
21
无机苯的反应
加成反应
22
Al-H 化合物
23
铝烷
Alane is a polymer. Its formula is sometimes represented with AlH3.
α-AlH3 unit cell
H coordination
Al coordination
3 LiAlH4 + AlCl3 4 AlH3 + 3 LiCl 2 LiAlH4+BeCl22AlH3 + Li2BeH2Cl2 2 LiAlH4 + H2SO4
InH3 compound has never been synthesized but monomeric InH3 has been observed in matrix isolation.
H3InP(Cy)3
26
Si-H 化合物
1.4798 A
硅烷, 通式为SinHn+2
243K
Mg2Si
在分子轨道理论基础上预言硼烷、硼烷衍生物及其它原子蔟化合物结构的规则
硼烷、硼烷衍生物及其它原子蔟化合物的结构是决定于其骨架成键电子对数
若以b表示骨架成键电子对数,n为骨架原子数: b=n+1为闭式结构 b=n+2为巢式结构 b=n+3为网式结构 b=n+4为链式结构
6+1
n+1
Closo闭合型(笼型) cage
Air and moisture must be rigorously
excluded: diborane is highly pyrophoric (引火 的)!
2NaBH4 + I2 B2H6 + 2NaI + H2 2NaBH4 + 2H3PO4 B2H6 + 2NaH2PO4 + 2H2 4BF3 + 3LiAlH4 2B2H6 + 3LiAlF4 4BF3 + 3NaAlH4 2B2H6 + 3NaAlF4
+
4NH4Cl
=====
液氨
SiH4
+
4NH3
+
2MgCl2
SiF4 + NaH SiH4 + NaF SiCl4 + LiAlH4 SiH4 + LiCl + AlCl3
3SiO2 + 6H2 + 2Al → 3SiH4 + Al2O3
Si + 2 H2 + 3 SiCl4 → 4 SiHCl3 2 SiHCl3 → SiH2Cl2 + SiCl4 2 SiH2Cl2 → SiHCl3 + SiH3Cl 2 SiH3Cl → SiH4 + SiH2Cl2
对于BnHn2-: a=0,q=0,d=2, 所以b = n+1,为闭式结构
17
Wade rule
Type formula
closo−
closed
nido−
nestlike
arachno−
weblike
hypho−
Chainlike
BnHn2− BnHn+4 BnHn+6 BnHn+8
18
碳硼烷(carborane)