托福讲义4T

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【托福】新东方托福阅读讲义

【关键字】托福托福强化班阅读讲义范琛Samuel100VSPStrategy /skills反衬凡塵Mortaldust10028 26 23 23Input vs outputOutputinput30考试报名：送一套OG 3Delta-Blue 4Delta-Red 6TPO 13InputOutput一、词汇题：1.题型概括:近义2.解题思路i.“生僻”词汇ii.熟词僻义iii.上下文理解5%Context3.备考提示数量词源词性i.背诵词汇的优先顺序a)通用的V & Adj,特别是已经学过的简单词汇的升级版(书面语b)常用的名词c)专有名词jargonii.背单词的方法:词根词缀iii. B. Delta p63-p66Vocabulary Builder4.例题OG 43-11,B.Delta 72-8, 73-9, 73-1, 74-3*, 75-8/9, 76-2, 79-,Dis-banded band dismissSophisticatedUniqueBan brandSophisticatedDis-band-edUniqueThis custom is unique to the southwestern aboriginal tribes.=only found inXXXXX (风俗) is unique to XXX Tribe.二、指代题1.题型概述i.基本原则:a)代词指名词b)代词通常指前（相邻句子）没有歧义：同一句相邻句子：两句话c)单复数一致代词指后When he returned to homeland, the ambassador embarked on anew course.主从句/主句+状语从句/状语在前，主句在后，则名词完整形式放主句中，代词放从句/状语中2.解题思路代入检查i.主语同指主1 xxxxxxxx. 主2（代词）xxxxx ii.上下文理解112-43.例题OG 42-5 62-9 71-5 92-2Delta 48-1/2 49-4 51-1 52-6三、插入题：1.题型概述2.解题思路i.代词（指代）黑体句句首：代词+名词→原文（重复/同义替换）黑体句首有This→段落最开头的方格必错ii.总分/隐含先后关系a)明显标记词(之后的名词) Both, also, again, another; a third, finalb)先抽象后具体●在抽象句子开头有结论性词语，则颠倒顺序Thus, in conclusion, consequently…c)A of B = B’s Ad)要比较先介绍A: xxx, B: xxx A>B三转折13ChaosSalonUltimate clue: Cohesion between ‘Repeated’ nouns3.例题OG: 43-12 52-12 63-12 84-11 107-11 114-12 指代73-11 95-11 121-11*Delta:143-7/9(先抽象后具体)144-10 (both) 145-3(AofB) 146-6(要比较先描述) 147-8(先整体后个体)486-39* ,514-38*,538-24,红Delta:36-2444-49 210-24四、句子改写（简化）1.题型概述Essential Infoi.主谓宾ii.逻辑关系条件/因果/转折/对比/比较级2.解题思路i.简单句筛选主’谓’提示：竖读选项排除具有相同错误的选项看上文：◆句首代词◆主语内涵不明◆呼应结构(also)ii.并列句筛选主谓宾小心：并列句原句前短后长，答案将对原句进行缩减，要把握句子重心And ;➢原句隐含关系在选项表面化分词→结果/原因/目的/伴随iii.复杂句抓住原句逻辑关系词筛选选项3.例题Delta:一124例题131-7 135-7；128-2* 129-4*（看上文）二126-7 128-1 130-6* （错项）130-5*（分词/隐含关系）三127例题131-8 133-3 135-10OG:一93-7二81-2*（句子重心的把握）三43-10 51-10 60-3 72-8*（whereas）106-10 112-6* 120-9 Respectively五、细节题纯粹细节Infer否定(先看选项，观察共性) EXCEPT NOT细节题重大出题点：i.相似性/差异性描述As …as比较级The same, similar, different, like/unlike关系/内容ii.否定信息/强调信息否定/最高级、绝对化表达、each /every,强调语气、强调句iii.逻辑关系改变转折iv.从结构看细节2.错项特征i.新概念ii.新逻辑（小心隐含）iii.绝对化表达only all 最高级never always（原文没有）3.例题OG 41-1*/2* 61-6* 81-1* 51-11 105-9**（逻辑关系转变）OG 43-9* 92-5* 42-7/8红Delta 213-26*蓝Delta449-10*六、修辞目的Why/in order to1.答案特征功能&对象（同义替换）2.解题思路i.例证关系：a)标记词such as, for example,e.g. –PrevailPrevailb)对称/相似结构描述同类现象，往前找答案ii.相似性/差异性：判断关系确定内容A VS B:为啥提到A: 为了B (互为目的)为啥提到A：为了告诉你B是XXX(= / 不= A)Delta:108-1 112-2 OG 92-3 60-3 iii.逻辑关系的另外一半A 细节与B细节用逻辑关系词相联，两者互为目的。

托福写作讲义_暑假班

托福写作讲义_暑假班新托福写作讲义,4,作文的连贯与衔接“启”,首先,first, firstly, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, to start with, in the beginning,at first,一方面,on the one hand (…on the other hand) For one thing…, for another…一般说来,generally speaking, in general现在,目前,at present, now, currently最近,recently“承”第二/第三,second, secondly / third, thirdly此外,besides, in addition, furthermore, what’s more, moreover, in addition to, moreover 而且,also, too例如,for example, for instance, as an example, as another example 即,也就是说,namely, in other words, (In other words, she must give up singing.换言之, 她必须放弃唱歌。

) that is to say, it means that, that is,同样地,in the same way, similarly,用于句首,= likewise后来,from now on, later on, after a few days, after a while, then, 与此同时,meanwhile,此时,by this time1新托福写作讲义不久,soon因此,as a result, consequently, so同样重要,equally important“转”虽然,though, as, although,尽管,nevertheless,后面跟句子,, despite, in spite of ,后面加名词或代词,但是,but, yet,however即使,even though/even if ,后面加从句,相反,on the contrary, conversely ,相反地,颠倒地,, rather than, instead of…另一方面,on the other hand不幸地,unfortunately仍然,still与…不同,unlike“合”因此,hence,as a result, so, for this reason, as a result of总之,in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, briefly最终,eventually, at last,如我所说,as I have said, as has been said于是,accordinglye.g. He was told to speak briefly; accordingly he cut short his remarks.2新托福写作讲义人家叫他说话简短, 于是他就长话短说了。

新东方托福阅读教师讲义

新东方托福阅读教师讲义托福阅读是很多人的心头大患，下面小编给大家整理的是新东方托福阅读教师讲义，希望对大家有帮助。

托福考试教师阅读讲义(一)1. 句子简化题The Great Red SpotOne distinctive feature of the planet Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a massive oval of swirling reddish-brown clouds. Were Earth to be juxtaposed with the Great Red Spot, our planet would be dwarfed in comparison, with a diameter less than half that of the Great Red Spot. The Spot’s clouds, most likely tinted red as a result of the phosphorus that they contain, circulate in a counterclockwise direction. The outer winds require six Earth days to complete the circumference of the Great Red Spot, a length of time indicative of vastness of the Great Red Spot.1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The density of the Great Red spot is much higher than that the Earth.B. If the diameter of the Great Red Spot were doubled, it would equal that of the Earth.C. By placing the Earth next to the Great Red Spot, one could see the Earth has a much smaller diameter.D. Because the Earth is close to the Great Red Spot, Earth is influenced by its huge size.答案：C2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essentialinformation in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The Earth’s outer winds move a distance equal to the circumference of the Great Red Spot.B. The outer winds of the Great Red Spot move more quickly than do those on Earth.C. The Winds moving across the Great Red Spot finally change direction every six Earth days.D. The fact that the winds take so long to move around the Great Red Spot proves how big it is.答案：DPassage One (Question 1-2)CamouflageCamouflage is one of the most effective ways for animals to avoid attack in the treeless Arctic. However, the summer and winter landscapes there are so diverse that a single protective coloring scheme would, of course, prove ineffective in one season or the other. Thus, many of the inhabitants of the Arctic tundra change their camouflage twice a year. The arctic fox is a clear-cut example of this phenomenon; it sports a brownish-gray coat in the summer which then turns white as cold weather sets in, and the process reverses itself in the springtime. Its brownish-gray coat blends in with the barren tundra landscape in the months without snow, and the white coat naturally blends in with the landscape of the frozen wintertime tundra.1. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Opposite conditions in summer and in winter necessitate different protective coloration for Arctic animals.B. The coloration of the summer and winter landscapes in the Arctic fails to protect the Arctic tundra.C. In a single season, protective coloring scheme are ineffective in the treeless Arctic.D. For many animals, a single protective coloring scheme effectively protects them during summer and winter months.答案：A2. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The arctic fox is unusual in that he color of its coat changes for no reason.B. The arctic fox lives in an environment that is brownish gray in the summer and white in the winter.C. It is a phenomenon that the coat of the arctic fox turns white I the springtime and gray in the fall.D. The arctic fox demonstrates that protective coloration can change during different seasons.答案：DPassage Two (Question 3-6)Post-it NotesPost-it Notes were invented in the 1970s at the 3M company in Minnesota quite by accident, Researchers at 3M were working on developing different types of adhesives, and one particularly weak adhesive, a compound of acrylate copolymer microspheres, was developed. Employees at 3M were asked if they could think of a use for a weak adhesive which, provided it did not get dirty,could be reused. One suggestion was that it could be applied to a piece of paper to use as a bookmark that would stay in place in a book. Another use was found when the product was attached to a report that was to be sent to a colleague with a request for comments on the report; the colleague made his comments on the paper attached to the report and returned the report. The idea for Post-it Notes was born.It was decided within the company that there would be a test launch of product in 1977 in four American cities. Sales of this innovative product in test cities were less than stellar, most likely because the product, while innovative, was also quite unfamiliar.A final attempt was then made in the city of Boise to introduce the product. In that attempt, 3M salesmen gave demonstrations of the product in offices throughout Boise and gave away free samples of the produce. When the salesmen returned a week later to the office workers, having noted how useful the simple little product could be, were interested in purchasing it. Over time, 3M came to understand the huge potential of this new product, and over the next few decades more than 400 varieties of Post-it products - in different colors, shapes, and sizes –have been developed.3. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 1?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Of the many adhesives that were being developed at 3M, one was not a particularly strong adhesive.B. Researchers at 3M spent many years trying to develop a really weak adhesive.C. Numerous weak adhesives resulted from a program todevelop the strongest adhesive of all.D. Researchers were assigned to develop different types of uses for acrylate copolymer microspheres.答案：A4. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 1?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The 3M company suggested applying for a patent on the product in a report prepared by a colleague.B. One unexpectedly-discovered use for the adhesive was in sending and receiving notes attached to documents.C. A note was attached to a report asking for suggestion for uses of one of 3M’s products.D. A colleague who developed the new product kept notes with suggestions by other workers.答案：B5. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 2?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The 3M company was unfamiliar with the process of using test cities to introduce innovative products.B. Sales of the product soared even though the product was quite unfamiliar to most customers.C. The new product did not sell well because potential customers did not understand it.D. After selling the product for a while, the company understood that the product was not innovative enough.答案：C6. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 2?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The company immediately understood the potential of the product and began to develop it further.B. The company worked overtime to develop its new product, initially creating numerous varieties to make it successful.C. The company initially introduced 400 varieties of the product and then watched for decades as sales improved.D. It took some time for the company to understand how important its new product was and how many variation were possible.答案：D托福考试教师阅读讲义(二)Sand Dunes1 Sandy deserts contain enormous volumes of sand eroded from mountains and carried to the deserts by wind or water. The huge quantities of sand that make up sandy deserts are blow about into dunes of various shapes.2 Ridge dunes form where there are large amounts of sand, generally in the interiors of deserts, and winds blow in one direction. Under there conditions, parallel ridges of sand, known as transverse dunes, form at right angles to the wind.3 When the direction of the wind changes so that it comes from different directions, star-shaped dunes form from the massive amounts of sand in desert interiors. Star-shaped dunes are relatively stable dunes that reach incredible heights, up to 80 meters high in some deserts, and are quite common in massive deserts such as the Sahara.4 Crescent dunes form on the edges of deserts where there is less sand and where the winds blow mainly in one direction. These dunes, which are also known as barchan dunes are less stable than star-shaped dunes and can shift as much as 20 meters per year as winds blow over the outer curves of the crescent in the direction of the pointed ends.Directions: Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices, and match them to the critical information about the sand dunes to which they relate. THREE of the answer choices will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.amount ofsand··direction ofwinds··Answer Choices (choose 4 to complete the chart):(1) Ridge and crescent dunes form where the winds blow from one direction.(2) Crescent dunes are also known as barchan dunes.(3) Star-shaped dunes form where the winds blow from different directions.(4) Transverse dunes are created parallel to the wind.(5) Ridge and star dunes form where there is a lot of sand.(6) Star-shaped dunes are more stable than crescent dunes.(7) Crescent dunes form where there is less sand.参考答案：第一栏：(5)、(7)第二栏：(1)、(3)William Faulkner1 Author William Faulkner is today recognized as one of America's greatest writers on the basis of a body of novels that so convincingly portray the culture of the South in the years following the Civil War, with its citizens overcome by grief and defeat and trying to cling to old values while struggling to take their place in a changing world. The acclaim that today is Faulkner's, however, was slow in coming.2 Though Faulkner was praised by some critics and reviewers during the first part of his career, is novels did not sell well and he was considered a fairly marginal author. For the first few decades of his career, he made his living writing magazine articles and working as a screenwriter rather than as a novelist. Throughout this period, he continued to write, though his novels, sometimes noted for the stirring portrait that they presented of life in the post-Civil War South, were generally relegated to the category of strictly regional writing and were not widely appreciated.3 Beginning in 1946, Faulkner's career took an unexpected and dramatic turn as Faulkner came to be recognized as considerably more than a regional writer. The Portable Faulkner was published in that year by Viking Press; two years later he was elected to the prestigious National Academy of Arts and Letters; he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1949. Over the next decade, his work was recognized in various ways, including a National Book Award and two Pulitzer Prizes, and he became a novelist in residence at the University of Virginia. His success led to a degree of affluence that enabled him to take up the life of a southern gentleman, including horseback riding and fox hunting. Ironically, he died as a result of an accident related to these gentlemanly pursuits, succumbing as a result of injuries sufferedduring a fall from a horse.Directions: Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices, and match them to the phase of William Faulkner's career to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.Faulkner in the first phase of his career·Faulkner in the second phase of his career·Answer Choices (choose 6 to complete the chart):(1) Was considered one of America's greatest writers(2) Received a small amount of critical acclaim(3) Died as a result of a horseback-riding incident(4) Received numerous awards and acclaim(5) Was considered merely a regional writer(6) Wrote novels about various American regions(7) Made his living as a novelist(8) Made his living with writing other than novels参考答案：第一栏：(2)、(5)、(8)第二栏：(1)、(4)、(7)托福考试教师阅读讲义(三)修辞目的性题Xerography1 One more familiar use of electrochemistry that has made its way into the mainstream is xerography, a process for replicating documents that is dependent on photoconductive materials. A photoconductive material is an insulator in the dark but becomes a conductor when exposed to bright light. When a photocopy is being made, an image of a document is projected onto the surface of a rotating drum, and bright light causes the photoconductive material on the surface of the drum to become conductive.2 As a result of the conductivity, the drum loses its charge inthe lighted areas, and toner (small grains to which dry ink adheres) attaches itself only to the darker parts of the image. The grains are then carried to a sheet of paper and fused with heat. When a laser printer is used, the image is projected by means of a laser beam, which creates a brighter light and a greater contrast between lighter and darker areas and therefore results in sharper printed images.1. The author begins the first paragraph with One more familiar use of electrochemistry in order to(A) explain that xerography is one of the less familiar uses of electrochemistry(B) make it clear that electrochemistry requires photoconductive materials(C) show that xerography is the only known use for electrochemistry(D) indicate that other less familiar uses have already been discussed2. Why does the author explain that A photoconductive material is an insulator in the dark but becomes a conductor when exposed to bright light?(A) It gives an explanation of a property that is necessary for xerography.(B) It indicates that bright light is required for insulation to take place.(C) It gives one example of a successful xerographic process.(D) It explains the role of insulation in xerography.3. The author places the phrase small grains to which dry ink adheres in parentheses in order to(A) provide information that contradicts the previous statement(B) provide another example of conductivity(C) provide further detail information about toner(D) provide an alternate explanation for the effectiveness of toner4. Why is a laser printer mentioned?(A) It is an alternative to xerography.(B) It is a way of duplicating without using electrochemistry.(C) It is a second example of xerography.(D) It is a lesseffectivetype of xerography than is a photocopier.正确答案：D_A_C_C。

TOEFL Online 谢侃托福写作方法课讲义 4

1. 托福独立写作—结尾段 *“具象拆分”角角度的归纳： Owing to the limitation of room, I am unable to give more examples, but I believe that the cases of … and….have already proven the validity of my point of view. *例题：与过去相比比，现在的广广告变得不诚实了 *结尾：To put it in a nutshell, in today’s world, advertisements are indeed less honest than they were in the past. Owing to the limitation of room, I am unable to give more examples, but I believe that the cases of restaurant and training school have already proven the validity of my point of view.
1. 托福独立写作—让步段（堵漏） [例1] 学生生是否应该兼职？ *观点：Students should take part-‐time jobs. *主题句1：Students can make some pocket money to reduce their parents’ Pinancial burden. *主题句2：Some working experience will be accumulated, which is benePicial for their future career. *让步段结构：打工工—学业下降—只要合理安排时间

新托福听力课讲义

新托福听力基础班讲义新托福及听力的基本情况托福基础听力的主要内容：⏹新托福听力的基本情况⏹美语语音⏹托福特色场景词汇扩展⏹托福听力基本应试技巧⏹北美校园生活透视新托听力基本形式⏹新答题方式：隔间+电脑+耳机+笔记⏹ 2.答题程序：听读选不可跳跃旧托福：先读，后听，再选。

新托：1.耳机中出现所问题声音，画面上出现题干和相关场景图片。

2.听完整篇文章之前无法预读任何问题或选项。

只得先听，后读，再选。

考题依然延续机考托福的规则，不可看，不可逆，不可改。

⏹ 3.考察题型增多：单选多选图表是非排序⏹ 4.语音形式：美音为主流+国际口音⏹新托福基础听力基本范围北美大学真实课堂，教室内外的各种交流包括对话和讲座两种类型。

⏹共6篇，做题时间60-90分钟。

每篇在600字左右，时间为3-5分钟。

（注：托福基础课的任务之一即适应托福段子的长度）instructors’ office hours⏹对话人物：教授与学生；⏹对话地点：教师办公室；⏹对话内容可为学术讨论或有关询问课程等问题。

对话(2)service encounters 后勤服务⏹对话人物：学生与工作人员；⏹对话地点：校园某办公室；⏹对话内容：非学术的询问。

对话(3) student interactions⏹对话人物：学生甲乙；⏹对话地点：教室以外相遇；⏹对话内容：学术讨论；非学术讨论托福听力考试基本内容之讲座LECTURE内容:天文、地理、生物、历史等等也都是托福惯用的测试内容。

形式：有的是教授”独白“有的是教授演讲中夹杂学生提问、教授提问。

新托福听力新特点l．整个铲除了容易丢分的笔试小对话，没有过的的俚语俗语.举例：You bet. I am out of here.2. 允许考生记笔记。

因祸得福，既然要记笔记，语速自然放慢；特别是重听题，大概有2-3题，通常问Listen again and then answer the question “why does the professor say this？”4.新托福关键的难词和术语显示在屏幕上，使考生心里踏实不少。

托福口语强化班讲义

托福口语强化班讲义托福强化口语补充资料Introduction of TOEFL What is TOEFL：TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) 托福考试TOEFL iBT Internet Based Test Procedures：Test Section Reading Listening Break Speaking Writing Task forms: Range of Questions 3/5 passages, 12-14 questions each 3/2 conversations, 5 questions each 6/4 lectures, 6 questions each 2 independent speaking tasks 4 integrated speaking tasks 1 integrated writing task 1 independent writing task Time Limit (Total:4 hours) 60/100 minutes 90/60 minutes 10 minutes 20 minutes 20 minutes 30 minutes Scaled Section Score (Total:120) 0-30 0-30 0-30 (raw points per question 0-4) 0-30 (raw points per question 0-5) ? ? ? ? ? ? 620’(5’30’’)15+45; 30+60; 20+60 S R-L-S L-S Topics cover: ? Personal Experience ? Campus Life ? Academic materials No. Name Preparation Speaking Content Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Task6 Independent Task 15?? 45?? Open Q A OR B Integrated Task 30?? 60?? Campus issue & student?s attitude Term & example Integrated Task 20?? 60?? Problem & solutions Summary 1 口语单项评分Good 4 Fair 3 Limited 2 Weak 1 考试评分自我评估: 4分要求: ? ? ? ? ? ? Answer to question: the student answers the question thoroughly Comprehensibility: the student can be understood completely Organization: the student’s response is well organized and developed Fluency: the student’s speech is generally fluent Pronunciation: the student has generally good pronunciation Grammar: thestudent uses advanced grammatical structures with a high degree of accuracy ? V ocabulary: the student uses advanced vocabulary with a high degree of accuracy 2 Tips for preparation 学习与练习：课堂学习为主&课下练习为主教材与资料：hand out OG+TPO+机经工具：笔；词典；录音设备！！！*TPO做题法1. 按规定时间完成TPO, 一定要录音2. 反复按做题方法回答至流畅一定要录音3. 查看原文找出采分点4. 熟读采分点5. 参考原文再回答一遍6. 积累好词好句, 跟读背诵听力原文*强化听力练习: 1. 背口语词汇:意思/发音 2.听力原文跟读-按意群跟读(不看原文)-按意群复述-慢速shadow 3 Task 1Open Question Independent Task 问题分类：1.描述类2.选择类四大话题:PPOE People Place Object Event Sample Study Choose a place that you often go shoppingand explain why. Please include specific details in your explanation. Note Topic(T): Point1(P1): Point2(P2): Tips:Template Topic: Well, personally, I?d like to say sth. about…/I wanna sa y sth. about…which/who..(background info) And there are a couple of reasons to name. (optional) Point1:For starters/To begin with/Firstly/The first reasons is,... Point2:More importantly/Not to mention/Also/Plus/Another reason is, ... Conclusion: So, that?s why…(optional) *万能filler Actually there is a lot to say about…, but the points above are what I mainly want to cover. 4 Sample Answer __________________ sth. about YF shopping mall, which has been running for over two decades. And there are a couple of reasons to name. _______________, it has a perfectlocation, _____ it?s within a stone?s throw of my home, ____________, it?s just 5min walk, ___ I could go there anytimeI want. ____________, tons of decent things could be discovered there, _____ restaurants ____ karaokes, ____ clothing ____ electronic devices, _________the restaurants there, the foods they provide, ____ roasted chicken, tastes heavenly__________! ___________ I?m a big fan of going shopping in YF shopping mall. Practice: 1. Describe the person you admire the most? Please give specific details and examples in your explanation. 2. Describe a place that you like best in your city. Please state why you like it with specific examples and details. 3. Describe a celebration or moment, which has made a deep impression on you. Please explain the impressionand include specific examples and details in you explanation. 4.Describe a piece of clothing you have. Please state why you like it and include specific examples and details in your explanation. 词汇和选题5 描述类常用万用理：人物： 1. Common belief/hobby: We speak the same language that both of us… Sharing the same hobby, we both are fans of… 2. Character: What I learnt from him/her is the significance of… It?s him/her who showed me the significance of… 3. Skill Were it not for him/her, I wouldn\’t get the hang of… 4. Role model Sb is definitely the role model of being one of the most decent/successful…that I?ve ever seen. 地点：1. Location: It has a perfect location, since it?s within a stone?s throw of my home, which means I could visit there anytimeI want 2. Price:Reasonable/affordable prices are offered there, around XX% off, compared with other places? ones. Specifically…merely cost me… wh ile it?s priced at… OR:Things there are pretty cheap and cheerful since…only cost… but with top/first class quality.6 3. Service: I would say it?s a kind of place where people could enjoy all-around/impeccable/flawless service, judging from an awesome experience I had before that… 4. Diversity: Tons of/loads of choices/stuffcould be found/discovered in that place, from… to… especially … 5. Memory It?s a kind of place whichis filled with fond memories sinceit?s exactly where I came acros s/ I used to … 事件： 1. Importance of … Actually, my inner self was totally touched by it, making me come to realize the importance of …cuz …. It therefore inspired me to …OR:This experience really placed profound influence on me. You know, before it, I didn?t realize the importance of …, thanks to it… 2. Memory I have to say it?s an experience filled with fond memories cuz it?s exactly the first time when I … 物品：1. Price Being so cheap and cheerful, … only cost… but with top/first class qu ality OR: Compared with other places, it?s a really good deal. You know, as the price is reasonable that… only cost… 2. Multifunctional What impressed me most is its multifunctional feature, making it possible to serve any purposes, from… to… Especially… 3. Portable Being pretty portable as it?s light and only in a size like my palm, it enables me to take it to any places anytime while only/simply putting that in my clutch/pocket 4. Memory I have to say it?s sth filled with fond memories for itactually symbolizes/represents/stands for... 7 Task 2Preference (which do you prefer)/ Choice (do you agree or disagree) Independent Task Sample Study Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. Other people prefer to prepare and eat food at home. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. (/) Note: T: P1: P2: Tips:Template T: You know, as for me/ from my view, I agree with/ I?m in favor of/ I?m behind/ I support/ I?m in support of/ I back up the (former/latter) idea. P1: First, (2)Also, … C:So, that?s why… (optional) Sample Answer ____________________ dining out. ______it?s pretty convenient that I don?t have to spend so much time on buying materials, cooking, washing dishes, cleaning up the table, or things like that._________ I?ve been quite busy with my work these days ______ cooking for myself will then occupy loads of time. _______more food choices woulddefinitely be discovered when dinning out._________ different stuff are offered in various restaurants, _______ sushi, BBQ, pizzas,____rice noodles. ____________ the foods from those restaurants are way more finger-licking than home-made ones ______ they are made by professional chefs, knowing cooking from A to Z. ___, I guess that?s just why I chose to eat in restaurants.8 Practice: 1. Some students prefer to live alone. Others prefer to live with their roommates. Which do you prefer and why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your response.2. Some people prefer to work in the offices. Others would like to take the work at home. Which do you prefer and explainwhy. 3. Do you agree or disagree: Students should wear uniform in school? Please include specific details and examples in your opinion. 4. Some students prefer to choose universities located in big cities. Others would like to study in universities located in small towns. Please state your opinion and explain why. 选择类常用万能理 1. 便宜It?s cheap and economical. It can help me save a lot of money to buy books or to travel with my friend Egz. Specifically, it only costs______Yuan to_________. However, if I want to________, it will cost me at least_____Yuan. I hate squandering, so I think it is awesome. 2．省时It is convenient and I would be able to save tons of time. Specifically, it takes me only_____minutes to_______. However, if I?d like to______, I will spend at least_____hours. I think spending the time saved on reading books on history orchemistry/doing exercises is considered to be the better way for me to relax/obtain more knowledge. 3．交朋友I can make more friends in different background/from different cities/countries such as Japan, Canada and America/with the same interest. We could have pleasant conversation not only about the academic information such as history, biology and economics, but also about the international events. And I can also learn some useful interpersonal skills or personality such as honesty and persistence 4．好环境The amazing part is its picturesque view and enjoyable surroundings. Having a walk beside the lake and rockery, I can smell the fragrance of grass and the flowers and hear the cries of the birds and feel the bracing breeze on my face.5．减压I can totally relax in such a......environment. I?m fascinated tothe harmonious atmosphere which could make me refreshed and energetic. I can release my emotion, pressure and uneasiness through it, and have a temporary escape from the academic workload such as assignment and examination. 6．健康It?s good for my health. I can improve my speed, strength and flexibility. And I can also effectively lose 9。

托福强化听力讲义四

!Practice one: TPO 4 lecture 2!⽣生词栏：Script:!Narrator!Listen to part of a lecture in a literature class.!!Professor!All right, so let me close today’s class with some thoughts to keep in mindwhile you are doing tonight’s assignment. You will be reading one of RalphWaldo Emerson’s best-known essays ‘Self-Reliance’ and comparing it withhis poems and other works. !!I think this essay has the potential to be quite meaningful for all of you asyoung people who probably wonder about things like truth and where yourlives are going - all sorts of profound questions. !!Knowing something about Emerson’s philosophies will help you when youread ‘Self-Reliance’. And basically, one of the main beliefs that he had wasabout truth. Not that it’s something that we can be taught, Emerson says it’sfound within ourselves. So this truth, the idea that it’s in each one of us, isone of the ﬁrst points that you’ll see Emerson making in this essay. It’s a bitabstract but he’s very into…uh… into each person believing his or her ownthought, believing in yourself, the thought or conviction that’s true for you. !!But actually, he ties that in with a sort of ‘universal truth’ – something thateveryone knows but doesn’t realize they know. Most of us are in touch withourselves in a way, so we just aren’t capable of recognizing profound truth. Ittakes geniuses, people like, say, Shakespeare, who’re unique because whenthey have a glimpse of this truth, this universal truth, they pay attention to itand express it and don’t just dismiss it like most people do. !!So Emerson is really into each individual believing in and trusting him orherself. You’ll see that he writes about, well, ﬁrst, conformity. He criticizesthat people of his time for abandoning their own minds and their own wills forthe sake of conformity and consistency. They try to ﬁt in with the rest of theworld even though it’s at odds with their beliefs and their identities.Therefore, it’s best to be a non-conformist – to do your own thing, notworrying about what other people think. That’s an important point. He reallydrives this argument home throughout the essay. !TPO 4 lecture 2!!⽣生词栏：Script ：!!When you are reading, I want you to think about that and why that kind ofthought would be relevant to the readers of his time. Remember this is 1838,‘Self-Reliance’ was a novel idea at the time and the United State’s citizenswere less secure about themselves as individuals and as Americans. Thecountry as a whole was trying to deﬁne itself. Emerson wanted to give peoplesomething to really think about, help them ﬁnd their own way and what itmeant to be who they were. So that’s something that I think is deﬁnitely asrelevant today as it was then, probably, um, especially among young adultslike yourselves, you know, uh, college being a time to sort of really think aboutwho you are and where you’re going. !!Now, we already said that Emerson really emphasizes non-conformity, right?,As a way to sort of not lose your own self and identity in the world, to haveyour own truth and not be afraid to listen to it. !!Well, he takes this a step further. Not conforming also means, uh, notconforming with yourself or your past. What does that mean? Well, if you’vealways been a certain way or done a certain thing, but it’s not working for youany more, or you’re not content, Emerson says that it’d be foolish to beconsistent even with our own past. “‘Focus on the future,” ’ he says, “That'swhat matters more. Inconsistency is good.” !!He talks about a ship’s voyage and this is one of the most famous bits of theessay - how the best voyage is made up of zigzag lines. Up close, it seems alittle all over the place, but from farther away, the true path shows and in theend it justiﬁes all the turns along the way. So, don’t worry if you are not surewhere you’re headed or what your long-term goals are. Stay true to yourselfand it’ll make sense in the end. I mean, I can attest to that. Before I was aliterature professor, I was an accountant. Before that, I was a newspaperreporter. My life is taking some pretty interesting turns and here I am, veryhappy with my experiences and where they’ve brought me. If you rely onyourself and trust your own talents, your own interest, don’t worry, your pathwill make sense in the end. !!Practice Two: TPO 26 lecture 4!Script ：!Narrator!Listen to part of a lecture in an art conservation class.!!Professor!So far we have been talking all semester about restoring and preserving pieces of art，like ancient frescos，early oil paintings，etc．But although our ﬁeld is called art conservation，it also involves…what?!Student!Um．．．preserving other types of cultural materials too!Professor!Very good．Not just art．Old artifacts are very valuable when they represent early technologies, all contain important historical information．In fact，let me give you an example．You’ve heard about the Greek scholar Archimedes，who lived more than 2，000 years ago，I am sure．Archimedes was a great mathematician．For example，he discovered the formula for the volume of a sphere．Not much of his work has Survived，but what has Survived is brilliant．And then in 1906，a Palimpsest of Archimedes’ writing was discovered．!Now, a palimpsest is a type of manuscript that contains writing that’s hidden because something else was written over it later．I’ll explain in a minute．This Archimedes palimpsest, as it’s now called，is by far the most important palimpsest anyone has ever seen．Because it contains the only known existing copy of Archimedes’treatise, called Method．Archimedes shows in it how maths can be applied to physics and physical reasoning back to maths problems, which is how he calculated the volume of the sphere，for example．This maybe commonplace today, but was revolutionary in his time．A few years ago, the palimpsest was sold at an auction for 2 million dollars．It could have ended up tucked away in a private collection，but fortunately, the collector who bought it has agreed to have experts restore every single word Archimedes wrote，so the contents can be shared with the world and studied．!But there are two main problems．What do you think the ﬁrst one might be?! Jennifer?!!Student!Um…well，it sounds like it’s extremely old．So probably some pages are at the point of crumbling into dust?!Professor!True．And some are moldy, and some were eaten away at by bookworms．This thing’s really decayed．But on top of that，there’s another issue．And this is the reason why it’s a palimpsest．You see，the text apparently sat around in a library in Constantinople until 1229 A．D．But then a scribe erased，scraped away the writing as clean as he could in order to use the pages to write his own book on．Why would he!do that? Take a guess．!!TPO 26 lecture 4Script ：!!Student!Must have been a paper shortage?!Professor!Well? they used parchment to write on, but yes, there was a parchment shortage．!Student!So you are saying the parchment was basically recycled?!Professor!Correct．Then，even later on，in the twentieth century, a forger painted! ancient—looking pictures on several of the pages in order to make the book seem older and increase its value．So unfortunately, that’s quite a history．! Student!But professor Wilkens，if the scribe scraped away Archimedes’words and if these paintings covered the pages，how can the original work be recovered?! Professor!Ah, that’s why I am telling you the story．That’s our task as conservationists, isn’t it? To ﬁnd a way．There were still faint traces of Archimedes’words on the pages．First，we tried to make the Archimedes’words stand out with a variety of technologies，using ultraviolet light．But that didn’t work on every page．But then，there was this new idea that came from a scientist studying spinach．!Student!Spinach?!Professor!Yes．Spinach．This physicist，Uwe Bergman，does research that involves studying iron in spinach．He was reading an article about problems with the palimpsest and it said that there is iron in the original Archimedes’ ink．So he came up with an idea to use the same method of looking at iron in spinach to view the iron on the palimpsest pages．And his idea worked．Bergman’s technique allows X—rays to pass through the forged paintings, pass through the scribe’s writing to hit the iron traces from the ink of the original Archimedes’ text and create an image just of the iron on the pages．The iron —based letters seem to just pop off the page．The original text and diagrams emerged，line by line．diagram after diagram. And that’s kind of typical of our ﬁeld．There’s a lot of interdisciplinary work．People from several different ﬁelds might be!involved in working with a single art．!。

环球北美考试院Mark（朱斌）新托福阅读讲义

iBT-TOEFL 新托福阅读讲义（ Mark ）一、新托福阅读简介1、每篇文章700词；2、40道题左右；3、原始分45分左右、标准分30分；4、如果阅读部分是3篇文章，则时间为60分钟（时间限定为：第一篇必须在20分钟完成；第二、第三篇在剩下的40分钟完成；在限定的时间段内考生可返回检查、更改）；如果阅读部分是5篇文章，则时间为100分钟（其中的3篇为计分考题，时间限定60分钟，另外两篇为加试题，时间为40分钟。

）加试题一般为：第四篇"Mesopotamia & Egypt culture"；第五篇"Natural Selection of Darwin"5、阅读考试题型共分10种（另表详示）；6、文章选材一般为研究类、学术人文类以及科普类；一般文中会出现大量的专有名词。

7、每篇最后一题的评分：81）答案为3项，总分为2分：答对2项给1分，答对3项给2分；2）答案为5项，总分为3分：答对3项给1分，答对4项给2分，答对5项给3分。

三、新托福阅读方法论：1、狂背单词2、狂练题型3、狂做题目4、狂看机经四、考场经验：1. 关于考场:!建议考试之前一定要去踩下点, 不要怕耽误那几个小时的时间,如果因为当天找不到考场而影响自己正常发挥,那实在是一件得不偿失的事情! l* j+ ~9 `4 Q) f2.关于到场时间:. I0 v$ j* Y: o; G4 v: z建议提前一小时到场早去以防万一53.关于证件:& I9 W% J$ }4 _; h; y记住带上护照和身份证即可缺一不可，检查证件比想象的要严格g) T) ^* j4 x* q, R* ^- Y4.关于进场:*不要太早进否则写作会受做口语的人干扰，' E% i# o3 q# P& {' r. a也不要太晚进，否则听力会受做口语的人干扰，所以最好排中间进场因为对于抗干扰能利较弱的托友第一种干扰可能不可避免，但是第二种干扰却是可以避免的只要在听力时把声音调大些即可) C% @, N* L p L i2 f5. 关于阅读:没有看整篇文章的时间建议不要看全文直接看题&，还有要给每篇的最后一题流出充分时间思考不要在前面的小分题上浪费太多时间，对于词汇好的同学词汇题完全可以不看原文+ F; C" Q3 L7 z% j, |' ^3 v: K& V$ I4 ^9 g5篇阅读看完后有点精疲力竭所以平时要多锻炼身体阅读部分是最容易出现机器传输问题的如果你的机器出现卡机现象，* g8 f4 V# @! e# K# @1 Z; _( X一定要确认秒表是否还继续在走，如果在走一定要找老师，% @$ c# D. ~9 \如果没在走那你就没事偷着了吧，因为卡机的时间无形中增加了你的考试时间所以不要发慌好好利用卡机的时间继续阅读机器一会就好% L' c+ T4 Y) h3 b$ s6. 关于听力：比想象得要难许多，学术性很强所以不像旧托听不懂是没法蒙的，建议大家在平时注意名词的积累尤其是学科类的名词，) k) [- ^# \. w1 S平日一定要多锻炼记笔记的能力，(当然为了记笔记而去记笔记结果会很惨)& q, y$ B: L e+ c+ @5 y4 [7. 关于口语：告诉大家一大招: 3 z. u6 l4 C c _* K/ G* s! f利用好休息的时间上个洗手间喝点水吃点东西就马上回座位上乖乖地坐着吧，当然不是回去傻坐着而是要"窃"题7，因为在你之前的托友可能正在说口语你可以从他们的回答中知道考题，4 h3 R( M6 Q( @/ G& y所以你的准备时间不再是15/20秒了而是5分钟甚至更多，& e9 \4 ~& F9 N# a v( K. U当然平日多加练习口语才是提高口语的唯一途径。

TOEFL写作讲义

TOEFL写作讲义（主讲：戴云）第一章总体介绍一、我的赏与罚封赏与晋升：普通教徒---罗汉---金刚---护法---菩萨---佛---高级佛---教主助理---副教主---常务副教主课堂可以获得最高功名为护法考试95及以上为菩萨，100分以上佛，105分以上高级佛，110分以上教主助理，115 分以上副教主，118分以上常务副教主，121分以上教主。

批评与惩戒：Curse---赠送白绫---开除出教二、托福写作圣经要多记笔记：1、可以保证focus on my lecture，不会absent-minded2、保证将来会有复习的clues写作的第一要务是把观点表达清楚。

1、写作必须有观点2、要给出一个清楚的观点写作考试不基于考生的真实身份。

托福作文中所有的例子和细节可以是真的，也可以是假的。

写作考试只考察语言水平，不考察思想水平。

举例：建工厂不同意的理由有三：1、造成污染；2、交通堵塞；3、物价上涨写作考试不测试考生的真实想法。

作文不是写想写的，而是写好写的、能写的。

举例：父母是最好的老师，你同意吗？同意的理由：1、how to behave myself；2、value system；3、experience上述理由都不能证明该题目“后天的知识是老师教的，而不是父母教的”存在逻辑错误，将老师与父母并列起来，应该在老师前面加上修饰语“学校的”。

写作是基于表达，而不是基于翻译。

举例：婀娜多姿：beautiful；妩媚动人：lovelyY ou are extremely smart. extremely means very托福考试30分钟最低要写300字，一般要求写400到500字写作内容和语言同等重要。

把内容表达清楚可以拿到高分clarity高于variety，variety高于complexityclarity is the priority观点的层次比观点的数目更重要。

逻辑错误比语法错误更严重。

20XX年托福考试口语复习讲义(4)-托福考试.doc

2014年托福考试口语复习讲义（4）-托福考试2014年托福考试口语复习讲义提供给各位考生备考。

查看汇总：2014年托福考试口语复习讲义汇总时间(When)People like to eat junk food when/before/after they are happy, sad or worried.地点(Where)I prefer eating in Chinese restaurants where I can enjoy the Chinese way of life状态描述(What)It is a belief that …it is wonderful/terrible experience that…/for sb to…(learn more about myself, see the world in a new way, change the way people work, learn, behave)Food is life for sb to do sthChicken soup is a good cold remedy.Soccer is one of most important games in the worldNo one could work with greater intensity than Edison.It is hard to imagine what life today would be life withoutcomputers.A plays important/great part on (change the way people work, learn, behave, Communicate/the way of living/ the crime rate)数量/程度(How many/much)There are seismic changes in the way people communicate/talk/behave.There's been a tremendous improvement in (socially security) over the last a few years, due to A经过描述：The government began to think about introducing a new law.What we eat becomes a part of usThe government decides to introduce a new law to …话题的展开：科学/数字展开：(搬出科学家并举出百分比，数量，分数等说明事实的数字)A study in 2002 showed that…It has been found that…According to a group of specialists who carry out…About/more than/less than 40% of the restaurants in this city is local.解释展开：(就是把你说的第一句话，再进一步说清楚)如：Food is life.解释It gives people the nourishment we need to stay alive and be healthy.分例展开：(这些分例通常形成一个整集)如：people enjoy variety of sports in the USA(主题句)分例1in warm weather, people enjoy water sports….分例2When the first snow comes, people delight in freezing fun…分例3Americans also enjoy indoor sports whatever the weather…实例展开：(就是要举出具体的时间，地点，人物或具体的状态的例子)如：Internet changes the way people communicate with each other(主题句)实例I remember when I was a kid, I wrote people letters. Now it’s not the same, you know, just sitting home before my laptop and chat with people all over the world through the internet.。

托福听力讲义非常详细

新托福强化听力讲义新托福考试听力部分介绍1. 新托福和旧托福的对比2. 题量，时间，分数3. 题目的考查形式考场环境：独立电脑，耳机，铅笔，草稿本电脑环境：图片，视频，声音，板书新题型：双选题，重听题，表格配对题答题时间：总时间限制，每题分配时间不限答题流程：永不悔改4. 文章材料的考查形式文章结构：删除了旧托福的PART A 部分，更加注重于对于能力的考查文章长度：比旧托福长文章语速：无所谓快慢，比旧托福更加贴近真实的学习生活文章类型：对话，独白，讨论CONVERSATION文章思路LECTURE文章思路5. 新托福考试题型概述6. 界面展示7. IBT新托福资料说明——听力部分托福听力中的九大语音问题1. 语速问题托福听力过程中的语速问题如何解决语速问题2. 连读问题托福听力过程中的连读问题（1）关键性词语出现连读：否定形式●not at all：The meeting yesterday wasn’t at all boring.（2）常用性词语出现连读●for him连读中的基本规则（1）辅音+元音连读●I was found on the ground by the fountain about a field of a summer stride.●Not at all.●Rush hour.●This dictionary is not exactly what I wanted but it will do.●Travel agency, travel agent（2）辅音+辅音连读●Some money, bike key（3）元音+元音连读●Be on time●An apple a day keeps the doctor away（4）H连读●I lent him a book.●Larry is taking a lot of art, isn’t he●The stuff the nurse gave me seemed to have helped.●I must have left my keys at my sister’s house.●She learned to use the computer on her own.（5）其他特殊连读●【t】+【j】=【ch】：meet you, hurt you, that your●【d】+【j】=【dg】：would you, hand your, did you●【s】+【j】=【sh】：miss you, this year●【z】+【j】=【g】：as usual, because you●Example: won’t you, don’t you, didn’t you, haven’t you, hadn’t you, wouldn’t you,weren’t you, last year, next year, not yet, did you, had you, would you, I advice you, Iuse your, how’s your如何解决连读问题3. 失爆问题托福听力过程中的失爆问题：【p】，【b】，【t】，【d】，【k】，【g】任意两个连续出现就会发生失爆现象●Sit down, good night, friendly●-this calculator isn’t working right.-I think you’ve got the battery in upside down.如何解决失爆问题4. 略读问题托福听力过程中的略读问题：书写时将两个或多个相邻的单词省略某些字母而连接起来●I am = I’m, you have = you’ve, how is = how’s, that would = that’d●Doesn’t, didn’t, shouldn’t, hadn’t, hasn’t, wouldn’t, won’t●Official guide P199：OK. So we’ve talked about some different types of root systems of plants,and I’ve shown you some pretty cool slides, but now I want to talk about the extent of the rot system- the overall size of the root system…the depth.如何解决略读问题●I’m, you’re, she’s, they’re, there’s, he’s, who’s●We’ve, he’ll, she’d, she’ll, she’s, they’d, they’ve, they’ll●Can’t, weren’t, won’t, are n’t, wouldn’t, shouldn’t●Gotta, gonna5. 弱读问题托福听力过程中的弱读问题（1）介词弱化：●stay at home, do it for fun, come from China, go in the house, a cup of coffee, the train toParis（2）代词弱化：●Phone us when you are free.●I’ve lost my book.（3）连词弱化：●Please give me some cream and sugar.●Either Tom or Peter can come.如何解决弱读问题6. 英美音差异问题托福听力过程中的英美音问题（1）【r】音问题●Idea, really●They weren’t at the dorm last night.(A) They went to the dormitory.(B) They didn’t go to the dormitory.●-The snow is really coming down, isn’t it-Rarely do we have so much snow in December.-What does the man mean(A) it is typical December weather for this region.(B) such a large amount of snow is unusual for this month.（2）【o】【a:】●Glass, class, fast●Hot, box, rock（3）其他情况●Neither如何解决英美音问题●常见易混音：Course-cause, once more-one small, career-Korea, worse-was, bore-ball,door-doll, core-call, tear-tea, short-shot●不加儿化音的词：China, Australia, banana, wall●常见英美音不同读法：Neither, either, record, cupboard, cassette, garage, laboratory, adult,ordinary, secretary, dictionary7. 词性变音问题托福听力过程中的词性变音问题●Method- methodically●校园词汇的变音：meteorology, economics, geography如何解决词性变音问题8. Company-companion, library-librarian, geography-geographical, ignore-ignorant,photo-photographer-photographic, declare-declaration, economy-economic-economical, invite-invitation, technology-technological, type-typical缩写问题托福听力过程中的缩写问题●Sitcom●Chem lab●prof如何解决词性缩写问题●Intro. Course = introductory course 导论性课Demo = demonstration 演示●Memo = memorandum 备忘录Info. = Information 信息●Expo = exposition 博览会Chem.= chemistry 化学●Comm. = commerce 商业Tech = technology 技术●Ad.= advertisement 广告Dorm = dormitory 寝室●M.A. = Master of Arts 文学硕士M.S. = Master of Science 理学硕士● B.A. =Bachelor of Arts文学士 B.S. = Bachelor of Science理学士●alga = algebra 代数学、代数anat = anatomy 解剖学、解剖●archit = architecture 建筑学、建筑arith = arithmetic 算术、算术●astron = astronomy 天文学、天文eng = engineering工程学、工程●electr = electricity电学、电fin = finance财政学、财政●geol = geology地质学、地质geom = geometry几何学、几何●gram = grammar文法hist = history历史、史●ling = linguistics语言学、语言maths = mathematics数学、数学●mech = mechanics 机械学、机械med = medical医学、医●met = meteorology气象学、气象myth = mythology 神话●phil = philosophy哲学phon = phonetics 语言学、语言●photo = photography摄影术、摄影phys = physics物理学、物理●physiol = physiology生理学、生理pol = politics政治学、政治●psych = psychology心理学、心理9. 数字问题托福听力过程中的数字问题●逗号原则1,234,567,890:新托福听力记笔记NOTE TAKING记笔记的两种形式符号●＞: surpass, exceed●＜:less than●＝: equal to, the same as●≠: difference●↑: increase, promote, enhance, improve●↓: decrease, fall, worsen●＋: plus, add, besides, moreover●－: minus, deduct, except●→: result in, lead to●←: originate from, date back to●√: correct, good, positive, affirmative●×: wrong, bad, mistaken, negative●☆: outstanding, elite●∵: because, owing to, thanks to, since, as●∴: therefore, consequently, as a result, so, hence●∑: total, amount●γ: government缩写●able?BL: PRBL，RSBL，DBL●ing?G: SHPG●tion?N: OPTN，NAN●ment?T: AGRMT●ize?Z: RCGNZ，OGNZ●tive?TV: EFCTV，●ful?FL: SCFL●less?LS: RGDLS●ent/ant?T: URGT●al/ial?L: ARVL练习Sample Script:American universities have been offering classes online through computers for a number of years.Now, some newly created colleges are offering academic degrees online. One university offers both bach elor’s degrees and master’s degrees. Official say they try to provide students with a social experience as well as an educational one. For example, in some programs, groups of the same six students progress through all their classes together. They communicate by computer. Another online school uses a problem-solving method of teaching. Students attempt to solve real problems in their classes online instead of reading information.Students who have taken online classes say they like them because they do not have to travel to building at a set time to listen to a professor. Professors say they have better communication with students through e-mail notes than they do in many traditional classes.新托福听力文章套路1. 托福听力中的重点原则原则一：大写原则原则二：开头结尾原则：3T-2M原则原则三：重复原则原则四：转折对比原则原则五：强调原则原则六：比较原则原则七：建议原则原则八：举例原则原则九：现在原则原则十：解释原则原则十一：因果原则原则十二：观点态度原则原则十三：特殊问句原则2. 举例：OFFICIAL GUIDE PRACTICE SET 1——CONVERSATION3. 举例：OFFICIAL GUIDE PRACTICE SET 2——LECTURE1. 课程相关事务场景场景特点：主要涉及到一些和课程相关事项的解决方法。

托福语法讲义(教师版)

一、题型概述（一）填空：1-15个题，考句法句法包括简单句，并列句，主从复合句和一些常见错误用法等。

（二）挑错：16-40个题，考词法好下面我们就一些特殊热点问题给大家做一个概述性介绍。

二、基础语法规则（一）词法第一章名词正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数（单复数）之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容1．重要的名詞（1）重要的可數名詞discovery, cloud, mineral, metal, material, substance, population, efforts, effect, animal, plant, mammal, insect, tree, herb, shrub, element, function, feature, picture, result, clue, star, reason, audience, device, structure, human, human being, system, fashion, resource, source, origin, pioneer, automobile, purpose, style, response, number, amount, variety, quantity, type, kind, influence, emotion, change（2）常见的不可数名词①流体：air, smoke, coffee, oil②自然现象：thunder, weather, darkness, [a heavy rain, raindrops]③微粒：sugar, salt, rice, powder, dust④抽象名词：intelligence（情报）, evidence, wisdom, advice⑤学科：mathematics, economics, statistics （统计学，作统计数据讲时可数）, physics, politics,mechanics, genetics遗传学, geology，geography, chemistry, philosophy, biology,history⑥医学疾病：measles（麻疹）, mumps（腮腺炎）, diabetes（糖尿病）⑦总称名词：furniture, luggage, clothing, equipment, poetry, jewelry, machinery, weaponry,scenery, information, knowledge, homework, evidence, foliage, advertising（广告业）, health例题: 交易Historians (believe that) some (forms) of (an advertising) must be as old (as barter) and trade.答案: C an advertising advertising（3）常见不规则单复数，一般考复数man/men, woman/women, tooth/teeth, foot/feet, goose/geese, basis/bases,analysis/analyses, crisis/crises, hypothesis/hypotheses, axis/axes, alga/algae, larva/larvae, fungus/fungi, stimulus/stimuli, datum/data, bacterium/bacteria, medium/media, spectrum/spectra, mouse/mice, child/children, phenomenon/phenomena（4）常见的单复数同形的名词（注意鱼！好多鱼~）aircraft, spacecraft, series, species, means,（sheep, deer, bison, salmon, trout, carp, fish）·-craft后缀单复数相同（5）只能用复数的名词：clothes, fireworks, riches, wages, ashes, thanks, sweets, scissors, spectacles, trousers集合名词：people（人们，作民族时可数）, folk（人们）, cattle（牛）, police, livestock（牲畜）（6）单复数意义不同的名词air- airs（气派）good（好处，利益）- goods（货物）part- parts（才能，划线永远对）mean（均值/中间）- means（手段/财富）arm- arms（武器）custom（习俗）- customs（海关）letter- letters（文学）spectacle（光景）- spectacles（眼镜）force- forces（武装部队）water- waters（水域，划线永远对）sky- skies（气候）（7）既有可数又有不可数]的名词（注意有无数的概念，具体还是抽象）sugar, cloth, detail, light, science, form, interest, color, disease, illness, rock, stone, matter, food, culture, noise, liquid, solid, gas, climate, film, material, population, temperature, experience, speech, use, life, actionwork（工作，作品）- works（工厂，工程，工事，著作）area（面积）- areas（区域，领域）time（时间）- times（倍数，此书，时代）paper（纸）- papers（报告，文件）collection（不同种收藏品组成的集）- collections（同种藏品的集）room（空间）- rooms（房间）18 pieces of newspaper/ 18 newspapers （报纸种类）art/ in art/ .be described as an art/ all arts land（面积）-lands（区域）注意：* 当不可数名词与种类相关时可转化为可数名词：a vacuum, a liquid, foods, beverages （饮料）（8）同源近形词义区别bank/banking, advertisement/advertising, architect/architecture, reason/reasoning,author/authority/authorization, poem/poet/poetry, cloth/clothes/clothing,human/humanity/humanities, produce/product/production/productivity,editor/edit/edition/editorial, variable/variety/variation, critic/critical/criticize,chemical/chemistry, management/manager, weapon/weaponry, logic/logical,measure/measurement, publish/publication, weighing/weight,nourishment/nutrition/nutritious/nutrient, machine/machinery总规律：(1) –ing动作抽象化，不可数（一般）(2) sugar,fish,cloth,作物质名词，不可数；表种类，则可数(3) –or/er/ee 具体，tion/sion/ment/ness/ship/ing 抽象2．重要的限定詞与名词单复数（1）many+复数可数n.；much+不可數n.例题:Since (the) 1950’s, folk music (has had) a (significant) influence on (many) popular vocal and instrumental music.答案: D many→muchIn the practice of Gestalt therapy, (many) attention is (given) to nonverbal (aspects) of (behavior).答案: A many→much※看到many, various, diverse, numerous往后找[C]，看到much往后找[UC]many..music ×As many as 50 percent of the income ×As much as 2,000 kilometers √（一个距离是整体，不可数）例题：The asphalt (deposits) of La Brea Tar Pit in California (have yielded) fossils of numerous (animal) of the Pleistocene epoch, including (the giant) ground sloth.答案：C animal→animalsRodents (dwell) in various (habitat), some species (being) aquatic, (some terrestrial).答案: B habitat→habitatsEven as he (wrote) copiously on such (diverse topic) as education, politics, and religion, Lewis Mumford (remained) active (in city) and regional planning.答案：B diverse topic→ topicsmuch 和many可以做代词：Many are.. .. by many. Much of the information..（2）some 和any，二者都可加单复数，都可加可数和不可数，都可做代词（同few/little 代词的作用）some kinds 某些种some kind 某一种例题：For thousands of years, people (have used) some (kind) of refrigeration (cooling) beverages and preserve (edibles).答案: C cooling→to cool（3）few little 否定a few, a little 肯定+複數可數n. +不可數n.few equipment ×to few extent ×可做代詞：a few/few of the books例题：The Dinee, a Native American (people) of the southwestern United States, were (once) semi- nomadic hunters who (practiced) a (few) agriculture.答案: D few→little（4）數詞/ several/ one of/ among + 複數可數n.※看到several, one of, among 往后找複數[C]eg: five aircraft ×several setting ×several settings √one of the philosophers √among the schools √例题：The United States census人口普查(for) 1970 (showed that) the French-speaking residents of Louisiana (were) one of the country’s most compact regional linguistic (minority)答案: D minority→minorities39. Beverly Sills was (a child) radio star (who) became one of the world’s most dramatically gifted opera (singer), making her debut初演(at) seventeen.答案: C singer→singers40. In the practice of Gestalt therapy, (many) attention is (given) to nonverbal (aspects) of (behavior).答案: A many→muchThe Guggenheim Museum in New York City is one of the major (center) for (the collection) and display of (works) of (abstract art) in the United States.答案: A center→centersGeraldine Farrar, (who) debuted as (an) opera singer in 1901, later appeared (both) on stage and in several silent (film).答案：D film→filmsSeveral (comet)彗星are discovered each year, but very few of (them) are (bright) enough (to be seen) without the aid of magnification.放大答案: A comet→comets（5）every/ each 直接加單數可數n. 或者加数词和复数名词(every/ all常考，almost all加复数)eg: each major styles ×each ten boys √every four years √（every/each 修飾數詞）例题：7. Almost (every) fruits and vegetables contain riboflavin核黄素; the (richest) sources are (leafy) green vegetables (such) as spinach菠菜, kale甘蓝, or turnip greens.另一种甘蓝答案: A 。

托福综合写作讲义-202X年学习资料

托福综合写作讲义-202X年学习资料TOEFL Integrated Writing Lecture Notes - Study Materials for 202XIntroduction:- Welcome to the TOEFL Integrated Writing Lecture. Today, we will discuss the key strategies and techniques to improve your performance in the TOEFL Integrated Writing section.- The Integrated Writing section requires you to read a passage and listen to a lecture on a particular topic. You will then need to write an essay summarizing the main points from both sources and provide your opinion.- This section assesses your ability to read, listen, and writein English, as well as your critical thinking and analytical skills.Understanding the Prompt:- Before you start writing, it is crucial to understand the prompt fully. Read the passage and listen to the lecture carefully.- Identify the main topic or issue discussed in both the passage and the lecture. Highlight the key points and arguments presented in each source.- Pay attention to any contrasting or supporting ideas between the passage and the lecture. Take notes to help you structure your essay.Organizing Your Essay:第1页/共4页- Start your essay with an introduction that briefly summarizes the topic and introduces your opinion. State whether you agree or disagree with the main ideas presented.- In the body paragraphs, discuss the main points from the passage and the lecture. Use specific examples and references from both sources to support your arguments.- Present contrasting or supporting ideas in separate paragraphs. Clearly indicate which source supports or opposes a particular point.- Use transitional phrases to guide your reader through the essay and make it easy to follow your ideas.- Finally, end your essay with a conclusion that restates your opinion and summarizes the main points from the passage and the lecture.Writing Style and Grammar:- In the TOEFL Integrated Writing section, it is essential to demonstrate your English language skills. Pay attention to your writing style, grammar, and vocabulary.- Avoid simple or repetitive sentences. Use a variety of sentence structures to showcase your language proficiency.- Ensure that your grammar is accurate. Avoid spelling mistakes and punctuation errors.- Use academic vocabulary and phrases to express your ideas effectively. This will enhance the overall quality of your essay.Time Management:- Time management is crucial in the TOEFL Integrated Writing section. Plan your time wisely to allocate sufficient time for reading, listening, and writing.- Use the available time to read the passage carefully and take notes. Then, listen to the lecture attentively and compare it with the main points from the passage.- Allocate enough time to outline your essay. This will help you organize your thoughts and ensure a coherent structure.- Reserve ample time to write your essay. This includes drafting, revising, and editing.- Remember to leave a few minutes at the end to review your essay for any grammar or spelling mistakes.Practice and Feedback:- Practice is key to improving your performance in the TOEFL Integrated Writing section. Familiarize yourself with various topics, practice reading and listening skills, and write timed essays regularly.- Seek feedback on your essays from English teachers or native English speakers. They can provide valuable insights and suggestions for improvement.- Review sample essays and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of each. This will help you understand the scoring criteria and identify areas for improvement.- Focus on improving your ability to effectively summarize the main points from both the passage and the lecture, as well as providing clear and logical arguments in your essay.Conclusion:- The TOEFL Integrated Writing section may seem challenging at first, but with practice and the right strategies, you can improve your performance significantly.第3页/共4页- Remember to understand the prompt, organize your essay effectively, use proper grammar and vocabulary, manage your time wisely, and seek feedback to continually improve.- Good luck with your TOEFL Integrated Writing preparation, and remember to practice and stay confident!。

(3)托福写作讲义

TOEFL Independent Writing1.句子扩充：将一个简单句扩充，增加到15,25,35个字。

2.句式变化：3.如何将一个论点展开成一段？多问自己为什么？4.ETS作文评分标准：✓观点鲜明，论点清晰✓文章结构完整、恰当、漂亮（首段+中间三段+尾段）✓论点论证充分（不讲大道理，要examples, reasons, details, 而且数量越多越好）✓句式、词汇变换丰富（长短句、陈述疑问句、简单复杂句变换使用）✓语法、拼写无误✓力戒表意不清，题外罗嗦话5.如何写好TOEFL作文：✓语法正确✓高超的衔接手段✓充足的词汇量✓各种表达手段综合运用的能力✓清晰的逻辑和结构✓高超的笔记能力✓良好的阅读习惯和听力水平6.TOEFL作文的要求：✓3种时态：✓语态：✓语气：✓词汇量：✓阅读训练：✓听力：7.熟悉写作题库8.TOEFL作文的写作原则：✓正式文体✓完成结构✓明确观点✓精彩纷呈✓正式形式✓通顺连贯✓扬长避短9.TOEFL 作文题库题型分类：✓观点选择类：✓比较对比类：✓自主定义类：✓10.TOEFL作文的审题：1)确定题目的类别，确定切入点：【驳论方法一】先承认钱是工作中的重要因素；【驳论方法二】先承认钱是工作中的重要因素；【驳论】有时候是可以凭外表判断一个人的；11.TOEFL作文驳论点的写法：TOEFL作文驳论据的写法：12.TOEFL作文论点的写法：13.TOEFL作文论据的写法：(黄金规则二)✓健康安全✓便利✓交流✓习惯与心理✓亲情✓成就感✓环保✓经济✓品格✓科技✓教育TP:15.寻找理由的方法：✓有什么条件可以这样？凭什么✓如果这样有何好处或坏处？✓如果不这样有什么好处或坏处？✓如果要这样，人们必须怎么办？可行么？✓如果不能这样，人们应该怎么办？PDERCR：TOEFL 文章结构：✓“2-1”A型：✓“2-1”B型：✓折中方案：16.关于TOEFL写作人称问题：17.TOEFL文章的开篇第一段写法：1)背景法：背景+反方观点及理由+过渡+正方观点+作者观点及理由2)实例法：事例+论题+各方观点及理由+作者观点及理由3)实例的三种来源：18.主题句：19.TOEFL作文结尾段的写法：20.TOEFL作文段落的实现：1)例证法2)因果法3)比较法✓整体比较4)分项比较5)分类法6)定义法21.TOEFL作文的衔接手段：1)使用连词和短语2)使用代词3)使用语意粘连22.TOEFL 黄金句型（黄金规则四）✓强调句(emphasis)✓The more… the more(more)✓倒装句(reversion)✓比较结构和倍数关系(compare)✓修辞问句（question）✓并列结构(parallel)✓虚拟语气（if）✓插入语(insertion)23.T OEFL Integrated Writing1.综合写作评分标准：✓Successfully select the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately present this information in relation to the relevant information presented inthe reading✓The response is well organized✓And occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections2.TOEFL综合作文注意事项：✓听力部分的内容是最重要的✓不能表达重复，不清楚或者与文章无关✓听完后要尽最大努力去回忆并补全听力材料内容的笔记，写的越全越好✓只要听力内容丢掉一个key point，最高只能得3分✓只出现在综合阅读材料的专有名词一定不重要；在阅读和演讲材料中都出现的专有名词是重要的✓把注意力放在带来分数的点上，而不是均衡放在所有内容上✓千万不能发表个人的观点✓写作采用一般现在和一般过去时态3.TOEFL综合写作出题方式：✓Points in the lecture contradict, refute, depart from, challenge or cast doubt on points in the reading4.综合写作听力材料内容要点通常包括：（黄金规则四）✓主题句✓被重复的语意✓因果、比较、对比、比喻✓定义✓带有倾向性和变化的n./adj./adv./v.等✓强调✓问题及答案✓态度词汇✓转折后的内容✓结论5.综合写作阅读材料的读法：✓不需要做笔记；但是需要把专有名词的首字母提炼出来✓阅读材料里面的客观描述（如故事情节；历史；史实；发展历程等）是不可能被驳倒的，所以不是阅读的重点6.综合写作考前训练步骤：✓看阅读听力材料，寻找要点（3-5篇）✓真实模考（5-10篇）7.综合写作文章框架✓“总-分-总”=“1+3+1”模式✓中间每段都要有阅读观点，演讲观点及二者的关系8.综合写作精彩句型：✓The lecture discuss...which differs from the main idea in the reading that…(首段)✓The professor made the point that…; on the contrary/however, the writer demonstrated a contradictory idea that…✓Contrary to the belief in the reading passage that…, the professor says that…(中)✓The professor refutes the viewpoint showed in the passage that…by saying that…（中）✓The lecture contradicts the idea in the reading by saying that…(中)✓First of all, the professor, in the listening passage, made the point that… The reading materials, in contrast, held a different view by stating that…✓Another important point shows in the listening material is that…, but the reading material presents a conflicting idea that…✓In terms of …, the listening material contradicts the reading material✓Finally, the professor states that…, which challenges the standpoint made by the writer who says that…✓In general, the professor discussed the issue of … that the reading viewed in a contrary/different angle. (结尾)9.综合写作材料的指称：✓The speaker/lecturer/professor/listening material/lecture✓The writer/author/reading material/passage【注意】1、例子一定要specific一个example，一个research2、记得用些ly副词3、用插入语4、长短句结合5、句式变换6、每个例子，就是每段最后一句话必须是总结。

托福听力讲义非常详细

新托福强化听力讲义新托福考试听力部分介绍1.新托福和旧托福的对比考试形式预读题目笔记题型PBT旧托福Paper Yes No1/4 multiple choiceIBT新托福Internet No Yes New types2.题量，时间，分数文章类型题量题目数时间CONVERSATION2-3 5 / conversation2-3 min / conversation LECTURE4-6 6 / lecture4-6 min / lectureTOTAL6-9（加试）3460-90 min SCALE SCORE: 30 见OG185评分标准3.题目的考查形式考场环境：独立电脑，耳机，铅笔，草稿本电脑环境：图片，视频，声音，板书新题型：双选题，重听题，表格配对题答题时间：总时间限制，每题分配时间不限答题流程：永不悔改4.文章材料的考查形式文章结构：删除了旧托福的PART A 部分，更加注重于对于能力的考查文章长度：比旧托福长文章语速：无所谓快慢，比旧托福更加贴近真实的学习生活文章类型：对话，独白，讨论CONVERSATION文章思路LECTURE文章思路5.新托福考试题型概述题号问题题型1Why does the student go to see the professor?Gist question2According to the professor, what information should thestudent include in her statement of purpose?Detail Question3What does the professor consider unusual about thestudent’s background?Detail Question4Why does the professor tell a story about his friend whowent ot medical school?Detail Question5What does the professor imply about the people who admitstudents to graduate school?Inference question6What are the students mainly discussing?Gist questionGist question: 6Detail question: 16Purpose question: 6Attitude question: 1Organization question: 2Inference question: 3 6.界面展示7.IBT新托福资料说明——听力部分题目数量不多难度较简单题型全面，和考试相同，质量高精听精做题目分类研究文章精读研究不建议模考一共14套，其中新东方引进4套，还有2套是OG题目，其他全部为全真试题难度和考试相当，已经有较全的版本出现题型全面，场景全面精听精做建议最后冲刺模考题目数量大，后面有四套模拟试题前面的训练题目文章较短，不是托福模拟听力材料要比考试稍难些，速度也稍快些题型和考试相差很多，不建议细钻精听精做建议考前强化训练对语速跟读模仿题目数量大，有六套模拟试题具体特点同蓝皮delta 建议考前模拟对语速跟读模仿题目数量大，后面有7套模拟试题难度偏小，在基础班使用建议平时精听训练有四套模拟试题听力部分略难，语速略快配合模拟光盘，有临考感觉考前模考只有两套题，但质量很好，文章难度适中，题目难度和Barron相近，感觉上略难一些，和考试非常相似。

最新托福精华讲义(新航道)

目录第一部分阅读2一.真题高频词汇21天速成 (2)二．新托福阅读考试中句际关系解读 (21)三．逻辑 Or 语义——托福阅读句子简化题新攻略 (26)四．托福阅读之插入文本题解题思路剖析 (29)五．阅读真题三篇 (32)六．样题两篇 (50)七．最新考情 (56)第二部分听力 (58)一.新托福听力文章段落和出题点解析 (58)二.新托福听力笔记之图像记忆法 (62)三.托福听力新方法 (66)四.备考概述 (66)五.听力演练 (67)六．听力真题场景词汇 (100)第三部分口语 (170)一．Speaking Tips For TOEFL iBT (170)二．托福口语满分=mission impossible？ (173)三．搞定口语TASKS (175)四．练习 (182)五.补充练习 (202)第四部分写作 (204)一.新托福作文特点浅析 (204)二.托福独立写作思路扩展 (207)三．独立写作 (209)四．综合写作 (229)五. 托福写作结构模式 (235)六．“6＋1”托福独立写作心经 (252)附录 (257)附录（一）2012年托福考试独立写作汇总 (257)附录（二）2013年托福考试独立写作汇总 (261)附录（三）2013年NA托福写作真题汇总及解析 (264)第一部分阅读一.真题高频词汇21天速成Day 11. a matter of speculation supposition n.推断2. a solicitation of an invitation of n.恳求3.abandon give up v. 放弃4.abandoned left a.被遗弃的5.aberrant abnormal a.脱离常轨的6.abolish end v. 终止；取消7.abort quit v.夭折;中止8.abrupt sudden a 突然的9.abruptly suddenly ad.突然地;意外地10.absorb appeal/learn/take in v.吸收11.abstract not concrete a.抽象的;非实际的12.absurd ridiculous a.荒谬的;可笑的13.abundance laager amount/great number/14.plenty n.大量15.abundantaffluent/ample/numerous/plentiful/16.substantial a.丰富的17.abundantly plentifully ad.丰富地;大量地18.accelerate speed up/get faster v. 加速，提前19.access reach v. 接近20.accessible reachable/easy to reach a.可接近的21.accidental unexpected/unintentionala.意外的;偶然的22.accommodate provide for v. 提供23.accomplished achieved/ skilled a.实现完成的24.account description n. 说明25.account for explain v. 说明26.accrete come together v. 合成27.accumulate collect/pile up/build up v.积累;聚集29. accumulate increase v. 积累28.accumulation deposit n. 沉淀物29.accurate correct a. 正确的30.accurately correctly ad. 正确地31.acknowledge recognize v. 承认32.acquire obtain v. 获得33.actually in fact ad. 事实上34.added extra a.附加的;额外的35.adept skilled a.熟练的36.adequately sufficiently adv. 足够地37.adherent supporter/advocate n.拥护者38.adjacency nearing n.临近39.adjacent nearby a. 毗连的40.adjacent neighboring a.毗连的41.adjust modify v.调整42.administer manage v. 管理43.admit let in v. 准许进入44.adopt enact v. 采用45.advance improvement n.发展;增长46.advent arrival/beginning n.出现;到来47.affair matter n.事件;事情48.afford provide/offer v.提供;给予49.aggravate increase/annoy v.加重;增剧;使恼火50.aggravate annoy v.使恼火51.aggregate overall/combined a.聚集的aggregation group n. 聚合52.agile astute/clever/quick and active/moveand act quickly a.灵活的;敏捷的53.alarm sound/ warning v.警报54.albeit although/even though conj. 尽管；虽然55.alleged supposed v. 假设，断言56.allow enable v.允许57.allude suggest v.暗示58.allude to refer to v.提到59.allusion reference n. 暗示；提及60.ally with link to v.结盟61.alter change to v.改变62.amazing remarkable/ a.令人惊讶的、非凡的63.ambiguous vague a.不明确的64.ambivalent mixed a.矛盾的65.ample plentiful/ spacious a.充足的66.ancestor forefather/progenitorn. 祖先，前辈67.anchor hold in place v.使固定68.ancient old/antique a.古老的69.annihilate destroy/completely removev.消灭70.annihilated destroy v. 废止71.annually yearly ad.每年72.anomaly irregularity n.异常的人或物73.anonymous nameless/incognito a. 匿名的74.antagonist competitor n. 对手75.anticipate expect v. 预期76.antiseptic clean a.抗菌的77.antithesis opposite n.对立面78.antler horn n. 鹿角79.anxiety worry n. 忧虑;担心80.apart from exception/except for phr.除了…之外81.apparatus equipment n. 仪器;设备Day 21.apparent o bvious a. 显然的2.apparently clearly ad. 显然地3.appeal attraction n. 吸引力4.appealing attractive a.有吸引力的5.appear seem v. 似乎6.appearance rise/arrival/showing up n.出现7.application use n. 应用8.appreciable noticeable a.相当可观的9.approach method n. 方法10.approach move toward v. 接近11.approximately roughly ad. 大约地12.architecture structure n. 构造13.archive record/stock v. 存档14.arduous difficult a. 艰巨的15.arid dry a. 干旱的16.arise emerge/come about v. 出现17.arrangement configuration n. 安排;布置18.array range n. 一系列19.article item/object n. 物品20.artificial not real a. 虚伪的21.as a rule in general phr. 通常22.assert declare v. 断言;宣称23.assertion strong statement n. 断言24.asset advantage n. 资产;有利条件25.assimilate combine v. 同化26.assistance help n. 帮助；协助27.associated connected a. 关联的28.assorted various a. 各式各样的29.assume believe/suppose v. 假定30.assume take on v. 承担31.assumption premise n. 假设32.assure guarantee v. 担保33.astonishing amazing/incredible a.惊人的34.astoundingly incredibly adv. 使人震惊的35.astute clever a. 敏锐的36.at random without a definite patternphr. 随便地; 任意地37.attachment to preference for n. 依恋38.attain achieve v. 达到;获得39.attainment achievement n. 达到;获得40.attendant accompanying a. 伴随的41.attest to confirm v. 证实42.attribute accredit/ ascribe v.把…归于;认为43.attribute characteristic n. 特点44.attribute to credit with v. 归于45.attribution character n. 属性46.augment increase v. 增加;提高47.authenticity genuineness n. 真实48.autonomous independent a. 自主的49.available obtainable a. 可获得的50.avenue method/means n. 途径;手段51.avid enthusiastic a. 热衷的52.back up support n. 支持，援助53.barely just ad. 仅仅54.barge boat n. 驳船55.barrier obstacle/impediment n.障碍56.battle struggle n. 搏斗;奋斗57.be inclined tend v. 倾向58.be accustomed to get used to phr./v.习惯59.be aware of familiar with phr./v.了解60.be beforehand foreordain v. 预先61.be closer resemblance to be more likephr. 非常相似62.be consistent with be compatible with phr.一致的63.be entitled to have the right phr./v.有…权利64.be susceptible to be subject to 受…影响的65.beckon invite v. 招唤66.become extinct die out phr./v. 灭绝67.being creature n. 生命68.beneficial advantageous a. 有益的69.blossom flourish/thrive v. 兴旺70.boast puff/exaggerate v. 吹嘘71.bombard assail/assault/strike v.炮击;轰击72.boom expansion n. 激增73.boon great benefit n. 利益74.boost raise v. 增加75.boundary periphery n. 边界76.branch division n. 分支77.breakthrough revolution n. 突破78.breed reproduce v. 繁殖79.brew develop vt. 开发80.brilliant bright a. 光辉的81.brittle breakable/fragile a.脆弱的82.broad appeal wide popularity a.广泛的吸引力83.broadly generally/extensively ad.大体上84.bulk majority/large part/largeportion/great quantity n. 大部份85.bulk major part n. 主体Day 31.burgeon expand v. 急速成长2.bustling lively/ busy a. 活跃的;忙乱的3.by and large for the most part 总的来说4.camouflage disguise/hide/decorate/blendwith circumstances v. 伪装5.cardinal fundamentala. 基本的6.cargo shipment n. 船货7.catastrophic badly harmful a. 灾难性的8.celebrated famous a. 着名的9.central essential a. 主要的10.certain specified a. 指定的11.champion promote vt.提升，提拔12.championed supported v. 支持13.chancy risky a. 冒险的14.channel provide/direct/guidev. 提供;引导15.chaotic disorganized a. 混乱的16.cherish value v. 珍爱17.chief major a. 主要的18.chisel carve v. 刻;凿19.choose opt v. 选择20.chronic persistent/confirmed/habitual/inveterate a. 长期的;不断的21.chronically constantly ad. 长期地22.circuitous indirect a.迂迴的23.circumstance condition/situationn.环境24.cite quote/refer to v. 引用25.classic typical a. 典型的26.clear visible/apparent a.显然的27.cling to attach to v. 附着28.close careful a.严密的;周密的29.clue hint n. 线索30.clung to hold v. 坚持31.cluster group n. 组，群32.coating cover n. 覆盖层33.coincide with be as the same time as v.同时发生34.coincide with accord with 与…相一致35.coincidence likely events 相同，符合36.collaborate cooperate v. 合作37.collaboration joint effect n.合作成果38.collect gather v. 收集39.collide hit each other v. 碰撞40.collide with run into v. 碰撞41.colossal enormous a. 巨大的memorate celebrate v.庆祝;纪念monly generally/normally adv.通常地pact concise/compresseda.紧密的;简明的parable equivalent a.可比较的parative relative a. 相当的pel push v. 强迫pelling convincing/persuasive/forcing a.令人信服的; 强烈的;引人入胜的pensate reimburse v. 赔偿pensate for balance phr./v. 赔偿plaint protest v. 抗议plement supplement n.补充物plement add to v. 补充pletely totally ad. 完全地plex elaborate a. 复杂的plex system n.复合物;综合体plicated complex/made things moredifficult a.复杂的ponent constituent a.组成的position mixture n.合成物prehensive understandable a.能理解的prehensive complete a.全部的prehensive thorough a.全面的;彻底的prise form/make up v. 组成pulsory required a. 必须的65.consensus agreement n. 一致66.concern interest v.感兴趣67.concept idea n. 观念，概念68.confined simple a.简明的，简要的69.conclusive final/ultimate a.最后的70.concur agree v. 同意71.conducive contributive a.有助于...的72.configuration arrangement/form/shapen. 布局;结构73.confine limit/boundary/restrict v.限制74.confined limited a. 有限的75.confined to limited to v. 仅限于76.confront face v. 面临77.congeal solidify v.使凝结78.congregate gather v.（使）集合79.cope adapt v. 处理80.consecutive successive a.连续的81.consensus agreement n. 一致82.consequence result/importance n.结果83.consequent later/resultant/resultinga. 随后的;作为结果的84.consequential significant a. 重要的Day 41.consequently therefore/thus/as a resultad.因此2.conserve save v. 保存3.consider think as/view as/think aboutv. 考虑;认为4.considerable substantial/significantv. 相当大的5.considerably greatly ad. 相当大地6.consist of compose of v. 由…组成7.consistent regular/uniform a.一致的8.consistently regularly ad. 一致地9.conspicuous notable/noticeable a.明显的10.constant stable a. 固定的11.constantly always ad. 经常12.constellation collection/combination n.一系列;一群13.constitute make up v.组成，构成14.constitution component n. 构造15.constrain restrict v. 限制16.constraint limit/restriction n. 限制17.consume eat up/ use completelyv.消耗;吃;喝吃;喝18.consumed used up v. 消耗19.consumption utilization n. 消耗20.contains includes v. 包含21.contemplate consider v. 沉思22.contemporary modern a. 现代的23.contention debate n. 争辩，辩论24.contentious disputed a. 好争吵的25.context environment n. 环境26.contiguous neighboring a. 邻近的27.continual constant a.不间断的;连续的28.continuous uninterrupted/ongoing a.连续的;持续的29.contour outline vt. 画轮廓30.contrive create/invent v. 发明31.controversy conflict/disagreement n.冲突32.conventional customary/traditional a. 习惯的;惯例的33.converging concentrating a.收缩的34.convert transform v. 使转变35.convert into change to v. 转变成36.convey communicate v. 传达，沟通37.convict condemn/sentence/doom v.宣判38.conviction (strong)belief n.坚定的相信39.convince persuade vt. 劝说，说服40.cope with handle/deal with phr./v.应付;处理41.copious plentiful a.丰富的;大量的42.core center n. 核心;要点43.correlate match v. 相关，关联44.correspondence harmony n. 一致45.correspondingly accordingly ad. 相应地46.corroborate confirm v.证实;确证47.costly expensive a. 贵重的48.counsel advise v. 忠告49.countless innumerable a. 数量多的50.counter oppose/act against v. 反对51.counter of in the opposite of a. 相反的52.counterpart version(版本)/similitude(类似物)/ equivalent(同等物) n. 复本;副本53.countervail compensate/oppose v. 抵销54.couple associate v.与…联系起来55.couple with together with 把..连同在一起56.covered included a.隐蔽的;有盖的57.cramp confine v. 限制58.crawl move v. 爬行59.create invent v. 创作60.creative inventive a. 创造的61.credible believable a. 可信的62.crest peak n. 顶峰63.crisis disturbance n. 危机，混乱64.criteria standard n. 标准65.critical crucial/essential a.关键的66.criticize debate(争论) v. 批评;责备67.crucial important a.重要的68.crucially decisively ad. 关键地69.crushed ground a.碾碎了的70.culminate climax v. 达到顶点71.culminate in peak 达到顶点；以…告终72.culmination high point n. 最高点73.cumbersome awkward/clumsy/unwieldya.笨重的;麻烦的74.curb control v. 控制;遏止75.curing hint/clue n. 暗示76.current present a. 现在的77.cushioned protect v. 保护78.dam block v. 筑坝79.dangle hang v. 悬摆80.daring bold a.大胆的81.debate argue v. 辩论82.deceive mislead v. 欺骗83.decimate destroy v. 大量毁灭84.decimation destruction n. 大量毁灭85.deficient inadequate a. 不足的86.degree extent/measure n. 程度Day 51.deliberation discussion n. 考虑2.delicate dainty/fragile a. 易碎的3.delight please v. 使高兴4.delight pleasure n. 高兴5.deluxe lavish a. 奢华的6.demand need n.需要;需求7.demise extinction n. 死亡8.demography population n.人口统计9.dense crowded/thick a.稠密的;密集的10.designate assign v. 指定11.depend rely on v.依赖;依靠12.dependable reliable a.可信赖的13.depict describe/portray/picture v.描述14.depletion drain n. 消耗15.deplete exhaust vt. 耗尽，用尽16.deposit accumulate/lay down v.沉积;放下;放置17.derive arise v. 源于;导出18.designate dry a. 干的19.design create v. 设计20.designate identify v. 命名;指定21.despite even though prep. 尽管22.despondent unhappy a. 沮丧的23.detected identified vt. 认出;识别24.determine figure out vt. 决定；判决25.detractor critic n.诽谤者26.detrimental harmful a.有害的;不利的27.devastate destroy v. 毁坏;破坏28.deviate digress v. 偏离29.deviation departure n. 背离30.devise create v.设计;发明31.devoid of lack of/without/scant of a. 缺乏的32.devoted dedicated a. 虔诚的;专心的33.devoted to concentrated on a. 虔诚的;专心致志的34.devour eat vt. 吞食35.discernible noticeable a.可感知到36.dictate determine/order v.口授;命令37.differential uneven a 差别的38.diffuse travel//spread(out) v.扩散39.dilemma problem n. 进退两难40.diligent careful a. 勤奋的41.diligently carefully ad.勤奋地42.dilute reduce v. 稀释;使薄弱43.dim decrease v. 变暗淡44.dim weak a. 暗淡的45.dimension aspect/size n. 尺寸；次元46.disassemble break apart/break up v.拆开47.disband dismiss/throw away/throw upv.解散;遣散48.discern identify v. 识别49.discernible noticeable/discriminatinga.可辨别的50.discharge release v. 释放51.discipline punish v. 惩罚52.discrete separate a. 分开的53.disentangle disband v. 解开54.disgust distaste v. 厌恶55.disintegrate break apart/fall apart/tearapart v. 分解;碎裂56.dismantle demolish v.拆开;拆除57.disorder anarchy n. 混乱58.dispensable not necessary a.非必要的59.dispersal distribution n.散布;驱散60.disperse scatter vt. 分散61.dispersal spread n.传播，散布62.displace move out of position v. 迫使(人)离开63.disposition temperament n. 性格;性情64.dispute contention/argument n.争论65.disruption disturbance n. 破坏，干扰66.dissipate disperse v. 驱散67.dissipated dispersed a. 分散的68.dissuade discourage v. 劝阻69.distant far a. 遥远的70.distinct clear and recognizable a.清楚的;明确的71.distinction difference n. 差别72.distinction honor/excellence n. 荣誉73.distinctive characteristic a.有特色的74.distinguish notice from the difference v.区别;识别75.distribute spread v. 分配;散布76.distribution dispersion/ geographic rangen. 散布;分布区域77.disturb upset v.打乱；扰乱78.diverse distinct/various a.不同的79.diversification emergence of many varietiesn. 多样化80.divert deflect/shift v. 转向，转移81.diversity variety n.多样性82.diversify vary vt. 使多样化83.divest deprive/get rid of v. 剥夺84.doctrine principle n. 原则85.domestic home a. 家庭的;国内的Day 61.dormant hibernated/inactive a.休眠的2.dramatic striking a.引人注目的3.dramatically greatly/noticeably ad.戏剧性地;引人注目地4.drastic extreme a.激烈的5.Drastically obviously/severely ad.大大地6.dual double a.双的;双重的7.duplicate copy v.复制8.duplicate repeat n.复本9.durable lasting a.经久的;持久的10.duration length n. 持续11.dwellers inhabitant n. 居民12.earn acquire v. 赚得;赢得13.ease facilitate(使容易) v. 使减轻14.eccentric erratic a. 古怪的;反常的15.eccentric strange a. 古怪的;反常的16.edible eatable a. 可食用的17.efface eliminate v. 消去18.effort attempt n. 努力；试图19.elaborate detailed/dainty a.精巧的;详尽的20.elaboration use n.经营，使用21.elapsed passed a.过去的;经过的22.element weather condition n. 恶劣的天气23.elevate raise vt. 举起，提升24.eliminate removev. 排除;消除25.elite excellent person n. 精英26.elusive difficult to catch a.难懂的27.emanate emerge v. 散发;产生28.embark on start v. 从事(着手)29.embed insert/implant/enclose v.插入;植入30.emergence appearance n. 出现31.emergency crisis n. 紧急情况32.emergent developing a. 新兴的33.empirical based on observation 经验主义的34.employ use v. 利用35.enable allow v. 使能够36.enactment establishment n. 制定37.encapsulate state briefly v. 概述38.encounter meet vt. 遭遇，邂逅39.encourage stimulate v. 激励；刺激40.end purpose n. 目的41.endangered not abundant a.濒临绝种的42.endeavor enterprise n. 努力43.endorse support n. 认可，支持44.endow provide/ bestow v. 捐赠，提供45.enduring withstanding a. 耐心的46.enigmatic mysterious a. 神秘的47.engrave carve v. 雕刻48.engulf swallow v. 吞没49.enhance increase /improve /intensifyv. 提高;增强50.enjoy experience v. 经历51.enlist obtain v. 谋取52.enormous great a. 巨大的53.enormous very large/huge a. 庞大的54.enrich enhance v. 使富足55.ensue result v. 因…产生56.ensuing subsequent a.接着发生的57.ensure guarantee v. 保证;担保58.entail involve v. 牵涉59.enthusiastic eager a. 热情的60.entirely wholly ad. 完全地，彻底地61.environment setting n. 环境62.envision imagine vt. 想象63.ephemeral short-lived/ transient a.短暂的64.episode event n. 事件65.epitomize exemplify v. 摘要，概括66.equilibrium balance n. 平衡67.era period n. 时代;年代68.eradicate remove completely v. 根除69.erect build v. 建立70.erratic unpredictable a.不稳定的71.erratic irregular a. 不稳定的72.erroneous wrong a. 错误的73.escalate extend v. 逐步扩大74.essential crucial/required a.极重要的;必须的Day 71.essentially fundamentally ad. 本质上2.established qualified a. 已制定的3.establishment formation(构成) n. 建立4.estimate projection n. 估计5.estimation evaluation n. 估计6.euphoric extremely happy a.心情愉快的7.evaluate judge v. 评价8.eventual later/ final a. 最后的9.eventually finally/later/ultimately/in theend/over time ad. 最后，终于10.evidence proof n. 证据11.evident apparent/ obvious a. 明显的12.evokearouse/draw/produce/promote/stimulate/create in mind v. 唤起;引起13.evolve develop vt. 发展，进化14.exaggerate overstate v. 夸张;夸大15.excavate dig out v. 挖掘16.excavation dug-out n. 挖掘17.exceed surpass v. 超越;胜过18.extol praise v. 赞美19.extraneous rom outside/inessential a.无关的20.extraordinary exceptional a. 异常的21.exude release/give off v. 渗出;发散22.fabricate produce v. 制造23.facet aspect n. 方面24.facilitate make easier 使容易25.faithful loyal a. 忠诚的26.far-reaching extensive a. 深远的;广泛的27.far-reaching broad a. 深远的;广泛的28.fascinating extremely attractive a.迷人的29.fashion make v. 形成;造30.fashion way n. 样子;方式31.fashionable popular a. 流行的;时尚的32.fastidious demanding a. 苛求的Day 81.feasible achievable a. 可实行的2.feasible practical a. 可实行的3.feasible probable a. 可能的4.feast eating n. 盛宴5.ferry transport n. 渡轮6.fertile reproductive a.肥沃的;多产的7.figure out map(详细规划) phr.计算出;解决8.figuring out mapping v. 计划9.finding discovery n. 发现10.first and foremost above all phr.首先; 首要地11.flake fragment n. 小薄片12.flattery praise n. 恭维13.flaw fault n. 缺点14.flee run away from v. 逃走15.flexible adaptable a. 易适应的16.float stay on the top v. 漂浮17.float upward rise phr./v. 浮起18.flourish prosper/ thrive v.繁荣;兴旺19.flourish succeed v. 繁荣；兴旺20.flourishing prosperous a. 繁荣的21.flow movement n. 流动22.fluctuate change v. 变动23.fluctuation variation n. 变动;起伏24.focal point center area n. 焦点25.focus concentrate vt. 使集中26.follow trackv. 跟随27.for instance for example phr. 例如28.forage feed n. 饲料29.forage search for food v.觅食30.foremost important a. 重要的31.formidable excessive a. 巨大的32.foster promote the development of/urge/ encourage v.培养;促进;鼓励33.foul pollute v. 污染34.fracture crack v. 破裂，断裂35.fragment break up v. 使成碎片36.fragmentation break n. 破裂37.fragmentize break up v. 使成碎片38.frankly openly ad. 坦白地39.frankly sincerely ad. 真诚地40.friction conflict n. 争执;不合41.fringe border n. 边缘；边境42.frigid cold a. 寒冷的43.function operation/ utility n.效用;作用44.fundamental basic a. 基础的45.funds money n. 资金46.further additional a. 更远的47.furthermore in addition/moreover a d.此外；而且48.gap opening n. 缺口;裂口49.gear adjust v. 使适合50.generate produce v. 产生51.genuine true a. 真实的，真正的52.genuinely actually ad. 真诚地53.gesture movement n. 姿势，动作54.get accustomed to become used toPhr./v. 习惯55.giant huge a. 巨大的56.give rise to produce phr./v. 引起57.given particular a. 规定的ern regulate/ control v. 统治;管理59.grasp understand v. 领会;理解60.groom clean/ make upv. 装扮;使整洁61.groundless unfounded a. 无根据的62.grounds reasons n. 根据;理由63.groundwork base/basis/foundation n.基础64.grudging unenthusiastic a.勉强的65.guarantee ensure v. 保证;担保66.hairline slight a. 细小的，纤细的67.hallmark characteristic n. 戳记68.halt stop v. 停止，终止69.hamper restrict/make difficultyv. 防碍;束缚70.handy convenient a. 便利的71.haphazard random a. 随意的72.harness use/ utilize v. 利用73.harsh drastic a. 严厉的74.hasty hurried a. 匆匆的75.haul pull v. 拉76.have nothing to do with in no relation tophr./v. 不相干Day 91.havoc destruction n. 浩劫2.hazard danger n. 危险3.heed notice v. 留心;注意4.heighten increase v. 增加;提高5.heir inheritor n. 继承人;后继者6.hence therefore ad. 因此7.heritage legacy/ tradition n. 遗产;传统8.heterogeneous varied a.由不同类组成的9.hide conceal v. 隐藏10.highlight emphasize v. 强调11.hinder interfere with v. 妨碍12.hint clue/implication/ indication/ leadn. 暗示;迹象13.hire employ v. 雇用14.hitherto previously ad. 先前的15.hobby pastime n. 嗜好16.hold support/ keep up v. 支撑;保持17.hollow an empty space n. 中空18.homogeneous uniform a. 同种的19.host of great number n. 大量20.however yet conj. 然而21.hub center n. 中心22.huge large a. 巨大的23.hurdle fence v. 用篱笆围24.hypothetical supposed a. 假设的;假定的25.ice sheet glacier(冰河) n. 冰原26.identical the same a. 同样的27.idiosyncrasies peculiarity n. 特性28.ignite set on firev. 点燃29.illuminate bright/light a. 明亮的30.illusion impression(印象) n. 错觉;幻像31.illusory misleading a. 错觉的32.imaginative creative a. 有创造力的33.immeasurably greatly ad. 无限地34.immediately closest ad. 接近;紧接着35.immense great/ huge/ vast/enormousa.巨大的36.immensely extremely a d. 非常37.immigration movement n. 移居38.immobile fixed a. 固定的;静止的39.immobile motionless a. 静止的40.immobility absence of motion n. 固定;静止41.immoral improper/indecent a. 不道德的42.impediment obstruction n. 妨碍43.impermeable impenetrable/impervious a.不能渗透的44.impetus stimulus v. 刺激;促进45.impetus incentive n. 刺激;促进46.implausible unbelievable a.难以置信的47.implement tool n. 工具48.implement carry out vt. 实施49.imply indicate v. 意味50.imposing impressive a.给人深刻印象的51.imprecise inexact a.不精确的52.Improbable unlikely a.不像会发生的53.in fact actually phr. 事实上54.in great demand in popularity phr. 普遍55.in respect to in term of phr. 就…而言56.inaccessible unreachable a. 难接近的57.inadvertently unintentionally ad. 非故意地58.inaugurate introduce vt. 开创59.inauspicious unfavorable a.不吉利的60.incentive motive n. 动机；刺激61.inception beginning n. 起初62.incidentally by the way ad. 顺便一提63.inclement unfavorable a.(气候)严酷的64.inclination tendency n. 倾向65.inconceivable unimaginable a. 难以置信的66.inconclusive without result(毫无结果)a.不确定的67.incorporate merge/include v. 吸收;并入;包含68.incredible unbelievable a. 难以置信的69.incursion invasion n. 入侵70.indicate demonstrate v. 指示71.indigenous native a.本土的;土生土长的72.indiscriminately at random ad. 无差别地73.indispensable essential/ necessarya.不可缺少的Day 101.Indispensable needed/required/vital/significant a.不可缺少的2.indistinct not clear a. 模糊的，不清楚的3.induce bring/ cause v. 引起4.inducement incentive n. 诱因5.ineffectively without any result ad.无效地6.inert motionless/ motiveless a. 迟缓的;惰性的7.inevitable unavoidable a.不可避免的8.inference conclusion n. 推断的结果9.infirm weak a. 不坚定的;衰弱的10.inflate expand v. 膨胀;扩大11.inflating enlarging n. 充气，扩大12.inflicting bring out/impose v. 使承受13.infrastructure foundation n. 基础建设14.infrequent uncommon a. 罕见的15.ingenious very clever a.心灵手巧的16.ingenuity cleverness/creativeness/inventiveness/resourcefulness n.心灵手巧;独创性17.inherent essential/internal/instinctive a.内在的;固有的; 与生俱来的18.inherent in characteristic of a.与生俱来的19.inherently essentially ad. 固有地20.inhibit hinder/ restrict v. 约束;抑制21.inhospitable unfavorable/ adverse a.冷淡的;不适宜的22.initial first a. 最初的23.initialing beginning v. 开始；创建24.initially originally ad. 最初;开头25.initiate begin v. 开始;创始26.initiate start v. 开始;创始27.innovation new n. 革新;创新28.innovative new a. 创新的29.inordinate excessive a. 过度的30.insight into perceive 洞察31.install put in place v. 放置，安置32.Instant moment n. 片刻;瞬间33.instantaneous immediate a. 即刻的34.instigate incite/caused v. 唆使;煽动35.instructive informative v. 富有教育意义的36.insufficient inadequate a. 不足的37.intact untouched/ complete a.完好的38.in tandem together ad. 共同，一起39.intangible immaterial/immaterial a.无形的40.integral essential a. 不可或缺的41.intense strong/extremea. 强烈的42.intentionally deliberately ad. 有意地43.intercourse exchange n. 交流44.interlock link v. 互锁，连接45.intermediate in-between a./n. 中间的46.intermingle interact vt. 使混合47.interplay interaction n. 相互作用48.intimate close a. 亲密的49.intricate complex/carefully shaped a.复杂的50.intrigue interest v. 引发…兴趣51.intriguing fascinating a. 迷人的52.intrinsic essential/ inherent a. 本质的;内在的53.intrinsically fundamentally ad. 本质地，固有地54.intrusive invasive a. 侵入的55.invade move into v. 入侵;侵犯56.invaluable highly useful a. 极宝贵的57.invariably always ad. 始终如一地;一贯地58.invent devise v. 发明59.Inviolable without exception/allowing noattack a.不可违背的60.invoke appeal/ call upon v. 垦求,祈求61.irrecoverable permanent a.不能挽回的62.irreparable permanent a.不能挽回的63.isolated separated a. 孤立的;分离的64.jettison abondan/grop/reject/get rid ofv. 抛弃65.jolt shock v. 震动;震惊Day 111.judge estimate v. 评判2.junction connection n. 连接;接合3.juncture connection n. 连接;接合4.justified right/supposed a.正当的，假定的5.justify prove v. 证明...是正当的6.key significant/ important a. 重要的;关键的7.justly rightly ad. 正当地，公正地8.keep turn to maintain 保持9.key critical a. 关键的ding cargo/ shipment n. 货物ndscape scenery n. 风景;景色g delay n. 落后rge extensive a.大的;大量的rgely mostly ad. 大部分;主要地unch initiate/ start v. 发起;发动x careless a. 马马虎虎的；不严谨的17.legendary famous a. 传奇的，著名的18.legitimacy authority n. 合法性19.legitimately properly ad. 正当地;合法地20.leisure free time n. 闲暇21.leisurely slowly a.悠闲的;从容不迫地22.lethal fateful/ deadly a. 致命的23.liberal extensive a. 宽大的24.liken to compare v. 比较25.likewise similarly ad. 同样地26.linger wander/ stroll v. 徘徊;漫步27.link put together/connect/consistof v. 连接; 结合28.listening advertent a. 留神听的29.livelihood means of support n.生活;生计30.locale place n. 现场;场所31.locate find v. 找出32.location place n. 位置，地点33.lucrative profitable a. 有利益的34.luxuriant thriving a. 茂盛的35.magnify enlarge/ increase v. 放大;加大36.magnitude amount/ extent n. 量；大小;巨大;广大37.maintain continue v. 维持;使继续38.majestic magnificent a. 壮观的39.make their way travel phr./v. 前进40.malleable pliable a. 有延展性的41.mandatory required/ obligatory a. 强制的;义务的42.manifest reveal v. 表明;显现43.manipulate control v. 操纵44.marked considerable/ significant a. 显着的45.markedly distinctly/noticeably ad. 显着地46.marvelously remarkably ad. 引人注目地47.mask cover/disguise v. 遮避;掩护;伪装48.massive enormous/ huge a. 巨大的49.mastery control n. 控制50.match equal v. 相配，等于51.materialize come into being 产生，形成52.matter issue n. 问题;事件53.mature get older a. 成熟的54.maximum greatest size n. 最大量55.meager very low/thin a. 贫乏的；极低的56.mean average n. 平均值57.mechanism means n. 机制，原理58.mere subsistence minimize survival 最低的维持生存59.merely only/simply/no more than ad. 仅仅60.merit worth n. 价值61.merge blend/ combine v.合并;融合62.meticulously carefully ad. 小心地63.microbe germ n. 微生物;细菌estone significant event n. 里程碑;划时代的事件Day 12ky way galaxy n. 银河。

托福听力讲义_图文

新托福强化听力讲义新托福考试听力部分介绍1. 新托福和旧托福的对比2. 题量，时间，分数3. 题目的考查形式考场环境：独立电脑，耳机，铅笔，草稿本电脑环境：图片，视频，声音，板书新题型：双选题，重听题，表格配对题答题时间：总时间限制，每题分配时间不限答题流程：永不悔改4. 文章材料的考查形式文章结构：删除了旧托福的PART A 部分，更加注重于对于能力的考查文章长度：比旧托福长文章语速：无所谓快慢，比旧托福更加贴近真实的学习生活文章类型：对话，独白，讨论 CONVERSATION 文章思路LECTURE 文章思路第1页5. 新托福考试题型概述第2页第3页6. 界面展示第4页7. IBT 新托福资料说明——听力部分第5页托福听力中的九大语音问题1. 语速问题托福听力过程中的语速问题如何解决语速问题2. 连读问题托福听力过程中的连读问题（1）关键性词语出现连读：否定形式● not at all：The meeting yesterday wasn’t at all boring.（2）常用性词语出现连读● for him连读中的基本规则（1）辅音+元音连读● I was found on the ground by the fountain about a field of a summer stride. ● Not at all. ● Rush hour.● This dictionary is not exactly what I wanted but it will do. ● Travel agency, travel agent（2）辅音+辅音连读● So me money, bike key（3）元音+元音连读● Be on time（4） H 连读● I lent him a book.● Larry is taking a lot of art, isn’t he?● The stuff the nurse gave me seemed to have helped.● I must have left my keys at my sister’s house. ● She learned to use the computer on her own.（5）其他特殊连读● 【t 】+【j 】=【ch 】：meet you, hurt you, that your ● 【d 】+【j 】=【dg 】：would you, hand your, did you ● 【s 】+【j 】=【sh 】：miss you, this year ● 【z 】+【j 】=【g 】：as usual, because you● Example: won ’t you, don ’t you, didn ’t you, haven ’t you, hadn ’t you, wouldn ’t you,weren ’t you, last year, next year, not yet, did you, had you, would you, I advice you, I use your, how’s your如何解决连读问题3. 失爆问题托福听力过程中的失爆问题：【p 】，【b 】，【t 】，【d 】，【k 】，【g 】任意两个连续出现就会发生失爆现象● Sit down, good night, friendly ● -this ca lculator isn’t working right.-I think you’ve got the battery in upside down.如何解决失爆问题4. 略读问题托福听力过程中的略读问题：书写时将两个或多个相邻的单词省略某些字母而连接起来● I am = I’m, you have = you’ve, how is = how’s, that would = that’d ● Doesn ’t, didn’t, shouldn’t, hadn’t, hasn’t, wouldn’t, won’t● Official guide P199：OK. So we’ve talked about some different types of root systems of plants,and I’ve shown you some pretty cool slides, but now I want to talk about the extent of the rot system- the overall size of the root system…the depth.如何解决略读问题● I’m, you’re, she’s, they’re, there’s, he’s, who’s● We ’ve, he’ll, she’d, she’ll, she’s, they’d, they’ve, they’ll ● Can ’t, weren’t, won’t, aren’t, wouldn’t, shouldn’t ● Gotta, gonna5. 弱读问题托福听力过程中的弱读问题（1）介词弱化：● stay at home, do it for fun, come from China, go in the house, a cup of coffee, the train toParis（2）代词弱化：● Phone us when you are free. ● I’ve lost my book.（3）连词弱化：● Please give me some cream and sugar. ● Either Tom or Peter can come.如何解决弱读问题6. 英美音差异问题托福听力过程中的英美音问题（1）【r 】音问题● Idea, really● They weren’t at the dorm last night.(A They went to the dormitory. (B They didn’t go to the dormitory.● -The snow is really coming down, isn’t it?-Rarely do we have so much snow in December. -What does the man mean?(A it is typical December weather for this region.(B such a large amount of snow is unusual for this month.（2）【o 】【a:】● Glass, class, fast ● Hot, box, rock（3）其他情况● Neither如何解决英美音问题● 常见易混音：Course-cause, once more-one small, career-Korea, worse-was, bore-ball,door-doll, core-call, tear-tea, short-shot● 不加儿化音的词：China, Australia, banana, wall● 常见英美音不同读法：Neither, either, record, cupboard, cassette, garage, laboratory, adult,ordinarity, secretary, dictionary7. 词性变音问题托福听力过程中的词性变音问题● Method- methodically● 校园词汇的变音：meterology, economics, geography 如何解决词性变音问题● Company-companion, library-librarian, geography-geographical, ignore-ignorant,photo-photographer-photographic, declare-declaration, economy-economic-economical, invite-invitation, technology-technological, type-typical, wild-wildness8. 缩写问题托福听力过程中的缩写问题● Sitcom ● Chem lab ● prof如何解决词性缩写问题● Intro. Course = introductory course 导论性课 Demo = demonstration 演示Memo =memorandum 备忘录Info. = Information 信息 Expo = exposition 博览会Chem.= chemistry 化学 Comm. = commerce 商业 Tech = technology 技术 Ad.= advertisement 广告Dorm = dormitory 寝室 M.A. = Master of Arts 文学硕士 M.S. = Master of Science 理学硕士 B.A. =Bachelor of Arts文学士 B.S. = Bachelor of Science理学士alga = algebra 代数学、代数 anat = anatomy 解剖学、解剖 archit = architecture 建筑学、建筑 arith = arithmetic 算术、算术 astron= astronomy 天文学、天文eng = engineering工程学、工程 electr = electricity电学、电 fin = finance 财政学、财政 geol = geology 地质学、地质 geom = geometry 几何学、几何 gram = grammar 文法 hist = history历史、史 ling = linguistics语言学、语言 maths = mathematics数学、数学 mech = mechanics 机械学、机械 med = medical医学、医 met = meteorology气象学、气象 myth = mythology 神话 phil = philosophy哲学 phon = phonetics 语言学、语言 photo = photography摄影术、摄影phys = physics物理学、物理 physiol = physiology生理学、生理 pol = politics政治学、政治 psych = psychology心理学、心理9. 数字问题托福听力过程中的数字问题● 逗号原则● 1,234,567,890:● ＝: equal to, the same as ● ≠: difference● ↑: increase, promote, enhance, improve ● ↓: decrease, fall, worsen● ＋: plus, add, besides, moreover ● －: minus, deduct, except ● →: result in, lead to● ←: originate from, date back to● √: correct, good, positive, affirmative ● ×: wrong, bad, mistaken, negative ● ☆: outstanding, elite● ∵: because, owing to, thanks to, since, as● ∴: therefore, consequently, as a result, so, hence ● ∑: total, amount ● γ: government 缩写● able BL: PRB L， RSBL ，DBL ● ing G: SHPG ● tion N: OPTN，NAN ● ment T: AGRMT ● ize Z: RCGNZ，OGNZ ● tive TV: EFCTV，● ful FL: SCFL ● less LS: RGDLS ● ent/ant T: URGT ● al/ial L: ARVL练习Sample Script:American universities have been offering classes online through computers for a number of years. Now, some newly created colleges are offering academic degrees online. One university offers both bachelor’s degrees and master’s degrees. Official say they try to provide students with a social experience as well as an educational one. For example, in some programs, groups of the same six students progress through all their classes together. They communicate by computer. Another online school uses a problem-solving method of teaching. Students attempt to solve real problems in their classes online instead of reading information.Students who have taken online classes say they like them because they do not have to travel to building at a set time to listen to a professor. Professors say they have better communication with students through e-mail notes than they do in many traditional classes.新托福听力文章套路1. 托福听力中的重点原则原则一：大写原则原则二：开头结尾原则：3T-2M 原则原则三：重复原则原则四：转折对比原则原则五：强调原则原则六：比较原则原则七：建议原则原则八：举例原则原则九：现在原则原则十：解释原则原则十一：因果原则原则十二：观点态度原则原则十三：特殊问句原则2. 举例：OFFICIAL GUIDE PRACTICE SET 1——CONVERSATION3. 举例：OFFICIAL GUIDE PRACTICE SET 2——LECTURE1. 课程相关事务场景场景特点：主要涉及到一些和课程相关事项的解决方法。

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All forms of energy are expensive, but as time progresses, renewable energy generally gets cheaper, while fossil fuels generally get more expensive.
Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry are more important than saving land for endangered animals. Do you agree or disagree with this point of view?(2008-3-15)
As humans, we are living in an era when the whole world is incurring the greatest loss of plants and animals since the mega-extinctions of the Jurassic Period.
Disagree; we should be open to advice of various kinds.
Friends of the similar age derstand us better and thus in a better position of offering practical suggestions.
People could change some small habits to those favored by environment. Payments can be done online to save the receipts produced and the gasoline on the way of traveling. A phone call to the company could cancel the junk mail they send to you for advertising and save your part of papers. To leave enough time for lunch and dine in the cafeteria instead of “to go” could save the foam plates and paper cups.
With more similar experiences and backgrounds, they can come up with more valuable proposals.
Admittedly, older friends, being more experienced, are capable of providing more contributing solutions.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Environmental problems are too complex that individuals can almost contribute nothing. (2010-1-23)
Government could publicize the importance of energy conservation and teach people how to do from petty details in daily life via media.
Government could take some practical measures (awards or punishments) to encourage energy conservation.
the humorous friends can contribute to the pleasant time to spend with him/her.
Friends with a sense of humor can be helpful to you especially when you are experiencing a hard time.
第七节环保
共计4个题目，历年共进行7次考察。
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? For governments, the best way to encourage energy conservation is to increase the prices of gasoline and electricity.(2008-9-28)
One should be careful with making friends for their intelligence.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The advice you take from the friends who are older than you is more valuable than that taken from the friends at your age. (2009-11-1)
The individual contribution to protecting the environment could be made when they exert political right as citizens. In the elections people who are concerned with the environment issues could vote for the candidate that will ensure the policies favoring them.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is possible for people with no common interests and personalities to become friends. (2009-1-24)
In the choices of personal consumptions, individual behavior can influence the entire global market. A gram of cocaine can destroy four square meters of forest. Avoid dealing with drugs and it will do your part for the environment. Similarly, if one stops being a buyer of wild animal products, the left animals win a higher chance to survive.
第八节交友
共计6个题目，历年共进行8次考察。
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A friend who is intelligent is more important than a friend who has a sense of humor. (2008-1-4)
The diversity of life/biological diversity ensures the balance and prosperity of ecosystem on Earth. The extinction of any species would trigger chain reaction and indirectly catch human beings ourselves in danger.
Fossil fuels are not green/eco-friendly. Burning fossil fuels produces air pollutants and carbon dioxide. While new resources are relatively clean.
Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources. They take millions of years to form, and reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made. One day, human beings would definitely run out of fossil fuels if we keep consuming them at the same pace. Therefore, it is urgent for us to substitute renewable resources or non-fossil resources in case of energy crisis. A global movement toward the generation of renewable energy is therefore under way to help meet increased energy needs.
作业：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Environmental problems are too complex that individuals can almost contribute nothing. (2010-1-23)
Human beings may be caught in food crisis.

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