上海交大网络 《外贸函电》复习 整理版
《外贸英语函电》期末试题 A(含答案)
《外贸英语函电》试题册（A卷）开卷（）闭卷（）考试时长：120分钟使用班级：命题教师：主任签字:I. Match the English words and phrases in the left column with their Chinese translation in the right column.将左列的英语单词表达与右列相应的中文表达连线。
（每题1分，共10分）1.REGESTERED A.分批装运2.confirmed letter of credit B.保险费3.counter-offer C.侵权4.processing according to supplied samples D.保兑信用证5.in duplicate E.挂号6.irrevocable L/C F.来样加工7.partial shipment G.请回复8.premium H.还盘9.infringement I.一式两份10.R.S.V.P J.不可撤销信用证II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T or F as your answer. 判断以下句子的正误，答案用T或F表示。
（每题2分，共10分）1.In business letter writing, you should use straightforward, simple and appropriate English in correctsentence structures to convey your meaning, avoiding ambiguous language and misunderstanding.2.When writing a reply to a letter seeking cooperation, one should not indicate clearly whether he acceptsthe proposal or not.3. A firm offer, once accepted, cannot be withdrawn or revised within the validity date.4.To avoid mistakes or misunderstanding in terms of trade, it’s necessary and important to send lettersconfirming purchase or sales.5.Collection can be divided into clear collection and documentary collection.III. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words. 用给出词的正确形式填空。
外贸函电考试题库及答案
外贸函电考试题库及答案外贸函电是指在国际贸易中，买卖双方或其代理人之间就商品交易、合同履行、结算、运输、保险等事项进行沟通的书面文件。
以下是外贸函电考试题库及答案的示例内容：# 一、选择题1. 外贸函电的主要作用是什么？- A. 传递情感- B. 促进交流- C. 记录交易- D. 以上都是答案：C2. 以下哪项不是外贸函电的基本组成部分？- A. 信头- B. 信尾- C. 附件- D. 信封答案：D3. 在外贸函电中，"Dear Sirs" 是用来称呼什么的？- A. 女士- B. 先生们- C. 尊敬的收信人- D. 以上都不是答案：C# 二、填空题4. 外贸函电中，"Subject:" 后面通常跟的是_______。
答案：信件主题5. 当需要表达紧急性时，可以在外贸函电的信头部分加上 "_______"。
答案：Urgent# 三、简答题6. 简述外贸函电中报价信的主要内容。
答案：报价信通常包括以下内容：- 信头（包括发信人和收信人的名称、地址、联系方式等）- 信件日期- 称呼- 引言（说明写信目的）- 商品描述（包括产品名称、规格、型号等）- 报价（包括价格、货币单位、价格条款等）- 报价有效期- 付款条件- 交货期- 其他条款（如包装、运输方式等）- 结尾语- 签名# 四、案例分析题7. 阅读以下外贸函电案例，并回答问题：```Subject: Inquiry for Product XDear Sirs,We are interested in your product X and would like to know more about it. Could you please provide us with the following information?- Product specifications- Quantity available- Price details- Delivery timeWe look forward to your prompt reply.Best regards,[Your Name][Your Company][Your Contact Information]```问题：- 这封信属于哪种类型的外贸函电？- 信中询问了哪些信息？答案：- 这封信属于询价函电。
交大网院进出口业务期末复习资料(有答案)
《进出口业务》期末复习资料同学们好！现将期末考试复习资料发给大家，以便使大家尽快进入总复习阶段。
本资料所给出的范围占考试内容的70%。
对于同学们来说，《进出口业务》课程是一门很重要的专业课程和学位课程，希望同学们通过期末复习对所学习的内容有更进一步的理解和掌握。
第一部分：试题类型说明一、单项选择题在下列各题中，请在给定的答案中分别选择一个最适合的答案。
（每题2分，共20分）二、多项选择题在下列各题中，每题都会有两个或两个以上的答案，请在给定的答案中分别选出所有最适合的答案。
（每题3分，共30分）三、结合实践回答下列问题（每题10分，共20分）四、计算下列各题（每题10分，共20分，计算过程中小数点后保留2位数字）五、案例题（10分）第二部分：复习题目一、单项选择题（每题2分）在下列各题中，在给定的答案中选择一个最适合的答案。
1、FOB班轮条件（FOB liner Terms）,是指装卸费用由（ A）方负责支付。
A. 买方；B. 卖方；C.承运人；D.船公司。
2、一国的关境不可能：（ B）A. 等于国境；B. 大于国境；C.小于国境；D.有多个关境。
3、CIF班轮条件（CIF liner Terms）,是指装卸费用由（ B）方负责支付。
A. 买方；B. 卖方；C.承运人；D.船公司。
4、借单提货行为一般发生在（ C ）交易过程中。
A. 承兑交单；B.即期付款交单；C.远期付款交单；D.电汇。
5、选用FOB术语时，风险的转移和费用分担的分界点都为（ B ）。
A. 吊车下B. 货装到船上C. 装运港仓库D.装运港码头。
6、选用CFR术语时，风险的转移的分界点应该为（ B ）。
A. 吊车下B. 货越过船舷C. 装运港仓库D.装运港码头。
7、选用CIF术语时，卖方要支付到达（ A ）的运费。
A. 目的港B. 买方仓库C. 目的港仓库D.装运港码头。
8、CIP 是（ A ）的缩写。
A. Carriage and Insurance Paid to （…named place of destination）；B. Cost and Insurance Paid to（…named place of destination）；C. Cost、Insurance and Place（…named place of destination）；D. 无合适的答案9、所谓争议（Disputes），是指交易的一方认为另一方未能（ B ）履行合同规定的责任而引起的业务纠纷。
自考《外贸函电》复习习题(精品文档)_共5页
外贸函电复习提要一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分)在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。
1. We trust you will do your best to have this matter _____ right away.A. settleB. to settleC. settlingD. settled2. __________ we would like to close the business with you, we find your bid unacceptable.A. Much asB. MuchC. However muchD. Despite3. We agree to continue business ______ the terms _________ stated in our Contract No 46.A. on, onB. on, asC. as, asD. as, on4. The analysis of the first shipment is not satisfactory _______ certified by the China Commodity Inspection Bureau.A. afterB. which isC. as isD. has been5. We are looking forward to _____ your L/C for Order No 123.A. receiveB. receivingC. be receivedD. be receiving6. By joint efforts we can _____ both friendship and business.A. increaseB. promoteC. expandD. extend7. This is our best price, _____ which we have concluded many orders with other buyers in your city.A. onB. forC. byD. at8. As it involves only a small _____, we hope you will have no difficulty on promotion.A. qualityB. figureC. quantityD. number9. Our payment terms are _____, irrevocable letter of credit for the full invoice value.A. confirmedB. combinedC. committedD. completed10. We demand a compensation for the loss we have thus _____.A. sustainedB. obtainedC. detainedD. entertain11. Please see to it that the goods we ordered are shipped as soon as the covering letter of credit _____ you.A. getsB. comesC. arrivesD. reaches12._____ your information, we have received a crowd of enquiries from buyers in other directions.A. OnB. ForC. ByD. At13.We enclosed our Purchase Confirmation No. 4848 _____ duplicate.A. inB. forC. withD. through14. We cannot _____ present entertain any fresh orders for Younger Brand Men's Shirts.A. ofB. atC. toD. for15._____ you like other items, kindly let us know and we shall be only too pleased to make you offers direct.A. In caseB. In the caseC. In this caseD. In that case16. Generally we cover insurance _____ definite instructions from our clients.( )A. in absence ofB. in the absence ofC. in no absence ofD. in all absence of17. Fifty cases of Green Tea you sent us were found to be badly damaged. This was apparentlyattributable to _____ packing.A. inferiorB. superiorC. faultyD. mistake18. We suggest your order ______ a minimum quantity of 1,000 tons.A. call forB. call onC. calls forD. call at19. In the meantime, please _______ us informed _______ developments _______ your ends.A. have, by, inB. touch, with, onC. fail, by, toD. keep, with, at20. We _____ you for the special offer you send us.A. thankB. appreciateC. be gratefulD. beindebted21. As it _______ only a small quantity, we hope you will have no difficulty in settling this matter.A. has involvedB. involvedC. involvesD. may have involved22. We would like to know something about the styles prevailing ______ your end.A. toB. inC. forD. at23. After inspection of the above shipment we found 5 cases _________.A. missingB. losingC. missedD. lost24. The lid was broken and the case with its contents crushed. It looks _____ the case was not strong enough to stand voyage.A. likeB. as ifC. certainD. likely25.Your failure _____ the goods by the promised date is very incontinent.A. to deliverB. of deliveryC. at deliveryD. on delivery26. We are a state corporation, specializing ______ the export of oilseeds.A. atB. onC. inD. with27. According to the shipping _____ it will be impossible for us to ship the goods in October.A. schemeB. timetableC. planD. schedule28. We cannot entertain your suggestion _____ it does not seem workable.( )A. becauseB. forC. soD. therefore29. We have lodged a claim _____ ABC Co. ______ the quality of the goods shipped _____ M.V. “Peace”.A. against…for…byB. with…for…underC. on…against…as perD. to…for…per30. This offer is firm, subject to your immediate reply _____ should reach us not later than the end of this month.A. itB. theyC. whatD. which31. __________ please find a price list of our new products.A. EnclosingB. EnclosedC. EncloseD. Enclosure32. We lodge a claim _____ you _____the short--weight.A. with…withB. for…forC. with…forD. for …with二、填空题(每空1分，共25分)1. can you offer us machine tools _____ the following specification?2. Your quotation is _____ line _____ the market ______ our end, therefore, you are requested to reduce your limit _____ 10%.3. Please make sure that the stipulations in the L/C are _____ exact accordance _____ the terms of the Sales Contract.4. If you insist ________ your price, there is no possibility _______ getting business done.5. To trade _____ the people of all countries _____ the basis of equality and mutual benefit is our established policy.6. We note from your letter of September 10th that you are interested _____ walnut meat.7. We shall open an L/C _____ you favor _____ Barclay's Bank here _____ the extent of 15000.8. We are unable to comply _____ your request _____ your letter dated October 15th, 2005.9. Black tea, first grade, is out ______ stock now.10.We shall certainly contact you, as soon as we are _____ a position to entertain new business in your district.11.There is always a ready market _____ Sewing Machines, provided they are _____ good quality and competitive in price.12.We shall cancel the contract if you fail to open the relative L/C _____ the end of this year.13.It’s apparent that each sample has been subjected _____ long periods _____ extreme sunlight.14.It is necessary _____ you to comply ______ our shipping instructions.15. We refer _____ you letter of May 2.16. It is our sincere hope that you will direct your efforts _____ the promotion of this new product in your market _____ our mutual benefit.17. We shall be glad to receive you offer _____ walnut meat, shipment, _____ September/October _____ transshipment at Hongkong.18. We prefer Chinese bicycles _____ Japanese bicycles _____ their fine quality.19. Will you send us _____ return mail pamphlets and price list _____ your exports?20. Owing _____ unusual shortage of stock, this offer is made, subject to the goods being unsold.21. We shall cancel the contract if you fail to open the relative L/C _______ the end _________ this year.22. We prefer Red Leaf Brand ______ Swallow Brand.23. There is no question _____ getting the necessary import license ____ our authorities.24. These goods sell ____________ RMB ￥1,800 per ton.25. We hope you will be able to improve your price so that we can bring this business _____ a successful conclusion.26. We are glad to have booked ______ you 10,000 doz. Five Star Brand pencils.27. We wish to point out that this is the best price we can quote and, therefore, any counteroffer _______ you cannot be considered.28. We shall be glad to receive an offer ______ you _______ bicycles.29. We shall inform you ______ the name _______ steamer and the date ______ sailing.30. As regards Goun Lan Brand cups, we would inform you that the few parcels we have _____ present are ______ offer elsewhere.31. We apologize for the delay in shipment and hope you will understand that it is entirely due ____ the cause ______ our control.三、英汉翻译(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)1. As we said previously, it is only in view of our long friendly relations that we extend you this accommodation.2. While we appreciate your order, nil we very much regret that we are unable to accept any fresh orders at present owing to heavy commitments.3.If you make us an offer at competitive prices we can sell a large quantity of chemical product in our district.4. We advised you in our letter of Dec.1, that we would like to place a trial order with you for 50 pieces Flying Pigeon Bicycles.5.After reinspection at the port of destination, the quality of the goods shipped ex S.S.“Red Star” under Contract No. CT7543 was found not in compliance with the contract stipulations.6.We wish to call your attention to the validity of the L/C, since there is no possibility of L/C extension.7.We send you a brochure on the various kinds of bicycle now available for export.8.Please advise us whether you iron nail packed in plywood kegs of 60kgs,net and whether you can ship our order from stock.9.Since the premium varies with the scope of insurance, extra premium is for buyer's account, should additional risks be covered.10. We desire some sample of your products in order to acquaint ourselves with the material and workmanship before we place a large order with you.11. We advised you in our letter of Dec.1, that we would like to place a trial order with you for 50 pieces Flying Pigeon Bicycles.12. We shall be glad to ship the goods by a direct steamer to Vancouver within 30 days after receipt of you L/C.13. As we said previously, it is only in view of our long friendly relations that we extend you this accommodation.14. We wish to call your attention to the validity of the L/C, since there is no possibility of L/C extension.15. Thank you for your kindness and look forward to your continued favors and attention.16. We appreciate your offer of August 6, but we must point out that the proposed quotation will leave us little or no margin of the profit. Couldn’t you grant us a 5% cut in your price so that we may send you large orders?17. We shall appreciate it if you will see to it that the amendment is cabled without delay.18. We would like to inform you that at present we can supply you with various kinds of men's leather shoes.19. Your early reply to our specific inquiry will be highly appreciated.20. We shall appreciate it very much, if you will quote us your lowest price for Walnuts.四、汉英翻译(本大题5小题，每小题3分，共15分)1.鉴于这一事实，我们已将包装改为小木箱。
《外贸函电》复习重点(节选)
《外贸函电》复习重点（节选）《外贸函电》课程是全国高等教育自学考试国际贸易专业专科段必考课程和英语专业的选修课程，是一门融国际贸易业务与英语为一体的实用英语课。
我国已经加入了世界贸易组织，随国际商业往来的日益频繁，对本课程的学习需求与日俱增。
在国际贸易中，买卖双方通过洽商，就各项交易条件取得一致协议后，交易即告达成，买卖双方当事人即存在合同关系。
国际买卖合同的商订是整个交易过程中最重要的一个环节，虽然可以通过口头的方式进行，但实践中，主要是通过函电的方式进行。
1999年出台的《新合同法》第10条和第11条规定：当事人订立合同，有书面形式、口头形式和其他形式。
书面形式是指合同书、信件以及数据电文（包括电报、传真、电子数据交换和电子邮件）等可以有形地表现所载内容的形式。
“函”是“封套”的意思，即是指信件，而“电”即是包括电报、传真、电子数据交换和电子邮件等在内的数据电文的统称。
所以说，函电不仅是洽商国际买卖合同的手段，而且是签订国际买卖合同的主要形式之一。
虽然从狭义的角度讲，《外贸函电》课程属于英语课的范畴，但却有其明显的不同于一般的英语课程的特殊性。
外贸英语函电作为开展对外经济贸易业务和有关活动的重要工具，其课程的开设目的主要是为了让学生能系统地学习、掌握外贸英语函电，主要是书信体的行文结构、专业词汇及语言文体等特点，提高在日常对外经贸工作中正确地使用英语语言和进行对外各项业务联系和通讯活动的能力，以适应对外经济贸易发展的需要。
为了达成这一目的，教材内容按照国际贸易实务程序，涵盖建立业务关系、询价、报盘、外贸政策、还盘、谢绝还盘、确认订货、谢绝订货、实盘、虚盘、续订、形式发票、转交业务关系、支付方式、修改信用证、催开信用证、装运须知、信用证延期、装船、敦促立即装运、请求修改信用证、保险、装运、短重索赔、了结索赔、次品投诉、换货等实务流程，以书信为主体，每课均包括书信范本、生词与表达式、课文注释和课后练习等，旨在使学员了解对外贸易业务各个环节，同时学习和掌握英语在各个业务环节中的应用。
交大网院外贸函电考试复习资料
交大网院外贸函电考试复习资料I Multiple Choices!-5: BABBD 6-10: CADDD 11-15: DCBCD 16-20: ABDBA21-25: CCACAII Concepts1. Agency(1)Why shall a seller appoint an agent in a foreign country to which thegoods are to be exported?KEY: An import reason for appointing an agent in a foreign country to which the goods are to be exported is that the agent knows the local condition and the local market. He also knows what goods are best suited to his area and what prices the market will bear.2. Insurance(1)How is the insurance value calculated?KEY: The insurance value is calculated as：cost of goods + amount of freight + insurance premium + a percentage of profit on the sale of goods(2)As far as foreign trade is concerned, what risks are covered under aninsurance policy?KEY: Sa far as foreign trade is concerned the following three risks are covered under an insurance policy, namely, FPA, WPA and All Risks.3. Payment(1)What is the advantage of payment by L/C?KEY: Letter of credit is a reliable and safe method of payment, facilitating trade with unknown buyers and giving protection to both sellers and buyers.(2)Under what circumstances shall a seller agree to payment by D/A? KEY: Payment by D/A is accepted only when the financial standing of the importer is sound or where a previous course of business has inspired the exported to believe that the importer will be good for payment.4. Quotation, Offer and Counter-offer(1)What is to be included in a satisfactory quotation?KEY: A satisfactory quotation should include the following:(1) An expression of thanks for the enquiry.(2) Details of prices, discounts and terms of payment.(3) A statement of clear indication of what the prices cover ()e.g.: freight and insurance, etc.)(4) An undertaking as to date of delivery or time of shipment.(5) The period for which the quotation is valid.5. Shipment(1)What are the characteristics of liners shipping?KEY: Characteristics of Liner Shipping :(1) The liner has regular line, ports, sailing schedule and relatively fixed freight.(2) It is suitable for cargoes of small quantity(3) Loading and unloading charges are included in the freight.(4) Liner shipping is irrespective of demurrage and dispatch money.(5) It provides good service and simple procedures.6. Packing(1) Why does packing need more care in export trade than in homeKEY: Because export goods usually have to go a long way to reach the destination and sometimes have to go through the ordeal of transport, such as the roughest journey. If export goods are not packed in stronger and tight containers, they will reach the buyer either damaged or part missing.III Terms♦合法持证人bona fide holder♦标签价格tag prices♦物权票据title documents♦(汇票等)期限tenor♦委托人principal♦进款proceeds♦大路货FAQ (Fair Average Quality)♦循环信用证revolving L/C♦打包贷款packing loan♦通风集装箱ventilated container♦海上费用Marine Charges♦会签countersign♦偷窃、提货不着险TPND (Theft, Pilferage & Non-delivery)♦租船合同charter party♦包干运费lump sum freight♦独家代理sole agent♦成本加运费价CER♦标签价tag price♦时价prevailing prices♦救助费用Salvage charges♦有利可图的价格remunerative priceIV. Translation1.我们愿意担任你们现行出口商品的代理，因为我们拥有一个广阔的国内市场。
外贸函电复习资料
外贸函电复习资料第一课复习重点1.经营范围课文中用法： As this item falls（be， lie） within the scope （sphere） of our business activities，（lines）棉布属于我公司经营范围。
替代用法：The item you inquired for comes within the frame of our business activities.你们所询的商品正属于我们的业务经营范围。
We handle the import business of textiles.我公司经营纺织品的进口业务。
We deal in Chinese textiles.我们经营中国纺织品。
We are engaged in the exportation of chemicals.我们经营化工产品的出口。
This shop trades in paper and stationery.这商店经营文具纸张。
We are in the cotton piece goods business. （line）我们经营棉织品。
Cotton Piece Goods are our line.棉布是我公司经营的产品。
Cotton Piece Goods are our main exports.棉布是我们的主要进口商品。
2.建立业务关系课文中用法：to enter into direct business relations with you与你公司建立直接的业务关系。
注意：relations 必用复数； business 可用trade 替代。
与某某建立业务联系，一般用法：to establish business relations with……；to enter into business activities with……；to build up business relations with……；to make business contact with ……。
外贸函电复习
外贸函电复习江苏广播电视大学五年制高职《外贸英语函电》课程复习提纲2008级商务英语专业（第六学期）用一、考核目的本课程主要考查学生熟悉国际商务活动中的各个环节及其特点的能力，考查学生对外贸英语函电基本词汇、句型和格式的掌握，考查学生撰写商务英语函电的能力以及运用英语解决商务活动实际问题的能力。
二、复习依据《世纪商务英语外贸函电》，吴思乐, 胡秋华主编, 大连理工大学出版社,2008年出版。
三、考核内容及试卷题型要求学生重点复习教材《世纪商务英语外贸函电》中第二章到第十一章中:1.Part Three: Typical Sentences,2.Part Four: Sample Letters,3.Part Five: Practical Training试卷题型如下：I. Read the following letters and choose the best one from the given answers for the missing prepositions. (10 points, 1 point each)此项共10小题，每题1分，共10分, 参考第二章至第五章Part Five: Practical Training, Beginning Training的练习2。
II. Supply the missing words in the blanks of the following letter. The first letters are given.(20 points, 1 point each)此项共20小题，每题1分，共20分, 参考第四章至第十一章Part Five: Practical Training, Intermediate Training的练习2。
III. Translate the following sentences. (30 points, 3 points each)此项为翻译题，英翻中5题，中翻英5题，共10题，每题3分，共30分。
外贸函电期末复习
外贸函电期末复习Unit oneVocabularyFavorable 有利的，赞成的，良好的Order 订单Shipment 装运，装货上船Phrases and expressionsRefer to 提到，谈到，查阅In accordance with 依照，与...一致Price list 价格单，价目表Sales terms and conditions 销售条款At on’e request 按某人要求From stock 供现货As an exceotional case 破例*additional cost 额外费用Draw up 起草，草拟Finalize a deal 达成交易Due to arrive 预计到达Put forward 提出In answer/reply 兹复As a rule 作为惯例Reference expressions1. We have just introduced our new computer to the market, and enclosing sales promotional literature to gicve you full detail.我们已经把我们的新电脑引向市场了，并且将促销说明文字作为附件供您作详细参考。
2. Would you kindly send us your qutation for spring and summer clothing that you could supply to us by the end of January next?可以请您接下来在一月底前慷慨地邮寄给我们你能提供的春夏季服装的报价单吗？3. We hope you agree that our prices are very competitive for these good quality clothes, and look forward to receieveing your intital order.我方希望贵方能同意我们的价格对那些高质量的衣服来说是很有竞争力的，并期待得到你方的首次订单。
外贸函电课程重点_外贸函电 Unit 4
Unit 4. Inquiry第四章询盘Leading-in Tasks （任务导入）Try to finish the following tasks and predict the objectives and focus of this unit.Task 1.假设你是中国光明国际贸易有限公司（Guangming International Trading Co. Ltd.，联系地址：30 Sichuan Road, Shanghai, China，Tel：86-21- Fax：86-21- E-mail: guangming@）进出口部的经理。
最近，你公司打算从英国伦敦亚瑟父子公司（Messrs. Arthur Grey & Son Co. Ltd.，联系地址：19 Cheapside, London, E.C.2 ，Tel：0044-20- Fax：0044-20-E-mail：mags_ld@）进口100台真空吸尘器（vacuum cleaner）。
现在，请致函该公司向其询盘。
注意信中务必包含以下内容。
1) 我们在广交会（Guangzhou Fair）上得知贵公司以及贵公司的产品。
2) 我方是中国四川省主要的吸尘器经销商。
3) 我方拟购100台V-368号真空吸尘器，如能详报含2%佣金的成本加运费、保险费到伦敦的最低价，将不胜感激。
4) 报盘时，请说明支付条款、最早装运期、包装条款以及折扣等方面的情况。
5) 静候佳音。
Task 2.针对任务1中所拟信函的内容，以亚瑟父子公司出口部经理的身份拟一封回函。
注意该回函中务必包含以下内容。
1) 感谢贵公司的询盘。
2) 很抱歉由于订单甚多，贵方所需型号的产品暂时无法供货。
3) 很遗憾不能满足贵公司的需要，一旦有新货供应，我们将立即与你们接洽。
3) 随函附上本公司其他同类产品的目录及价格表，如有兴趣或者有进一步的需要，务请告知。
4) 希望将来能与贵公司达成交易。
《外贸函电》辅导资料一
机械工程测试技术辅导资料十四主题：信号处理初步（一）学习时间：2014年6月30日--7月6日内容：我们这周主要学习课件第五章信号处理初步第1、2节的相关内容。
希望通过下面的内容能使同学们加深对相关知识的理解。
一、学习要求1.了解数字信号处理的基本步骤及应用举例;2.了解信号数字化出现的问题。
如：采样、频率混叠、泄漏、量化等。
二、主要内容第五章信号处理初步信号分析：研究信号的构成和特征值信号处理：信号经过必要的变换以获得所需信息的过程（一）信号分析信号时间历程分析：(了解它的时变规律。
主要是采用直接的观察法，即定性地了解被测对象的大致情况)信号幅值分析：(了解它的频率组成成分，信号幅值、相位在哪些频率上具有相关性，研究信号经过某一系统输出后与原信号之间是否存在可以确定的关系。
等等)信号相关分析：(了解它的频率组成成分，信号幅值、相位在哪些频率上具有相关性，研究信号经过某一系统输出后与原信号之间是否存在可以确定的关系。
等等)信号频域分析：(了解它的频率组成成分，信号幅值、相位在哪些频率上具有相关性，研究信号经过某一系统输出后与原信号之间是否存在可以确定的关系。
等等)（二）信号处理1、模拟信号处理：由一系列能实现模拟运算的电子设备组成。
它们主要由放大器、模拟滤波器、乘法器、微积分放大器等基本组件组成。
优点：处理几乎是实时的。
缺点：处理精度较差。
2、数字信号处理系统：用数字方法处理信号，既可以在通用计算机上借助程序来完成，也可以用专用信号处理器进行。
数字化处理优点：极好的稳定性、高灵活性、高精度、高分辨率、为设备智能化和成果共享提供了条件。
5.1 数字信号处理的基本步骤5.2 信号数字化出现的问题（一）信号数字化的过程“数据离散”和“点数有限”是使用数字计算机进行信号分析和处理的两大特点。
因此信号数字化必须满足这两个特点。
（二）数字化处理的若干问题（一）信号数字化的过程采样：将连续变化的模拟信号离散化的过程。
外贸函电复习资料
外贸函电复习资料英译汉1.Your inquiry is receiving our immediate attention and we hope to make you an acceptable offer in a few days.你方的询盘得到我们立刻的关注并且我们希望在短时间内接受你方的询盘。
2.You must reduce your price by 2%,otherwise business is impossible.贵方必须降价2%左右，否则没有成交的可能。
3.As a token of friendship, we accept as an exception your counter-offer for 5000 pairs of leather shoes at US26 per pair.作为友谊的象征，我们破例接受贵方以每双26美元，5000双鞋子的还盘。
4 .We look forward to your favorable and prompt reply.我们期待收到贵方即时的好消息。
5 .A good beginning makes a good ending. We hope that from now on we will enjoy business relations that business relations that are profitable to both of us.好的开端带来好的结果。
希望今后我们享有互利的业务关系。
6 .You must take into consideration when quoting a price that we may place regular orders for large quantities.报价时你们必须考虑我们的订单很可能是长期的，大量的。
7 .It would be highly appreciated if you let us know your opinions on the packing Requirement .如能告知你们对此包装要求的意见的话，我们不胜感激。
外贸英文函电期末复习整理-15页文档资料
international business 国际商务economic integration经济一体化globalization of markets 市场全球化IMF 国际货币基金组织global financial system全球金融体系multinational company 跨国公司trade barrier 贸易壁垒GA TT 关税与贸易总协议market liberalization市场自由化emerging markets 新兴市场the globalization of capital资本全球化GNI国民总收入economic integration blocs经济一体化集团Coincide with 与......相符Foreign direct investment外国直接投资International portfolio investment国际证券投资Letter-head 信头Reference and date 编号与日期Inside name and address信内名称，地址Attention line 经办人Subject line 标题（事由）Complimentary close 结尾敬辞Carbon copy notation 抄送Identification line 辨认记号The second page第二页Trade with 经商，做买卖Trade in 经营（商品）deal indeal with 与...打交道,与...做生意,处理Commission house 提取佣金的商行Light industrial products 轻工产品State-operated corporation国营公司Joint venture 合资企业Deal exclusively in 独家经营Enjoy a high reputation享有很高的声誉Sister corporation 兄弟公司Supply sb. With sth.向某人供应某物Be assured of 使确信，使放心Get in touch with sb.与某人联系，接洽Do business with sb.与某人做贸易，成交Specific requirement 具体要求Through mutual efforts共同努力Equality and mutual benefit 平等互利In time 及时In turn 轮流地In short 总之Price list 价目单Cotton prints印花布Export terms 出口条款Fine in quality 质地优良Moderate in price 价格公道Novel in design 设计新颖Household electric appliance家用电器Energy-saving节能In order 妥当；整齐无误Make...to order 定做In good order 情况良好To one’s order以...为抬头，凭..指示Be subject to 以...为准By separate post 另邮Prompt shipment 即装Processing with supplied materials 来料加工Enquire for 询购某物Enquire about 打听某事Enquire into 调查Make sb an offer for 给某人报..的价格Sth be under offer 某商品在出售中The offer is firm for.....此报盘有效期为Make sb. an offer 向某人报盘Accept offer 接受报盘counter-offerRenew offer 恢复报盘还盘Decline offer 谢绝报盘Withdraw offer 撤销报盘Entertain offer 考虑报盘Non-firm offer 虚盘An offer without engagement 无约束性的报盘Wholesale price 批发价Gross price 毛价net price 净价Sell off 拍卖Sell out 卖完Repeat order 重复订购initial order初次订购Conditions of sales 销售条件A special allowance 特别折扣Subject to prior sale 以先售为条件Subject to change without notice 不经通知可以改变In cartons 装纸箱As per 按照Acknowledge receipt of 收到As a much lower price than 以比...低得多的价格Supply...from sock 供...现货Have...in stock 有...现货Out of stock 脱销With /in reference to... 关于For your reference 供你方参考Confirmed L/C 保兑信用证Commercial invoice 商业发票Make up 制作，准备Confirming bank 保兑行Confirming house 保付商行Shipping instructions 装船提示Agree on(upon)... 就...达成一致The rough handling 野蛮装卸Bill of exchange 汇票Promissory note 本票Demand draft（D/D) 票汇Telegraphic transfer(T/T）电汇Mail transfer（M/T）信汇Remitting/paying bank 汇出行/汇入行Collecting bank 托收银行Documents against payment 付款交单Documents against acceptance(D/A）承兑交单Commercial bill 商业汇票Banker’s bill 银行汇票Sight bill 即期汇票Time bill 远期汇票Irrevocable L/C 不可撤销信用证Unconfirmed L/C 非保兑信用证Non-transferable L/C 不可转让信用证Documentary L/C 跟单信用证Revolving L/C 循环信用证Reciprocal L/C 对开信用证Back to back L/C 对背信用证Red clause L/C 红条款信用证Standby letter of credit 备用信用证Clean L/C 光票信用证Reimbursing bank 偿付行Advising/opening bank 通知行/开证行Negotiating bank 议付行Give commission on.....对...商品给佣金At a discount 打折In payment of 支付In duplicate/triplicate一式两份/三份Draw up a contract 起草合同draft a..Have a contract ready for signature备好合同签字Sign(close,enter into) a contract 签订..Execute a contract 履行合同1.我们在平等互利的基础上与其他国家进行贸易。
《外贸函电》辅导资料一
发电厂电气部分辅导资料二主题：第二章导体的发热、电动力及开关电器的灭弧原理（第1—2节）学习时间：2015年4月6日—4月12日内容：第二章导体的发热、电动力及开关电器的灭弧原理这周我们将学习第二章中的第1—2节，这部分主要介绍导体和电气设备的运行状态及导体的发热和散热。
导体发热计算，短路导体的电动力计算。
第一节导体的发热和散热2.1.1 基本概念发热——电流通过导体和电器时引起，发热主要由有功功率损耗引起。
电阻损耗：在导体电阻和接触连接部分的电阻中产生的损耗。
介质损耗：在设备的绝缘材料中产生。
磁滞和涡流损耗：在交变电磁场的作用下，在导体周围的金属构件（特别是铁磁物质）中产生。
长期发热——正常工作电流长期通过引起的发热。
一部分散到周围介质中，一部分使导体的温度升高。
短时发热——短路电流通过时引起的发热。
发热量很大，并来不及散到周围介质中，是导体的温度迅速升高。
发热对电气设备的危害：机械强度下降、接触电阻增加、绝缘性能下降。
2.1.2 导体的发热无论通过正常工作电流或短路电流，导体都要发热，即由其电阻损耗引起的发热。
导体电阻损耗的热量：即单位长度（1m）的导体通过电流时，由电阻损耗产生的热量：太阳照射的热量会造成导体温度升高，故凡装于屋外的导体应该考虑日照的影响。
对单位长度圆管导体，太阳照射的热量：2.1.3 导体的散热导体在发热的同时，还存在散热过程，即热量传递过程，热量传递过程有三种基本形式，对流、辐射、导热。
对流传递的热量：即单位长度导体对流换热所传递的热量，与温差及换热面积成正比。
辐射：热量从高温物体以热射线的方式传至低温物体的过程。
辐射传递的热量：根据斯蒂芬-波尔兹曼定律，导体向周围空气辐射的热量，与导体和空气绝对温度4次方之差成正比。
导热：物质的各部分直接接触，热量从高温区向低温区传递的过程。
导热传递的热量：可忽略不计。
（此时导体周围的气体的导热量相对很小）第二节导体的长期发热和载流量2.2.1 导体的温升过程基于能量守恒定理：导体发热=导体本身温升+散热有遮阳措施的导体，忽略日照热量的影响；忽略散热部分的导热量；工程上常把辐射换热量表示成与对流换热量相似的形式；热平衡方程为温升：根据热平衡微分方程：解得：2.2.2 导体长期发热的特点1)导体通过电流I后，温度开始升高，经过（3～4）倍Tt(时间常数)，导体达到稳定发热状态；2)导体升温过程的快慢取决于导体的发热时间常数，即与导体的吸热能力成正比，与导体的散热能力成反比，而与通过的电流大小无关；3)导体达到稳定发热状态后，由电阻损耗产生的热量全部以对流和辐射的形式散失掉，导体的温升趋于稳定，且稳定温升与导体的初始温度无关。
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Review For Final ExamI Multiple Choices1. If your samples meet our requirement, we will ___B_____ a large order. immediately.a. place youb. send youc. make youd. expect you2. Although we are ___A____ to open up business with you, we regret that it is impossible for us to all the reductionasked for, because we have already cut our price to the lowest point after closely examining our cost _______.a. anxious / calculationsb. desire / considerationc. wishing / evaluationd. longing / reduction3. With a view to supporting your sales we have specially prepared some samples of our new ___B_____ and aresending them to you under _______ cover.a. models / the sameb. designs / separatec. styles / anotherd. makes / other4. As __B_____ by you some time ago, we take pleasure in making you the following offer, which is _______ to youracceptance within seven days.a. requesting / dueb. requested / subjectc. your request / subjectedd. requests / valid5. ___D____ to this letter you will find our _______ in triplicate for jackets.a. Subject / sample invoiceb. Enclosed / bona fide holdersc. Applied / entrustmentd. Attached / proforma invoice6. The shipment _C______by your Credit No. 388 has been ready for some time, but the amendment to the _______credit has not yet reached us.a. mentioned / lastb. relevant / coveringc. covered / relevantd. covering / relevant7. In __A______ with your request, we will make an exception to our rules and accept delivery against D/P at sight.a. complianceb. accordancec. arrangementd. correspondence8. ___D___ you will find a cheque covering all commission due to you to _______.a. Attached / mentionb. Enclose / todayc. Enclosing with / updated. Enclosed / date9. It is not our intention to rush you into a decision, ,but as this article is in great __D_____, we would advise you_______ yourselves of our offer in your own interest.a. quantity / captureb. demand / makec. popularity / supplyd. demand / avail10. As a special sign of encouragement, we shall consider accepting payment By D/P. We trust this will greatly____D____ your efforts in pushing the sales of our products.a. expediteb. confirmc. amendd. facilitate11. Goods under your Order 690 are ready for __D_____. Unfortunately, we have not yet received your packing _______.Please also inform us of your shipping _______.a. instructions / marksb. requirements / transactionc. consignment / dated. dispatch /instructions/ marks12. We feel you may be interested in some of our other products and enclose some ___C____ booklets and a supply ofsales ________ for use with your customers.a. well-illustrating / informationb. excessive / promotionc. descriptive / literature\d. detailed / statements13. As soon as we receive your reply ____B______, we shall confirm supply of the goods at the prices stated in yourletter.a. in the positionb. in the affirmative\c. in the presentationd. in the establishment14. Our terms of payment are by confirmed, ___C____ letter of credit in our _________, available by draft at sight,reaching us one month ________ shipment.a. irrevocable / time / beforeb. acknowledgeable / bank / prior toc. irrevocable / favor / ahead of\d. revocable / notification / in advance15. We wish to point out that the ___D____ in the credit strictly conform to the terms stated in our S/C No. 655 in order toavoid _______ amendment.a. condition / lateb. provisions / consequentc. clauses / laterd. stipulations / subsequent\16. We are ___A____ your letter 26 June and have ______ acted on your instruction.a. in receipt of / duly\b. acknowledgement of / immediatelyc. in priority of / quicklyd. in arrangement of / considerabl17. We are airmailing you our S/C No. 080624 in ___B____, a copy of which is to be _______and returned to us for ourrecords.a. writing / leftb. duplicate / countersigned\c. copies / namedd. ;attest version / printed18. You will understand that the ___D____ of one of our standard sizes to your specifications means a _______adjustment of our production methods.a. change / quiteb. changed / difficultc. altering / considerabled. alteration / substantial \19. It seems clear that there is a good demand for your electronic products and as we believe you are not directly__B_____ in this area, we are writing to offer our service as your _____ agent.a. selling / exclusiveb. represented / sole \c. connected / generald. established / chief20. D/P calls for __A_____ payment against _______ of shipping documents.a. actual / transfer\b. immediate / handing inc. prompt / negotiationd. delayed / presentation21. The L/C will stay valid for at least 15 days beyond the ___C___ date of shipment.a. compliedb. conformedc. promised \d. authorized22. Please ___C____ shipment until you receive our further instructions.a. consignb. extendc. defer\d. compel23. We wish to advise you that the goods went ___A____ on the steamer “Yunnan” on August 8. They are to be _______at Copenhagen and are expected to reach your port in early September.a. forward / transshipped\b. out / dischargedc. westward / reloadedd. off / transshipping24. As ___C____ payments, we cannot do _______ than L/C at sight.a. concerns / moreb. to / lessc. regards / otherwise\d. for / rather25. Instead of __A_____”Manhattan Maru” as ______ advised, you are now required to ship the goods of this order onthe steam er “Calchas”.a. s. s. /previously \b. by the Boat / youc. on Ship / usuallyd. Steamer / we wereII. Questions about concepts (选择题型)1. Agency(1) Why shall a seller appoint an agent in a foreign country to which the goods are to be exported?KEY: An important reason for appointing an agent in a foreign country to which the goods are to be exported is that the agent knows the local condition and the local market. He also knows what goods are best suited to his area and what prices the market will bear.2. Insurance(1) How is the insurance value calculated?KEY: The insurance value is calculated as：cost of goods + amount of freight + insurance premium + a percentage of profit on the sale of goods(2) As far as foreign trade is concerned, what risks are covered under an insurance policy?KEY: So far as foreign trade is concerned the following three risks are covered under an insurance policy, namely, FPA, WPA and All Risks.3. Payment(1) What is the advantage of payment by L/C?KEY: Letter of credit is a reliable and safe method of payment, facilitating trade with unknown buyers and giving protection to both sellers and buyers.(2) Under what circumstances shall a seller agree to payment by D/A?KEY: Payment by D/A is accepted only when the financial standing of the importer is sound or where a previous course of business has inspired the exported to believe that the importer will be good for payment.4. Quotation, Offer and Counter-offer(1) What is to be included in a satisfactory quotation?KEY: A satisfactory quotation should include the following:(1) An expression of thanks for the enquiry.(2) Details of prices, discounts and terms of payment.(3) A statement of clear indication of what the prices cover ()e.g.: freight and insurance, etc.)(4) An undertaking as to date of delivery or time of shipment.(5) The period for which the quotation is valid.5. Shipment(1) What are the characteristics of liners shipping?KEY: Characteristics of Liner Shipping :(1) The liner has regular line, ports, sailing schedule and relatively fixed freight.(2) It is suitable for cargoes of small quantity(3) Loading and unloading charges are included in the freight.(4) Liner shipping is irrespective of demurrage and dispatch money.(5) It provides good service and simple procedures.6. Packing(1) Why does packing need more care in export trade than in homeKEY: Because export goods usually have to go a long way to reach the destination and sometimes have to go through the ordeal of transport, such as the roughest journey. If export goods are not packed in stronger and tight containers, they will reach the buyer either damaged or part missing.III Terms♦合法持证人bona fide holder ♦标签价格tag prices♦物权票据title documents ♦(汇票等)期限tenor♦委托人principal♦进款proceeds ♦大路货FAQ (Fair Average Quality) ♦循环信用证revolving L/C♦打包贷款packing loan♦通风集装箱ventilated container♦海上费用Marine Charges♦会签countersign♦偷窃、提货不着险TPND (Theft, Pilferage & Non-delivery)♦租船合同charter party♦包干运费lump sum freight♦独家代理sole agent / exclusive agent ♦成本加运费价CFR♦标签价tag price♦时价prevailing prices ♦救助费用Salvage charges ♦有利可图的价格remunerative priceIV Sentence Translation: (英汉互译)1. 我们愿意担任你们现行出口商品的代理，因为我们拥有一个广阔的国内市场。