雅思阅读(选择题A)

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环球雅思测试题及答案

环球雅思测试题及答案
一、听力部分
1. 根据所听对话，选择正确的答案。

A) 男声说要去图书馆。

B) 女声建议去电影院。

C) 两人决定去公园散步。

答案：A
2. 根据所听短文，回答以下问题：
短文中提到了哪些活动？
答案：短文中提到了看电影、去图书馆和散步。

二、阅读部分
1. 阅读以下短文，选择最佳标题。

短文内容：（略）
A) 现代城市生活
B) 乡村的宁静
C) 旅游的趣事
答案：A
2. 根据短文内容，回答以下问题：
问题：短文中提到的主要问题是什么？
答案：短文中提到的主要问题是城市生活节奏快，压力大。

三、写作部分
1. 根据以下提示，写一篇不少于150字的短文。

提示：描述你最喜欢的季节以及原因。

答案示例：
我最喜欢的季节是秋天。

秋天的天气凉爽宜人，树叶变得五彩缤纷，给人一种宁静而美好的感觉。

此外，秋天也是收获的季节，各种水果
和蔬菜都成熟了，可以享受到丰富的美食。

四、口语部分
1. 根据以下问题，准备一段不少于一分钟的口语回答。

问题：你如何看待在线教育？
答案示例：
我认为在线教育是一个非常方便和高效的学习方式。

它打破了时间
和空间的限制，让学习变得更加灵活。

同时，在线教育资源丰富，可
以根据自己的需求和兴趣选择课程。

但是，在线教育也存在一些问题，比如缺乏面对面的互动和监督，可能会影响学习效果。

请注意，以上内容仅为示例，实际的环球雅思测试题及答案会根据具
体的考试内容而有所不同。

雅思模拟测试题及答案

雅思模拟测试题及答案一、听力部分1. 根据所听对话，选择正确答案。

A. 去图书馆B. 去电影院C. 去超市D. 去公园[答案] B2. 根据所听短文，回答以下问题：Q: 演讲者提到了哪些地方的旅游胜地？A. 巴黎B. 纽约C. 伦敦D. 悉尼[答案] C二、阅读部分1. 阅读以下段落，判断以下陈述是否正确。

陈述一：文中提到了三种不同的学习方法。

陈述二：作者认为自学是最有效的学习方式。

[答案] 陈述一：正确；陈述二：错误。

2. 根据文章内容，选择最佳标题。

A. 学习方法的比较B. 学习环境的重要性C. 学习工具的选择D. 学习时间的管理[答案] A三、写作部分1. 请根据以下图表，写一篇不少于150字的报告，描述该地区的人口变化趋势。

[范文]根据图表显示，该地区在过去十年中经历了显著的人口增长。

2005年，人口数量为500,000，而到了2015年，人口数量增长至750,000。

这种增长趋势反映了该地区经济的快速发展和生活条件的改善。

预计未来几年，人口数量将继续增长。

2. 请针对以下问题写一篇议论文，阐述你的观点。

问题：是否应该在城市中禁止使用私家车？[范文]私家车在城市中的使用带来了诸多问题，如交通拥堵和环境污染。

然而，私家车也为人们的出行提供了便利。

我认为，应该通过提高公共交通的效率和鼓励使用环保车辆来逐步减少私家车的使用，而不是立即禁止。

四、口语部分1. 描述你最喜欢的一项运动，并解释为什么喜欢它。

[答案]我最喜欢的运动是游泳。

我喜欢游泳，因为它是一项全身运动，可以锻炼身体的各个部位。

此外，游泳还能帮助我放松心情，减轻压力。

2. 讨论一下你如何看待社交媒体对青少年的影响。

[答案]社交媒体对青少年有着复杂的影响。

一方面，它为青少年提供了与朋友交流和获取信息的平台。

另一方面，过度使用社交媒体可能导致青少年沉迷于虚拟世界，影响他们的学习和社交能力。

因此，家长和学校应该引导青少年合理使用社交媒体。

雅思阅读单选题

雅思阅读单选题(中英文版)Task Title: IELTS Reading Multiple Choice QuestionsTask Description: In this task, you will write a document in both English and Chinese.The format will be one paragraph in English followed by one paragraph in Chinese.The content should be complete, and each paragraph"s style and each sentence"s structure must be random to avoid consistency in grammar construction and paragraph style.Paragraph 1:English: The IELTS reading section consists of multiple choice questions, which are designed to test your understanding of the text.To answer these questions correctly, you need to carefully read the passage and analyze the information provided in each option.Pay attention to key words and phrases, as they can help you identify the correct answer.Additionally, practice identifying logical relationships between ideas and understanding the main idea of each section.中文：雅思阅读部分包括单选题，这些题目旨在测试您对文本的理解。

雅思阅读——选择题(一)

How much higher? How much faster?—Limits to human sporting performance are not yet in sight —多高？多快？-人类运动成绩的限制还未显现-Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, them-selves included, through space. For the so-called power events - that require a relatively brief, explosive release of energy, like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump - times and distances have improved ten to twenty per cent. In the endurance events the results have been more dramatic. At the 1908 Olympics, John Hayes of the U.S. team ran a marathon in a time of 2:55:18. In 1999, Morocco's Khalid Khannouchi set a new world record of 2:05:42, almost thirty per cent faster.No one theory can explain improvements in performance, but the most important factor has been genetics. ‘The athlete must choose his parents carefully,’says Jesus Dapena, a sports scientist at Indiana University, invoking an oftcited adage. Over the past century, the composition of the human gene pool has not changed appreciably, but with increasing global participation in athletics - and greater rewards to tempt athletes - it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early. ‘Was there someone like [sprinter] Michael Johnson in the 1920s?’Dapena asks. ‘I'm sure there was, but his talent was probably never realised.’Identifying genetically talented individuals is only the first step. Michael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University at Fullerton, maintains that ‘genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do. But with the right training we can go much further with that one third than we've been going.’Yessis believes that U.S. runners, despite their impressive achievements, are ‘running on their genetics’. By applying more scientific methods, ‘they're going to go much faster’. These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union.翻译自20世纪初国际田径联合会开始保持记录以来，运动员的奔跑速度、跳跃高度以及能够通过空间投掷大量物体（包括他们自己）的距离都在稳步提高。

雅思阅读真题解析：指纹识名画

雅思阅读真题解析:指纹识名画为了提高大家的雅思阅读成绩，下面小编给大家分享一下雅思阅读真题解析:指纹识名画名画，通过这题的回放训练，希望能为大家提供帮助。

雅思阅读真题解析:指纹识名画文章标题:指纹识名画文章大意:A段介绍了指纹在艺术品中出现可追溯到远古时代，那时古人是为了辨别身份B,C段介绍现在艺术家在画画时由于有时要抹掉多余的颜料等而留下指纹以及D段比较了指纹识别在警察局和文艺作品应用时的不同E-F举例说明由于指纹识别而导致文艺作品身价百倍 G告诫不能全信题目类型: Matching 型完成句子段落 + 信息单选题参考答案: 古代烧陶器者留指印是为了identification指纹系统广泛应用是因为a reliable system available用于鉴定古画是因为determine appropriates price没有签名的画可以通过compare with fingerprints from other sources确认作者一幅关于彩虹的画曾经location unknown古代画家可能用手指remove unwanted paint一幅头像画in poor condition那幅头像could be work of Leonardo Da Vinci 选择题:某作品###的情况答案：很长时间没有被准确定位某作品的情况是答案： in bad condition (文章说图褪色边缘破损)从E章节某作品是答案：一副达芬奇油画的复制品解决雅思考试阅读易出现的四个障碍(1) 单词IELTS普通培训类阅读文章中涉及词汇7000左右，但具备4000左右(即大学英语四级水平)即可应考。

单词量不够的考生,应在短期内迅速扩充认知词汇,为看文章做题打下一个良好的基础。

有些考生脱离语境孤立地背单词,这样容易遗忘或混淆单词的意义。

如有考生考试时遇到contribution(设计;设法做到)想不起来什么意思,只记得在词汇表里该单词位于contribution(贡献)之后、controversial(有争议的)之前。

雅思阅读真题附答案(完整版)

智课网IELTS备考资料雅思阅读真题附答案（完整版）摘要：雅思阅读真题是考生练习雅思阅读的必备资料。

不少考生在网上寻求雅思阅读真题，今天小编汇总了里面雅思阅读真题附答案版，方便考生复习。

雅思阅读真题是历年雅思考试中出现的雅思阅读题目，练习雅思阅读真题对于考生提升雅思阅读答题能力有很大的帮助。

小编整理了历年雅思阅读真题附答案，帮助考生复习雅思阅读。

雅思阅读真题附答案版(部分内容)：题型:人名观点配对他在寻找古老的湖泊，这名Mungo 女子是被火葬的 A持怀疑态度的教授对一些化石的DNA 进行了可靠的分析 E教授测定的人的年龄要比62000 年前年轻的多的结果 A确定Mungo 人的年龄，争议了澳大利亚人的起源 B在澳洲，研究小组谁先恢复生物的证据，发现尼安德特人 C年代的支持者认为澳大利亚巨型动物的灭绝是由于古代人类狩猎造成的 D多区域的解释已经被提出，而不是坚持认为单一的起源 B史前人类活动导致气候变化而不是巨型动物的灭绝 A判断题Mungo 湖仍然为考古学家提供了图解说明人类活动的证据True在Mungo 湖发现Mungo 使用的武器Not givenMungo 人是在复杂的文化世界上已知最古老的考古证据之一，如埋葬仪式TrueMungo 男人和女人的骨架是被发现在同一年False澳大利亚教授使用古老的研究方法对“走出非洲”支持者的批判Not given以上就是关于雅思阅读真题附答案的相关汇总，考生可以通过上方下载完整版历年雅思阅读真题解析，提升资深雅思阅读能力。

相关字搜索：雅思阅读真题附答案人生中每一次对自己心灵的释惑，都是一种修行，都是一种成长。

相信我们常常用人生中的一些痛，换得人生的一份成熟与成长然⋯⋯生活里的每个人，都是我们的一面镜子，你给别人什世界上的幸福，没有一处不是来自用心经营和珍惜。

当你一味的去挑剔指责别人的时候，有没有反思过是否？假如你的心太过自我不懂得经营和善待，不懂得尊重他人感受，那你永远也不会获得真和幸福 ⋯ ⋯人生就像一场旅行，我们所行走的每一步都是在丰富生命的意义。

2012年11月3日雅思阅读机经[A类]

考试日期：2012年11月3日Reading Passage 1Title:The dinosaurs footprints and extinction Question types:Y ES/NO/NOT GIVEN, Summary文章内容回顾文章从恐龙的脚印开始讲恐龙的灭绝。

英文原文阅读Mass ExtinctionsCases in which many species become extinct within a geologically short interval oftime are called mass extinctions. There was one such event at the end of the Cretaceous period (around 70 million years ago). There was another, even larger, mass extinctionat the end of the Permian period (around 250 million years ago). The Permian eventhas attracted much less attention than other mass extinctions because mostlyunfamiliar species perished at that time.The fossil record shows at least five mass extinctions in which many f amilies of marine organisms died out. The rates of extinction happening today are as great as the rates during these mass extinctions. Many scientists have therefore concluded that a sixth great mass extinction is currently in progress.What could cause such high rates of extinction? There are several hypotheses, including warming or cooling of Earth, changes in seasonal fluctuations or ocean currents, andchanging positions of the continents. Biological hypotheses include ecologicalchanges brought about by the evolution of cooperation between insects and floweringplants or of bottom-feeding predators in the oceans. Some of the proposed mechanismsrequired a very brief period during which all extinctions suddenly took place; othermechanisms would be more likely to have taken place more gradually, over an extendedperiod, or at different times on different continents. Some h ypotheses fail to account for simultaneous extinctions on land and in the seas. Each mass extinction may havehad a different cause. Evidence points to hunting by humans and habitat destructionas the likely causes for the current mass extinction.American paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski, who have studied extinctionrates in a number of fossil groups, suggest that episodes of increased extinction have recurred periodically, approximately every 26 million years since the mid-Cretaceous period. The late Cretaceous extinction of the dinosaurs and am monoids was just oneof the more drastic in a whole series of such recurrent extinction episodes. Thepossibility that mass extinctions may recur periodically has given rise to suchhypotheses as that of a companion star with a long-period orbit deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth as meteors and causingwidespread devastation upon impact.Of the various hypotheses attempting to account for the late Cretaceous extinctions,the one that has attracted the most attention in recent years is the asteroid-impacthypothesis first suggested by Luis and Walter Alvarez. According to this hypothesis,Earth collided with an asteroid with an estimated diameter of 10 kilometers, or withseveral asteroids, the combined mass of which was comparable. The force of collisionspewed large amounts of debris into the atmosphere, darkening the skies for severalyears before the finer particles settled. The reduced level of photosynthesis led toa massive decline in plant life of all kinds, and this caused massive starvation firstof herbivores and subsequently of carnivores. The mass extinction would have occurredvery suddenly under this hypothesis.One interesting test of the Alvarez hypothesis is based on the presence of therare-earth element iridium (Ir). Earth' s crust contains very little of this element,but most asteroids contain a lot more. Debris thrown into the atmosphere by an asteroidcollision would presumably contain large amounts of iridium, and atmospheric currentswould carry this material all over the globe. A search of sedimentary deposits thatspan the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods shows that there is adramatic increase in the abundance of iridium briefly and precisely at this boundary.This iridium anomaly offers strong support for the Alvarez hypothesis even though noasteroid itself has ever been recovered.An asteroid of this size would be expected to leave an immense crater, even if theasteroid itself was disintegrated by the impact. The intense heat of the impact wouldproduce heat-shocked quartz in many types of rock. Also, large blocks thrown asideby the impact would form secondary craters surrounding the main crater. To date,several such secondary craters have been found along Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, andheat-shocked quartz has been found both in Mexico and in Haiti. A location calledChicxulub, along the Yucatan coast, has been suggested as the primary impact site.题型难度分析文章有两个题型，难度一般，可参照平行阅读法。

最全雅思考试题型及答案

最全雅思考试题型及答案雅思考试分为四个部分：听力、阅读、写作和口语。

以下是各部分的题型及答案示例。

听力部分包含四个Section，每个Section有10个问题。

题型包括选择题、填空题、配对题和地图题等。

例如：1. 选择题：听一段对话，选择正确的答案。

A. 会议将在下午2点开始。

B. 会议将在下午3点开始。

C. 会议将在下午4点开始。

答案：A2. 填空题：听一段独白，填写缺失的信息。

明天的活动将在______举行。

答案：图书馆3. 配对题：听一段对话，将人名与相应的活动配对。

A. 游泳B. 跑步C. 瑜伽John: BMary: AMike: C4. 地图题：听一段描述，将地点与地图上的标记匹配。

A. 图书馆B. 咖啡厅C. 公园对话中提到的图书馆位于地图的______。

答案：C阅读部分通常包含三篇文章，每篇文章后面有13-14个问题。

题型包括判断题、选择题、填空题和配对题等。

例如：1. 判断题：阅读文章，判断以下陈述是否正确。

True/False/Not Given1. 文章提到了一种新型的可再生能源。

2. 作者认为当前的能源政策是失败的。

答案：1. True 2. False2. 选择题：阅读文章，选择正确的答案。

What is the main purpose of the article?A. 介绍一种新的能源技术。

B. 分析能源政策的影响。

C. 讨论可再生能源的潜力。

答案：B3. 填空题：阅读文章，填写缺失的信息。

The author suggests that the current energy policy is______ and needs to be ______.答案：ineffective; reformed4. 配对题：阅读文章，将观点与相应的作者匹配。

A. 作者B. 专家1C. 专家2观点1: 新能源技术的发展将减少对化石燃料的依赖。

观点2: 能源政策应该更多地关注环境问题。

雅思阅读考试题目与答案

雅思阅读考试题目与答案雅思阅读考试概述雅思（IELTS）阅读考试是雅思考试的一部分，旨在评估考生的阅读理解能力。

该部分包含3篇文章，共计40个小题。

考试时间共60分钟。

文章涵盖了不同的主题和来源，包括书籍、杂志、报纸和期刊等。

题目类型包括多项选择题、判断题、填空题、匹配题和摘要题等。

题目与答案示例以下是一个雅思阅读考试题目的示例及其答案：题目：多项选择题阅读以下段落，然后从A、B、C和D中选择最佳答案。

段落：问题：1. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. The Internet has no impact on our daily life.B. The Internet is crucial to modern life.C. The Internet is a recent invention.答案：1. B. The Internet is crucial to modern life.题目：判断题阅读以下段落，然后判断下列陈述是否正确。

段落：问题：答案：2. False题目：填空题阅读以下段落，然后在空白处填写合适的单词或短语。

段落："The rise of social media has changed the way we receive news and information. Platforms such as Facebook and Twitter allow users to stay updated on current events in real-time, but they also contribute to the spread of fake news and misinformation."问题：3. The blank in the sentence "The rise of social media has changed the way we _____ and information." should be filled with "_____".答案：3. receive; news题目：匹配题阅读以下段落和列表，然后将列表中的句子与段落中的适当部分进行匹配。

雅思阅读题库(完整版)

雅思阅读题库(完整版)第一部分：选择题（Multiple Choice）1. “……” 这句话的意思是什么？a. 选项Ab. 选项Bc. 选项Cd. 选项D2. 下列哪个选项与文章主题无关？a. 选项Ab. 选项Bc. 选项Cd. 选项D3. 作者在第二段中提到了哪个事实？a. 选项Ab. 选项Bc. 选项Cd. 选项D第二部分：填空题（Fill in the Blanks）请将以下空格处填上合适的单词。

1. 根据研究显示，____增加了人们患心脏病的风险。

2. 在夏日，许多人喜欢到____上放松休闲。

3. 这座城市以其____而著名，吸引了许多游客。

第三部分：判断题（True/False）1. 该文章的主要目的是提供瑜伽的健身指导。

(True/False)2. 文章中提到的研究结果是基于最新的科学数据。

(True/False)3. 该杂志的编辑具有多年的运动经验。

(True/False)第四部分：配对题（Matching）请将下列问题与相应的答案配对。

1. 问题1a. 答案Ab. 答案Bc. 答案C2. 问题2a. 答案Ab. 答案Bc. 答案C3. 问题3a. 答案Ab. 答案Bc. 答案C第五部分：段落标题题（Paragraph Headings）请从以下选项中选择合适的标题来概括每个段落的内容。

1. 段落1的标题a. 选项Ab. 选项Bc. 选项C2. 段落2的标题a. 选项Ab. 选项Bc. 选项C3. 段落3的标题a. 选项Ab. 选项Bc. 选项C以上是完整版的雅思阅读题库。

希望对你的备考有所帮助！。

雅思阅读选择题

Third, there is evidence that these materials work, and that schools can achieve something. This comes from carefully conducted ‘before and after’ evaluations of interventions in schools, monitored by a research team. In Norway, after an intervention campaign was introduced nationally, an evaluation of forty-two schools suggested that, over a two-year period, bullying was halved. The Sheffield investigation, which involved sixteen primary schools and seven secondary schools, found that most schools succeeded in reducing bullying.
C Until recently, not much was known about the topic, and little help was available to teachers to deal with bullying. Perhaps as a consequence, schools would often deny the problem. ‘There is no bullying at this school’ has been a common refrain, almost certainly untrue. Fortunately more schools are now saying: ‘There is not much bullying here, but when it occurs we have a clear policy for dealing with it.’

雅思英语试题及答案

雅思英语试题及答案一、听力部分1. 根据所听对话，选择正确的答案。

a) 男声说：“我昨天去了图书馆。

”女声回答：“我也是。

”问题：他们昨天去了哪里？答案：图书馆2. 听录音，完成以下句子。

a) 录音中提到：“我最喜欢的季节是____。

”答案：春天二、阅读部分1. 阅读以下短文，选择最佳标题。

The Benefits of Biking to WorkA. 骑车上班的好处B. 骑车上班的不利因素C. 公共交通的便利性答案：A. 骑车上班的好处2. 根据短文内容，回答以下问题。

What are the main advantages of biking to work mentioned in the passage?答案：减少交通拥堵，提高身体健康。

三、写作部分1. 根据以下图表，写一篇不少于150字的报告，描述图表所展示的趋势。

图表：某城市过去十年的人口增长趋势答案示例：在过去十年中，该城市的人口经历了显著的增长。

从图表中可以看出，2003年的人口数量为50万，而到了2013年，人口数量增加到了80万。

这一增长趋势反映了城市化进程的加快以及人们对城市生活的偏好。

此外，经济增长和就业机会的增加也可能是人口增长的原因之一。

四、口语部分1. 描述你最喜欢的季节，并解释原因。

答案示例：我最喜欢的季节是秋天。

秋天的天气凉爽宜人，不像夏天那样炎热，也不像冬天那样寒冷。

此外，秋天是收获的季节，我喜欢看到金黄色的麦田和成熟的果实。

秋天的景色也很美，树叶变黄，落在地上，给人一种宁静的感觉。

2. 讨论现代科技对人们日常生活的影响。

答案示例：现代科技极大地改变了我们的日常生活。

首先，智能手机和互联网让我们能够随时随地获取信息和与他人沟通。

其次，自动化和人工智能提高了工作效率，减少了人力需求。

然而，科技的发展也带来了一些问题，比如隐私泄露和网络安全问题。

总的来说，科技的利大于弊，我们应该合理利用科技，同时注意保护个人信息安全。

1月9日雅思阅读真题答案解析

1月9日雅思阅读真题答案解析一、考试概述：本次新年的第一场考试又是AB卷。

A卷第一篇话题讲了生物的生存不确定性，第二篇介绍了音乐的力量，第三篇讲了课堂大小对于学习效果的影响。

的话题是两新一旧，第一篇内容为古生物化石，第二篇是情绪影响人的行为，第三篇是儿童文学二、具体题目分析A卷Passage 1：题目：Living with uncertainty题型：判断7+简答6题号：新题答案：1-7判断题1 FALSE2 TRUE3 NOT GIVEN4 TRUE5 NOT GIVEN6 FALSE7 TRUE 8-13简答题8 lit fires9 saltbush10 European farming11 wheat12 pear13 Tellers(目前无明确回忆，答案仅供参考)Passage 2：题目：The power of music题型：段落信息匹配5+Summary 4+人名配理论4文章大意：待补充答案：14-18信息配段落14. D15. I16. C17. F18. E19-22 Summary without word list19 physical health20 disabled21 brain scans22 walking23-26人名配理论23 C24 B25 A26 A(答案仅供参考)Passage 3：题名：Does class size matter?题型：段落信息匹配5+分类配对9文章大意：待补充答案：27-31段落信息匹配27 D28 E29 A30 C31 B32-40 Classification32 A33 C34 B35 C36 A37 C38 A39 B40 A(目前无明确回忆，答案仅供参考)B卷Passage 1：题目：The History of building telegraph lines题型：判断6+简答7文章大意：电报的发展史相似文章：A The idea of electrical communication seems to have begun as long ago as 1746, when about 200 monks at monastery in Paris arranged themselves in a line over a mile long, each holding ends of 25 ft iron wires. The abbot, also a scientist, discharged a primitive electrical battery into the wire, giving all the monks a simultaneous electrical shock. “This all sounds very silly, but is in fact extremely important because, firstly, they all said ‘ow’ which showed that you were sending a signal right along the line; and, secondly, they all said ‘ow’ at the same time, and that meant that you were sending the signal very quickly, “explains Tom Standage, author of the Victorian Internet and technology editor at the Economist. Given a more humane detection system, this could be a way of signaling over long distances.B With wars in Europe and colonies beyond, such a signalling system was urgently needed. All sorts of electrical possibilities were proposed, some of them quite ridiculous. Two Englishmen, William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone came up with a system in which dials were made to point at different letters, but that involved five wires and would have been expensive to construct.C Much simpler was that of an American, Samuel Morse, whose system only required a single wire to send a code of dots and dashes. At first, it was imagined that only a few highly skilled encoders would be able to use it but it soon became clear that many people could become proficient in Morse code. A system of lines strung on telegraph poles began to spread in Europe and America.D The next problem was to cross the sea. Britain, as an island with an empire, led the way. Any such cable had to be insulated and the first breakthrough came with the discovery that a rubber-like latex from a tropical tree on the Malay peninsula could do the trick. It was called gutta percha. The first attempt at a cross channel cable came in 1850. With thin wire and thick installation, it floated and had to be weighed down with lead pipe.E It never worked well as the effect of water on its electrical properties was not understood, and it is reputed that a French fishermen hooked out a section and took it home as a strange new form of seaweed The cable was too big for a single boat so two had to start in the middle of the Atlantic, join their cables and sail in opposite directions. Amazingly, they succeeded in 1858, and this enabled Queen Victoria to send a telegraph message to President Buchanan. However, the 98-word message took more than 19 hours to send and a misguided attempt to increase the speed by increasing the voltage resulted in failure of the line a week later.F By 1870, a submarine cable was heading towards Australia. It seemed likely that it would come ashore at the northern port of Darwin from where it might connect around the coast to Queensland and New South Wales. It was an undertaking more ambitious than spanning an ocean. Flocks of sheep had to be driven with the 400 workers to provide food. They needed horses and bullock carts and, for the parched interior, camels. In the north, tropical rains left the teams flooded. In the centre, it seemed that they would die of thirst. One critical section in the red heart of Australia involved finding a route through the McDonnell mountain range and then finding water on the other side.G The water was not only essential for the construction team. There had to be telegraph repeater stations every few hundred miles to boost the signal and the staff obviously had to have a supply of water, lust as one mapping team was about to give up and resort to drinking brackish water, some aboriginals took pity on them. Altogether, 40, 000telegraph poles were used in the Australian overland wire. Some were cut from trees. Where there were no trees, or where termites ate the wood, steel poles were imported.H On Thursday, August 22, 1872, the overland line was completed and the first messages could be sent across the continent; and within a few months, Australia was at last in direct contact with England via the submarine cable, too. The line remained in service to bring news of the Japanese attack on Darwin in 1942. it could cost several pounds to send a message and it might take several hours for it to reach its destination on the other side of the globe, but the world would never be same again. Governments could be in touch with their colonies. Traders could send cargoes based on demand and the latest prices. Newspapers could publish news that had just happened and was notmany months old.答案：Questions 1-61 In the research of French scientists, the metal lines were used to send message T2 Abbots gave the monks an electrical shock at the same time, which constitutes the exploration on the long-distance signaling. T3 Using Morse Code to send message need to simplify the message firstly F4 Morse was a famous inventor before he invented the code T5 The water is significant to early telegraph repeater on continent. T6 US Government offered fund to the I st overland line across the continent NGQuestions 7-14Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND / OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 7-14 on your answer sheet.7. Why is the disadvantage for the Charles Wheatstone’s telegraph system to fail in the beginning?It’s expensive8. What material was used for insulating cable across the sea?latex9. What was used by British pioneers to increase the weight of the cable in the sea?Lead ripe10. What did Fisherman mistakenly take the cable as?Unusual seaseed11. Who was the message firstly sent to across the Atlantic by the Queen?President Buchanan12. What giant animals were used to carry the cable through desert?camels13. What weather condition did it delay the construction in northAustralia?Tropical rain14. How long did it take to send a telegraph message from Australia to England?Several hours(答案仅供参考)Passage 2：题目：儿童天赋和能力影响题型：判断5+概括5+多项选择4文章大意：孩子的天赋和能力影响，孩子容易受到环境影响学习到一些能力，而大人不容易，各种比较，举了语言的例子和其他能力的例子答案：1-4选择题1. Which one not mentioned about infantA intelligence C social skills D language2. What the animal experiment is to illustrate Different lines and angles affect sight3. the second experiment on … is prove that Human’s development is similar to animals in this area4. Why children appears mindlessCortex still does work5-9 summary实验用的speech sound语言是Japanese研究人员选用的，做第二个实验给小孩听噪音(noise)心跳变快(heart rate)，第三个实验visual observation有关，仔细观察physical eye movement.第四个实验因为选的地域广，结论充分harness dialects，由此科学家可以很好的控制他们的实验。

2012年10月20日雅思阅读机经[A类]

考试日期：2012年10月20日Reading Passage 1Title:Bondi beach 邦迪海滩Question types:TRUE/FLASE/NOT GIVEN, Short Answer Questions 文章内容回顾邦迪海滩是澳大利亚的著名海滩英文原文阅读Bondi Beach is about one kilometre long (≈0.6 miles) and receives many visitors throughout the year. Surf Life Saving Australia has given different hazard ratingsto Bondi Beach in 2004. While the northern end has been rated a gentle 4 (with 10as the most hazardous), the southern side is rated as a 7 due to a famous rip current known as the "Backpackers' Express" because of its proximity to the bus stop, andthe unwillingness of tourists to walk the length of the beach to safer swimming. Thesouth end of the beach is generally reserved for surfboard riding. Yellow and redflags define safe swimming areas, and visitors are advised to swim between them. There is an underwater shark net shared, during the summer months, with other beaches along the southern part of the coast. Pods of whales and dolphins have been sighted in thebay during the months of migration. Fairy penguins, while uncommon, are sometimesalso seen swimming close to shore or amongst surfers in southern line-up.In 2007, the Guinness World Record for the largest swimsuit photo shoot was set atBondi Beach, with 1,010 women wearing bikinis taking part.Bondi Beach was added to the Australian National Heritage List in 2008.Sport and recreationBondi Beach is the end point of the City to Surf Fun Run which is held each year inAugust. The race attracts over 63,000 entrants who complete the 14 km run from thecentral business district of Sydney to Bondi Beach. Other annual activities at Bondi Beach include Flickerfest, Australia's premier international short film festival in January, World Environment Day in June, and Sculpture By The Sea in November. Inaddition to many a ctivities, the Bondi Beach Markets is open every Sunday. Many Irish and British tourists spend Christmas Day at the beach.An Oceanway connects Bondi to South Head to the north and other beaches to the southup to Coogee.Bondi Beach hosted the beach volleyball competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics. Atemporary 10,000-seat stadium, a much smaller stadium, 2 warm-up courts, and 3training courts were set up to host the tournament.Lifesaving clubsBondi Surf Bathers' Life Saving Club is the world's first surf lifesaving club andNorth Bondi Surf Lifesaving Club is a federation club. Both clubs were founded in1907. Bondi members invented the surf reel and many other icons of lifesaving. SurfLifesavers from both clubs were involved in the largest rescue ever on a single day,known as 'Black Sunday'. Bondi holds the most Australian Surf Lifesaving Championshipgold medals in R&R (rescue & resuscitation) and North Bondi hold the most gold medalsin March Past.Bondi IcebergsThe Swimming Club's origin dates back to 1929 and owes its origins to the desire ofa band of dedicated local lifesavers who wished to maintain their fitness during thewinter months. They formed the Bondi Icebergs Winter Swimming Club and drew up aconstitution and elected office bearers. Included in the constitution was a rule thatto maintain membership it was mandatory that swimmers compete on three Sundays outof four for a period of five years.The Icebergs became licensed in 1960 and the members moved from a tin shed intocomfortable premises with Bar and Poker Machines. A further update took place in the1970s enabling the Club to operate on two floors. In 1994, female members w ere admittedand in 2002 the Club opened their new premises.题型难度分析这两个题型都较容易，前面的判断题有五个题目，后面的简答题大概有三个。

雅思a类阅读8种主要题型技巧总结

雅思A类阅读8种主要题型技巧总结引言雅思（IELTS）是世界上最为广泛接受的英语语言能力考试之一。

其中，阅读部分是考试中的一个重要模块，对应考生的阅读理解和解题能力。

在雅思A类阅读中，考生通常会遇到8种主要题型。

本文将总结并探讨这些题型的解题技巧。

一、题型一：选择题选择题是雅思阅读中最常见的题型之一。

考生需要在给定的选项中选择一个最合适的答案。

下面是一些解题技巧： 1. 先读题干：在阅读文章之前，先读一下题目，了解自己需要寻找的关键信息。

2. 扫读文章：迅速浏览全文，找到可能涉及到题目答案的部分。

3. 标记关键信息：用铅笔或者笔记的方式标记出文章中与题目相关的信息。

4. 对选项进行排除：使用排除法，逐一排除不合适的选项，找到最符合题目要求的选项。

5. 双重检查：在填涂答题卡之前，仔细检查所选答案是否正确。

二、题型二：填空题填空题要求考生在给定的空格中填入一个或多个单词，以补全句子或段落的意思。

以下是一些建议： 1. 抓住关键词：仔细阅读题目，寻找关键词以确定所需填入的单词类型。

2. 使用上下文线索：通过上下文信息判断适合填入的单词。

3. 注意词性和语法：确保所填单词符合句子的语法要求。

4. 同义词替换：有时候所填入的单词可能不完全与文章中的原词相同，需要根据上下文寻找同义词进行替换。

三、题型三：判断题判断题要求考生根据文章内容判断给定的陈述是否正确。

以下是解题技巧： 1. 理解文章：通读全文，理解文章的主要内容和观点。

2. 关注细节：判断题通常需要对文章中的细节进行辨认，因此要仔细寻找相关信息。

3. 正误辨别：根据文章中的具体信息判断给定的陈述是正确还是错误。

4. 小心绝对词：注意文章中的绝对词（如all, always, never等），这些词在判断题中可能会引导到错误答案。

5. 避免主观臆断：尽量根据文章中的具体信息来判断，而不是自己的主观臆断。

四、题型四：匹配题匹配题要求考生将一系列问题或陈述与给定的选项进行匹配。

雅思英语试题及答案解析

雅思英语试题及答案解析一、听力部分1. 根据录音，以下哪项是会议的主要议题？A. 环境保护B. 教育改革C. 经济发展D. 城市规划答案：C解析：在录音中，发言人提到了“经济增长”和“城市扩张”等关键词，表明经济发展是会议的主要议题。

2. 录音中提到的新政策将对哪个群体产生最大影响？A. 学生B. 工人C. 商人D. 农民答案：B解析：录音中提到了“提高最低工资标准”和“改善劳动条件”，这些政策将直接影响到工人的生活和工作。

二、阅读部分1. 根据文章，作者对当前教育体系持什么态度？A. 支持B. 反对C. 中立D. 未明确表态答案：B解析：文章中作者多次使用“outdated”（过时的）和“ineffective”（无效的）等词汇来描述当前的教育体系，表明作者持有反对的态度。

2. 文章中提到的“21世纪技能”包括哪些方面？A. 批判性思维B. 创造力C. 团队合作D. 所有上述答案：D解析：文章明确提到了“批判性思维”、“创造力”和“团队合作”是21世纪技能的重要组成部分。

三、写作部分1. 题目：Some people believe that the government shouldprovide financial support to artists and musicians, while others argue that artists should support themselves. Discuss both views and give your opinion.答案：略解析：在写作部分，考生需要首先概述两种观点，然后给出自己的见解。

注意使用多样的语言表达和连贯的逻辑结构。

四、口语部分1. 问题：Describe a memorable trip you have taken.答案：略解析：在口语部分，考生需要描述一次难忘的旅行经历，包括旅行的地点、时间、活动以及这次旅行为什么难忘。

a类雅思阅读评分标准对照表

A类雅思阅读评分标准对照表本文为A类雅思阅读评分标准对照表，主要为考生提供评分标准和考点分析。

评分标准雅思阅读考试总分为40分，每道题目均为1分，考试时间为60分钟。

评分标准主要有两个方面：阅读技能和语言应用。

阅读技能1.多项选择题：根据文章提供的信息作出正确的选择。

（1分/题）2.填空题：根据文章中缺失的信息填入正确的单词、短语或数字。

（1分/题）3.匹配题：将给出的一列选项与文章中的另一列信息进行配对。

（1分/题）4.判断题：判断给出的陈述是否属实或与文章中的信息相符。

（1分/题）以上四种题型均主要考察考生的阅读技能和相关语言知识能力，如词汇、语法、语言表达等。

语言应用在阅读技能基础上，雅思阅读还主要评估考生的语言应用能力，包括：1.阅读速度：是否能在规定时间内快速读完文章并理解主题和信息关系。

2.词汇和拼写：是否理解文章中出现的关键词汇、异义词、句型和词汇搭配，并能用正确的拼写形式呈现。

3.语法和文法：是否能发现文章中的语法和文法错误，并确保自己的语言表达正确无误。

4.语言表达能力：是否能在对文章的理解基础上，用更准确、更流畅、更自然的语言表达来阐述自己的观点，以达到更高的语言得分。

考点分析从以上评分标准可得，雅思阅读主要考察以下方面的能力：1.理解文章主题和信息关系的能力。

2.快速处理和理解各种阅读题型的能力。

3.词汇和语言知识的运用能力。

4.语言表达和语法表达能力。

因此，在备考过程中，考生应该注重训练以上四个方面的能力。

具体可以采取以下措施：•提高阅读速度阅读速度是雅思阅读考试的核心。

考生应在考试前做练习，提高阅读速度和快速处理各种题型的能力。

•学习阅读策略针对不同题型的阅读策略可以提高考生的准确率。

学习好的阅读策略可以帮助考生快速发现关键信息，提高做题效率。

•拓展词汇量扩大词汇量，掌握常见的单词和短语以及语言表达方式可以帮助考生更好地理解文章中的信息并顺利完成各种题型。

•改正语法和文法考生应该在考前修正错误的语法和文法问题，并确保文章表达正确，不出错，以提高语言得分。

雅思阅读考试模拟题附详解

雅思阅读考试模拟题附详解概述本模拟题旨在帮助考生熟悉雅思阅读考试的题型和难度，提高阅读理解能力。

本题包含三个部分，分别为：1. 选择题2. 填空题3. 匹配题每部分题目后均附有详细解析，帮助考生理解答案选项的依据。

模拟题第一部分：选择题（每题2分，共10分）阅读以下段落，然后回答问题。

段落：1. According to the author, what is the major problem of the Internet?A. It's too difficult to find useful information.B. There is too much information to process.C. The Internet causes social isolation.D. It's impossible to maintain privacy online.第二部分：填空题（每题2分，共10分）阅读以下段落，然后回答问题。

段落：Sustainable development is a key concept in modern society. It emphasizes the balance between economic growth and environmental protection. To achieve sustainable development, we need to adopt environmentally friendly practices such as reducing energy consumption and promoting renewable energy sources.1. Sustainable development is about achieving ____________.A. economic growthB. environmental protectionC. both A and BD. neither A nor B第三部分：匹配题（每题2分，共10分）阅读以下段落，然后回答问题。

雅思阅读考题回顾

雅思A类阅读考题回顾（第二季度）Passage 2 资料考证来源于维基百科 After repairs, she plied for several years as a passenger liner between Britain and America, before being converted to a cable-laying ship and la ying the first lasting”Brunel worked for several years as assistant engineer on the project to create a tunnel under London's River Thames 题目配对 tunnel under river Thames -- which Brune was not responsible for itThough ultimately unsuccessful, another of Brunel's interesting use of technical innovations was the atmospheric railway 配对建成不久就停止运营那项吧Great Eastern was designed to cruise non-stop from London to Sydney and back (since engineers of the time misunderstood that Australia had no coal reserves), and she remained the largest ship built until the turnof the century. Like many of Brunel's ambitious projects, the ship soon ran over budget and behind schedulein the face of a series of technical probl我配了两个财务上不成功和建设推迟了很对次配对great eastern ems.Great Britain is considered the first modern ship, being built of metal rather than wood, powered by an engine rather than wind or oars, and driven by propeller rather than paddle wheel. 配对成为广泛认可的标准忘了这个是不是第一题的段落包含信息题了其他记不住了有个火车站什么的配对 Brunel 影响了反对者这个乱配的Passage 3According to science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein, a handy short definition of almost all science fiction might read: realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method尮Vladimir Nabokov argued that if we were rigorous with our definitions, Shakespeare's pla The Tempest would have to be termed science fiction.yY/N/NG 第一题就纠结了题目是科幻小说很难下定义文中不是两种观点都有么但是自己答的 YThe Moon Is a Harsh Mistress is a 1966 science fiction novel by Ame然后信息配对有一道是rican writer Robert A. Heinlein, about a lunar colony's revolt against rule from Earth.这门书貌似是配对它成功预测了人类登月Passage 1 Ambergris (旧题)Classification(6), Y/N/NG(4), summary(3)难度★☆难度★☆Passage 2Multiple choice(2 of 5), Summary(4), Headings(7)非洲小国的贫困难度★★placebo对医学的影响Matching, choices, T/F/NG Passage 3雅思阅读真题题源号《九分达人》迷失的城CAMEL allows archaeologists to survey ancient cities without digging in the dirt, disturbing sitesLike a dromedary that can travela long distance without taking a Overlying aerial photographs show the ancient city walldrink of water, the Oriental at Kerkenes Dag in Turkey.Institute's CAMEL computerproject can traverse vast distances of ancient and modern space without pausing for the usual refreshment known best by archaeologists—digging in the soil.CAMEL (the Center for Ancient Middle Eastern Landscapes) is at the leading edge of archaeology because of what it does not do and what it can do. First, it does not actually excavate. For a science based on the destructive removal of buried artifacts and an examination of them for meaning, CAMEL works in quite the opposite way: it aims to survey ancient sites and disturb them as little as possible.What CAMEL can do however, is remarkable. It organizes maps, aerial photography, satellite images and other data into one place, allowing archaeologists to see how ancient trade routes developed and to prepare simulations of how people may have interacted, given the limitations of their space, the availability of resources and the organization of their cities.CAMEL provides the wonderful opportunity “to see beyond the horizon,”said Scott Branting, Director of the project.Branting oversees the CAMEL project from a second-floor computer lab at the Oriental Institute. As he walks around, he shows off the dozen PCs that form the nucleus of the project, which invites faculty and students to pore through electronic images from throughout the Middle East. “;“The Near Eastern area is defined for the purposes of our collections as an enormous box stretching from Greece on the west to Afghanistan on the east, from the middle of the Black Sea on the north to the horn of Africa on the south,” he said as he turned on a computer to summon an image from the area.Up popped an aerial surveillance photograph taken for defense purposes during the Cold War. The image showed mounds on the surface of the steppe regions of modern Iraq, sites that are among the hundreds unexplored there that are potentially valuable sites for future excavation when archaeologists can safely return.“Because these images are images from the 1950s and 1960s, they show a terrain much different from what exists today,” he explained. Fields have covered much of the formally barren areas of the Middle East as irrigation has expanded farming. Sites that show up as mounds in photographs may today be leveled and hard to recognize. Some of the ancient material they contain,however, is still buried deep below the surface.Besides the aerial surveillance photographs, the collection includes some photographs taken by small planes in the early days of aerial photography. James Henry Breasted, founder of the Oriental Institute, was an early pioneer in the field and began taking photographs from a plane over sites in Egypt in 1920. Some of his early shots are a bit shaky, though, as he also experienced air sickness during that path-breaking effort.When the Oriental Institute launched an excavation in the 1930s at Persepolis in Iran, the art of aerial photography had progressed greatly, and stunning pictures of the ancient Persian capital helped demonstrate the scope of the city in a way nothing else could. Some of those photographs are on the walls of the Persian Gallery of the Museum of the Oriental Institute, and others are part of the CAMEL database.Oriental Institute scholars also used balloons rigged with cameras to catch overall shots of excavation sites.In addition to the aerial photographs, the collection also includes shots taken by NASA, Digital Globe and other organizations from satellites. Branting is in Turkey this summer working on a site that shows the value of nondestructive techniques such as those developed at CAMEL. He has been studying the ancient and mysterious city of Kerkenes Dag in central Turkey.The city, surrounded by a wall, is a square mile, huge by ancient standards,and is the largest preclassical site in Anatolia, the name for the ancient region that now includes Turkey. The city is about 30 miles from Hattusa, the capital of the ancient Hittite Empire.Although the city was an Iron Age site and was planned and built by powerful leaders capable of controlling a large work force, it is uncertain who held that power. Early scholars had speculated it may have been a rival to the Hittites, but a research team from the Oriental Institute established in 1928 that the city was built sometime after the fall of the Hittites in about 1180 .Geoffrey Summers of the Middle East Technical University in Ankara directed a new dig at the site beginning in 1993. Branting joined the project in 1995 as an Oriental Institute graduate student. Researchers from the Middle East Technical University and the Oriental Institute then joined efforts to work on the project together.have Dag, archaeologists work at Kerkenes From the beginning of the latest trench Random about the site. more used nondestructive techniques to learn was recovered than much more information work would probably not turn up in the 1928 Oriental Institute excavation, scholars have contended. ervational and remote sensing techniques “By employing a range of obsblank the fill in to city, we have been able across the entire area of thesaid. Branting Oriental Institute,” earlier map made by the spaces on anThe work, which includes the techniques used at CAMEL to map accurately a site with photographs, provided archaeologists a chance to work with season another began. Currently, of precision once digging a high degree of excavation is underway.proved this has surface at Kerkenes Dag, “Since so much can be seen ontheto be a very effective technique,” Branting said.Global Positioning System technology has allowed scholars to record the minute topography of the entire ground surface within the site. “Never grand such a been undertaken on before in archaeology has this technique virtual a work to produce model is the basis for ongoing scale. The terrain building neighborhood, neighborhood by the reconstruction of entire city, by building,” he said.By using the techniques, the team was able to locate the gateway of the palace complex and find the first fragmentary inscriptions and reliefs to be recovered at the site. They have been able to date the site to the mid- to late-seventh century through the mid-sixth century . Scholars believe the city may have been one referred to by Herodotus as effort a failed Lydian King Croesus in which Pteria, was conquered by the to block the advance of the Persian Empire.even can true, then we of Kerkenes Dag with Pteria holds equation “If themore precisely date the massive destruction of the city to around 547 . and begin to understand something of its international importance,”Branting said Dematerialization消费-----雅思阅读真题题源号《九分达人》Until recently the role of consumption as a driving force forenvironmental change has not been widely explored. This may be due in part to the difficulty of collecting suitable data. The present chapter approaches the consumption of materials from the perspective of the forces for materialization or dematerialization of industrial products beyond the underlying and obviously very powerful forces of economic and population growth. Examination can occur on both the unit and the aggregate level of materials consumption. Such study may make it possible to assess current streams of materials use and, based on environmental implications, may suggest directions for future materials policy. dematerialization is often broadly used to characterize the The word decline over time in weight of the materials used in industrial end products. One may also speak of dematerialization in terms of the decline in “embedded energy” in industrial products. Colombo (1988) has speculated that dematerialization is the logical outcome of an advanced economy in which material needs are substantially Williams et al. (1987) have explored relationships between materials use and affluence in the United States. Perhaps we should first ask the question: Is dematerialization taking place? The answer depends, above all, on how dematerialization is defined. The question is particularly of interest from an environmental point of view, because the use of less material could translate into smaller quantities of waste generated at both the production and the consumption phases of the economic process.But less is not necessarily less from an environmental point of view. Ifsmaller and lighter products are also inferior in quality, then more units would be produced, and the net result could be a greater amount of waste generated in both production and consumption. From an environmental viewpoint, therefore, (de)materialization should perhaps be defined as the change in the amount of waste generated per unit of industrial products.On the basis of such a definition, and taking into account overall production and consumption, we have attempted to examine the question of whether dematerialization is occurring. Our goal is not to answer definitively the question whether society is dematerializing but rather to establish a framework for analysis to address this overall question and to indicate some of the interesting and useful directions for study. We have examined a number of examples even though the data are not complete.Undoubtedly, many industrial products have become lighter and smaller with time. Cars, dwelling units, television sets, clothes pressing irons, and calculators are but a few examples. There is, of course, usually a lower bound regarding how small objects such as appliances can be made and still be compatible with the physical dimensions and limitations of human beings (who are themselves becoming larger), as well as with the Apart from such boundary conditions on size and possibly tasks to be weight of many industrial product units, dematerialization of units of products is perceived to be occurring.An important question is how far one could drive dematerialization. For example, for the automobile, how is real world safety related to its mass? In a recent study, Evans (1985) found that, given a single-car crash, the unbelted driver of a car weighing about 2,000 pounds is about times as likely to be killed as is the unbelted driver of an approximately4,000-pound car. The relative disadvantage of the smaller car is essentially the same when the corresponding comparison is made for belted drivers. For two-car crashes it was found that the driver of a 2,000-pound car crashing into another 2,000-pound car is about times as likely to be injured seriously or fatally as is the driver of a 4,000-pound car crashing into another 4,000-pound car. These results suggest one of the reasons that dematerialization by itself will not be a sufficient criterion for social choice about product design. If the product cannot be practically or safely reduced beyond a certain point, can the service provided by the product be provided in a way that demands less material? lb return to the case of transportation, substituting telecommunications for transportation might be a dematerializer, but we have no data on the relative materials demand for the communications infrastructure versus the transportation infrastructure to meet a given need. In any case, demands for communication and transportation appear to increase in tandem,as complementary goods rather than as substitutes for one another.It is interesting to inquire into dematerialization in the world of miniaturization, not only the world of large objects. In the computer industry, for example, silicon wafers are increasing in size to reduce material losses in cutting. This is understandable if one considers that approximately 400 acres of silicon wafer material are used per year by IBM Corporation at a cost of about $100 million per acre. A processed wafer costs approximately $800, and the increase in total wafer area per year is about 10-15 percent. Although silicon wafers do not present a waste disposal problem from the point of view of volume, they are environmentally important because their manufacture involves the handling of hazardous chemicals. They are also interesting as an example of how the production volume of an aggressive new technology tends to grow because of popularity in the market. Moreover, many rather large plastic and metal boxes are required to enclose and keep cool the microchips made with the wafers, even as the world's entire annual chip production might compactly fit inside one 747 jumbo jet. Thus, such new industries may tend to be simultaneously both friends and foes of dematerialization.The production of smaller and lighter toasters, irons, television sets, and other devices in some instances may result in lower-quality products and an increased consumer attitude to ”replace rather than repair.” In Althoughincreased. have may produced units of number the instances, these dematerialization may be the case on a per-unit basis, the increasing number of units produced can cause an overall trend toward materialization with time. As an example, the apparent consumption of shoes, which seem increasingly difficult to repair, has risen markedly in the United States since the 1970s, with about billion pairs of nonrubber shoes purchased in 1985, compared with 730 million pairs as recently as 1981 (Table 1). In contrast, improvements in quality generally result in dematerialization, as has been the case for tires. The total tire production in the United States has risen over time (Figure 1), following from general increases in both the number of registered vehicles and the total miles of travel. However, the number of tires per million vehicle miles of travel has declined (Figure 2). Such a decline in tire wear can be attributed to improved tire quality, which results directly in a decrease in the quantity of solid waste due to discarded tires. For example,a tire designed to have a service life of 100,000 miles could reduce solid waste from tires by 60-75 percent (Westerman, 1978). Other effective tire waste reduction strategies include tire retreading and recycling, as well as the use of discarded tires as vulcanized rubber particles in roadway asphalt mixes.Dematerialization of unit products affects, and is influenced by, a numberof factors besides product quality. These include ease of manufacturing, production cost, size and complexity of the product, whether the product is to be repaired or replaced, and the amount of waste to be generated and processed. These factors influence one another as well (Figure 3). For example, the ease of manufacture of a particular product in smaller and lighter units may result in lower production cost and cheaper products of lower quality, which will be replaced rather than repaired on breaking down. Although a smaller amount of waste will be generated on a per-unit basis, more units will be produced and disposed of, and there may be an overall increase in waste generation at both the production and the consumption ends.Another factor of interest on the production end is scale. One would expect so-called economies of scale in production to lead to a set of facilities that embody less material for a given output. Does having fewer, larger plants in fact involve significantly less use of material (or space) than having more, smaller ones? At the level of the individual product, the shift from mainframe computers to personal computers, driven by desires for local independence and convenience, may also be in the direction of materialization.Among socioeconomic factors influencing society's demand for Mate- are the nature of various activities, composition of the work force, and income levels. For example, as a predominantly agricultural society evolves toward industrialization, demand for materials increases, whereas the transition from an industrial to a service society might bring about a decline in the use of materials. Within a given culture, to what extent are materials use and waste generation increasing functions of income?The spatial dispersion of population is a potential materializer. Migration from urban to suburban areas, often driven by affluence, requires more roads, more single-unit dwellings, and more automobiles with a consequent significant expansion in the use of materials. The movement from large, extended families sharing one dwelling to smaller, nuclear families may be regarded as a materializer if every household unit occupies a separate dwelling. Factors such as photocopying, photography, advertising, poor quality, high cost of repair, and wealth generally force materialization. Technological innovation, especially product innovation, may also tend to force materialization, at least in the short run. For example, microwave ovens, which are smaller than old-fashioned ovens, have now been acquired by most American households. However, they have come largely as an addition to, not a substitute for, previous cooking appliances. In the long term, if microwave ovens truly replace older ovens,this innovation may come to be regarded as a dematerializer. National security and war, styles and fashions, and fads may also function asmaterializers by accelerating production and consumption. Demand for health and fitness, local mobility, and travel may spur materialization in other ways.The societal driving forces behind dematerialization are, at best, diverse and contradictory. However, the result may indeed be a clear trend in materialization or dematerialization. This could be determined only through collection and analysis of data on the use of basic materials with time, particularly for industry and especially for products with the greatest materials demand. Basic materials such as metals and alloys ., steel, copper, aluminum), cement, sand, gravel, wood, paper, glass, ceramics, and rubber are among the materials that should be considered. The major products and associated industries that would be interesting to study could well include roads, buildings, automobiles, appliances, pipes (metal, clay, plastic), wires, clothing, newsprint and books, packaging materials, pottery, canned food, and bottled or canned drinks.11/09/2010Academic Reading Y /N /NG和summary★☆恐龙的脚印Passage 1难度电子书和数字音乐9个list of heading，剩下是TFNG难度★★☆Passage 2道 summary3 6道，TFNG 5道和天文物理段落配信息难度 Passage 3★★☆Comment 难，HEADINGS出了9道题，段落配信息6个。