学术词汇表_Academic_Word_List
awl学术词汇表pdf
awl学术词汇表pdf摘要：一、引言1.介绍awl 学术词汇表2.阐述其在学术写作中的重要性二、awl 学术词汇表的概述1.什么是awl 学术词汇表2.awl 学术词汇表的内容和结构3.awl 学术词汇表的目的和作用三、awl 学术词汇表在学术写作中的应用1.提升写作的准确性和专业性2.提高论文的质量和影响力3.有助于论文的检索和阅读四、如何有效地使用awl 学术词汇表1.熟悉和掌握词汇表的内容2.在写作过程中适时使用词汇表3.结合实际研究灵活运用词汇五、结论1.总结awl 学术词汇表在学术写作中的重要性2.强调熟练运用词汇表提升写作质量正文：一、引言awl 学术词汇表（Academic Word List）是一个涵盖了大量学术领域常用词汇的列表，对于学术写作具有重要的参考价值。
本文将详细介绍awl 学术词汇表，并探讨其在学术写作中的重要性以及如何有效地运用它来提升写作质量。
二、awl 学术词汇表的概述1.什么是awl 学术词汇表awl 学术词汇表是由英国学术语言专家Craig 博士和Halliday 博士于2004 年编制的一份词汇表，旨在帮助学术作者提高写作的准确性和专业性。
该词汇表包含了大学学术写作中经常使用的词汇，共计2,130 个单词。
2.awl 学术词汇表的内容和结构awl 学术词汇表分为10 个等级，从等级1 至等级10，每个等级包含的词汇数量逐渐增加。
等级1 包含最基础的学术词汇，适用于初学者；等级10 则包含了较为高级的学术词汇，适用于熟练的学术作者。
3.awl 学术词汇表的目的和作用awl 学术词汇表的主要目的是帮助学术作者在写作过程中选择合适的词汇来表达思想，提高写作的专业性和准确性。
通过对该词汇表的学习和运用，作者可以更好地传达研究内容，提升论文的质量和影响力。
三、awl 学术词汇表在学术写作中的应用1.提升写作的准确性和专业性熟练掌握和运用awl 学术词汇表中的词汇，可以避免使用过于通俗或过于复杂的词汇，使写作更加精确和专业。
英语学术词汇表
《英语学术词汇表》第1组《英语学术词汇表》(The Academic Word List, AWL)是一个由Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand 的一些应用语言学家统计出来的词汇表，它包含了学术英语(English for Academic Purpose)中最常用的570个词目(headwords)。
《英语学术词汇表》分10个sublists (小类)，除了第10小类包含30个词目外，其他小类均含有60个词目。
Sublist 1（第1类）包含的词汇最常用，sublist 2（第2类）中的词汇使用频率稍低，其他的sublist3 依次类推。
Sublist 1 of the Academic Word Listanalysisapproachareaassessmentassumeauthorityavailablebenefitconceptconsistentconstitutionalcontextcontractcreatedatadefinitionderiveddistributioneconomicenvironmentestablishedestimateevidenceexportfinancial formula function identified income indicate individual interpretation involved issueslabourlegal legislation major method occur percent periodpolicy principle procedure process required research responserolesection sector significant similar source specific structurevariableSublist 2 of the Academic Word ListachieveacquisitionadministrationaffectappropriateaspectsassistancecategorieschaptercommissioncommunitycomplexcomputerconclusionconductconsequencesconstructionconsumercreditculturaldesigndistinctionelementsequationevaluationfeaturesfinalfocusimpactinjuryinvestmentitemsjournalmaintenancenormalobtainedparticipationperceivedpositivepotentialpreviousprimarypurchaserangeregionregulationsrelevantresidentresourcesrestrictedsecuritysoughtselectsitestrategiessurveytexttraditionaltransferSublist 3 of the Academic Word List alternativecircumstancescommentscompensation components consent considerable constant constraints contribution convention coordination core corporate corresponding criteria deduction demonstrate document dominant emphasis ensure excluded framework funds illustrated immigration impliesinitial instance interaction justification layerlinklocation maximum minoritiesnegativeoutcomespartnershipphilosophyphysicalproportionpublishedreactionregisteredrelianceremovedschemesequencesexshiftspecifiedsufficienttasktechnicaltechniquestechnologyvalidityvolumeSublist 4 of the Academic Word List accessadequateannualapparentapproximatedattitudesattributedcivilcodecommitmentcommunication concentration conference contrastcycledebate despite dimensions domestic emergederrorethnicgoalsgrantedhence hypothesis implementation implications imposed integration internal investigation joblabel mechanism obvious occupational optionoutputoverall parallel parameters phase predictedprincipalpriorprofessionalprojectpromoteregimeresolutionretainedseriesstatisticsstatusstresssubsequentsumsummaryundertakenSublist 5 of the Academic Word List academicadjustmentalteramendmentawarecapacitychallengeclausecompoundsconflictconsultationcontactdeclinediscretiondraftenableenergyenforcement entities equivalent evolution expansion exposure external facilitate fundamental generated generation image liberal licence logic marginal medical mental modified monitoring network notion objective orientation perspective precise prime psychology pursueratio rejected revenue stability stylessubstitutionsustainablesymbolictargettransitiontrendversionwelfarewhereasSublist 6 of the Academic Word List abstractaccurateacknowledgedaggregateallocationassignedattachedauthorbondbriefcapablecitedcooperativediscriminationdisplaydiversitydomaineditionenhancedestateexceedexpertexplicitfederalfeesflexibility furthermore gender ignored incentive incidence incorporated index inhibition initiatives input instructions intelligence interval lecture migration minimum ministry motivation neutral nevertheless overseas preceding presumption rational recovery revealed scope subsidiary tapestrace transformation transportutilitySublist 7 of the Academic Word List adaptationadultsadvocateaidchannelchemicalclassicalcomprehensivecompriseconfirmedcontraryconvertedcoupledecadesdefinitedenydifferentiationdisposaldynamiceliminateempiricalequipmentextractfilefinitefoundationglobalgradeguaranteehierarchicalidenticalinferredinnovationinsertinterventionisolatedmediamodeparadigmphenomenonpriorityprohibitedpublicationquotationreleasereversesimulationsolelysomewhatsubmittedsuccessivesurvivethesistopictransmissionultimatelyuniquevisiblevoluntarySublist 8 of the Academic Word Listabandonaccompaniedaccumulationappendix appreciation arbitrary automatically biaschartclarity conformity commodity complement contemporary contradiction crucial currency denote detected deviation displacement dramatic eventually exhibit exploitation fluctuations guidelines highlighted implicit induced inevitably infrastructure inspection intensity manipulation minimisednuclearoffset paragraph plus practitioners predominantly prospect radical random reinforced restore revision schedule tension termination theme thereby uniform vehicleviavirtually widespread visual。
【优质】英语学术词汇表
【优质】英语学术词汇表《英语学术词汇表》第1组《英语学术词汇表》(The Academic Word List, AWL)是一个由Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand 的一些应用语言学家统计出来的词汇表，它包含了学术英语(English for Academic Purpose)中最常用的570个词目(headwords)。
《英语学术词汇表》分10个sublists (小类)，除了第10小类包含30个词目外，其他小类均含有60个词目。
Sublist 1（第1类）包含的词汇最常用，sublist 2（第2类）中的词汇使用频率稍低，其他的sublist3 依次类推。
Sublist 1 of the Academic Word Listanalysisapproachareaassessmentassumeauthorityavailablebenefitconceptconsistentconstitutionalcontextcontractcreatedatadefinitionderiveddistributioneconomicenvironmentestablishedestimateevidenceexportfactors financial formula function identified income indicate individual interpretation involved issueslabourlegal legislation major method occur percent periodpolicy principle procedure process required research responserolesection sector significant similar source specific structuretheoryvariableSublist 2 of the Academic Word Listachieveacquisitionadministrationaffectappropriateaspectsassistancecategorieschaptercommissioncommunitycomplexcomputerconclusionconduct consequences construction consumer credit cultural design distinction elements equation evaluation featuresfinalfocus impact injury institute investment items journal maintenance normal obtained participation perceived positive potential previous primary purchaserangeregionregulationsrelevantresidentresourcesrestrictedsecuritysoughtselectsitestrategiessurveytexttraditionaltransferSublist 3 of the Academic Word List alternativecircumstancescommentscompensation components consent considerable constant constraints contribution convention coordination core corporate corresponding criteria deduction demonstrate document dominant emphasis ensure excluded framework funds illustrated immigration impliesinitial instance interaction justification layerlinklocation maximum minoritiesnegativeoutcomespartnershipphilosophyphysicalproportionpublishedreactionregisteredrelianceremovedschemesequencesexshiftspecifiedsufficienttasktechnicaltechniquestechnologyvalidityvolumeSublist 4 of the Academic Word List access adequateannualapparentapproximatedattitudesattributedcivilcodecommitmentcommunication concentration conference contrastcycledebate despite dimensions domestic emergederrorethnicgoalsgrantedhence hypothesis implementation implications imposed integration internal investigation joblabel mechanism obvious occupational optionoutputoverall parallel parameters phase predictedprincipalpriorprofessionalprojectpromoteregimeresolutionretainedseriesstatisticsstatusstresssubsequentsumsummaryundertakenSublist 5 of the Academic Word List academicadjustmentalteramendmentawarecapacitychallengeclausecompoundsconflictconsultationcontactdeclinediscretiondraftenableenergyenforcement entities equivalent evolution expansion exposure external facilitate fundamental generated generation image liberal licence logic marginal medical mental modified monitoring network notion objective orientation perspective precise prime psychology pursueratio rejected revenue stability stylessubstitutionsustainablesymbolictargettransitiontrendversionwelfarewhereasSublist 6 of the Academic Word List abstractaccurateacknowledgedaggregateallocationassignedattachedauthorbondbriefcapablecitedcooperativediscriminationdisplaydiversitydomaineditionenhancedestateexceedexpertexplicitfederalfeesflexibility furthermore gender ignored incentive incidence incorporated index inhibition initiatives input instructions intelligence interval lecture migration minimum ministry motivation neutral nevertheless overseas preceding presumption rational recovery revealed scope subsidiary tapestrace transformation transportunderlyingutilitySublist 7 of the Academic Word List adaptation adultsadvocateaidchannelchemicalclassicalcomprehensivecompriseconfirmedcontraryconvertedcoupledecadesdefinitedenydifferentiationdisposaldynamiceliminateempiricalequipmentextractfilefinitefoundationglobalgrade guarantee hierarchical identical ideology inferred innovation insert intervention isolated media mode paradigm phenomenon priority prohibited publication quotation release reverse simulation solely somewhat submitted successive survive thesistopic transmission ultimatelyuniquevisiblevoluntarySublist 8 of the Academic Word Listabandonaccompaniedaccumulationambiguous appendix appreciation arbitrary automatically biaschartclarity conformity commodity complement contemporary contradiction crucial currency denote detected deviation displacement dramatic eventually exhibit exploitation fluctuations guidelines highlighted implicit induced inevitably infrastructure inspection intensity manipulation minimised nuclearoffset paragraph plus practitioners predominantly prospect radical random reinforced restore revision schedule tension termination theme thereby uniform vehicleviavirtually widespread visual。
(完整word版)ACADEMIC-WORD-LIST
Sublist 1•analyze [ˈænəlaiz] vt.〈美〉分析, 分解, 解释•constitute [ˈkɔnstitju:t] vt.构成, 组成建立, 制定选定, 任命•establish [isˈtæbliʃ] vt.建立, 成立安置确定, 证实•indicate [ˈindikeit] vt.标示, 指示, 指出象征; 表明或暗示…的可能性•occur [əˈkə:] vi.发生; 举行; 存在被发现; 想到[起]•role [rəul] n.作用, 职责角色•approac.[əˈprəutʃ.n.靠近.接近.临近通路.入口.途径方式.方.vt.接洽.交涉.着手处.vt..vi.接近.走近.靠近•context [ˈkɔntekst] n.背景, 环境上下文, 语境•estimat.[ˈestimeit.n.估计.估价报价判.vt..vi.估计.评价.评估•individual [ˌɪndiˈvidjuəl] adj.个别的, 单独的, 个人的独特的n.个人人•percent [pəˈsent] n.百分比,百分数•section [ˈsekʃən] n.章节部分部门, 科截面, 剖面地区, 区•area [ˈɛəriə] n.面积区域, 地区领域, 方面•contrac.[kənˈtrækt.n.契约.合.vt.缔结.订契.vt..vi.染上(恶习.疾病等)缩小.紧缩•evident [ˈevidənt] adj.明显的, 明白的•interpre.[inˈtə:prit.vt.解释.说.vt..vi.口译.翻译•period [ˈpiəriəd] n.(一段)时间时期, 时代学时, 课时句号, 句点•sector [ˈsektə] n.部门; 领域防御地区, 防卫区域扇形, 扇形面•assess [əˈses] vt.估价, 估计评定, 核定•create [kriˈeit] vt.创造, 创作, 创建引起, 产生•expor.[eksˈpɔ:t.n.输出.出口输出[出口].vt..vi.出口.输出•involve [inˈvɔlv] vt.使某事物成为必要条件或结果; 需要使参与, 牵涉•policy [ˈpɔləsi] n.政策, 方针策略, 精明的行为, 上策保险单•significant [siɡˈnifikənt] adj.重要的, 重大的, 可观的有意义的, 有用意的意味深长的•assume [əˈsju:m] vt.假设, 臆断, 猜想假装承担, 担任, 就职呈现, 采取•data [ˈdeitə] n.资料, 材料•factor [ˈfæktə] n.因素, 要素〈数〉因子, 因数•issue [ˈisju:] n.问题, 议题; 争论点发行物放出, 流出; 发出, 发行〈正〉结果, 结局vi.冒出, 流出; 传出vt.出版, 发行发表, 发布分配, 发给•principle [ˈprinsəpl] n.原则, 原理准则, 规范操守, 道义工作原理•similar [ˈsimilə] adj.类似的; 同类的; 相似的; 同样的•authority [ɔ:ˈθɔriti] n.权力, 职权官方, 当局权威, 专家•define [diˈfain] vt.精确地解释; 界定规定, 确定•finance [faiˈnæns] n.财政, 金融财源, 资金, 财务情况vt.为…供给资金, 从事金融活动•labour [ˈleibə] n.劳动, 努力; 工作劳工, 工人分娩, (分娩时的)阵痛vi.劳动; 努力艰难行进•proceed [prəˈsi:d] vi.前进; 行进进行; 继续下去•source [sɔ:s] n.河流的源头, 发源地来源, 出处原因提供资料者, 资料来源•available [əˈveiləbl] adj.可用的或可得到的可会见的, 可与之交谈的•deriv.[diˈraiv.vt..vi.得到源于•formula [ˈfɔ:mjulə] n.准则, 原则公式, 方程式配方•legal [ˈli:ɡəl] adj.法律上的; 合法的; 法定的•process [ˈprəuses] n.过程, 进程工序, 制作法vi.列队行进vt.加工; 处理•specific [spiˈsifik] adj.明确的, 确切的, 详尽的具体的, 特有的, 特定的仅限于…的; 只发现于…的n.特效药具体方面, 细节•benefi.[ˈbenifit.n.益处.好处救济金.保险.vt..vi.有益于.得益•distribute [disˈtribju:t] vt.分配, 分给散发; 散播; 分布•function [ˈfʌŋkʃən] n.功能; 作用; 职责函数; 与另一事物有密切关系的事物社交集会vi.工作, 运行, 起作用•legislat.[ˈledʒisleit.vt..vi.立法.制定法律•require [riˈkwaiə] vt.有赖于…; 需要命令, 指示要求, 规定想要•structure [ˈstrʌktʃə] n.结构, 构造有结构的事物; 复杂的整体; 建筑物vt.组织; 安排;构造; 制定•concept [ˈkɔnsept] n.概念; 观念; 想法•economy [iˈkɔnəmi] n.节约, 节省经济体制, 经济状况•identif.[aiˈdentifai.vt.认出.识别支持.同.vt..vi.等同于.有关联•major [ˈmeidʒə] adj.较大的; 主要的; 严重的n.少校专业; 主修科目vi.〈美〉主修, 专攻•research [riˈsə:tʃ] n.研究; 探讨vi.做研究, 探究, 研究, 探讨vt.从事…的研究, 为…而做研究•theory [ˈθiəri] n.学说理论, 原理意见, 看法•consist [kənˈsist] vi.组成, 构成在于, 存在于•environment [inˈvaiərənmənt] n.环境, 周围状况, 自然环境•income [ˈinkəm] n.收入, 所得, 收益•method [ˈmeθəd] n.方法, 办法秩序, 条理•respon.[riˈspɔnd.vi.有反应.有效果.有影.vt..vi.回答.回报.响应var.[ˈvɛəri.vi.呈现不.vt..vi.(使)变化.改变Sublist 2•achieve [əˈtʃi:v] vt.取得, 获得实现, 达到, 完成•community [kəˈmju:niti] n.社区, 社会, 团体大众, 公众共有, 共享•desig.[diˈzain.n.图样.设计图设计.布局目的.打.vt.计划.筹.vt..vi.设计.绘制•institute [ˈinstitju:t] n.协会, 学会; 学院, 研究院vt.建立, 制定; 开始, 着手•potential [pəˈtenʃəl] adj.潜在的, 有可能的n.潜力, 潜势, 可能性•restrict [risˈtrikt] vt.限制; 约束•acquire [əˈkwaiə] vt.获得, 得到, 养成•complex [ˈkɔmpleks] adj.由许多部分组成的, 复合的复杂的, 难懂的n.综合体, 集合体〈心〉情结, 夸大的情绪反应•distinct [disˈtiŋkt] adj.截然不同的, 完全分开的清晰的, 明白的, 明显的•inves.[inˈvest.vt.授.vt..vi.投资.花费•previous [ˈpri:viəs] adj.先前的, 以前的过早的, 过急的•secure [siˈkjuə] adj.牢固的; 可靠的有把握的; 确切的vt.握紧; 关牢使安全(使)获得;把…弄到手•administer [ədˈministə] vt.管理, 支配给予执行, 实施•compute [kəmˈpju:t] vt.计算, 估算•element [ˈelimənt] n.(化学)元素成分, 要素, 原件一伙人基础, 纲要, 原理•item [ˈaitəm] n.一项, 一件, 一条; 项目•primary [ˈpraiməri] adj.首要的; 主要的; 基本的最初的; 初级的•see.[si:k.vi.企图.试.vt.请求.征求.求.vt..vi.寻找.探寻•affect [əˈfekt] vt.影响感动假装•conclud.[kənˈklu:d.vt.得出结论.断定决.vt..vi.结束•equate [iˈkweit] vt.认为某事物(与另一事物)相等或相仿•journal [ˈdʒə:nl] n.杂志, 期刊日志, 日记•purchase [ˈpə:tʃəs] n.购买, 购置买到的东西vt.购买•select [siˈlekt] adj.精选的, 挑选出来的限制性的, 选择严格的vt.选择; 挑选•appropriate [əˈprəupriit] adj.适当的, 恰当的vt.挪用; 占用; 盗用拨出(款项)•conduc.[kənˈdʌkt.n.举止.行为管理(方式).实施(方式.vt..vi.引导.带领.担任指挥控制.管理传导•evaluate [iˈvæljueit] vt.评价, 估计, 估价•maintain [meinˈtein] vt.保持; 继续保养, 维护坚持; 主张供给; 赡养•range [reindʒ] n.一系列变化幅度, 范围射程, 距离(山)脉vi.变化vt.排列•site [sait] n.位置, 场所, 地点vt.使坐落在; 设置•aspect [ˈæspekt] n.方面方位, 朝向面貌, 模样, 神态•consequent [ˈkɔnsikwənt] adj.作为结果的, 随之发生的•feature [ˈfi:tʃə] n.特征, 特色面貌, 相貌特写, 专题节目(电影的)正片, 故事片•normal [ˈnɔ:məl] adj.正常的, 平常的正规的; 标准的•region [ˈri:dʒən] n.地区; 地带; 区域; 范围•strategy [ˈstrætidʒi] n.战略学, 兵法战略, 策略策略, 计谋•assis.[əˈsist.vt..vi.帮助.促进•construct [kənˈstrʌkt] vt.修建, 建立构成, 组成•final [ˈfainəl] adj.最后的, 最终的决定性的, 确定性的n.决赛(大学的)期终考试•obtain [əbˈtein] vi.通行; 流行vt.获得, 得到; 买到•regulate [ˈreɡjuleit] vt.控制, 管理调整; 调节•survey [səˈvei] n.调查vt.眺望; 纵览测量; 勘察检查, 鉴定通盘考虑, 回顾•category [ˈkætiɡəri] n.种类, 类别•consume [kənˈsju:m] vt.消耗, 消费, 耗尽大吃, 大喝烧毁, 毁灭•focu.[ˈfəukəs.n.焦点.焦距.中.vt..vi.(使)集中.(使)聚集调整(镜头.眼睛)焦点[焦距]以便看清•participat.[pɑ:ˈtisipeit.vt..vi.参加.参与•relevant [ˈreləvənt] adj.有关的, 切题的•text [tekst] n.正文, 本文原文, 全文教科书, 课本•chapter [ˈtʃæptə] n.章, 回, 篇•credit [ˈkredit] n.赊购; 赊购制度存款; 存款数额借款; 贷款赞扬, 荣誉, 功劳信任, 相信学分vt.相信, 信任把…记入贷方, 存入(账户)•impac.[ˈimpækt.n.影响.作用冲击(力).碰.vt..vi.对某事物有影响•perceive [pəˈsi:v] vt.感觉, 察觉, 理解•reside [riˈzaid] vi.居住; 定居•tradition [trəˈdiʃən] n.传统惯例•commission [kəˈmiʃən] n.授权, 委托委员会佣金, 回扣vt.委任, 委托•culture [ˈkʌltʃə] n.文化休养, 教养, 精神文明养殖, 培养, 栽培vt.培植, 培养•injure [ˈindʒə] vt.伤害, 损害•positive [ˈpɔzitiv] adj.确实的, 明确的积极的; 肯定的表现得有信心和有希望的, 确信的〈数〉〈电〉正的, 阳性的完全的; 纯粹的n.〈语〉原级形容词确实; 正量, 正数正片•resource [riˈsɔ:s] n.资源(必要时可给予)帮助、支持或安慰的事物才智; 机敏; 创造精神transfe.[trænsˈfə:.n.转移.转让.转录中转.换乘.改变路.vt.转.vt..vi.转移.迁移Sublist 3•alternative [ɔ:lˈtə:nətiv] adj.两者择一的, 供替代的不寻常的, 非传统性的非正统的n.取舍, 抉择, 可供选择的事物选择的余地, 可供选择的机会•conven.[kənˈvi:n.vt..vi.召开.召集•emphasis [ˈemfəsis] n.强调, 重点•interact [ˌɪntərˈækt] vi.相互作用[影响], 互相配合•philosophy [fiˈlɔsəfi] n.哲学人生哲学, 人生观达观•sex [seks] n.性别; 性男性; 女性性关系性活动, 性行为•circumstance [ˈsə:kəmstəns] n.环境, 条件, 情况境遇, 经济状况•coordinate [kəuˈɔ:dineit] adj.同等的, 并列的n.〈数〉坐标vt.使协调; 使调和•ensure [inˈʃuə] vt.确保, 担保担保获得[避免]•justify [ˈdʒʌstifai] vt.证明…有理; 为…辩护•physical [ˈfizikəl] adj.身体的, 肉体的物质的自然规律的, 按自然法则的自然(界)的物理学的n.身体检查, 体格检查•shif.[ʃift.n.转换.转变轮[换]班轮班工人计谋.手段切换.vi.快速行.vt..vi.改变.变换.转移.移动去掉.摆脱掉换挡•commen.[ˈkɔment.n.评论.意见.解释.批.vt..vi.评论.谈论•core [kɔ:] n.果核核心, 精髓, 要点•exclude [iksˈklu:d] vt.排除; 不包括在内•layer [ˈleiə] n.层, 层次•proportion [prəˈpɔ:ʃən] n.均衡; 相称, 协调一物与他物在数量、大小等方面的关系; 比例部分; 份儿•specify [ˈspesifai] vt.详述指定•compensat.[ˈkɔmpenseit.vt..vi.补偿.报酬•corporate [ˈkɔ:pərit] adj.社团的, 法人的•framework [ˈfreimwə:k] n.构架; 结构•lin.[liŋk.n.环.联系.纽.vt..vi.连接.联系•publis.[ˈpʌbliʃ.vt..vi.出版公布•sufficient [səˈfiʃənt] adj.足够的; 充足的•component [kəmˈpəunənt] n.成分, 组成部分, 部件, 元件•correspond [ˌkɔrisˈpɔnd] vi.相符合, 相一致相当, 相类似通信•fund [fʌnd] n.基金, 专款现款; 资金储备, 蕴藏vt.为…提供资金, 给…拨款•locat.[ləuˈkeit.vt.找出.指出(地点或位置.vt..vi.(在…)设置.坐落于•react [riˈækt] vi.起反应; 有影响反对; 对抗•task [tɑ:sk] n.工作; 任务; 差事•consent [kənˈsent] n.准许, 同意, 赞成vi.同意; 赞成•criteria [kraɪˈtɪərɪə] n.标准•illustrate [ˈiləstreit] vt.给…加插图说明, 阐明; 表明•maximise [ˈmæksimaiz] vt.使(某事物)增至最大限度最大限度地利用(某事物)•registe.[ˈredʒistə.n.登记(表).注册(簿)记录器暖气.调风.vt..vi.记录.登记.注册显出注意到.记住•technical [ˈteknikəl] adj.技术的; 应用科学的艺术的, 工艺的(指书等)要求有专门知识的, 使用术语的, 专业的•considerable [kənˈsidərəbl] adj.相当大(或多)的•deduce [diˈdju:s] vt.推论, 演绎•immigrate [ˈimiɡreit] vi.移入•minor [ˈmainə] adj.较小的, 较少的, 低级的, 次要的n.未成年人副修科目•rely [riˈlai] vi.信任; 信赖; 依赖, 依靠•technique [tekˈni:k] n.技巧, 手法, 技术技能•constant [ˈkɔnstənt] adj.始终如一的, 恒久不变的不断的, 连续发生的忠实的, 忠诚的•demonstrate [ˈdemənstreit] vi.举行示威游行(或集会) vt.说明, 演示论证, 证明显示, 表露•imply [imˈplai] vt.暗示, 暗指必然包含•negate [niˈɡeit] vt.取消, 使无效否定; 否认•remove [riˈmu:v] vi.迁移; 移居vt.移走; 排除开除•technology [tekˈnɔlədʒi] n.科技(总称); 工艺; 应用科学工业技术•constrain [kənˈstrein] vt.强迫, 强使; 限制, 约束•document [ˈdɔkjumənt] n.公文, 文件, 文献vt.证明记录, 记载•initial [iˈniʃəl] adj.最初的, 开头的•outcome [ˈautkʌm] n.结果•schem.[ski:m.n.阴谋.诡计计划.方.vt..vi.策划.图谋•valid [ˈvælid] adj.正当的, 有充分根据的, 符合逻辑的有效的有法律效力的•contribut.[kənˈtribjut.vi.起促成作.vt..vi.捐献.捐助.贡献出撰稿.投稿•dominat.[ˈdɔmineit.vt.耸立于.俯.vt..vi.控制.支配.统治在…中占首要地位•instance [ˈinstəns] n.例子, 实例•partner [ˈpɑ:tnə] n.伙伴, 同伙, 合伙人, 股东同伴, 搭档配偶, 情人vt.做…的搭档•sequence [ˈsi:kwəns] n.有关联的一组事物, 一连串先后次序, 顺序, 连续•volume [ˈvɔlju:m] n.卷, 册, 书卷体积; 容积, 容量音量, 响度Sublist 4•access [ˈækses] n.通道, 入口接近[取得]…的方法[权利等] vt.存取(计算机文件)•communicat.[kəˈmju:nikeit.vi.通讯.交际.交流相连.相.vt..vi.传达.表达•error [ˈerə] n.错误过失, 失误•internal [inˈtə:nəl] adj.内部的国内的, 内政的体内的•parallel [ˈpærəlel] adj.(指至少两条线)平行的类似的; 相对应的n.平行线[面]极相似的人[事物]类似(点), 相似(之处)比较纬线, 纬圈vt.与…平行; 与…相当•resolv.[riˈzɔlv.vt.(指委员会或集会)表决解决(问题、疑问等)分解.解析(某物.vt..vi.决定.决心•adequate [ˈædikwit] adj.充分的, 足够的适当的, 胜任的•concentrat.[ˈkɔnsəntreit.vt.浓.vt..vi.专心于.注意集中.聚集•ethnic [ˈeθnik] adj.种族的, 部落的某文化群体的•investigate [inˈvestiɡeit] vt.调查; 审查•parameter [pəˈræmitə] n.(限定性的)因素, 特性, 界限〈物〉〈数〉参量, 参数•retain [riˈtein] vt.保持; 保留止住; 容纳•annual [ˈænjuəl] adj.每年的, 年度的, 一年一次的n.一年生植物年刊, 年报, 年鉴•confer [kənˈfə:] vi.〈拉〉商谈, 商议vt.授予, 赋予•goal [ɡəul] n.球门进球得的分努力的对象, 目标•job [dʒɔb] n.职业, 职位(一件)工作职责, 责任•phase [feiz] n.阶段, 时期(月亮、行星的)位相vt.分阶段计划[安排]•series [ˈsiəri:z] n.连续的同类事物, 系列串联•apparent [əˈpærənt] adj.显然的, 明白的, 清晰可见的表面上的, 貌似(真实)的•contras.[ˈkɔntræst.n.对比.对照差异.差别对照物.明显的对比.vt..vi.对比.对照•grant [ɡrɑ:nt] n.补助金, 助学金, 津贴vt.准许; 答应给予承认•label [ˈleibəl] n.标签, 标记称号; 符号; 标示vt.贴标签于把…列为•predic.[priˈdikt.vt..vi.预言.预测.预示•statistic [stəˈtistik] adj.统计的,统计学的n.统计量•approximat.[əˈprɔksimit.adj.近似的.大约.vt..vi.近似.接近•cycle [ˈsaikl] n.循环, 周期自行车, 摩托车vi.骑自行[摩托]车•hence [hens] adv.从此时起, 从此处因此, 所以•mechanism [ˈmekənizəm] n.机械装置构造, 机制办法, 技巧, 途径•principal [ˈprinsəpəl] adj.最重要的; 主要的n.负责人, 校长资本, 本金被代理人, 委托人•status [ˈsteitəs] n.身份, 地位情形, 状况•attitude [ˈætitju:d] n.态度, 看法姿态, 姿势•debat.[diˈbeit.n.讨论.辩.vt..vi.辩论.争论•hypothesis [haiˈpɔθisis] n.假说, 假设, 前提•obvious [ˈɔbviəs] adj.明显的; 显而易见的•prior [ˈpraiə] adj.优先的; 在前的; 较早的•stress [stres] n.压力, 紧张强调, 重要性重力重音vt.重读强调•attribute [əˈtribju:t] n.属性, 特性vt.认为…是; 归因于…认为某作品出自某人之手认为某事[物]属于某人[物]•despite [disˈpait] prep.不管, 尽管•implement [ˈimplimənt] n.工具, 器具, 用具vt.使生效, 贯彻, 执行•occupy [ˈɔkjupai] vt.占领; 占有使从事; 使忙于•professional [prəˈfeʃənəl] adj.职业的, 专业的内行的, 有经验的有意的, 故意的n.具有某专业资格的人, 专业人士内行, 专家专门职业者, 职业选手•subsequent [ˈsʌbsikwənt] adj.随后的, 继…之后的•civil [ˈsivl] adj.公民的, 平民的; 非军职的, 非宗教的; 国民间的, 民用的民事的, 民法的文明的, 有教养的•dimension [diˈmenʃən] n.尺寸, 度量方面, 部分规模, 程度•implicate [ˈimplikeit] vt.牵连, 涉及•option [ˈɔpʃən] n.选择(的自由)可选择的办法附件, 配件买卖选择权, 期权•projec.[prəˈdʒekt.n.项目.计划.方案.课.vt.规划抛.投..vt..vi.伸出.突出.表达特点•su.[sʌm.n.总数.总和金额算.vt..vi.合计总结.归纳•code [kəud] n.法典, 法规, 章程密码, 电码代号, 编码vt.将…译成电码•domestic [dəˈmestik] adj.本国的, 国内的家庭的, 家用的驯养的•impose [imˈpəuz] vi.利用, 占便宜; 欺骗vt.强迫, 强加课税, 惩罚•output [ˈautput] n.产量输出, 输出功率•promote [prəˈməut] vt.提升, 提拔筹划, 发起, 创立推销〈正〉促进; 推动; 增进•summary [ˈsʌməri] adj.即刻的, 立即的匆忙的, 草率的概括的; 简要的n.摘要, 概要•commit [kəˈmit] vt.犯罪; 犯错承诺; 使自己受约束托付; 交付•emerge [iˈmə:dʒ] vi.出现; 显出; 暴露•integrat.[ˈintiɡreit.vt.使结合成为整.vt..vi.(使)融入•overall [ˈəuvərɔ:l] adj.总体的; 全面的; 综合的全面考虑的adv.大体上, 总的来说一切包括在内, 全部的n.长罩衣工装裤; 工作裤•regime [reiˈʒi:m] n.政治制度, 政权, 政体•undertake [ˌʌndəˈteik] vt.担任, 承揽; 保证着手, 开始Sublist 5•academy [əˈkædəmi] n.专科学校研究院, 学会•consul.[kənˈsʌlt.vt.请教.咨询.找(医生)诊治翻阅.查阅顾及.考.vt..vi.商议.商量•evolv.[iˈvɔlv.vt..vi.演变.进化•licence [ˈlaisəns] n.许可证, 执照许可, 特许放纵, 放肆•orient [ˈɔ:riənt] n.东方, 亚洲vt.使熟悉, 使适应使朝向; 使确定位置•style [stail] n.风格, 格调; 文体行为方式, 作风种类, 类型; 流行式样; 款式风度; 格调;气派•adjus.[əˈdʒʌst.vt..vi.(改变…以)适应.调整.校正•contac.[ˈkɔntækt.n.接触联系.联络.交往社会关系.熟人.门路触点.接.vt..vi.联系•expan.[iksˈpænd.vt..vi.使…变大.扩大.扩张伸展.伸开.张开.展开•logic [ˈlɔdʒik] n.逻辑(学), 逻辑性推理方法合理的想法•perspective [pəˈspektiv] n.远景, 景前途; 希望透视透视图观点, 想法•substitut.[ˈsʌbstitju:t.vt..vi.代替.替换.代用•alte.[ˈɔ:ltə.vt..vi.改变.更改•declin.[diˈklain.n.下降.减少.衰.vi.(太阳)落.vt..vi.辞谢.谢绝(邀请等)•expose [iksˈpəuz] vt.曝光暴露; 显露揭露, 袒露•margin [ˈmɑ:dʒin] n.页边空白边, 边缘差数, 差额; 余地•precise [priˈsais] adj.精确的, 准确的恰好的; 正是的周密的, 细密的, 精细的•sustain [səˈstein] vt.承受, 支撑维持长期保持; 使继续经受, 遭受•amen.[əˈmend.vt..vi.改良.修改.修订•discrete [disˈkri:t] adj.分离的, 不相关联的•external [eksˈtə:nl] adj.外面的, 外部的外观的, 表面的外国的•medical [ˈmedikəl] adj.医学的, 医疗的, 医术的内科的•prime [praim] adj.首要的; 主要的; 基本的最好的, 第一流的n.全盛时期vt.使准备好, 使完成准备工作事先指导, 事先向…提供情况•symbol [ˈsimbəl] n.象征, 标志符号, 记号•aware [əˈwɛə] adj.意识到的, 知道的•draft [drɑ:ft] n.草稿, 草案, 草图汇票应召入伍者; 特遣队vt.起草, 画草图, 草拟选派, 抽调征募, 征召…入伍•facilitate [fəˈsiliteit] vt.使便利, 减轻…的困难•mental [ˈmentl] adj.精神的, 头脑的, 心理的, 智力的精神病的•psychology [saiˈkɔlədʒi] n.心理学心理; 心理特点•target [ˈtɑ:ɡit] n.(射击的)靶子(欲达到的)目[指]标(服务的)对象; (攻击的)对象vt.瞄准某物•capacity [kəˈpæsiti] n.容量, 容积才能, 能力身份, 职位•enable [iˈneibl] vt.使能够; 提供做…的权利[措施]使可能•fundamental [ˌfʌndəˈmentəl] adj.基本的; 重要的, 必要的n.基本原则, 基本法则•modif.[ˈmɔdifai.vt.修.vt..vi.修改.更改•pursue [pəˈsju:] vt.追捕, 追击追求继续; 从事, 经营•transit [ˈtrænsit] n.搬运; 载运; 运输•challenge [ˈtʃælindʒ] n.挑战, 邀请比赛怀疑, 质问艰巨的任务vt.挑战质疑考验•energy [ˈenədʒi] n.活力, 干劲, 能力精力〈物〉能, 能量, 能源•generate [ˈdʒenəreit] vt.生成, 产生引起, 导致•monitor [ˈmɔnitə] n.监视器, 监听器; 检测器(学校)班长; 纠察员vt.监听, 监视监测, 检测•ratio [ˈreiʃiəu] n.比, 比率•trend [trend] n.趋势, 倾向流行•clause [klɔ:z] n.从句(法律文件等的)条款•enforce [inˈfɔ:s] vt.实施, 执行强迫, 迫使•generation [ˌdʒenəˈreiʃən] n.同时代的人, 一代人, 一代产生, 发生•network [ˈnetwə:k] n.网状物(电视与计算机)网络, 网状系统广播网, 电视网•reject [riˈdʒekt] n.被拒货品, 不合格产品vt.拒绝, 谢绝; 驳回舍弃, 排斥, 退掉•version [ˈvə:ʃən] n.(个人对事件的)描述, 说法, 看法版本, 形式译本, 剧本•compound [ˈkɔmpaund] n.复合物, 化合物(筑有围墙的)院子, (围起来的)场地vt.使混合, 使合成使严重; 使恶化•entity [ˈentiti] n.实体, 独立存在体, 实际存在物•image [ˈimidʒ] n.形象, 概念镜像, 影像, 图像印象酷似的人[物], 翻版比喻, 引喻, 明喻外形, 外表, 模样•notion [ˈnəuʃən] n.概念, 观念, 看法突然的念头, 奇想; 意图, 打算•revenue [ˈrevənju:] n.收入, 收益; 财政收入, 税收•welfare [ˈwelfɛə] n.健康, 幸福, 繁荣福利〈美〉政府的福利(制度)•conflict [ˈkɔnflikt] n.战斗, 斗争冲突, 抵触, 争论vi.抵触, 冲突•equivalent [iˈkwivələnt] adj.相等的, 相当的•liberal [ˈlibərəl] adj.心胸宽阔的, 无偏见的慷慨的, 大方的开放的; 主张变革的自由的, 不拘一格的n.宽容大度的人自由主义者•objective [əbˈdʒektiv] adj.客观的; 不带偏见的n.目标; 目的•stable [ˈsteibl] adj.稳定的; 安定的沉稳[持重]的•whereas [hwɛərˈæz] conj.但是, 而Sublist 6•abstract [ˈæbstrækt] adj.抽象的抽象派的n.抽象, 抽象概念, 抽象性抽象派艺术作品摘要, 梗概vt.提取, 抽取做…的摘要•capable [ˈkeipəbl] adj.有能力的, 有技能的•exceed [ikˈsi:d] vi.(在数量、质量上)突出, 领先vt.超过; 超越•incidence [ˈinsidəns] n.发生率, 影响范围•migrate [maiˈɡreit] vi.迁移; 移往•recover [riˈkʌvə] vi.恢复健康(体力、能力等) vt.恢复; 重新获得, 找回〈正〉恢复(适当的状态或位置)•accurate [ˈækjurit] adj.精确的, 准确的正确无误的•cite [sait] vt.引用, 举例表彰, 嘉奖传唤, 传讯•expert [ˈekspə:t] adj.专家的, 内行的, 熟练的n.专家, 能手•incorporate [inˈkɔ:pəreit] vt.包含, 加上, 吸收把…合并, 使并入组成公司•minimum [ˈminiməm] adj.最低的, 最小的n.最低限度, 最小量•reveal [riˈvi:l] vt.显示; 露出泄露; 透露•acknowledge [əkˈnɔlidʒ] vt.承认, 供认告知已收到鸣谢, 感谢•cooperate [kəuˈɔpəreit] vi.合作; 配合, 协助•explicit [iksˈplisit] adj.详述的, 明确的, 明晰的直言的, 毫不隐瞒的, 露骨的•index [ˈindeks] n.索引标志, 象征; 量度(物价或工资的)指数〈数〉指数, 幂vt.给…编索引, 指示出•ministry [ˈministri] n.(政府的)部•scope [skəup] n.余地, 机会(处理、研究事务的)范围•aggregat.[ˈæɡriɡit.n.〈正〉数.总.vt.总计达.vt..vi.(使)聚集•discriminat.[disˈkrimineit.vi.歧视.有差别地对.vt..vi.分别.辨别.区分•federal [ˈfedərəl] adj.联邦(制)的联邦政府的•inhibit [inˈhibit] vt.阻止; 抑制•motive [ˈməutiv] n.动机, 目的•subsidy [ˈsʌbsidi] n.补贴, 津贴, 补助金•allocate [ˈæləkeit] vt.分配, 分派把…拨给•display [disˈplei] n.陈列, 展览陈列的货物、艺术品等vt.陈列, 展览显示, 显露•fee [fi:] n.费, 酬金•initiate [iˈniʃieit] vt.开始, 着手传授; 使初步了解接纳新成员, 让…加入•neutral [ˈnju:trəl] adj.中立的, 不偏不倚的中立(国家)的暗淡的; 非彩色的(化学中)中性的不带电的n.(汽车或其他机器的)空挡位置中立人士; 中立国•tap.[teip.n.带子录音磁带.录像.vt.用带子捆起.vt..vi.录音•assign [əˈsain] vt.分配; 交给指派, 选派指定, 订出•diverse [daiˈvəs] adj.不同的, 多种多样的•flexible [ˈfleksəbl] adj.易弯曲的, 柔韧的灵活的, 可变通的•input [ˈinput] n.输入, 投入〈电〉输入端输入的数据vt.把…输入电脑•nevertheless [ˌnevəðəˈles] adv.仍然, 然而, 不过conj.尽管如此, 然而•trac.[treis.n.踪迹.痕迹.形迹极微的.vt.追踪.追溯发现.找到描绘.标.vt..vi.缓慢而困难地书写•attac.[əˈtætʃ.vt..vi.贴上.系.附上•domain [dəuˈmein] n.范围, 领域版图, 领土地产, 产业•furthermore [ˈfə:ðəˌmɔ:] adv.而且, 此外•instruct [inˈstrʌkt] vt.命令, 指示教, 指导通知•overseas [ˌəuvəˈsi:z] adj.(在)海外的, (在)国外的(向或来自)外国的adv.在[向]海外;在[向]国外•transfor.[trænsˈfɔ:m.vt..vi.改变•author [ˈɔ:θə] n.著作家, 作者创造者, 创始人; 发起人•edi.[ˈedit.vt.剪辑(电影、录音磁带、无线电或电视节目、书等.vt..vi.编辑•gender [ˈdʒendə] n.〈语〉性•intelligent [inˈtelidʒənt] adj.聪明的; 理解力强的•preced.[ˌpriˈsi:d.vt..vi.在…之前.先于•transport [trænsˈpɔ:t] vt.运送; 流放使万分激动•bond [bɔnd] n.联系, 关系连接, 接合, 结合有息债券合同, 契约, 票据vt.使粘结, 使结合•enhance [inˈhɑ:ns] vt.提高, 增加, 加强•ignorant [ˈiɡnərənt] adj.无知的, 愚昧的•interval [ˈintəvəl] n.间隔时间幕间休息•presume [priˈzju:m] vi.冒昧地做某事; 错用自作主张, 放肆vt.以为; 假定•underlie [ˌʌndəˈlai] vt.位于或存在于(某物)之下构成…的基础(或起因); 引起•brief [bri:f] adj.短暂的, 短时间的简洁的, 简短的n.概要, 摘要vt.向…介绍基本情况, 作…的摘要•estate [isˈteit] n.土地, 地区庄园, 种植园地产, 财产; 遗产•incentive [inˈsentiv] n.激励某人做某事的事物; 刺激; 诱因, 动机•lectur.[ˈlektʃə.n.演讲.讲课冗长的训斥[谴责.vt.责备.教训.训.vt..vi.(向…)演讲.(给…)讲课•rational [ˈræʃənl] adj.神智清楚的理性的; 理智的; 合理的; 出于理性的•utilize [ˈju:tilaiz] vt.利用, 使用Sublist 7•adap.[əˈdæpt.vt.改编.改.vt..vi.(使)适应.(使)适合•contrary [ˈkɔntrəri] adj.相反的, 相违的n.相反, 反面, 对立面•empirical [emˈpirikəl] adj.以观察或实验为依据的•identical [aiˈdentikəl] adj.同一的•phenomenon [fiˈnɔminən] n.现象特殊的人[事物]•submit [səbˈmit] vi.屈服, 认输vt.提交, 呈递〈正〉建议, 主张, 申辩•adult [ˈædʌlt] adj.成熟的成年人的, 适宜于成年人的n.成年的人或动物•conver.[kənˈvə:t.vt..vi.(使)转变.(使)转化皈依.改变(信仰)•equip [iˈkwip] vt.装备, 配备使有能力, 使胜任•ideology [ˌaidiˈɔlədʒi] n.思想(体系), 思想意识•priority [praiˈɔriti] n.优先权, 重点优先考虑的事•successor [səkˈsesə] n.接替的人或事物, 继任者, 继承人•advocate [ˈædvəkeit] n.提倡者, 拥护者辩护律师, 辩护人vt.提倡, 主张•couple [ˈkʌpl] n.一对, 一双一些, 几个夫妻, 情侣vt.连接, 联结, 联系•extract [iksˈtrækt] n.摘录, 引用提炼物, 浓缩物vt.(费力地)拔出, 抽出提取, 榨出•infer [inˈfə:] vt.推断, 推知•prohibit [prəˈhibit] vt.禁止; 阻止•survive [səˈvaiv] vi.幸存, 活下来vt.比…活得长, 经历…之后还存在•aid [eid] n.帮助, 援助, 救助助手, 辅助物, 辅助手段vt.帮助, 援助•decade [ˈdekeid] n.十年, 十年间•file [fail] n.文件夹, 公文箱卷宗, 文件; 计算机文件纵列vi.排成纵队前进vt.把…归档提交(申请等), 呈递用锉锉•innovate [ˈinəuveit] vi.改革, 创新•publication [ˌpʌbliˈkeiʃən] n.发表, 公布出版, 刊行, 发行出版物, 书刊•thesis [ˈθi:sis] n.论题, 命题, 论点论文, 毕业(或学位)论文•channel [ˈtʃænl] n.海峡通道; 水沟, 水渠渠道, 途径频道•definite [ˈdefinit] adj.明确的, 确切的一定的, 肯定的•finite [ˈfainait] adj.有限的, 有限度的〈语〉限定的•insert [inˈsə:t] n.添入物(尤指一页印刷品图中插入或套印的小图) vt.插入, 嵌入•quot.[kwəut.vt.提到…以支持某论点报(价).开(价.vt..vi.引用.援引•topic [ˈtɔpik] n.题目, 论题, 话题•chemical [ˈkemikəl] adj.化学的n.化学药品•deny [diˈnai] vt.否认知情拒绝•foundation [faunˈdeiʃən] n.建立, 设立, 创办基础, 基本原理, 根据地基基金(会)•intervene [ˌɪntəˈvi:n] vi.干涉, 干预; 调解干扰, 阻碍•release [riˈli:s] n.释放, 排放, 解除释放令公映的新影片, 发布的新闻[消息] vt.释放; 放开发布; 发行; 发售•transmi.[trænzˈmit.vt.传播.传染传.vt..vi.发射.播送.广播•classic [ˈklæsik] adj.(著作, 赛事等)最优秀的, (可作)典范的(病例等)典型的, 标准的(衣服, 设计等)传统式样的, 典雅的(因为时已久)著名的; 传统的n.文豪, 大艺术家; 文学名著, 经典作品, 杰作优秀的典范•differentiat.[ˌdifəˈrenʃieit.vi.区别对.vt..vi.区分.区别.辨别•globe [ɡləub] n.地球, 世界球体; 球状物地球仪•isolate [ˈaisəleit] vt.使隔离, 使孤立, 使脱离•revers.[riˈvə:s.adj.相反的.颠倒的.反向.n.相反钱币的反面[背面]失败.挫.vt..vi.(使)反转.(使)颠倒.(使)翻转推翻.取消使倒退.逆转•ultimate [ˈʌltimit] adj.最后的, 最终的基本的, 根本的最大的, 极限程度的•comprehensive [ˌkɔmpriˈhensiv] adj.广泛的, 综合的•dispos.[disˈpəuz.vt.布置使愿意或准备.vt..vi.处理.处置•grade [ɡreid] n.(官阶、质量)等级, 品级, 阶段, 程度〈尤美〉(考试或作业的)分数, 评分等级〈尤美〉(学生受测试的)技巧水平(尤指音乐方面)〈美〉年级; (按年级划分的)小学生•media [ˈmi:djə] n.媒体•simulate [ˈsimjuleit] vt.假装模仿, 模拟•unique [ju:ˈni:k] adj.独一无二的, 仅有的, 惟一的异常的, 特有的, 少见的•comprise [kəmˈpraiz] vt.包含, 包括, 由…组成组成, 构成•dynamic [daiˈnæmik] adj.有活力的, 强有力的不断变化的动力的, 动态的•guarantee [ˌɡærənˈti:] n.保证, 保障; 保证书; 保用期担保, 担保人担保品, 抵押品vt.保证; 担保使(事情)可能发生•mode [məud] n.方式, 样式样式, 风格•sole [səul] adj.单独的, 惟一的专有的, 独占的•visible [ˈvizəbl] adj.看得见的, 可见的, 有形的明显的, 可察觉到的•confirm [kənˈfə:m] vt.证实, 证明; 肯定, 确认使巩固, 加强批准; 认可•eliminate [iˈlimineit] vt.消除, 排除忽略淘汰〈口〉干掉•hierarchy [ˈhaiərɑ:ki] n.等级制度统治集团, 领导层•paradigm [ˈpærədaim] n.(一词的)词形变化表范例; 样式; 模范•somewhat [ˈsʌmhwɔt] adv.稍微, 有点, 达到某种程度•voluntary [ˈvɔləntəri] adj.自愿的, 志愿的义务的, 无偿的Sublist 8•abandon [əˈbændən] n.放任; 纵情vt.离弃, 丢弃遗弃, 抛弃放弃•clarif.[ˈklærifai.vt..vi.使清楚.澄清•deviate [ˈdi:vieit] vi.偏离; 越轨•induce [inˈdju:s] vt.引诱, 劝导〈正〉引起, 导致•plus [plʌs] adj.正的比所示数量多的附加的, 称心的, 有利的n.加号, 正号prep.(表示包容)外加; 另有(表示运算)加, 加上(表示数目)在零(度)以上, 正•tense [tens] adj.拉紧的肌肉绷紧的神经紧张的n.〈语〉(动词的)时态vt.(使某人或某物)变得紧张•accompany [əˈkʌmpəni] vt.陪伴, 陪同伴随…同时发生伴奏•commodity [kəˈmɔditi] n.商品, 货物有用的东西•displace [disˈpleis] vt.替换, 取代移走•inevitable [inˈevitəbl] adj.不可避免的, 必然发生的〈非正〉总会发生的, 照例必有的, 惯常的•practitioner [prækˈtiʃənə] n.习艺者, 实习者从业者(尤指医师)•terminat.[ˈtə:mineit.vt..vi.结束.使终结•accumulat.[əˈkju:mjuleit.vt..vi.堆积.积累•complement [ˈkɔmplimənt] n.补充, 互为补充的东西需要的或允许的数额补足语vt.补足, 补充•drama [ˈdrɑ:mə] n.戏剧, 剧本戏剧文学[艺术]戏剧性事件[场面]•infrastructure [ˈinfrəˌstrʌktʃə] n.基础设施; 基础结构•predominant [priˈdɔminənt] adj.占主导地位的, 显著的•theme[θi:m] n.主题, 主旨, 题目•ambiguous [æmˈbiɡjuəs] adj.引起歧义的; 模棱两可的, 含糊不清的•conform [kənˈfɔ:m] vi.遵守, 符合顺应, 一致•eventual [iˈventjuəl] adj.(事件)最终发生的; 结果的•inspect [inˈspekt] vt.检查, 检验视察•prospect [ˈprɔspekt] n.景象, 景色前景; 前途可能成为主顾的人; 有希望的候选人vi.勘探; 勘察•thereby [ˈðɛəbai] adv.由此; 因而•append [əˈpend] vt.附加•contemporary [kənˈtempərəri] adj.当代的同时代的, 同属一个时期的n.同代人, 同龄人•exhibi.[iɡˈzibit.n.展览品.陈列品在法庭提出的证.vt.显示.显.vt..vi.陈列.展览•intense [inˈtens] adj.强烈的, 剧烈的; 极端的热情的, 热切的紧张的, 认真的•radical [ˈrædikəl] adj.根本的, 基本的; 彻底的, 完全的激进的, 激进派的•uniform [ˈju:nifɔ:m] adj.全都相同的, 一律的, 清一色的n.制服•appreciat.[əˈpri:ʃieit.vt.感激.感谢欣赏.赏识.重视意识到.体.vt..vi.(使)增值.涨价•contradic.[ˌkɔntrəˈdikt.vt.与…发生矛盾.与…抵.vt..vi.反驳.否认…的真实性•exploit [iksˈplɔit] n.业绩, 功绩, 功勋, 事迹vt.开采; 开发剥削•manipulate [məˈnipjuleit] vt.熟练控制[操作]•random [ˈrændəm] adj.任意的; 无计划的(统计)随机的•vehicle [ˈvi:ɪkl] n.交通工具, 车辆传播媒介, 手段•arbitrary [ˈɑ:bitrəri] adj.随意的, 主观的专横的, 独断专行的•crucial [ˈkru:ʃəl] adj.决定性的, 紧要关头的•fluctuate [ˈflʌktjueit] vi.波动, 涨落, 起伏•minimise [ˈminimaiz] vt.把…减至最低数量[程度]对(某事物)作最低估计; 极力贬低(某事物)的价值[重要性]。
雅思学术类词汇表(音译双全)
The academic word listSublist 1•analyze[ˈænəlaiz] vt.〈美〉分析, 分解, 解释•constitute[ˈkɔnstitju:t] vt.构成, 组成建立, 制定选定, 任命•establish[isˈtæbliʃ] vt.建立, 成立安置确定, 证实•indicate[ˈindikeit] vt.标示, 指示, 指出象征; 表明或暗示…的可能性•occur[əˈkə:] vi.发生; 举行; 存在被发现; 想到[起]•role[rəul] n.作用, 职责角色•approach[əˈprəutʃ] n.靠近, 接近, 临近通路, 入口, 途径方式, 方法vt.接洽, 交涉; 着手处理vt. & vi.接近, 走近, 靠近•context[ˈkɔntekst] n.背景, 环境上下文, 语境•estimate[ˈestimeit] n.估计, 估价报价判断vt. & vi.估计; 评价, 评估•individual[ˌɪndiˈvidjuəl] adj.个别的, 单独的, 个人的独特的n.个人人•percent[pəˈsent] n.百分比,百分数•section[ˈsekʃən] n.章节部分部门, 科截面, 剖面地区, 区•area[ˈɛəriə] n.面积区域, 地区领域, 方面•contract[kənˈtrækt] n.契约, 合同vt.缔结; 订契约vt. & vi.染上(恶习, 疾病等)缩小; 紧缩•evident[ˈevidənt] adj.明显的, 明白的•interpret[inˈtə:prit] vt.解释; 说明vt. & vi.口译; 翻译•period[ˈpiəriəd] n.(一段)时间时期, 时代学时, 课时句号, 句点•sector[ˈsektə] n.部门; 领域防御地区, 防卫区域扇形, 扇形面•assess[əˈses] vt.估价, 估计评定, 核定•create[kriˈeit] vt.创造, 创作, 创建引起, 产生•export[eksˈpɔ:t] n.输出, 出口输出[出口]物vt. & vi.出口, 输出•involve[inˈvɔlv] vt.使某事物成为必要条件或结果; 需要使参与, 牵涉•policy[ˈpɔləsi] n.政策, 方针策略, 精明的行为, 上策保险单•significant[siɡˈnifikənt] adj.重要的, 重大的, 可观的有意义的, 有用意的意味深长的•assume[əˈsju:m] vt.假设, 臆断, 猜想假装承担, 担任, 就职呈现, 采取•data[ˈdeitə] n.资料, 材料•factor[ˈfæktə] n.因素, 要素〈数〉因子, 因数•issue[ˈisju:] n.问题, 议题; 争论点发行物放出, 流出; 发出, 发行〈正〉结果, 结局vi.冒出, 流出; 传出vt.出版, 发行发表, 发布分配, 发给•principle[ˈprinsəpl] n.原则, 原理准则, 规范操守, 道义工作原理•similar[ˈsimilə] adj.类似的; 同类的; 相似的; 同样的•authority[ɔ:ˈθɔriti] n.权力, 职权官方, 当局权威, 专家•define[diˈfain] vt.精确地解释; 界定规定, 确定•finance[faiˈnæns] n.财政, 金融财源, 资金, 财务情况vt.为…供给资金, 从事金融活动•labour[ˈleibə] n.劳动, 努力; 工作劳工, 工人分娩, (分娩时的)阵痛vi.劳动; 努力艰难行进•proceed[prəˈsi:d] vi.前进; 行进进行; 继续下去•source[sɔ:s] n.河流的源头, 发源地来源, 出处原因提供资料者, 资料来源•available[əˈveiləbl] adj.可用的或可得到的可会见的, 可与之交谈的•derive[diˈraiv] vt. & vi.得到源于•formula[ˈfɔ:mjulə] n.准则, 原则公式, 方程式配方•legal[ˈli:ɡəl] adj.法律上的; 合法的; 法定的•process[ˈprəuses] n.过程, 进程工序, 制作法vi.列队行进vt.加工; 处理•specific[spiˈsifik] adj.明确的, 确切的, 详尽的具体的, 特有的, 特定的仅限于…的; 只发现于…的n.特效药具体方面, 细节•benefit[ˈbenifit] n.益处, 好处救济金, 保险金vt. & vi.有益于, 得益•distribute[disˈtribju:t] vt.分配, 分给散发; 散播; 分布•function[ˈfʌŋkʃən] n.功能; 作用; 职责函数; 与另一事物有密切关系的事物社交集会vi.工作, 运行, 起作用•legislate[ˈledʒisleit] vt. & vi.立法; 制定法律•require[riˈkwaiə] vt.有赖于…; 需要命令, 指示要求, 规定想要•structure[ˈstrʌktʃə] n.结构, 构造有结构的事物; 复杂的整体; 建筑物vt.组织;安排; 构造; 制定•concept[ˈkɔnsept] n.概念; 观念; 想法•economy[iˈkɔnəmi] n.节约, 节省经济体制, 经济状况•identify[aiˈdentifai] vt.认出, 识别支持, 同情vt. & vi.等同于; 有关联•major[ˈmeidʒə] adj.较大的; 主要的; 严重的n.少校专业; 主修科目vi.〈美〉主修, 专攻•research[riˈsə:tʃ] n.研究; 探讨vi.做研究, 探究, 研究, 探讨vt.从事…的研究, 为…而做研究•theory[ˈθiəri] n.学说理论, 原理意见, 看法•consist[kənˈsist] vi.组成, 构成在于, 存在于•environment[inˈvaiərənmənt] n.环境, 周围状况, 自然环境•income[ˈinkəm] n.收入, 所得, 收益•method[ˈmeθəd] n.方法, 办法秩序, 条理•respond[riˈspɔnd] vi.有反应; 有效果; 有影响vt. & vi.回答; 回报; 响应•vary[ˈvɛəri] vi.呈现不同vt. & vi.(使)变化, 改变Sublist 2•achieve[əˈtʃi:v] vt.取得, 获得实现, 达到, 完成•community[kəˈmju:niti] n.社区, 社会, 团体大众, 公众共有, 共享•design[diˈzain] n.图样, 设计图设计, 布局目的, 打算vt.计划, 筹划vt. & vi.设计, 绘制•institute[ˈinstitju:t] n.协会, 学会; 学院, 研究院vt.建立, 制定; 开始, 着手•potential[pəˈtenʃəl] adj.潜在的, 有可能的n.潜力, 潜势, 可能性•restrict[risˈtrikt] vt.限制; 约束•acquire[əˈkwaiə] vt.获得, 得到, 养成•complex[ˈkɔmpleks] adj.由许多部分组成的, 复合的复杂的, 难懂的n.综合体, 集合体〈心〉情结, 夸大的情绪反应•distinct[disˈtiŋkt] adj.截然不同的, 完全分开的清晰的, 明白的, 明显的•invest[inˈvest] vt.授予vt. & vi.投资; 花费•previous[ˈpri:viəs] adj.先前的, 以前的过早的, 过急的•secure[siˈkjuə] adj.牢固的; 可靠的有把握的; 确切的vt.握紧; 关牢使安全(使)获得; 把…弄到手•administer[ədˈministə] vt.管理, 支配给予执行, 实施•compute[kəmˈpju:t] vt.计算, 估算•element[ˈelimənt] n.(化学)元素成分, 要素, 原件一伙人基础, 纲要, 原理•item[ˈaitəm] n.一项, 一件, 一条; 项目•primary[ˈpraiməri] adj.首要的; 主要的; 基本的最初的; 初级的•seek[si:k] vi.企图; 试图vt.请求, 征求; 求教vt. & vi.寻找; 探寻•affect[əˈfekt] vt.影响感动假装•conclude[kənˈklu:d] vt.得出结论; 断定决定vt. & vi.结束•equate[iˈkweit] vt.认为某事物(与另一事物)相等或相仿•journal[ˈdʒə:nl] n.杂志, 期刊日志, 日记•purchase[ˈpə:tʃəs] n.购买, 购置买到的东西vt.购买•select[siˈlekt] adj.精选的, 挑选出来的限制性的, 选择严格的vt.选择; 挑选•appropriate[əˈprəupriit] adj.适当的, 恰当的vt.挪用; 占用; 盗用拨出(款项) •conduct[kənˈdʌkt] n.举止, 行为管理(方式), 实施(方式) vt. & vi.引导, 带领, 担任指挥控制, 管理传导•evaluate[iˈvæljueit] vt.评价, 估计, 估价•maintain[meinˈtein] vt.保持; 继续保养, 维护坚持; 主张供给; 赡养•range[reindʒ] n.一系列变化幅度, 范围射程, 距离(山)脉vi.变化vt.排列•site[sait] n.位置, 场所, 地点vt.使坐落在; 设置•aspect[ˈæspekt] n.方面方位, 朝向面貌, 模样, 神态•consequent[ˈkɔnsikwənt] adj.作为结果的, 随之发生的•feature[ˈfi:tʃə] n.特征, 特色面貌, 相貌特写, 专题节目(电影的)正片, 故事片•normal[ˈnɔ:məl] adj.正常的, 平常的正规的; 标准的•region[ˈri:dʒən] n.地区; 地带; 区域; 范围•strategy[ˈstrætidʒi] n.战略学, 兵法战略, 策略策略, 计谋•assist[əˈsist] vt. & vi.帮助, 促进•construct[kənˈstrʌkt] vt.修建, 建立构成, 组成•final[ˈfainəl] adj.最后的, 最终的决定性的, 确定性的n.决赛(大学的)期终考试•obtain[əbˈtein] vi.通行; 流行vt.获得, 得到; 买到•regulate[ˈreɡjuleit] vt.控制, 管理调整; 调节•survey[səˈvei] n.调查vt.眺望; 纵览测量; 勘察检查, 鉴定通盘考虑, 回顾•category[ˈkætiɡəri] n.种类, 类别•consume[kənˈsju:m] vt.消耗, 消费, 耗尽大吃, 大喝烧毁, 毁灭•focus[ˈfəukəs] n.焦点, 焦距; 中心vt. & vi.(使)集中, (使)聚集调整(镜头, 眼睛)焦点[焦距]以便看清•participate[pɑ:ˈtisipeit] vt. & vi.参加, 参与•relevant[ˈreləvənt] adj.有关的, 切题的•text[tekst] n.正文, 本文原文, 全文教科书, 课本•chapter[ˈtʃæptə] n.章, 回, 篇•credit[ˈkredit] n.赊购; 赊购制度存款; 存款数额借款; 贷款赞扬, 荣誉, 功劳信任, 相信学分vt.相信, 信任把…记入贷方, 存入(账户)•impact[ˈimpækt] n.影响, 作用冲击(力), 碰撞vt. & vi.对某事物有影响•perceive[pəˈsi:v] vt.感觉, 察觉, 理解•reside[riˈzaid] vi.居住; 定居•tradition[trəˈdiʃən] n.传统惯例•commission[kəˈmiʃən] n.授权, 委托委员会佣金, 回扣vt.委任, 委托•culture[ˈkʌltʃə] n.文化休养, 教养, 精神文明养殖, 培养, 栽培vt.培植, 培养•injure[ˈindʒə] vt.伤害, 损害•positive[ˈpɔzitiv] adj.确实的, 明确的积极的; 肯定的表现得有信心和有希望的, 确信的〈数〉〈电〉正的, 阳性的完全的; 纯粹的n.〈语〉原级形容词确实; 正量, 正数正片•resource[riˈsɔ:s] n.资源(必要时可给予)帮助、支持或安慰的事物才智; 机敏; 创造精神•transfer[trænsˈfə:] n.转移; 转让; 转录中转, 换乘, 改变路线vt.转让vt. & vi.转移; 迁移Sublist 3•alternative[ɔ:lˈtə:nətiv] adj.两者择一的, 供替代的不寻常的, 非传统性的非正统的n.取舍, 抉择, 可供选择的事物选择的余地, 可供选择的机会•convene[kənˈvi:n] vt. & vi.召开, 召集•emphasis[ˈemfəsis] n.强调, 重点•interact[ˌɪntərˈækt] vi.相互作用[影响], 互相配合•philosophy[fiˈlɔsəfi] n.哲学人生哲学, 人生观达观•sex[seks] n.性别; 性男性; 女性性关系性活动, 性行为•circumstance[ˈsə:kəmstəns] n.环境, 条件, 情况境遇, 经济状况•coordinate[kəuˈɔ:dineit] adj.同等的, 并列的n.〈数〉坐标vt.使协调; 使调和•ensure[inˈʃuə] vt.确保, 担保担保获得[避免]•justify[ˈdʒʌstifai] vt.证明…有理; 为…辩护•physical[ˈfizikəl] adj.身体的, 肉体的物质的自然规律的, 按自然法则的自然(界)的物理学的n.身体检查, 体格检查•shift[ʃift] n.转换, 转变轮[换]班轮班工人计谋, 手段切换键vi.快速行进vt. & vi.改变, 变换, 转移, 移动去掉; 摆脱掉换挡•comment[ˈkɔment] n.评论, 意见, 解释, 批评vt. & vi.评论; 谈论•core[kɔ:] n.果核核心, 精髓, 要点•exclude[iksˈklu:d] vt.排除; 不包括在内•layer[ˈleiə] n.层, 层次•proportion[prəˈpɔ:ʃən] n.均衡; 相称, 协调一物与他物在数量、大小等方面的关系;比例部分; 份儿•specify[ˈspesifai] vt.详述指定•compensate[ˈkɔmpenseit] vt. & vi.补偿, 报酬•corporate[ˈkɔ:pərit] adj.社团的, 法人的•framework[ˈfreimwə:k] n.构架; 结构•link[liŋk] n.环, 联系, 纽带vt. & vi.连接, 联系•publish[ˈpʌbliʃ] vt. & vi.出版公布•sufficient[səˈfiʃənt] adj.足够的; 充足的•component[kəmˈpəunənt] n.成分, 组成部分, 部件, 元件•correspond[ˌkɔrisˈpɔnd] vi.相符合, 相一致相当, 相类似通信•fund[fʌnd] n.基金, 专款现款; 资金储备, 蕴藏vt.为…提供资金, 给…拨款•locate[ləuˈkeit] vt.找出, 指出(地点或位置) vt. & vi.(在…)设置, 坐落于•react[riˈækt] vi.起反应; 有影响反对; 对抗•task[tɑ:sk] n.工作; 任务; 差事•consent[kənˈsent] n.准许, 同意, 赞成vi.同意; 赞成•criteria[kraɪˈtɪərɪə] n.标准•illustrate[ˈiləstreit] vt.给…加插图说明, 阐明; 表明•maximise[ˈmæksimaiz] vt.使(某事物)增至最大限度最大限度地利用(某事物)•register[ˈredʒistə] n.登记(表), 注册(簿)记录器暖气, 调风器vt. & vi.记录; 登记; 注册显出注意到, 记住•technical[ˈteknikəl] adj.技术的; 应用科学的艺术的, 工艺的(指书等)要求有专门知识的, 使用术语的, 专业的•considerable[kənˈsidərəbl] adj.相当大(或多)的•deduce[diˈdju:s] vt.推论, 演绎•immigrate[ˈimiɡreit] vi.移入•minor[ˈmainə] adj.较小的, 较少的, 低级的, 次要的n.未成年人副修科目•rely[riˈlai] vi.信任; 信赖; 依赖, 依靠•technique[tekˈni:k] n.技巧, 手法, 技术技能•constant[ˈkɔnstənt] adj.始终如一的, 恒久不变的不断的, 连续发生的忠实的, 忠诚的•demonstrate[ˈdemənstreit] vi.举行示威游行(或集会) vt.说明, 演示论证, 证明显示, 表露•imply[imˈplai] vt.暗示, 暗指必然包含•negate[niˈɡeit] vt.取消, 使无效否定; 否认•remove[riˈmu:v] vi.迁移; 移居vt.移走; 排除开除•technology[tekˈnɔlədʒi] n.科技(总称); 工艺; 应用科学工业技术•constrain[kənˈstrein] vt.强迫, 强使; 限制, 约束•document[ˈdɔkjumənt] n.公文, 文件, 文献vt.证明记录, 记载•initial[iˈniʃəl] adj.最初的, 开头的•outcome[ˈautkʌm] n.结果•scheme[ski:m] n.阴谋, 诡计计划, 方案vt. & vi.策划; 图谋•valid[ˈvælid] adj.正当的, 有充分根据的, 符合逻辑的有效的有法律效力的•contribute[kənˈtribjut] vi.起促成作用vt. & vi.捐献, 捐助, 贡献出撰稿, 投稿•dominate[ˈdɔmineit] vt.耸立于, 俯临vt. & vi.控制, 支配, 统治在…中占首要地位•instance[ˈinstəns] n.例子, 实例•partner[ˈpɑ:tnə] n.伙伴, 同伙, 合伙人, 股东同伴, 搭档配偶, 情人vt.做…的搭档•sequence[ˈsi:kwəns] n.有关联的一组事物, 一连串先后次序, 顺序, 连续•volume[ˈvɔlju:m] n.卷, 册, 书卷体积; 容积, 容量音量, 响度Sublist 4•access[ˈækses] n.通道, 入口接近[取得]…的方法[权利等] vt.存取(计算机文件) •communicate[kəˈmju:nikeit] vi.通讯; 交际, 交流相连; 相通vt. & vi.传达; 表达•error[ˈerə] n.错误过失, 失误•internal[inˈtə:nəl] adj.内部的国内的, 内政的体内的•parallel[ˈpærəlel] adj.(指至少两条线)平行的类似的; 相对应的n.平行线[面]极相似的人[事物]类似(点), 相似(之处)比较纬线, 纬圈vt.与…平行; 与…相当•resolve[riˈzɔlv] vt.(指委员会或集会)表决解决(问题、疑问等)分解, 解析(某物) vt.& vi.决定; 决心•adequate[ˈædikwit] adj.充分的, 足够的适当的, 胜任的•concentrate[ˈkɔnsəntreit] vt.浓缩vt. & vi.专心于; 注意集中, 聚集•ethnic[ˈeθnik] adj.种族的, 部落的某文化群体的•investigate[inˈvestiɡeit] vt.调查; 审查•parameter[pəˈræmitə] n.(限定性的)因素, 特性, 界限〈物〉〈数〉参量, 参数•retain[riˈtein] vt.保持; 保留止住; 容纳•annual[ˈænjuəl] adj.每年的, 年度的, 一年一次的n.一年生植物年刊, 年报, 年鉴•confer[kənˈfə:] vi.〈拉〉商谈, 商议vt.授予, 赋予•goal[ɡəul] n.球门进球得的分努力的对象, 目标•job[dʒɔb] n.职业, 职位(一件)工作职责, 责任•phase[feiz] n.阶段, 时期(月亮、行星的)位相vt.分阶段计划[安排]•series[ˈsiəri:z] n.连续的同类事物, 系列串联•apparent[əˈpærənt] adj.显然的, 明白的, 清晰可见的表面上的, 貌似(真实)的•contrast[ˈkɔntræst] n.对比, 对照差异, 差别对照物, 明显的对比物vt. & vi.对比, 对照•grant[ɡrɑ:nt] n.补助金, 助学金, 津贴vt.准许; 答应给予承认•label[ˈleibəl] n.标签, 标记称号; 符号; 标示vt.贴标签于把…列为•predict[priˈdikt] vt. & vi.预言; 预测; 预示•statistic[stəˈtistik] adj.统计的,统计学的n.统计量•approximate[əˈprɔksimit] adj.近似的, 大约的vt. & vi.近似, 接近•cycle[ˈsaikl] n.循环, 周期自行车, 摩托车vi.骑自行[摩托]车•hence[hens] adv.从此时起, 从此处因此, 所以•mechanism[ˈmekənizəm] n.机械装置构造, 机制办法, 技巧, 途径•principal[ˈprinsəpəl] adj.最重要的; 主要的n.负责人, 校长资本, 本金被代理人, 委托人•status[ˈsteitəs] n.身份, 地位情形, 状况•attitude[ˈætitju:d] n.态度, 看法姿态, 姿势•debate[diˈbeit] n.讨论, 辩论vt. & vi.辩论, 争论•hypothesis[haiˈpɔθisis] n.假说, 假设, 前提•obvious[ˈɔbviəs] adj.明显的; 显而易见的•prior[ˈpraiə] adj.优先的; 在前的; 较早的•stress[stres] n.压力, 紧张强调, 重要性重力重音vt.重读强调•attribute[əˈtribju:t] n.属性, 特性vt.认为…是; 归因于…认为某作品出自某人之手认为某事[物]属于某人[物]•despite[disˈpait] prep.不管, 尽管•implement[ˈimplimənt] n.工具, 器具, 用具vt.使生效, 贯彻, 执行•occupy[ˈɔkjupai] vt.占领; 占有使从事; 使忙于•professional[prəˈfeʃənəl] adj.职业的, 专业的内行的, 有经验的有意的, 故意的n.具有某专业资格的人, 专业人士内行, 专家专门职业者, 职业选手•subsequent[ˈsʌbsikwənt] adj.随后的, 继…之后的•civil[ˈsivl] adj.公民的, 平民的; 非军职的, 非宗教的; 国民间的, 民用的民事的, 民法的文明的, 有教养的•dimension[diˈmenʃən] n.尺寸, 度量方面, 部分规模, 程度•implicate[ˈimplikeit] vt.牵连, 涉及•option[ˈɔpʃən] n.选择(的自由)可选择的办法附件, 配件买卖选择权, 期权•project[prəˈdʒekt] n.项目, 计划, 方案, 课题vt.规划抛; 投; 射vt. & vi.伸出, 突出; 表达特点•sum[sʌm] n.总数, 总和金额算术vt. & vi.合计总结, 归纳•code[kəud] n.法典, 法规, 章程密码, 电码代号, 编码vt.将…译成电码•domestic[dəˈmestik] adj.本国的, 国内的家庭的, 家用的驯养的•impose[imˈpəuz] vi.利用, 占便宜; 欺骗vt.强迫, 强加课税, 惩罚•output[ˈautput] n.产量输出, 输出功率•promote[prəˈməut] vt.提升, 提拔筹划, 发起, 创立推销〈正〉促进; 推动; 增进•summary[ˈsʌməri] adj.即刻的, 立即的匆忙的, 草率的概括的; 简要的n.摘要, 概要•commit[kəˈmit] vt.犯罪; 犯错承诺; 使自己受约束托付; 交付•emerge[iˈmə:dʒ] vi.出现; 显出; 暴露•integrate[ˈintiɡreit] vt.使结合成为整体vt. & vi.(使)融入•overall[ˈəuvərɔ:l] adj.总体的; 全面的; 综合的全面考虑的adv.大体上, 总的来说一切包括在内, 全部的n.长罩衣工装裤; 工作裤•regime[reiˈʒi:m] n.政治制度, 政权, 政体•undertake[ˌʌndəˈteik] vt.担任, 承揽; 保证着手, 开始Sublist 5•academy[əˈkædəmi] n.专科学校研究院, 学会•consult[kənˈsʌlt] vt.请教, 咨询; 找(医生)诊治翻阅, 查阅顾及, 考虑vt. & vi.商议, 商量•evolve[iˈvɔlv] vt. & vi.演变; 进化•licence[ˈlaisəns] n.许可证, 执照许可, 特许放纵, 放肆•orient[ˈɔ:riənt] n.东方, 亚洲vt.使熟悉, 使适应使朝向; 使确定位置•style[stail] n.风格, 格调; 文体行为方式, 作风种类, 类型; 流行式样; 款式风度;格调; 气派•adjust[əˈdʒʌst] vt. & vi.(改变…以)适应; 调整; 校正•contact[ˈkɔntækt] n.接触联系, 联络, 交往社会关系, 熟人, 门路触点, 接头vt. & vi.联系•expand[iksˈpænd] vt. & vi.使…变大, 扩大, 扩张伸展, 伸开, 张开, 展开•logic[ˈlɔdʒik] n.逻辑(学), 逻辑性推理方法合理的想法•perspective[pəˈspektiv] n.远景, 景前途; 希望透视透视图观点, 想法•substitute[ˈsʌbstitju:t] vt. & vi.代替, 替换, 代用•alter[ˈɔ:ltə] vt. & vi.改变, 更改•decline[diˈklain] n.下降, 减少, 衰退vi.(太阳)落下vt. & vi.辞谢; 谢绝(邀请等)•expose[iksˈpəuz] vt.曝光暴露; 显露揭露, 袒露•margin[ˈmɑ:dʒin] n.页边空白边, 边缘差数, 差额; 余地•precise[priˈsais] adj.精确的, 准确的恰好的; 正是的周密的, 细密的, 精细的•sustain[səˈstein] vt.承受, 支撑维持长期保持; 使继续经受, 遭受•amend[əˈmend] vt. & vi.改良; 修改, 修订•discrete[disˈkri:t] adj.分离的, 不相关联的•external[eksˈtə:nl] adj.外面的, 外部的外观的, 表面的外国的•medical[ˈmedikəl] adj.医学的, 医疗的, 医术的内科的•prime[praim] adj.首要的; 主要的; 基本的最好的, 第一流的n.全盛时期vt.使准备好, 使完成准备工作事先指导, 事先向…提供情况•symbol[ˈsimbəl] n.象征, 标志符号, 记号•aware[əˈwɛə] adj.意识到的, 知道的•draft[drɑ:ft] n.草稿, 草案, 草图汇票应召入伍者; 特遣队vt.起草, 画草图, 草拟选派, 抽调征募, 征召…入伍•facilitate[fəˈsiliteit] vt.使便利, 减轻…的困难•mental[ˈmentl] adj.精神的, 头脑的, 心理的, 智力的精神病的•psychology[saiˈkɔlədʒi] n.心理学心理; 心理特点•target[ˈtɑ:ɡit] n.(射击的)靶子(欲达到的)目[指]标(服务的)对象; (攻击的)对象vt.瞄准某物•capacity[kəˈpæsiti] n.容量, 容积才能, 能力身份, 职位•enable[iˈneibl] vt.使能够; 提供做…的权利[措施]使可能•fundamental[ˌfʌndəˈmentəl] adj.基本的; 重要的, 必要的n.基本原则, 基本法则•modify[ˈmɔdifai] vt.修饰vt. & vi.修改, 更改•pursue[pəˈsju:] vt.追捕, 追击追求继续; 从事, 经营•transit[ˈtrænsit] n.搬运; 载运; 运输•challenge[ˈtʃælindʒ] n.挑战, 邀请比赛怀疑, 质问艰巨的任务vt.挑战质疑考验•energy[ˈenədʒi] n.活力, 干劲, 能力精力〈物〉能, 能量, 能源•generate[ˈdʒenəreit] vt.生成, 产生引起, 导致•monitor[ˈmɔnitə] n.监视器, 监听器; 检测器(学校)班长; 纠察员vt.监听, 监视监测, 检测•ratio[ˈreiʃiəu] n.比, 比率•trend[trend] n.趋势, 倾向流行•clause[klɔ:z] n.从句(法律文件等的)条款•enforce[inˈfɔ:s] vt.实施, 执行强迫, 迫使•generation[ˌdʒenəˈreiʃən] n.同时代的人, 一代人, 一代产生, 发生•network[ˈnetwə:k] n.网状物(电视与计算机)网络, 网状系统广播网, 电视网•reject[riˈdʒekt] n.被拒货品, 不合格产品vt.拒绝, 谢绝; 驳回舍弃, 排斥, 退掉•version[ˈvə:ʃən] n.(个人对事件的)描述, 说法, 看法版本, 形式译本, 剧本•compound[ˈkɔmpaund] n.复合物, 化合物(筑有围墙的)院子, (围起来的)场地vt.使混合, 使合成使严重; 使恶化•entity[ˈentiti] n.实体, 独立存在体, 实际存在物•image[ˈimidʒ] n.形象, 概念镜像, 影像, 图像印象酷似的人[物], 翻版比喻, 引喻, 明喻外形, 外表, 模样•notion[ˈnəuʃən] n.概念, 观念, 看法突然的念头, 奇想; 意图, 打算•revenue[ˈrevənju:] n.收入, 收益; 财政收入, 税收•welfare[ˈwelfɛə] n.健康, 幸福, 繁荣福利〈美〉政府的福利(制度)•conflict[ˈkɔnflikt] n.战斗, 斗争冲突, 抵触, 争论vi.抵触, 冲突•equivalent[iˈkwivələnt] adj.相等的, 相当的•liberal[ˈlibərəl] adj.心胸宽阔的, 无偏见的慷慨的, 大方的开放的; 主张变革的自由的, 不拘一格的n.宽容大度的人自由主义者•objective[əbˈdʒektiv] adj.客观的; 不带偏见的n.目标; 目的•stable[ˈsteibl] adj.稳定的; 安定的沉稳[持重]的•whereas[hwɛərˈæz] conj.但是, 而Sublist 6•abstract[ˈæbstrækt] adj.抽象的抽象派的n.抽象, 抽象概念, 抽象性抽象派艺术作品摘要, 梗概vt.提取, 抽取做…的摘要•capable[ˈkeipəbl] adj.有能力的, 有技能的•exceed[ikˈsi:d] vi.(在数量、质量上)突出, 领先vt.超过; 超越•incidence[ˈinsidəns] n.发生率, 影响范围•migrate[maiˈɡreit] vi.迁移; 移往•recover[riˈkʌvə] vi.恢复健康(体力、能力等) vt.恢复; 重新获得, 找回〈正〉恢复(适当的状态或位置)•accurate[ˈækjurit] adj.精确的, 准确的正确无误的•cite[sait] vt.引用, 举例表彰, 嘉奖传唤, 传讯•expert[ˈekspə:t] adj.专家的, 内行的, 熟练的n.专家, 能手•incorporate[inˈkɔ:pəreit] vt.包含, 加上, 吸收把…合并, 使并入组成公司•minimum[ˈminiməm] adj.最低的, 最小的n.最低限度, 最小量•reveal[riˈvi:l] vt.显示; 露出泄露; 透露•acknowledge[əkˈnɔlidʒ] vt.承认, 供认告知已收到鸣谢, 感谢•cooperate[kəuˈɔpəreit] vi.合作; 配合, 协助•explicit[iksˈplisit] adj.详述的, 明确的, 明晰的直言的, 毫不隐瞒的, 露骨的•index[ˈindeks] n.索引标志, 象征; 量度(物价或工资的)指数〈数〉指数, 幂vt.给…编索引, 指示出•ministry[ˈministri] n.(政府的)部•scope[skəup] n.余地, 机会(处理、研究事务的)范围•aggregate[ˈæɡriɡit] n.〈正〉数, 总计vt.总计达…vt. & vi.(使)聚集•discriminate[disˈkrimineit] vi.歧视, 有差别地对待vt. & vi.分别, 辨别, 区分•federal[ˈfedərəl] adj.联邦(制)的联邦政府的•inhibit[inˈhibit] vt.阻止; 抑制•motive[ˈməutiv] n.动机, 目的•subsidy[ˈsʌbsidi] n.补贴, 津贴, 补助金•allocate[ˈæləkeit] vt.分配, 分派把…拨给•display[disˈplei] n.陈列, 展览陈列的货物、艺术品等vt.陈列, 展览显示, 显露•fee[fi:] n.费, 酬金•initiate[iˈniʃieit] vt.开始, 着手传授; 使初步了解接纳新成员, 让…加入•neutral[ˈnju:trəl] adj.中立的, 不偏不倚的中立(国家)的暗淡的; 非彩色的(化学中)中性的不带电的n.(汽车或其他机器的)空挡位置中立人士; 中立国•tape[teip] n.带子录音磁带; 录像带vt.用带子捆起来vt. & vi.录音•assign[əˈsain] vt.分配; 交给指派, 选派指定, 订出•diverse[daiˈvəs] adj.不同的, 多种多样的•flexible[ˈfleksəbl] adj.易弯曲的, 柔韧的灵活的, 可变通的•input[ˈinput] n.输入, 投入〈电〉输入端输入的数据vt.把…输入电脑•nevertheless[ˌnevəðəˈles] adv.仍然, 然而, 不过conj.尽管如此, 然而•trace[treis] n.踪迹; 痕迹; 形迹极微的量vt.追踪; 追溯发现; 找到描绘; 标出vt.& vi.缓慢而困难地书写•attach[əˈtætʃ] vt. & vi.贴上; 系; 附上•domain[dəuˈmein] n.范围, 领域版图, 领土地产, 产业•furthermore[ˈfə:ðəˌmɔ:] adv.而且, 此外•instruct[inˈstrʌkt] vt.命令, 指示教, 指导通知•overseas[ˌəuvəˈsi:z] adj.(在)海外的, (在)国外的(向或来自)外国的adv.在[向]海外; 在[向]国外•transform[trænsˈfɔ:m] vt. & vi.改变•author[ˈɔ:θə] n.著作家, 作者创造者, 创始人; 发起人•edit[ˈedit] vt.剪辑(电影、录音磁带、无线电或电视节目、书等) vt. & vi.编辑•gender[ˈdʒendə] n.〈语〉性•intelligent[inˈtelidʒənt] adj.聪明的; 理解力强的•precede[ˌpriˈsi:d] vt. & vi.在…之前, 先于•transport[trænsˈpɔ:t] vt.运送; 流放使万分激动•bond[bɔnd] n.联系, 关系连接, 接合, 结合有息债券合同, 契约, 票据vt.使粘结, 使结合•enhance[inˈhɑ:ns] vt.提高, 增加, 加强•ignorant[ˈiɡnərənt] adj.无知的, 愚昧的•interval[ˈintəvəl] n.间隔时间幕间休息•presume[priˈzju:m] vi.冒昧地做某事; 错用自作主张, 放肆vt.以为; 假定•underlie[ˌʌndəˈlai] vt.位于或存在于(某物)之下构成…的基础(或起因); 引起•brief[bri:f] adj.短暂的, 短时间的简洁的, 简短的n.概要, 摘要vt.向…介绍基本情况, 作…的摘要•estate[isˈteit] n.土地, 地区庄园, 种植园地产, 财产; 遗产•incentive[inˈsentiv] n.激励某人做某事的事物; 刺激; 诱因, 动机•lecture[ˈlektʃə] n.演讲; 讲课冗长的训斥[谴责] vt.责备, 教训, 训斥vt. & vi.(向…)演讲; (给…)讲课•rational[ˈræʃənl] adj.神智清楚的理性的; 理智的; 合理的; 出于理性的•utilize[ˈju:tilaiz] vt.利用, 使用Sublist 7•adapt[əˈdæpt] vt.改编, 改写vt. & vi.(使)适应, (使)适合•contrary[ˈkɔntrəri] adj.相反的, 相违的n.相反, 反面, 对立面•empirical[emˈpirikəl] adj.以观察或实验为依据的•identical[aiˈdentikəl] adj.同一的•phenomenon[fiˈnɔminən] n.现象特殊的人[事物]•submit[səbˈmit] vi.屈服, 认输vt.提交, 呈递〈正〉建议, 主张, 申辩•adult[ˈædʌlt] adj.成熟的成年人的, 适宜于成年人的n.成年的人或动物•convert[kənˈvə:t] vt. & vi.(使)转变, (使)转化皈依, 改变(信仰)•equip[iˈkwip] vt.装备, 配备使有能力, 使胜任•ideology[ˌaidiˈɔlədʒi] n.思想(体系), 思想意识•priority[praiˈɔriti] n.优先权, 重点优先考虑的事•successor[səkˈsesə] n.接替的人或事物, 继任者, 继承人•advocate[ˈædvəkeit] n.提倡者, 拥护者辩护律师, 辩护人vt.提倡, 主张•couple[ˈkʌpl] n.一对, 一双一些, 几个夫妻, 情侣vt.连接, 联结, 联系•extract[iksˈtrækt] n.摘录, 引用提炼物, 浓缩物vt.(费力地)拔出, 抽出提取, 榨出•infer[inˈfə:] vt.推断, 推知•prohibit[prəˈhibit] vt.禁止; 阻止•survive[səˈvaiv] vi.幸存, 活下来vt.比…活得长, 经历…之后还存在•aid[eid] n.帮助, 援助, 救助助手, 辅助物, 辅助手段vt.帮助, 援助•decade[ˈdekeid] n.十年, 十年间•file[fail] n.文件夹, 公文箱卷宗, 文件; 计算机文件纵列vi.排成纵队前进vt.把…归档提交(申请等), 呈递用锉锉•innovate[ˈinəuveit] vi.改革, 创新•publication[ˌpʌbliˈkeiʃən] n.发表, 公布出版, 刊行, 发行出版物, 书刊•thesis[ˈθi:sis] n.论题, 命题, 论点论文, 毕业(或学位)论文•channel[ˈtʃænl] n.海峡通道; 水沟, 水渠渠道, 途径频道•definite[ˈdefinit] adj.明确的, 确切的一定的, 肯定的•finite[ˈfainait] adj.有限的, 有限度的〈语〉限定的•insert[inˈsə:t] n.添入物(尤指一页印刷品图中插入或套印的小图) vt.插入, 嵌入•quote[kwəut] vt.提到…以支持某论点报(价); 开(价) vt. & vi.引用, 援引•topic[ˈtɔpik] n.题目, 论题, 话题•chemical[ˈkemikəl] adj.化学的n.化学药品•deny[diˈnai] vt.否认知情拒绝•foundation[faunˈdeiʃən] n.建立, 设立, 创办基础, 基本原理, 根据地基基金(会) •intervene[ˌɪntəˈvi:n] vi.干涉, 干预; 调解干扰, 阻碍•release[riˈli:s] n.释放, 排放, 解除释放令公映的新影片, 发布的新闻[消息] vt.释放; 放开发布; 发行; 发售•transmit[trænzˈmit] vt.传播, 传染传导vt. & vi.发射, 播送, 广播•classic[ˈklæsik] adj.(著作, 赛事等)最优秀的, (可作)典范的(病例等)典型的, 标准的(衣服, 设计等)传统式样的, 典雅的(因为时已久)著名的; 传统的n.文豪, 大艺术家; 文学名著, 经典作品, 杰作优秀的典范•differentiate[ˌdifəˈrenʃieit] vi.区别对待vt. & vi.区分, 区别, 辨别•globe[ɡləub] n.地球, 世界球体; 球状物地球仪•isolate[ˈaisəleit] vt.使隔离, 使孤立, 使脱离•reverse[riˈvə:s] adj.相反的, 颠倒的, 反向的n.相反钱币的反面[背面]失败, 挫败vt. & vi.(使)反转; (使)颠倒; (使)翻转推翻, 取消使倒退, 逆转•ultimate[ˈʌltimit] adj.最后的, 最终的基本的, 根本的最大的, 极限程度的•comprehensive[ˌkɔmpriˈhensiv] adj.广泛的, 综合的•dispose[disˈpəuz] vt.布置使愿意或准备做vt. & vi.处理; 处置•grade[ɡreid] n.(官阶、质量)等级, 品级, 阶段, 程度〈尤美〉 (考试或作业的)分数, 评分等级〈尤美〉 (学生受测试的)技巧水平(尤指音乐方面)〈美〉年级; (按年级划分的)小学生•media[ˈmi:djə] n.媒体•simulate[ˈsimjuleit] vt.假装模仿, 模拟•unique[ju:ˈni:k] adj.独一无二的, 仅有的, 惟一的异常的, 特有的, 少见的•comprise[kəmˈpraiz] vt.包含, 包括, 由…组成组成, 构成•dynamic[daiˈnæmik] adj.有活力的, 强有力的不断变化的动力的, 动态的•guarantee[ˌɡærənˈti:] n.保证, 保障; 保证书; 保用期担保, 担保人担保品, 抵押品vt.保证; 担保使(事情)可能发生•mode[məud] n.方式, 样式样式, 风格•sole[səul] adj.单独的, 惟一的专有的, 独占的•visible[ˈvizəbl] adj.看得见的, 可见的, 有形的明显的, 可察觉到的•confirm[kənˈfə:m] vt.证实, 证明; 肯定, 确认使巩固, 加强批准; 认可•eliminate[iˈlimineit] vt.消除, 排除忽略淘汰〈口〉干掉•hierarchy[ˈhaiərɑ:ki] n.等级制度统治集团, 领导层•paradigm[ˈpærədaim] n.(一词的)词形变化表范例; 样式; 模范•somewhat[ˈsʌmhwɔt] adv.稍微, 有点, 达到某种程度•voluntary[ˈvɔləntəri] adj.自愿的, 志愿的义务的, 无偿的。
Worldlist_Academic学术词汇生词本.
abandon abandoned abnormal abstract abstract abstract abstraction academic academic academy access access accessible accommodate accommodation accompaniment accompany accumulate accuracy accurate achieve achievement acknowledge acknowledgement acquire acquisition adapt adaptable adaptation adequate adjacent adjust adjustment administration administrative adult adult advocacy advocate advocate affect aggregate aggregate aggregate aid aid albeit conj allocate allocation alter alteration alternate alternate alternative alternative ambiguity ambiguous amend amendment analogous analogy analyse analysis analyst analytical analyze annual anticipate anticipation apparent append appendix appreciable appreciate appreciation approach approach appropriate approximate approximate approximation arbitrary area aspect assemble assembly assess assessment assign assignment assist assistance assume assuming conj assumption assurance assure attach attachment attain attainment attitude attributable attribute attribute author author authoritative authority authorship automate automated automatic automatically automation available aware awareness Academic Word List The following is a list of the words from the Academic Word List that are highlighted in this dictionary. Words shown i n bold are one of the ‘parent words’. Academic Word List 4 behalf beneficial beneficiary benefit benefit bias bias biased bond bond brevity brief brief brief briefing briefly bulk bulky capability capable capacity category cease challenge challenge challenging channel channel chapter chart chart chemical chemical circumstance citation cite civil clarification clarify clarity classic classic classical clause code code coded coding coherence coherent coincide coincidence coincident coincidental collapse collapse colleague commence commencement comment comment commentary commentator commission commission commit commitment committed commodity communicable communicate communication communicative community compatibility compatible compensate compensation compensatory compilation compile complement complement complementary complex complex complexity component component compound compound compound comprehensive comprise computation compute computer computing conceivable conceive concentrateconcentration concept conception conceptual conclude concluding conclusion conclusive concurrent conduct conduct confer conference confine confined confirm confirmation conflict conflict conform conformation conformist conformity consensus consent consent consequence consequent consequently considerable considerably consist consistency consistent constancy constant constant constantly constituency constituent constituent constitute constitution constitutional constrain constrained constraint construct construct construction constructive consult consultancy consultant consultation consultative consume consumer consumption contact contact contact contemporary contemporary context contextual contextualize contract contract contractor contradict contradiction contradictory contrary contrary contrast contrast contrasting contribute contribution contributor controversial controversy convene convention conventional converse conversely conversion convert convertible convince convinced convincing cooperate cooperation cooperative coordinate coordinate coordinate coordination coordinator core core core corporate corporation correspond correspondence corresponding couple couple create creation creative creativity creator credit credit creditor criterion crucial cultural culturally culture currency cycle cycle cyclic data debatable debate debate decade decline decline deduce 5 Academic Word List deduction define definite definitely definition definitive demonstrable demonstrate demonstration demonstrative demonstrator denial denote deny depress depression derivation derivative derivative derive design design designer despite prep detect detection detective detector deviate deviation device devote devoted devotion differentiate dimension diminish diminution discrete discretion discretionary discriminate discrimination disestablish displace displacement display display disposable disposal dispose disproportion disproportionate dissimilar distinct distinction distinctive distinctly distort distribute distribution distributive diverse diversify diversity document document documentation domain domestic domesticate domesticated dominance dominant dominate draft draft draft drama dramatic dramatist dramatize duration dynamic dynamic economic economical economically economics economist economy edit edition editor editorialeditorial element eliminate elimination emerge emergence emergent emerging emphasis emphasize emphatic empirical empiricism enable enabling encounter encounter energetic energy enforce enforced enforcement enhance enhanced enormity enormous enormously ensure entity environment environmental environmentalist equate equation equip equipment equivalent equivalent erode erosion erroneous error establish established establishment estate estimate estimate estimation ethic ethical ethnic ethnic evaluate evaluation eventual eventuality eventually evidence evident evidential evidently evolution evolutionary evolve exceed exclude excluding prep exclusion exclusive exclusively exhibit exhibit exhibition expand expansion expansionism expansive expert expert expertise explicit exploit exploitation export export exporter expose exposed exposure external externalize extract extract extraction facilitate facilitator facility factor factor feature feature federal federation fee file file filing final final finality finalize finally finance finance financial financier finite flexibility flexible fluctuate fluctuation focus focus focussed format format formula formulate forthcoming found foundation founder founding framework function function functional fund fund fundamental fundamentally funding Academic Word List 6 furthermore gender generate generation globalization globe goal grade grade graded grant grant guarantee guarantee guideline hence hierarchical hierarchy highlight hypothesis hypothesize hypothetical identical identifiable identification identify identity ideological ideology ignorance ignorant ignore illegal illogical illustrate illustration illustrative image imagery immature immigrant immigrate immigration impact impact implement implement implicate implication implicit imply impose imposition imprecise inaccessible inaccuracy inaccurate inadequacy inadequate inappropriate incapable incapacitate incentive incidence incident incidentally inclination incline incline incoherent income incompatible inconceivable inconclusive inconsistency inconsistent incorporate incorporated indefinite indefinitely index index indicate indication indicative indicative indicator indiscretion indistinct individual individual individualism individualist individuality individually induce induction inevitability inevitable inevitablyinfer inference infinite infinitely inflexible infrastructure inherent inhibit inhibition initial initially initiate initiation initiative initiator injure injured injury innovate innovation innovative innovator input input insecure insert insertion insight insightful insignificant inspect inspection inspector instability instance instance institute institute institution institutional institutionalized instruct instruction instructive instructor insufficient integral integrate integrated integration integrity intelligence intelligent intense intensify intensity intensive interact interaction interactive intermediate internal internalize interpret interpretation interpretative interpretive interval intervene intervening intervention intrinsic invalidate invalidity invariable invariably invest investigate investigation investigative investigator investment investor invisible invoke involve involvement irrational irrelevance irrelevant irreversible isolate isolated isolation isolationism issue issue item job journal justifiable justification justified justify label label labor labored labour labour laboured layer layer lecture lecture lecturer legal legality legally legislate legislation legislative legislator legislature levy levy liberal liberal liberalism liberalize liberally liberate liberated licence license licensed likewise link link linkage locate location logic logical logician maintain maintenance major majority manipulate manipulative manual manual margin marginal marginally maturation mature mature maturity maximize maximum maximum mechanism media mediate medical medium medium mental mentality method methodical methodology migrant migrate migration migratory military military minimal minimize minimum minimum ministerial ministry minor minority misinterpret mode modification modify monitor motivated motivation motive motive mutual mutually negate negative negative network network networking neutral neutrality neutralize nevertheless nonconformist nonetheless norm normal normal normality normalize normally notion notwithstanding prep nuclear objective objective objectively obtain obtainable obvious obviously occupancy occupant occupation occupational occupier occupy occur occurrence odd odds offset ongoing option optional orient orientate orientated orientation oriented outcome output output overall overall overestimate overestimate overlap overlap overseas overseas panelparadigm paragraph parallel parallel parallel parameter participant participate participation participatory partner partnership passive passive perceive percent percent percentage perception period periodic periodical persist persistence persistent perspective phase phase phenomenal phenomenon philosopher philosophical philosophize philosophy physical physically plus prep plus plus policy portion pose pose positive positively potential potential potentially practitioner precede precedence precedent preceding precise precisely precision precision predict predictable prediction predominance predominant predominantly predominate preliminary preliminary presumably presume presumption previous previously primacy primarily primary prime principal principally principle principled prior prioritize priority procedural procedure proceed proceeding proceeds process process processed professional professional professionalism professionally prohibit prohibition prohibitive project project projection promote promoter promotion proportion proportional proportionate prospect prospective protocol psychological psychologist psychology publication publish publisher publishing purchase purchase pursue pursuit qualitative quotation quote quote radical radical random range range ratio rational rationalism rationalize react reaction reactionary reactionary reactivate reactive reactor readjust reassess reconstruct reconstruction recover recovery recreate redistribute redistribution refine refined refinement regime region regional register register registration regulate regulation regulator regulatory reinforce reinforcement reinvest reject rejection relax relaxation release release relevant reliable reliance reliant relocate reluctance reluctant rely removable removal remove remove require requirement reschedule research research reside residence resident resident residential resolution resolve resolve resource resource resourceful respond respondent response responsive restoration restore restored restrain restraint restrict restricted restriction restrictive restructure retain retainer retention retentive reveal revealing revelation revenue reversal reverse reverse reverse reversible revise revision revolution revolutionary revolutionary revolutionize rigid role route route scenario schedule schedule schematic scheme schemescope section section sector secure secure securely security seek select select selection selective selector sequence sequencing sequential series sex sexism sexual sexuality shift shift significant significantly signify similar similarity similarly simulate simulated simulation site sole solely somewhat source source specific specific specifically specification specify sphere spherical stability stabilize stable statistic statistician status straightforward strategic strategist strategy stress stress stressed stressful structural structure structure structured style style styling stylish stylized submission submit subordinate subordinate subordinate subsequent subsequently subsidiary subsidize subsidy substitute substitute substitution succession successive successor sufficiency sufficient sum sum summarize summary summary summation supplement supplement supplementary survey survey survival survive survivor suspend suspension sustain sustainable sustained sustenance symbol symbolic symbolism symbolize tape tape target target task task team team technical technically technique technological technology temporary tense tension terminal terminal terminate termination text textual thematic theme theoretical theoretically theorist theory thereby thesis topic topical trace trace tracing tradition traditional traditionalist transfer transfer transference transform transformation transit transition transitional transitory transmission transmit transport transport transportation transporter trend trigger trigger ultimate ultimately unaccompanied unaffected unaided unalterable unambiguous unanticipated unapproachable unattached unattainable unavailable unaware unbiased uncharted unconstitutional unconventional undeniable underestimate underestimate undergo underlie underlying undertake undertaking underwent undiminished uneconomical unethical unfounded unification unified uniform uniformity unify unique unjustified unlicensed unobtainable unparalleled unprecedented unpredictable unprincipled unpublished unregulated unreliable unresolved unresponsive unrestrained unrestricted unscheduled unspecified unstable unstressed unstructured unsustainable utility utilize valid validate variable variable variance variant variation varied vary vehicle version via prep violate violation virtual virtually visibility visible visibly vision visual visualizevisually volume voluntarily voluntary volunteer volunteer welfare whereas conj whereby widespread。
AWL英语学术词汇表
实用文档《英语常用学术词汇表》《英语学术词汇表》 (The Academic Word List, AWL)是一个由 Victoria University of Well ington, New Zealand 的一些应用语言学家统计出来的词汇表，它包含了学术英语 (English for Ac ademic Purpose)中最常用的 570 个词目(headwords) 。
《英语学术词汇表》分 10 个 sublists (小类)，除了第 10 小类包含 30 个词目外，其他小类均含有 60 个词目。
Sublist 1 (第 1 类)包含的词汇最常用， sublist 2 (第 2 类)中的词汇使用频率稍低，其他的 sublist3 依次类推。
Sublist1of the Academic Word Listanalyseanalysedanalyseranalysersanalysesanalysinganalysisanalystanalystsanalyticanalyticalanalyticallyanalyzeanalyzedanalyzesanalyzingapproachapproachableapproachedapproachesapproachingunapproachable areaareasassessassessableassessedassessesassessingeconomyeconomiceconomicaleconomicallyeconomicseconomieseconomisteconomistsuneconomicalenvironmentenvironmentalenvironmentalistenvironmentalistsenvironmentallyenvironmentsestablishdisestablishdisestablisheddisestablishesdisestablishingdisestablishmentestablishedestablishesestablishingestablishmentestablishments estimateestimatedestimates legislatelegislatedlegislateslegislatinglegislationlegislativelegislatorlegislatorslegislature majormajoritiesmajority methodmethodicalmethodologicalmethodologiesmethodologymethods occuroccurredoccurrenceoccurrencesoccurringoccursreoccurreoccurredreoccurringreoccurs percent实用文档assessmentassessments reassessreassessedreassessingreassessmentunassessedassumeassumedassumesassumingassumptionassumptionsauthorityauthoritativeauthoritiesavailableavailabilityunavailablebenefitbeneficialbeneficiarybeneficiariesbenefitedbenefitingestimatingestimationestimationsover-estimateoverestimateoverestimatedoverestimatesoverestimatingunderestimateunderestimatedunderestimatesunderestimatingevidentevidencedevidenceevidentialevidentlyexportexportedexporterexportersexportingexportsfactorfactoredbenefitsconceptfactoringfactorsconceptionconceptsconceptualconceptualisationconceptualiseconceptualisedconceptualisesconceptualisingconceptuallyformulaconsistconsistedconsistencyconsistentconsistentlyconsistingconsistsinconsistencies financedfinancesfinancialfinanciallyfinancierfinanciersfinancingformulaeformulasformulateformulatedformulatingformulationformulationsreformulatepercentagepercentagesperiodperiodicperiodicalperiodicallyperiodicalsperiodspolicypoliciesprincipleprincipledprinciplesunprincipledproceedproceduralprocedureproceduresproceededproceedingproceedingsproceedsprocessprocessedprocessesprocessingrequirerequiredrequirementfinancerequirementsrequiresrequiring researchresearchedresearcherresearchersresearchesresearching respondrespondedrespondentrespondentsrespondingresponds实用文档inconsistencyinconsistent constituteconstituenciesconstituencyconstituentconstituentsconstitutedconstitutesconstitutingconstitutionconstitutionsconstitutionalconstitutionallyconstitutiveunconstitutional contextcontextscontextualcontextualisecontextualisedcontextualisinguncontextualisedcontextualizecontextualizedcontextualizinguncontextualized contractcontractedcontractingcontractorcontractorscontractscreatecreated creatingcreationcreationscreativecreativelycreativitycreatorcreatorsreformulatedreformulatingreformulationreformulationsfunctionfunctionalfunctionallyfunctionedfunctioningfunctionsidentifyidentifiableidentificationidentifiedidentifiesidentifyingidentitiesidentityunidentifiableincomeincomesindicateindicatedindicatesindicatingindicationindicationsindicators individualindividualisedindividualityindividualismindividualistindividualistsindividualisticindividuallyindividuals interpretinterpretationinterpretationsinterpretativeinterpretedresponseresponsesresponsiveresponsivenessunresponsiverolerolessectionsectionedsectioningsectionssectorsectorssignificantinsignificantinsignificantlysignificancesignificantlysignifiedsignifiessignifysignifyingsimilardissimilarsimilaritiessimilaritysimilarlysourcesourcedspecificspecificallyspecificationspecificationsspecificityspecificsstructurerestructurerestructuredrestructuresrestructuringstructuralstructurally.实用文档recreaterecreatedrecreatesrecreating datadefinedefinabledefineddefinesdefiningdefinitiondefinitionsredefineredefinedredefinesredefiningundefined derivederivationderivationsderivativederivativesderivedderivesderiving distribute distributed distributing distribution distributional distributions distributive distributor distributors redistribute redistributed redistributes redistributingredistributioninterpreting structuredinterpretive structuresinterprets structuring misinterpret unstructuredmisinterpretationtheorymisinterpretationstheoreticalmisinterpreted theoretically misinterpreting theoriesmisinterprets theoristreinterpret theorists reinterpretedvaryreinterprets invariable reinterpreting invariablyreinterpretation variability reinterpretations variableinvolve variablesinvolved variablyinvolvement varianceinvolves variantinvolving variantsuninvolved variationissue variationsissued variedissues variesissuing varyinglabourlaborlaboredlaborslabouredlabouringlabourslegalillegalillegalityillegallylegalitylegallySublist2of the Academic Word List实用文档achieveachievableachievedachievementachievementsachievesachieving acquireacquiredacquiresacquiringacquisitionacquisitions administrateadministratesadministrationadministrations distinctelementequateevaluatedistinctiondistinctionsdistinctivedistinctivelydistinctlyindistinctindistinctlyelementsequatedequatesequatingequationequationsadministrativeadministrativelyadministratoradministratorsaffectaffectedaffectingaffectiveaffectivelyaffectsunaffectedappropriateappropriacyappropriatelyappropriatenessinappropriacyfinal inappropriateinappropriatelyaspectaspectsassistassistanceassistantassistantsassistedassistingevaluatedevaluatesevaluatingevaluationevaluationsevaluativere-evaluatere-evaluatedre-evaluatesre-evaluatingre-evaluationfeaturedfeaturesfeaturingfinalisefinalisedfinalisesfinalisingfinalizefinalizedfinalizesfinalizingfinalityfinallyfinals featureparticipateparticipantparticipantsparticipatedparticipatesparticipatingparticipationparticipatory perceiveperceivedperceivesperceivingperceptionperceptions positivepositively potentialpotentially previouspreviously primaryprimarily purchasepurchasedpurchaserpurchaserspurchasespurchasing rangerangedrangesranging regionregionalregionallyregions regulatederegulatedderegulatesderegulatingderegulationregulatedregulatesregulating实用文档unassisted categorycategoriescategorisationcategorisecategorisedcategorisescategorisingcategorizationcategorizedcategorizescategorizing chapterchapters commissioncommissionedcommissionercommissionerscommissioningcommissions communitycommunities complexcomplexitiescomplexity computecomputationcomputationalcomputationscomputablecomputercomputedcomputerisedcomputerscomputing concludedconcludesconcludingconclusionconclusionsconclusiveconclusivelyinconclusivefocusfocusedfocusesfocusingfocussedfocussingrefocusrefocusedrefocusesrefocusingrefocussedrefocussesrefocussingimpactimpactedimpactingimpactsinjureinjuredinjuresinjuriesinjuringinjuryuninjuredinstituteinstitutedinstitutesinstitutinginstitutioninstitutionalinstitutionaliseinstitutionalisedinstitutionalisesinstitutionalisinginstitutionalizedinstitutionalizesinstitutionalizing institutionallyinstitutions investinvestedinvestinginvestmentinvestmentsregulationregulationsregulatorregulatorsregulatoryunregulatedrelevantirrelevanceirrelevantrelevanceresideresidedresidenceresidentresidentialresidentsresidesresidingresourceresourcedresourcefulresourcesresourcingunresourcefulunder-resourcedrestrictrestrictedrestrictingrestrictionrestrictionsrestrictiverestrictivelyrestrictsunrestrictedunrestrictivesecureinsecureinsecuritiesinsecuritysecuredsecurelysecuressecuringsecurities实用文档inconclusively conductconductedconductingconducts consequentconsequenceconsequencesconsequently constructconstructedconstructingconstructionconstructionsconstructiveconstructsreconstructreconstructedreconstructingreconstructionreconstructs consumeconsumedconsumerconsumersconsumesconsumingconsumption creditcreditedcreditingcreditorcreditorscreditscultureculturalculturallyculturedculturesuncultureddesigndesigneddesignerdesignersinvestorinvestors investsreinvestreinvestedreinvestingreinvestmentreinvestsitemitemisationitemiseitemiseditemisesitemisingitemsjournaljournalsmaintainmaintainedmaintainingmaintainsmaintenancenormalabnormalabnormallynormalisationnormalisenormalisednormalisesnormalisingnormalizationnormalizenormalizednormalizesnormalizingnormalitynormally obtainobtainableobtainedobtainingobtainsunobtainablesecurityseekseekingseekssoughtselectselectedselectingselectionselectionsselectiveselectivelyselectorselectorsselectssitesitesstrategystrategicstrategiesstrategicallystrategiststrategistssurveysurveyedsurveyingsurveystexttextstextualtraditionnon-traditionaltraditionaltraditionalisttraditionallytraditionstransfertransferabletransferencetransferredtransferringtransfers实用文档designingdesignsSublist3of the Academic Word Listalternativealternativelyalternatives circumstancecircumstances commentcommentariescommentarycommentatorcommentatorscommentedcommentingcomments compensatecompensatedcompensatescompensatingcompensationcompensationscompensatory componentcomponentrycomponents consentconsensusconsentedconsentingconsentsconsiderableconsiderablyconstantconstancyconstantlyconstantsinconstancyinconstantlyconstrainconstrainedemphasis emphasiseemphasisedemphasising emphasizeemphasizedemphasizesemphasizing emphaticemphaticallyensureensuredensuresensuringexcludeexcluded excludesexcluding exclusionexclusionaryexclusionist exclusionsexclusiveexclusivelyframeworkframeworks fundfundedfunderfundersfundingfunds illustrateillustratedillustratesillustratingillustrationillustrations philosophyphilosopherphilosophersphilosophicalphilosophicallyphilosophiesphilosophisephilosophisedphilosophisesphilosophisingphilosophizephilosophizedphilosophizesphilosophizingphysicalphysicallyproportiondisproportiondisproportionatedisproportionatelyproportionalproportionallyproportionateproportionatelyproportionspublishpublishedpublisherpublisherspublishespublishingunpublishedreactreactedreactsreactingreactionreactionaries实用文档constrainingconstrainsconstraintconstraintsunconstrained contributecontributedcontributescontributingcontributioncontributionscontributorcontributors conveneconventionconvenesconvenedconveningconventionalconventionallyconventionsunconventional coordinatecoordinatedcoordinatescoordinatingcoordinationcoordinatorcoordinatorsco-ordinateco-ordinatedco-ordinatesco-ordinatingco-ordinationco-ordinatorco-ordinators corecores corporatecorporatescorporationcorporationsillustrativeimmigrate immigrantimmigrants immigratedimmigratesimmigratingimmigrationimplyimpliedimpliesimplyinginitialinitiallyinstanceinstancesinteractinteracted interactinginteraction interactionsinteractiveinteractively interactsjustifyjustifiable justifiablyjustificationjustifications justifiedjustifies justifyingunjustifiedlayerlayeredlayeringlayerslinklinkageslinkedlinkinglinks locatereactionaryreactionsreactivereactivatereactivationreactorreactorsregisterderegisterderegisteredderegisteringderegistersderegistrationregisteredregisteringregistersregistrationrelyreliabilityreliablereliablyreliancereliantreliedreliesrelyingunreliableremoveremovableremovedremovesremovingschemeschematicschematicallyschemedschemesschemingsequencesequencedsequencessequencing.实用文档correspondcorrespondedcorrespondencecorrespondingcorrespondinglycorresponds criteriacriteriondeducededuceddeducesdeducingdeductiondeductionsdemonstratedemonstrabledemonstrablydemonstrateddemonstratesdemonstratingdemonstrationdemonstrationsdemonstrativedemonstrativelydemonstratordemonstratorsdocumentdocumentationdocumenteddocumentingdocumentsdominatedominancedominant dominateddominatesdominatingdominationlocatedlocatinglocationlocationsrelocaterelocatedrelocatesrelocatingrelocationmaximisemax maximisedmaximises maximisingmaximisation maximizemaximized maximizesmaximizingmaximization maximumminorminoritiesminorityminorsnegatenegativenegatednegatesnegatingnegativelynegativesoutcomeoutcomes partnerpartnerspartnershippartnershipssequentialsequentiallysexsexessexismsexualsexualitysexuallyshiftshiftedshiftingshiftsspecifyspecifiablespecifiedspecifiesspecifyingunspecifiedsufficientsufficiencyinsufficientinsufficientlysufficientlytasktaskstechnicaltechnicallytechniquetechniquestechnologytechnologicaltechnologicallyvalidinvalidateinvalidityvalidatevalidatedvalidatingvalidationvalidityvalidlyvolumevolumesvol实用文档Sublist4of the Academic Word Listaccessaccessedaccessesaccessibilityaccessibleaccessinginaccessible adequateadequacyadequatelyinadequaciesinadequacyinadequateinadequately annualannually apparentapparentlyapproximateapproximatedapproximatelyapproximatesapproximatingapproximationapproximations attitudeattitudes attributeattributableattributedattributesattributingattributioncivilcodecodedcodescodingcommitcommitmentcommitmentserrorerroneouserroneouslyerrorsethnicethnicitygoalgoalsgrantgrantedgrantinggrantshencehypothesishypotheseshypothesisehypothesisedhypothesiseshypothesisinghypothesizehypothesizedhypothesizeshypothesizinghypotheticalhypotheticallyimplementimplementationimplementedimplementingimplements implicateimplicatedimplicatesimplicatingimplicationimplications imposeimposedimposesimposingimposition parallelparalleledparallelledparallellingparallelsunparalleledparameterparametersphasephasedphasesphasingpredictpredictabilitypredictablepredictablypredictedpredictingpredictionpredictionspredictsunpredictabilityunpredictableprincipalprincipallypriorprofessionalprofessionallyprofessionalsprofessionalismprojectprojectedprojectingprojectionprojectionsprojectspromotepromotedpromoterpromoterspromotes实用文档commitscommittedcommittingcommunicatecommunicablecommunicatedcommunicatescommunicatingcommunicationcommunicationscommunicativecommunicativelyuncommunicativeconcentrateconcentratedconcentratesconcentratingconcentration conferconferenceconferencesconferredconferringconferscontrastcontrastedcontrastingcontrastivecontrastscyclecycledcycliccyclicalcyclingdebatedebatabledebateddebatesdebatingdespitedimensiondimensionaldimensionsintegrateintegratedintegratesintegratingintegrationinternalinternaliseinternalisedinternalisesinternalisinginternalizeinternalizedinternalizesinternalizinginternallyinvestigateinvestigatedinvestigatesinvestigatinginvestigationinvestigationsinvestigativeinvestigatorinvestigatorsjobjobslabellabeledlabelinglabellinglabels mechanismmechanisms obviousobviouslyoccupyoccupancyoccupantoccupantsoccupationoccupationaloccupationsoccupiedpromotingpromotionpromotionsregimeregimesresolveresolutionresolvedresolvesresolvingunresolvedretainretainedretainingretainerretainersretainsretentionretentiveseriesstatisticstatisticianstatisticiansstatisticalstatisticallystatisticsstatusstressstressedstressesstressfulstressingunstressedsubsequentsubsequentlysumsummationsummedsummingsumssummarysummariessummarisesummarised实用文档multidimensionaldomesticdomesticallydomesticatedomesticateddomesticatingdomesticsemergeemergedemergenceemergentemergesemerging optionoutputoveralloccupieroccupiersoccupiesoccupyingoptionaloptionsoutputssummarisessummarisingsummarisationsummarisationssummarizationsummarizationssummarizesummarizedsummarizessummarizingundertakeundertakenundertakesundertakingundertookSublist5of the Academic Word Listacademyacademiaacademicacademicallyacademicsacademies adjustadjustedadjustingadjustmentreadjustedreadjustingreadjustmentreadjustmentsreadjusts alteralterablealterationalterationsalternateexpandexpandedexpandingexpandsexpansionexpansionismexpansive exposeexposedexposesexposingexposureexposuresexternalexternalisationexternaliseexternalisedexternalisesexternalisingexternalityexternalizationexternalizeexternalizedexternalizesexternalizing orientorientateorientatedorientatesorientationorientatingorientedorientingorientsreorientreorientation perspectiveperspectives preciseimprecisepreciselyprecision primeprimacy psychologypsychologicalpsychologicallypsychologistpsychologists pursue.实用文档alternatingaltersunalterableunalteredamendamendedamendingamendmentamendmentsamendsawareawarenessunawarecapacitycapacitiesincapacitateincapacitatedchallengechallengedchallengerchallengerschallengeschallenging clauseclausescompoundcompoundedcompoundingcompounds conflictconflictedconflictingconflictsconsultantsconsultationconsultationsconsultativeconsultedconsultsconsultingcontactexternallyfacilitatefacilitatedfacilitatesfacilitiesfacilitatingfacilitationfacilitatorfacilitatorsfacilityfundamentalfundamentallygenerategeneratedgeneratesgeneratinggenerationgenerationsimageimageryimagesliberalliberaliseliberalismliberalisationliberalisedliberalisesliberalizeliberalizedliberalizesliberalizingliberateliberatedliberatesliberationliberationsliberatingliberatorliberatorsliberallyliberals licencepursuedpursuespursuingpursuitpursuitsratioratiosrejectrejectedrejectingrejectionrejectsrejectionsrevenuerevenuesstableinstabilitystabilisationstabilisestabilisedstabilisesstabilisingstabilizationstabilizestabilizedstabilizesstabilizingstabilityunstablestylestyledstylishstylisestylisedstylisesstylisingstylizestylizedstylizesstylizingsubstitutesubstituted.实用文档contactablecontactedcontactingcontacts declinedeclineddeclinesdeclining discretediscretelydiscretiondiscretionaryindiscreteindiscretion draftdrafteddraftingdraftsredraftredraftedredraftingredrafts enableenabledenablesenabling energyenergeticenergeticallyenergiesenforceenforcedenforcementenforcesenforcingentityentitiesequivalentequivalenceevolveevolutionevolvedevolvingevolveslicenceslicenselicensedlicensinglicensesunlicensedlogicillogicalillogicallylogicallogicallylogicianlogiciansmarginmarginalmarginallymarginsmedicalmedicallymentalmentalitymentallymodifymodificationmodificationsmodified modifiesmodifyingunmodifiedmonitormonitoredmonitoringmonitorsunmonitored networknetworkednetworkingnetworks notionnotions objectiveobjectivelyobjectivitysubstitutessubstitutingsubstitutionsustainsustainablesustainabilitysustainedsustainingsustainssustenanceunsustainablesymbolsymbolicsymbolicallysymbolisesymbolisessymbolisedsymbolisingsymbolismsymbolizesymbolizedsymbolizessymbolizingsymbolstargettargetedtargetingtargetstransittransitedtransitingtransitiontransitionaltransitionstransitorytransitstrendtrendsversionversionswelfarewhe实用文档evolutionaryevolutionistevolutionistsSublist6of the Academic Word Listabstractabstractionabstractionsabstractlyabstracts accurateaccuracyaccuratelyinaccuracyinaccuraciesinaccurate acknowledgeacknowledgedacknowledgesacknowledgingacknowledgementacknowledgements aggregateaggregatedaggregatesaggregatingallocatedallocatesallocatingallocationallocationsassignassignedassigningassignmentassignmentsassignsreassignreassignedreassigningenhanceenhancedenhancementenhancesenhancingestateestatesexceedexceededexceedingexceedsexpertexpertiseexpertlyexpertsexplicitexplicitlyfederalfederationfederations feeflexibilityinflexibleinflexibility furthermore gendergenders ignorantignoranceignoreignoredignoresignoring incentiveincentives neutralneutralisationneutraliseneutralisedneutralisesneutralisingneutralityneutralizationneutralizeneutralizedneutralizesneutralizingneverthelessoverseasprecedeprecededprecedenceprecedentprecedesprecedingunprecedentedpresumepresumablypresumedpresumespresumingpresumptionpresumptionspresumptuousrationalisationrationalisationsrationaliserationalisedrationalisesrationalising.实用文档reassignsunassigned attachattachedattachesattachingattachmentattachmentsunattached authorauthoredauthoringauthorsauthorship bondbondedbondingbonds briefbrevitybriefedbriefingbrieflybriefs capablecapabilitiescapabilityincapablecitecitationcitationscitedcitingcitescooperatecooperatedcooperatescooperatingcooperationcooperativecooperativelyco-operateco-operatedco-operatesincidence incidentincidentallyincidentsincorporateincorporatedincorporatesincorporatingincorporationindexindexedindexesindexinginhibitinhibitedinhibitinginhibitioninhibitionsinhibitsinitiateinitiatedinitiatesinitiatinginitiationinitiationsinitiativeinitiativesinitiatorinitiatorsinputinputs instructinstructioninstructedinstructinginstructionsinstructiveinstructorinstructorsinstructs intelligentintelligenceintelligentlyunintelligentrationalismrationalityrationalizationrationalizationsrationalizerationalizedrationalizesrationallyrecoverrecoverablerecoveredrecoveringrecoversrecoveryrevealrevealedrevealingrevealsrevelationrevelationsscopesubsidysubsidiarysubsidiessubsidisesubsidisedsubsidisessubsidisingsubsidizesubsidizedsubsidizessubsidizingtapetapedtapestapingtracetraceabletracedtracestracingtransformtransformationtransformations。
AWL词表(学术词表--Academic_Word_List)
Academic Word ListIntroductionThe Academic Word List (AWL) was developed by Averil Coxhead at the School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. The list contains 570 word families which were selected because they appear with great frequency in a broad range of academic texts. The list does not include words that are in the most frequent 2000 words of English (the General Service List), thus making it specific to academic contexts. The AWL was primarily made so that it could be used by teachers as part of a programme preparing learners for tertiary level study or used by students working alone to learn the words most needed to study at colleges and universities.The 570 words are divided into 10 sublists. The sublists are ordered such that the words in the first sublist are the most frequent words and those in the last sublist are the least frequent.ListSublist 1 sector• available • financial • process • individual • specific • principle • estimate • variables • method • data• research • contract • environment • export• source • assessment • policy• identified • create• derived• factors• procedure• definition• assume• theory• benefit• evidence• established• authority• major• issues• labour / labor• occur• economic• involved• percent• interpretation• consistent• income• structure• legal• concept• formula• section• required• constitutional• analysis• distribution• func tion• area• approach• role• legislation• indicate• response• period• context• significant• similar•Sublist 2community• resident• range• construction• strategies• elements• previous • conclusion • security• aspects• acquisition • features• text• commission • regulations • computer • items• consumer • achieve• final• positive• evaluation • assistance • normal• relevant• distinction • region• traditional • impact• consequences • chapter• equation• appropriate • resources• participation • survey• potential• cultural• transfer• select• credit• affect• categories• perceived• sought• focus• purchase• injury• site• journal• primary• complex• institute• i nvestment• administration• maintenance• design • obtained• restricted• conduct •Sublist 3Comments• convention• published• framework• implies• negative• dominant• illustrated• outcomes• constant• shift• deduction• ensure• specified• justification• funds• reliance• physical• partnership• location• link• coordination• alternative• initial• validity• task• techniques• excluded• consent• proportion• demonstrate• reaction• criteria• minori ties• technology• philosophy• removed• sex• compensation• sequence• corresponding• maximum• circumstances• instance• considerable • sufficient • corporate • interaction • contribution • immigration • component • constraints • technical • emphasis • scheme• layer• volume• document • registered • core •Sublist 4 overall• emerged• regime• implementation • project• hence• occupational • internal• goals• retained• sum• integration • mechanism • para llel• imposed• despite• job• parameters• approximate• label• concentration• principal• series• predicted• summary• attitudes• undertaken• cycle• communication• ethnic• hypothesis• professional• status• conference• a ttributed• annual• obvious• error• implications• apparent• commitment• subsequent• debate• dimensions• promote• statistics• option• domestic• output• access• code• investigation• phase• prior• granted• stress• civ il• contrast• resolutionadequate •Sublist 5Alter• stability• energy• aware• licence / license• enforcement• draft• styles• precise• medical• pursue• symbolic• marginal• capacity• generation• exposure• decline• acad emic• modified• external • psychology • fundamental • adjustment • ratio• whereas • enable• version • perspective • contact • network • facilitate • welfare • transition • amendment • logic rejected • expansion • clause• prime• t arget• objective • sustainable • equivalent • liberal• notion• substitution • generated • trend• revenue • compounds • evolution • conflict • image• discretion• entities• orientation• consultation• mental• monitoring• challenge•Sublist 6Intelligence• transformation• presumption• acknowledged• utility• furthermore• accurate• diversity• attached• recovery• assigned• tapes• motivation• bond• edition• nevertheless• transport• cited• fees• sc ope• enhanced• incorporated• instructionssubsidiary• input• abstract• ministry• capable• expert• preceding• display• incentive• inhibition• trace• ignored• incidence• estate• cooperative• revealed• index• lecture• discrimination• overseas• explicit• aggregate• gender• underlying• brief• domain• rational• minimum• interval• neutral• migration• flexibility• federal• author• initiatives • allocation • exceed •Sublist 7 intervention • confirmed • definite• classical • chemical • voluntary • release• visible• finite• publication • channel• file• thesis• equipment • disposal • solely• deny• identical • submitted • grade• phenomenon • paradigm • ultimate ly • extract• survive• converted • transmission • global• inferred• guarantee• advocate• dynamic• simulation• topic• insert• reversedecades• comprise• hierarchical• unique• comprehensive• couple• mode• differentiation• eliminate• priority• empirical• ideology• somewhat• aid• foundation• adults• adaptation• quotation• contrary• mediaSuccessive• innovation• prohibited• isolated •Sublist 8Highlighted• eventually• inspection• termi nation• displacement• arbitrary• reinforced• denote• offset• exploitation• detected• abandon• random• revision• virtually• uniform• predominantly• thereby• implicit• tension• ambiguous• vehicle• clarity• conformity• contemporary• automatically• accumulation• appendix• widespread• infrastructure• deviation• fluctuations • restore• guidelines • commodity • minimises • practitioners • radical• plus• visual• chart• appreciation • prospect• dramatic • contradiction • currency • inevitably • complement • accompany • paragraph • induced • schedule• intensity • crucial• via• exhibit• bias• manipulation • theme• nuclear •Sublist 9Bulk• behalf • unified• commenced• erosion• anticipated• minimal• ceases• vision• mutual• norms• intermediate• manual• supplementary• incompatible• concurrent• ethical• preliminary• integral• conversely• relaxed• confined• accommodation• temporary• di storted• passive• subordinate• analogousmilitary• scenario• revolution• diminished• coherence• suspended• mature• assurance• rigid• controversy• sphere• mediation• format• trigger• qualitative• portion• medium• co incide• violation• device• insights• refine• devoted• team• overlap• attained• restraints• inherent• route• protocol• founded• duration •Sublist 10Whereby• inclination• encountered• convinced• assembly• albeit• enor mous• reluctant• posed• persistent• undergo• notwithstanding • straightforward • panelodd• intrinsic• compiled• adjacent• integrity• forthcoming• conceived• ongoing• so-called• likewise• nonetheless• levy• invoked• co lleagues• depression• collapse •。
Academic Word List(学术写作单词表)
1An Introduction to the Academic Word ListAveril Coxhead, Massey University, New ZealandThe Academic Word List (AWL) is a list of 570 word families that are commonly found in academic texts. This list was selected by examining a large corpus (or collection) of written academic texts and selecting the words that occurred:1 In texts from all four academic facultysections: Arts, Commerce, Law and Science. 2 Over 100 times in the corpus overall.3 At least 10 times in each academicfaculty section.4 Outside the 2000 most frequent wordson Michael West’s General Service List(GSL). The GSL includes everyday wordssuch as I, house and do.These principles ensured that only words that occurred reasonably frequently in a variety of study areas were selected.The AWL targets vocabulary that occurs most often in written academic texts. These words also occur in newspapers but not as often as they do in textbooks. The AWL words appear even less in fiction. If your focus is learning academic vocabulary, you need to make sure you read academic textbooks so that you encounter these words in context.The AWL is organized into Word Families. Word families are made up of the ‘parent word’ and ‘family members’. Take for example the word maximise. Its family members include inflections of the verb such as maximised,maximises and maximising as well as the noun maximum. The word family also includes the British spelling of the noun maximisation, as well as maximization, the US spelling.If you learn the verb maximise, you will be able to recognise other family members such as maximised when you encounter them in your reading. These words are closely related and the meaning is likely to be the same or similar. When you are looking for words in this dictionary, think about other word family members too. Finally, there are some academic words thatdo not have a word family. These words occur on their own and do not have any inflections. Examples include nonetheless,so-called and behalf.The AWL is intended as a reference for students who are studying or preparing to study at a tertiary level in English. As a university lecturer, I was aware of the difficulties that students had in mastering the vocabulary necessary for written assignments. The AWL does not include ‘content’ vocabulary for particular subjects which students obviously need to learn as well. The AWL focuses instead on the non-subject-specific vocabulary that students of any discipline will need to master in order to produce coherently-structured written assignments.The AWL covers up to 10% of the vocabulary covered in written academic texts. This means that, on average, one word in 10 in an academic textbook is in the AWL. Look at the following extract from an academic text:EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Environmental issues are truly global. Many of the problems, like the releasingof CFCs into the atmosphere, have global effects and require global action. Some problems link to the exploitation of global commons – the resources shared by the international community suchas ocean beds and the atmosphere. Sometimes small local problems, suchas poisonous gases leaking from landfills and water pollution, are multiplied so many times in any local contexts thatthey become major world hazards. The environment is a global concern requiring global policies.Academic Word ListAcademic Word List2The highlighted words are all on the AWL.This sample illustrates clearly that the AWLcan help with decisions about which words are important for you to learn if you are studying in an English-speaking country.Knowledge of academic vocabulary is vital for students studying at an English-speaking university, particularly for reading and writing.If you compare estimates of how many words a native English speaker might know by the age of 18 (approximately 18,000 to 20,000 words) and how many a learner who has had two or three hours of schooling in English overseveral years (roughly 2000 to 3000 words depending on the language background of the student), this gap is enormous. In order to read and write successfully you need to be able to recognize as many words as possible in your textbooks and use as many as possible in your essays. The bigger your vocabulary, the more you will be able to cope with the high reading and writing demands of your studies.Academic writing tends to be quite formal in style. The vocabulary items that you use in your writing can affect the level of formality. Writers need to know whether a word can be used in a particular situation. T ake for example consequent. This is marked as formal. You would probablynot choose to use this word when speaking with friends but you should use it in written English to take your language to a higher level of formality. The AWL will help you to focus on issues of formality. Look out for the formal label in this dictionary.Remember that the AWL covers approximately 10% of all vocabulary in a piece of academic writing. You should aim to have roughly the same percentage in your own academic writing too. If you go to the AWL highlighter websiteby Sandra Haywood (http://www.nottingham. /~alzsh3/acvocab/awlhighlighter.html) you can copy and paste your text into it and it will highlight the AWL words for you. This will enable you to see how many AWL words you are using overall and whether you repeat the same words many times in your writing.When looking up words from the AWL in this dictionary you should also focus on the bold phrases that are highlighted. These show you the key grammatical patterns and collocations for that word. Collocations are words that commonly occur together or near each other in a text, for example ‘effect on’. Collocations and phrases are important because they help with fluencyin writing and indicate that you are working at a higher level with academic vocabulary than just using a word from your own language and its translation. The collocations in the following text have been highlighted in blue.DECLINING BIODIVERSITYWhatever the effects on this planet’s climate, rain-forest clearance has another undeniable impact. The disappearance of rain forests is a major factor eroding the earth’s biodiversity, or, more simply causing many thousands of species of plant and animal life to disappear forever. While rain forests account for just seven percent of the earth’s surface, they are home to almost half of this planet’s living species. Estimatesof the total number of species of animalsand plants range from 1.5 million to as high as 30 million. Researchers, in fact, have identified more than 1,000 species of ants alone (Wilson, 1991).Remember that building your vocabulary takes time. You are not likely to learn everything you need to know about a word the very first time you see it. And don’t expect to remember everything about a word after looking it up in a dictionary once. Try some of these ideas to help you with vocabulary building:• Make the most of the information given in this dictionary to build up your knowledge of a word. Look at the bold phrases highlighted in the entry. These show important grammatical patterns and collocations. Learn these rather than the word in isolation.• Even if you think you already ‘know’ a word, look it up in the dictionary to see if there is any additional information that you don’t know.• Research has shown that repetition helps people to remember things. Make sure you build repetition into your learning. You could do this through using word cards to test yourself or by keeping a vocabulary notebook.Academic Word List3• Studying words ‘actively’ will help yourlearning. People do learn words through reading but the chances of remembering vocabulary is higher when you focus on the words and make a conscious effort to learn them.• Look out for common collocations, phrases and grammatical patterns of words when you are reading academic texts.• Work with the AWL alongside you when you are writing. Try to use words from the list that are relevant to your writing. The words on the AWL are marked with in this dictionary.The AWL does not include the 2000 most frequent words used in general everyday English. In this dictionary, however, the 3000 most frequent words in written English are also marked with 12and 3and the 3000 most frequent words in spoken English are marked with and .In some cases, these overlap with the AWL.Averil Coxhead is a lecturer in English for Academic Purposesat Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Shecompiled the AWL in 2000. For further information on the AWL go to Averil’s website at /staff/awl/index.shtml.Acknowledgement: Extracts on the subject of European environmental policy and declining biodiversity are reproduced with permission from Sociology:A Global Introduction, third edition, by John J. Macionis and Ken Plummer,©Pearson Education Limited 2005.abandon1v abandoned adj abnormal adj abstract1adj abstract2n abstract3v abstraction n academic1adj academic2n academy n access1n access2v accessible adj accommodate v accommodation n accompaniment n accompany v accumulate v accuracy n accurate adj achieve v achievement n acknowledge v acknowledgement n acquire v acquisition n adapt v adaptable adj adaptation n adequate adj adjacent adjadjust vadjustment nadministration nadministrative adjadult1nadult2adjadvocacy nadvocate1vadvocate2 naffect vaggregate1 naggregate2 adjaggregate3 vaid1 naid2 valbeit conjallocate vallocation nalter valteration nalternate1 adjalternate2 valternative1 adjalternative2 nambiguity nambiguous adjamend vamendment nanalogous adjanalogy nanalyse vanalysis nanalyst nanalytical adjanalyze vannual1 adjanticipate vanticipation napparent adjappend vappendix nappreciable adjappreciate vappreciation napproach1 vapproach2 nappropriate1 adjapproximate1 adjapproximate2 vapproximation narbitrary adjarea naspect nassemble vassembly nassess vassessment nassign vassignment nassist1 vassistance nassume vassuming conjassumption nassurance nassure vattach vattachment nattain vattainment nattitude nattributable adjattribute1 vattribute2 nauthor1 nauthor2 vauthoritative adjauthority nauthorship nautomate vautomated adjautomatic1 adjautomatically advautomation navailable adjaware adjawareness nAcademic Word ListThe following is a list of the words from the Academic Word List that are highlighted in this dictionary. Words shown in bold are one of the ‘parent words’.Academic Word List4behalf n beneficial adj beneficiary n benefit1 n benefit2 vbias1 nbias2 vbiased adjbond1 nbond2 v brevity nbrief1 adjbrief2 nbrief3 v briefing n briefly advbulk1 nbulky adjcapability n capable adj capacity n category n cease1 v challenge1 n challenge2 v challenging adj channel1 n channel2 v chapter nchart1 nchart2 v chemical1 n chemical2 adj circumstance n citation ncite vcivil adj clarification n clarify vclarity n classic1 adj classic2 n classical adj clause ncode1 ncode2 vcoded adj coding n coherence n coherent adj coincide v coincidence n coincident adj coincidental adj collapse1 v collapse2 n colleague n commence v commencement n comment1 ncomment2 vcommentary ncommentator ncommission1 ncommission2 vcommit vcommitment ncommitted adjcommodity ncommunicable adjcommunicate vcommunication ncommunicative adjcommunity ncompatibility ncompatible1 adjcompensate vcompensation ncompensatory adjcompilation ncompile vcomplement1 ncomplement2 vcomplementary adjcomplex1 adjcomplex2 ncomplexity ncomponent1 ncomponent2 adjcompound1 ncompound2 vcompound3 adjcomprehensive adjcomprise vcomputation ncompute vcomputer ncomputing nconceivable adjconceive vconcentrate1 vconcentration nconcept nconception nconceptual adjconclude vconcluding adjconclusion nconclusive adjconcurrent adjconduct1 vconduct2 nconfer vconference nconfine vconfined adjconfirm vconfirmation nconflict1 nconflict2 vconform vconformation nconformist adjconformity nconsensus nconsent1 nconsent2 vconsequence nconsequent adjconsequently advconsiderable adjconsiderably advconsist vconsistency nconsistent adjconstancy nconstant1 adjconstant2 nconstantly advconstituency nconstituent1 nconstituent2 adjconstitute vconstitution nconstitutional1 adjconstrain vconstrained adjconstraint nconstruct1 vconstruct2 nconstruction nconstructive adjconsult vconsultancy nconsultant nconsultation nconsultative adjconsume vconsumer nconsumption ncontact1 ncontact2 vcontact3 adjcontemporary1 adjcontemporary2 ncontext ncontextual adjcontextualize vcontract1 ncontract2 vcontractor ncontradict vcontradiction ncontradictory adjcontrary1 ncontrary2 adjcontrast1 ncontrast2 vcontrasting adjcontribute vcontribution ncontributor ncontroversial adjcontroversy nconvene vconvention nconventional adjconverse3 adjconversely advconversion nconvert1 vconvertible 1 adjconvince vconvinced adjconvincing adjcooperate vcooperation ncooperative1 adjcoordinate1 vcoordinate2 ncoordinate3 adjcoordination ncoordinator ncore1 ncore2 adjcore3 vcorporate adjcorporation ncorrespond vcorrespondence ncorresponding adjcouple1 ncouple2 vcreate vcreation ncreative1 adjcreativity ncreator ncredit1 ncredit2 vcreditor ncriterion ncrucial adjcultural adjculturally advculture1 ncurrency ncycle1 ncycle2 vcyclic adjdata ndebatable adjdebate1 ndebate2 vdecade ndecline1 ndecline2 vdeduce vAcademic Word List 5deduction n define vdefinite adj definitely adv definition n definitive adj demonstrable adj demonstrate v demonstration n demonstrative adj demonstrator n denial ndenote vdeny vdepress v depression n derivation n derivative1 n derivative2 adj derive vdesign1 ndesign2 v designer1 n despite prep detect v detection n detective n detector n deviate1 v deviation n device ndevote v devoted adj devotion n differentiate v dimension n diminish v diminution n discrete adj discretion n discretionary adj discriminate v discrimination n disestablish v displace v displacement n display1 n display2 v disposable adj disposal n dispose v disproportion n disproportionate adj dissimilar adj distinct adj distinction n distinctive adj distinctly adv distort v distribute v distribution ndistributive adjdiverse adjdiversify vdiversity ndocument1 ndocument2 vdocumentation ndomain ndomestic1 adjdomesticate vdomesticated adjdominance ndominant1 adjdominate vdraft1 ndraft2 vdraft3 adjdrama ndramatic adjdramatist ndramatize vduration ndynamic1 adjdynamic2 neconomic adjeconomical adjeconomically adveconomics neconomist neconomy1 nedit vedition neditor neditorial1 adjeditorial2 nelement neliminate velimination nemerge vemergence nemergent adjemerging adjemphasis nemphasize vemphatic adjempirical adjempiricism nenable venabling adjencounter1 vencounter2 nenergetic adjenergy nenforce venforced adjenforcement nenhance venhanced adjenormity nenormous adjenormously advensure ventity nenvironment nenvironmental adjenvironmentalist nequate vequation nequip vequipment nequivalent1 adjequivalent2 nerode verosion nerroneous adjerror nestablish vestablished adjestablishment nestate nestimate1 nestimate2 vestimation nethic nethical adjethnic1 adjethnic2 nevaluate vevaluation neventual adjeventuality neventually advevidence1 nevident adjevidential adjevidently advevolution nevolutionary adjevolve vexceed vexclude vexcluding prepexclusion nexclusive1 adjexclusively advexhibit1 vexhibit2 nexhibition nexpand vexpansion nexpansionism nexpansive adjexpert1 nexpert2 adjexpertise nexplicit adjexploit1 vexploitation nexport1 nexport2 vexporter nexpose vexposed adjexposure nexternal adjexternalize vextract1 vextract2 nextraction nfacilitate vfacilitator nfacility nfactor1 nfactor2 vfeature1 nfeature2 vfederal adjfederation nfee nfile1 nfile2 vfiling nfinal1 adjfinal2 nfinality nfinalize vfinally advfinance1 nfinance2 vfinancial adjfinancier nfinite adjflexibility nflexible adjfluctuate vfluctuation nfocus1 vfocus2 nfocussed adjformat1 nformat2 vformula nformulate vforthcoming adjfound2 vfoundation nfounder1 nfounding nframework nfunction1 nfunction2 vfunctional adjfund1 nfund2 vfundamental adjfundamentally advfunding nAcademic Word List6furthermore advgender n generate v generation n globalization n globe ngoal ngrade1 n grade2 v graded adj grant1 vgrant2 n guarantee1 v guarantee2 n guideline nhence adv hierarchical adj hierarchy n highlight1 v hypothesis n hypothesize v hypothetical adj identical adj identifiable adj identification n identify v identity n ideological adj ideology n ignorance n ignorant adj ignore v illegal1 adj illogical adj illustrate v illustration n illustrative adj image n imagery n immature adj immigrant n immigrate v immigration n impact1 n impact2 v implement1 v implement2 n implicate v implication n implicit adj imply v impose v imposition n imprecise adj inaccessible adj inaccuracy n inaccurate adj inadequacy ninadequate adjinappropriate adjincapable adjincapacitate vincentive nincidence nincident nincidentally advinclination nincline1 vincline2 nincoherent adjincome nincompatible adjinconceivable adjinconclusive adjinconsistency ninconsistent adjincorporate vincorporated adjindefinite adjindefinitely advindex1 nindex2 vindicate vindication nindicative1 nindicative2 adjindicator nindiscretion nindistinct adjindividual1 adjindividual2 nindividualism nindividualist nindividuality nindividually advinduce vinduction ninevitability ninevitable adjinevitably advinfer vinference ninfinite adjinfinitely advinflexible adjinfrastructure ninherent adjinhibit vinhibition ninitial1 adjinitially advinitiate1 vinitiation ninitiative ninitiator ninjure vinjured adjinjury ninnovate vinnovation ninnovative adjinnovator ninput1 ninput2 vinsecure adjinsert1 vinsertion ninsight ninsightful adjinsignificant adjinspect vinspection ninspector ninstability ninstance1 ninstance2 vinstitute1 ninstitute2 vinstitution ninstitutional adjinstitutionalized adjinstruct vinstruction ninstructive adjinstructor ninsufficient adjintegral adjintegrate vintegrated adjintegration nintegrity nintelligence nintelligent adjintense adjintensify vintensity nintensive adjinteract vinteraction ninteractive adjintermediate1 adjinternal adjinternalize vinterpret vinterpretation ninterpretative adjinterpretive adjinterval nintervene vintervening adjintervention nintrinsic adjinvalidate vinvalidity ninvariable adjinvariably advinvest vinvestigate vinvestigation ninvestigative adjinvestigator ninvestment ninvestor ninvisible adjinvoke vinvolve vinvolvement nirrational adjirrelevance nirrelevant adjirreversible adjisolate visolated adjisolation nisolationism nissue1 nissue2 vitem njob njournal njustifiable adjjustification njustified adjjustify vlabel1 nlabel2 vlabor nlabored adjlabour1 nlabour2 vlaboured adjlayer1 nlayer2 vlecture1 nlecture2 vlecturer nlegal adjlegality nlegally advlegislate vlegislation nlegislative adjlegislator nlegislature nlevy1 vlevy2 nliberal1 adjliberal2 nliberalism nliberalize vliberally advliberate vliberated adjlicence nlicense vAcademic Word List 7licensed adj likewise adv link1 vlink2 n linkage n locate v location n logic n logical adj logician n maintain v maintenance n major1 adj majority n manipulate v manipulative adj manual1 adj manual2 n margin n marginal adj marginally adv maturation n mature1 adj mature2 v maturity n maximize v maximum1 adj maximum2 n mechanism n media n mediate v medical1 adj medium1 adj medium2 n mental adj mentality n method n methodical adj methodology n migrant n migrate v migration n migratory adj military1 adj military2 n minimal adj minimize v minimum1 adj minimum2 n ministerial adj ministry n minor1 adj minority n misinterpret v mode n modification n modify v monitor1 v motivated adj motivation nmotive1 nmotive2 adjmutual adjmutually advnegate vnegative1 adjnegative2 nnetwork1 nnetwork2 vnetworking nneutral1 adjneutrality nneutralize vnevertheless advnonconformist nnonetheless advnorm nnormal1 adjnormal2 nnormality nnormalize vnormally advnotion nnotwithstanding prepnuclear adjobjective1 nobjective2 adjobjectively advobtain vobtainable adjobvious adjobviously advoccupancy noccupant noccupation noccupational adjoccupier noccupy voccur voccurrence nodd adjodds noffset1 vongoing adjoption noptional adjorient1 vorientate vorientated adjorientation noriented adjoutcome noutput1 noutput2 voverall1 adjoverall2 advoverestimate1 voverestimate2 noverlap1 voverlap2 noverseas1 advoverseas2 adjpanel nparadigm nparagraph nparallel1 nparallel2 adjparallel3 vparameter nparticipant nparticipate vparticipation nparticipatory adjpartner1 npartnership npassive1 adjpassive2 nperceive vpercent1 adjpercent2 npercentage nperception nperiod1 nperiodic adjperiodical npersist vpersistence npersistent adjperspective nphase1 nphase2 vphenomenal adjphenomenon nphilosopher nphilosophical adjphilosophize vphilosophy nphysical1 adjphysically advplus1 prepplus2 nplus3 adjpolicy nportion1 npose1 vpose2 npositive1 adjpositively advpotential1 adjpotential2 npotentially advpractitioner nprecede vprecedence nprecedent npreceding adjprecise adjprecisely advprecision1 nprecision2 adjpredict vpredictable adjprediction npredominance npredominant adjpredominantly advpredominate vpreliminary1 adjpreliminary2 npresumably advpresume vpresumption nprevious adjpreviously advprimacy nprimarily advprimary1 adjprime1 adjprincipal1 adjprincipally advprinciple nprincipled adjprior1 adjprioritize vpriority1 nprocedural adjprocedure nproceed vproceeding nproceeds nprocess1 nprocess2 vprocessed adjprofessional1 adjprofessional2 nprofessionalism nprofessionally advprohibit vprohibition nprohibitive adjproject1 nproject2 vprojection npromote vpromoter npromotion nproportion1 nproportional adjproportionate adjprospect1 nprospective adjprotocol npsychological adjpsychologist npsychology npublication nAcademic Word List8publish v publisher n publishing n purchase1 v purchase2 n pursue v pursuit n qualitative adj quotation n quote1 v quote2 n radical1 adj radical2 n random adj range1 n range2 vratio n rational adj rationalism n rationalize v react v reaction n reactionary1 adj reactionary2 n reactivate v reactive adj reactor n readjust v reassess v reconstruct v reconstruction n recover v recovery n recreate v redistribute v redistribution n refine v refined adj refinement n regime n region n regional adj register1 n register2 v registration n regulate v regulation 1 n regulator n regulatory adj reinforce v reinforcement n reinvest v reject1 v rejection n relax v relaxation n release1 v release2 n relevant adjreliable adjreliance nreliant adjrelocate vreluctance nreluctant adjrely vremovable adjremoval nremove1 vremove2 nrequire vrequirement nreschedule vresearch1 nresearch2 vreside vresidence nresident1 nresident2 adjresidential adjresolution nresolve1 vresolve2 nresource1 nresource2 vresourceful adjrespond vrespondent nresponse nresponsive adjrestoration nrestore vrestored adjrestrain vrestraint nrestrict vrestricted adjrestriction nrestrictive adjrestructure vretain vretainer nretention nretentive adjreveal vrevealing adjrevelation nrevenue nreversal nreverse1 vreverse2 nreverse3 adjreversible adjrevise vrevision nrevolution nrevolutionary1 adjrevolutionary2 nrevolutionize vrigid adjrole nroute1 nroute2 vscenario nschedule1 nschedule2 vschematic adjscheme1 nscheme2 vscope1 nsection1 nsection2 vsector nsecure1 adjsecure2 vsecurely advsecurity nseek vselect1 vselect2 adjselection nselective adjselector nsequence nsequencing nsequential adjseries nsex1 nsexism nsexual adjsexuality nshift1 vshift2 nsignificant adjsignificantly advsignify vsimilar adjsimilarity nsimilarly advsimulate vsimulated adjsimulation nsite1 nsole1 adjsolely advsomewhat advsource1 nsource2 vspecific1 adjspecific2 nspecifically advspecification nspecify vsphere nspherical adjstability nstabilize vstable1 adjstatistic nstatistician nstatus nstraightforward adjstrategic adjstrategist nstrategy nstress1 nstress2 vstressed adjstressful adjstructural adjstructure1 nstructure2 vstructured adjstyle1 nstyle2 vstyling nstylish adjstylized adjsubmission nsubmit vsubordinate1 adjsubordinate2 nsubordinate3 vsubsequent adjsubsequently advsubsidiary2 adjsubsidize vsubsidy nsubstitute1 nsubstitute2 vsubstitution nsuccession nsuccessive adjsuccessor nsufficiency nsufficient adjsum1 nsum2 vsummarize vsummary1 nsummary2 adjsummation nsupplement1 nsupplement2 vsupplementary adjsurvey1 nsurvey2 vsurvival nsurvive vsurvivor nsuspend vsuspension nsustain vsustainable adjsustained adjsustenance nsymbol n。
Academic Word List英语学术词汇
Sublist 1 of the Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in Familiesanalysis n.分析, 分解approach n.接近, vt.接近, vi.靠近area n.范围,面积, 地区, 空地assessment n.估价, 被估定的金额assume vt.假定, 设想, 采取, 呈现authority n.权威, 威信, 权威人士, 权力, 职权, 典据, 著作权威available adj.可利用的,有空的, 接受探访的benefit n.利益, 好处vt.有益于, 有助于vi.受益concept n.观念, 概念consistent adj.一致的, 调和的, 坚固的, [数、统]相容的constitutional adj.构成的, 增强体质的, 宪法的, 拥护宪法的context n.上下文, 文章的前后关系contract n.合同, 契约, 婚约v.使缩短, 感染, 订约create vt.创造, 创作, 引起, 造成data n.datum的复数, 资料, 数据definition n.定义, 解说, 精确度, (轮廓影像等的)清晰度derived vt得到distribution n.分配，established adj.已制定的, 确定的estimate v.估计,评估n.估计, 评估evidence n.明显,明白, 迹象, 根据, [物]证据, 证物export vt. 输出n.出口货, factors n.因素, 要素, 因数, 代理人financial adj.财政的, 金融的formula n.公式, 规则, 客套语function n.官能, 功能, 作用, 职责, 典礼, 仪式, [数]函数vi.(器官等)活动, 运行, 行使职责identified vt.识别, 鉴别, 把...和...看成一样v.确定income n.收入, 收益, 进款, 所得indicate vt.指出, 显示, 象征, 预示, 需要, 简要地说明individualn.个人, 个体adj.个别的, 单独的, 个人的interpretation n.解释, 阐明, 口译, 通译n.解释, 阐明, 口译, 通译involved adj.复杂难懂的issues n.问题,争论点labour n,劳动,努力legal adj.合法的legislation n.法律,法规major adj.主要的method n.方法,办法occur vi. 发生, 出现percent n.百分比, 百分数Period . n时期adj.过去某段时期的policy n.政策, 方针Principle n. 法则, 原则, 原理procedure n.程序, 手续process n. 过程vt.加工, 处理Required adj.必需的research n.研究, 调查vi.研究, 调查response n.回答, 响应, 反应role n.角色, 任务section n.部分, 断片, 部件, 节, 项, 区, 地域, 截面sector n.部分, 部门, [计]扇区, 地区, 象限, 扇形v.使分成部分, 把...分成扇形significant adj. 有意义的, 重大的, 重要的Similar adj. 相似的, 类似的source specific n.特效药, 细节adj.详细而精确的, 明确的, 特殊的, 特效的, [生物]种的structure n.结构, 构造, 建筑物vt.建筑, 构成, 组织theory n. 理论, 学说Variables n.[数]变数, 可变物, 变量adj.可变的, 不定的, 易变的, [数]变量的Sublist 2 of Academic Word List –Second Most Frequent Words in FamiliesAchieve vt.完成Acquisition vt.收购Administration n.管理Affect vt. 影响Appropriate adj适当的, 恰当的aspects n. 粗暴, 粗鲁assistance n.帮助, 援助categories vt. 把…归类chapter n.章, 回, 篇commission n.授权, 委托vt.. 委任, 委托community n. 社区, 社会, 团体complex adj. 由许多部分组成的, 复合的compute n.估计估算conclusion n.信念，结尾conduct v. 控制, 管理consequences n. 重要(性), 重大construction n.建造, 建设; 建筑业consumer n.消费者, 顾客credit n.存款，借贷cultural adj.文化的, 与文化有关的design v.设计, 绘制n. 图样,目的distinction n.特征,区别，荣誉elements n. 原理,基础equation n. 方程式, 等式evaluation n.估价,评价features n. 容貌final adj最后的, 最终的focus vt. (使)集中, (使)聚集n. 焦点, 焦距; 中心impact n.影响, 作用冲击(力), 碰撞v.对某事物有影响injury n. 伤害, 损害，受伤处institute vt.建立, 制定; investment n. 协会, 学会; 学院, 研究院items n.名目journal n.杂志, 期刊,日记maintenance n. 维持; 维护; 保养; 维修,赡养费normal adj. 正常的obtained n.获得participation n. 分享,参与perceived v.感知positive adj.确实的积极的potential adj.潜在的, 有可能的previous adj.先前的, 以前的primary ad.j首要的; 主要的; purchase n+vt购买range v. 一系列region n. 地区; 地带; 区域; 范围regulations n.规程; 规章; 守则; 条例relevant adj.有关的, 切题的resident adj.定居的; 常驻的n.居民，房客resources n.资源;资源restricted adj.限制的,禁止的security n. 安全, 抵押品sought seek的过去式和过去分词select vt. 选择; 挑选adj.精选的, 挑选出来的site n.位置, 场所, 地点.vt.使坐落在; 设置strategies n. 策略survey vt眺望; 纵览text n. 正文, 本文traditional adj.传统的, 惯例的transfer v. 转移; 迁移n. 转移; 转让; 转录Sublist 3 of Academic Word List –Third Most Frequent Words in FamiliesAlternative adj.两者选一的,供替代的circumstances n.环境，条件comments n.注解，注释compensation n.赔偿，补偿金components n.成分,组成部分consent n. 准许,同意considerable adj.相当大(或多)的constant adj.始终如一的,不断的constraints n.强制,约束contribution n.贡献,捐款物convention n.大会,惯例coordination n.协调,和谐core n.果核,核心corporate adj.社团的,法人的corresponding adj. 相当的, 对应的criteria n.标准deduction n.扣除,减除demonstrate v.说明,演示document n.公文,文件, dominant adj.占优势的emphasis n.强调,重点ensure v.确保,担保excluded v.排除,不包括在内framework n.构架,结构funds n.基金illustrated n.有插图的报章杂志immigration n.移民局检查站implies v.暗示,暗指initial adj.最初的,开头的instance n.例子,事例interaction n.一起活动,合作justification n,正当的理由layer n.层,层次link n.环,联系location n.位置,场所maximum adj.最大值的,最大量的minorities n.少数,小部分negative adj.拒绝的,怀疑的outcomes n.结果partnership n.合作关系philosophy n.哲学,人生哲学physical adj.身体的,物质的proportion n.均衡,相称published vt.出版,公布reaction n.反应,回应registered adj.已注册的. Reliance n.依靠,依耐Removed adj.离开的, Scheme n.阴谋,诡计Sequence n.有关联的一组事物Sex n.性别,性Shift n.转换,转变Specified v.详述,指定Sufficient adj.足够的.充足的Task n.工作,任务technical n.技术学院和学校techniques n.技巧,手法technology n.科技,工业技术validity n.有效,合法性volume n.卷,册,书卷Sublist 4 of Academic Word List –Fourth Most Frequent Words in FamiliesAccess n. 接近; 使用; 进入的权利, 接近的机会; 门路, 通道, 入口; 病菌的侵入; 允许进入一个电脑系统和/或接受资料(计算机用语) v. 取出; 接近; 使用emerge v. 浮现, 脱出, 形成output n.产量,输出,输出功率vt. 输出adequate adj. 足够的, 能满足需要的; 胜任的; 适当的; 差强人意的, 尚可的error n. 错误, 失误, 过失overall n. 工作裤; 防护服; 工作服; 罩衫adj. 从头到尾的; 总的, 全面的, 全部的adv. 从头到尾; 大体上; 总的来说annual n. 年鉴, 年刊; 一年生植物adj. 每年的; 一年一次的; 一年生的ethnic adj. 种族的; 人种学的paralleln. 平行, 相匹敌之物, 对比v. 与...平行, 相比, 与...相似adj. 平行的, 相似的apparent adj. 显然的; 外观上的goal n. 目标, 得分, 终点parameter n. 参数, 参量; 界限; 因素, 特征; 决定功能形式的变数approximate v. 近似, 接近; 大致估计; 使接近; 模拟; 近于adj. 近似的, 大约的granted conj. 假定; 就算phase n. 时期, 阶段, 局面v. 使调整相位, 实行, 逐步执行attitude n. 态度; 看法; 姿势hence adv. 因此; 从此predict v. 预言; 预报; 预料; 作预言; 作预报; 作预料attribute n. 属性; 标志, 象征; 特质, 特性; 定语v. 归于, 属于hypothesis n. 假设principal n. 校长, 本金, 首长adj. 主要的, 首要的, 重要的civil adj. 市民的, 有礼貌的, 公民的implementation n. 履行; 成就; 完成prior adj. 在先的, 在前的; 优先的, 更重要的; 居先的code n. 编码, 密码, 电码; 原密码, 编程语言命令的继位(计算机用语) v. 把...编码, 制成法典implication n. 含意, 暗示professional n. 专业人才adj. 专业的, 职业的commitment n. 托付, 交托; 下狱; 委任; 收监impose v. 征; 把...强加于; 加于; 利用; 施影响; 欺骗project n. 计划, 事业, 方案v. 计划, 投掷, 设计; 突出, 伸出; 投射communication n. 沟通, 交通; 通信integration n. 整合, 集成, 完成promote v. 晋升; 促进; 使升级; 发扬concentration n. 集中; 专心; 集合internal n. 本质, 本性; 内部器官, 内脏adj. 内在的; 国内的regime n. 政体,政权制度, 政权conference n. 会议; 协商会; 讨论会investigation n. 调查; 研究resolution n. 决心; 正式决定, 决议; 决定; 分解, 解析contrast n. 对比;差异;对照,相反,变化; 清晰度v. 使对比,使对照; 形成对照job n. 工作, 职业, 零活v. 做零工; 假公济私; 做股票经纪; 代客买卖; 承包; 批发retain v. 保持,保留cycle n.周期; 自行车; 循环v. 循环; 骑自行车; 轮转; 使循环; 使轮转label n.票;标签;商标; 签条, 一小条纸; 小名v. 贴标签于;分类; 指...为series n. 连续,丛书,系列debate n. 辩论, 讨论v. 辩论, 争论, 讨论; 思考; 参加辩论; 辩论, 争论, 讨论;思考, 盘算; 与...辩论mechanism n. 机械,结构,机构statistic n. 统计量; 统计数值adj. 统计的, 统计学的despite prep.不管.尽管obvious adj. 明显的, 显然的,明白的status n. 状态, 地位, 情形Dimension n.尺寸, 容积, 次元Occupational adj.职业的, 占领的Stress n. 重压, 压力, 逼迫v. 着重, 重读, 强调Domestic n.仆人, 佣人; 国货adj. 家庭的, 驯服的, 国内的Option n.选择权, 选项Subsequent adj. 后来的, 并发的Sum n.总数, 金额,和v.计算...的总和;概括; 总结; 概述summary n. 摘要,概要adj. 摘要的,简略的undertake v. 承担,许诺,担任Sublist 5 of Academic Word List –Fifth Most Frequent Words in Familiesacademic adj.学科的，理论的adjustment n.调整，适应alter v.变更amendmentn.改良，改正aware adj.机警的，觉察的capacity n.容量，资格challenge n/v.挑战clause n. 从句compounds v. 混合，增加conflict n/v.冲突consultation n.咨询contact v.联系decline v.拒绝，跌落discretion n.谨慎，明辨draft n/v.草稿，选拔enable v.使能够energy n.能量enforcement n.实施，强迫entities n.实体，本质equivalent adj/ n相等的，向等物evolution n.进化expansion n.扩大exposure n.暴露，曝光external adj.外在的facilitate v.使容易，促进fundamentaladj/ n.基本的generated a. 产生的generation n.一代，子孙image n.形象liberala.自由主义的licence n.执照logic n.逻辑marginal adj.边缘的medical adj.医药的mental adj.精神的modified adj.修饰的monitoring adj.监控的network n.人际关系notion n.想法，观念objective adj.客观的orientation n.东方，潮流perspective n/adj.远景/透视的precise adj.精确的prime n.首要的psychology n.心理学pursue v.追捕，从事ratio n.比率rejected adj.否定的revenue n.收入stability n.稳定性styles n.风格substitution n.代替sustainable adj.可维持的symbolic adj.象征的target n.目标transition n.转换trend n.趋势，倾向version n.翻译/说明/版本welfare n.福利whereas conj.虽然,但是Sublist 6 of Academic Word List –Sixth Most Frequent Words in FamiliesAbstract adj.抽象的accurate adj.精确的,准确的acknowledged n.答谢的表示aggregate n.〈正〉数, 总计vt. 总计达…v使)聚集allocation n. 配给, 分配, 拨出assigned n. 受托人,代理人attached adj.爱慕的, 关心的author n.著作家, 作者bond n. 联系, 关系. Vt. 使粘结,使结合brief adj.短暂的,短时间的capable adj有能力的, 有技能的cited v.引用。
学术词汇表
虽然，尽管 allocated, allocates, allocating, allocation, allocations 分配，分派 alterable, alteration, alterations, altered, altering, alternate, alternating, alters, unalterable, unaltered alternatively, alternatives ambiguities, ambiguity, unambiguous, unambiguously 含糊的：难以理解的
albeit allocate alter alternative ambiguous amend analogy analyse annual anticipate apparent append appreciate approach appropriate approximate arbitrary area aspect assemble assess assign assist assume assure
amended, amending, amendment, amendments, amends 修正，修改（法律或文 件） analogies, analogous 类比，类推，比拟 analysed, analyser, analysers, analyses, analysing, analysis, analyst, analysts, analytic, analytical, analytically annually anticipated, anticipates, anticipating, anticipation, unanticipated apparently appendix, appended, appends, appending, appendices, appendixes 附加，增补 （文字） appreciable, appreciably, appreciated, appreciates, appreciating, appreciation, unappreciated approachable, approached, approaches, approaching, unapproachable appropriacy, appropriately, appropriateness, inappropriacy, inappropriate, inappropriately approximated, approximately, approximates, approximating, approximation, approximations arbitrariness, arbitrarily 专横的，武断的;任意的 areas aspects assembled, assembles, assemblies, assembling, assembly assessable, assessed, assesses, assessing, assessment, assessments, reassess, reassessed, reassessing, reassessment, unassessed assigned, assigning, assignment, assignments, assigns, reassign, reassigned, reassigning, reassigns, unassigned assistance, assistant, assistants, assisted, assisting, assists, unassisted assumed, assumes, assuming, assumption, assumptions assurance, assurances, assured, assuredly, assures, assuring
(完整版)TheAcademicWordList学术词汇表
The Academic Word List 学术词汇表这是由美国院校总结的，在学术论文中使用率最高，最有用的500个词汇。
熟练掌握和应用此词汇表中的单词，可以使你的遣词造句更标准，更书面化。
对于写作发表英文文章会有很大帮助。
The Academic Word List学术词汇表Useful academic vocabulary is contained in the Academic Word List, which is divided into10 sublists in order of frequency, ie Sublist 1 has the most frequent academic words.You can try to learn these words from the lists but to learn to use them correctly you need to study them in context.Sublist 1 of the Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in FamiliesThis sublist contains the most frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus.analysis definition indicate procedure approach derived individual process area distribution interpretation required assessment economic involved research assume environment issues response authority established labour role available estimate legal section benefit evidence legislation sector concept export major significantconsistent factors method similar constitutional financial occur source context formula percent specific contract function period structurecreate identified policy theory data income principle variableSublist 2achieve categories conduct distinctionacquisition chapter consequenceselementsadministration commission construction equation affect community consumer evaluationappropriate complex credit featuresaspects computer cultural finalassistance conclusion design focusimpact obtained range soughtinjury participation region selectinstitute perceived regulations siteinvestment positive relevant strategiesitems potential resident surveyjournal previous resources textmaintenance primary restricted traditionalnormal purchase security transfeSublist 3alternative criteria interaction registeredcircumstances deduction justification reliance comments demonstrate layer removedcompensation document link scheme components dominant location sequence consent emphasis maximum sex considerable ensure minorities shift constant excluded negative specifiedconstraints framework outcomes sufficient contribution funds partnership taskconvention illustrated philosophy technical coordination immigration physical techniquescore implies proportion technologycorporate initial published validitycorresponding instance reaction volumeSublist 4access contrast implementation overalladequate cycle implications parallelannual debate imposed parametersapparent despite integration phaseapproximated dimensions internal predictedattitudes domestic investigation principalattributed emerged job priorcivil error label professionalcode ethnic mechanism projectcommitment goals obvious promotecommunication granted occupational regime concentration hence option resolutionconference hypothesis output retainedseries status subsequent summarystatistics stress sum undertakenSublist 5academic enable licence pursueadjustment energy logic ratio alter enforcement marginal rejectedamendment entities medical revenue aware equivalent mental stabilitycapacity evolution modified styles challenge expansion monitoring substitutionclause exposure network sustainablecompounds external notion symbolicconflict facilitate objective targetconsultation fundamental orientation transition contact generated perspective trend decline generation precise versiondiscretion image prime welfaredraft liberal psychology whereasSublist 6abstract diversity incidence neverthelessaccurate domain incorporated overseasacknowledged edition index precedingaggregate enhanced inhibition presumptionallocation estate initiatives rationalassigned exceed input recoveryattached expert instructions revealedauthor explicit intelligence scopebond federal interval subsidiarybrief fees lecture tapescapable flexibility migration tracecited furthermore minimum transformationcooperative gender ministry transportdiscrimination ignored motivation underlyingdisplay incentive neutral utilitySublist 7adaptation converted extract innovationadults couple file insertadvocate decades finite interventionaid definite foundation isolatedchannel deny global mediachemical differentiation grade mode classical disposal guarantee paradigmcomprehensive dynamic hierarchical phenomenon comprise eliminate identical priority confirmed empirical ideology prohibitedcontrary equipment inferred publicationquotation solely survive ultimatelyrelease somewhat thesis uniquereverse submitted topicvisiblesimulation successive transmission voluntary Sublist 8abandon accompanied accumulation ambiguousappendix appreciation arbitrary automaticallybias chart clarity conformitycommodity complement contemporary contradictioncrucial currency denote detecteddeviation displacement dramatic eventuallyexhibit exploitation fluctuations guidelineshighlighted implicit induced inevitablyinfrastructure inspection intensity manipulationminimised nuclear offset paragraphplus practitioners predominantly prospectradical random reinforced restorerevision schedule tension terminationtheme thereby uniform vehiclevia virtually widespread visual。
AWL英语学术词汇表
《英语常用学术词汇表》《英语学术词汇表》(The Academic Word List, AWL)是一个由Victoria University of Wel lington, New Zealand 的一些应用语言学家统计出来的词汇表，它包含了学术英语(English for Academic Purpose)中最常用的570个词目(headwords)。
《英语学术词汇表》分10个sublists (小类)，除了第10小类包含30个词目外，其他小类均含有60个词目。
Sublist 1（第1类）包含的词汇最常用，sublist 2（第2类）中的词汇使用频率稍低，其他的sublist3 依次类推。
Sublist 1 of the Academic Word Listanalyseanalysedanalyseranalysersanalysesanalysinganalysisanalystanalystsanalyticanalyticalanalyticallyanalyzeanalyzedanalyzesanalyzing approachapproachableapproachedapproachesapproachingunapproachable areaareasassessassessableassessedassessesassessing economyeconomiceconomicaleconomicallyeconomicseconomieseconomisteconomistsuneconomical environmentenvironmentalenvironmentalistenvironmentalistsenvironmentallyenvironmentsestablishdisestablishdisestablisheddisestablishesdisestablishingdisestablishmentestablishedestablishesestablishingestablishmentestablishments estimateestimatedestimateslegismajormethooccurperceassessmentassessmentsreassessreassessedreassessingreassessmentunassessedassumeassumedassumesassumingassumptionassumptions authorityauthoritativeauthorities availableavailabilityunavailablebenefitbeneficialbeneficiarybeneficiariesbenefitedbenefitingbenefitsconceptconceptionconceptsconceptualconceptualisationconceptualiseconceptualisedconceptualisesconceptualisingconceptually consistconsistedconsistencyconsistentconsistentlyconsistingconsistsinconsistencies estimatingestimationestimationsover-estimate overestimateoverestimated overestimates overestimating underestimate underestimated underestimates underestimatingevidentevidencedevidenceevidentialevidently exportexportedexporterexportersexportingexportsfactorfactoredfactoringfactorsfinancefinancedfinancesfinancialfinanciallyfinancierfinanciersfinancing formulaformulaeformulasformulateformulatedformulatingformulationformulationsreformulate periopolic princproceproce requi resea respoinconsistencyinconsistent constituteconstituenciesconstituencyconstituentconstituentsconstitutedconstitutesconstitutingconstitutionconstitutionsconstitutionalconstitutionallyconstitutiveunconstitutional contextcontextscontextualcontextualisecontextualisedcontextualisinguncontextualisedcontextualizecontextualizedcontextualizinguncontextualized contractcontractedcontractingcontractorcontractorscontractscreatecreatedcreatescreatingcreationcreationscreativecreativelycreativitycreatorcreators reformulated reformulating reformulation reformulationsfunctionfunctionalfunctionallyfunctionedfunctioningfunctionsidentifyidentifiableidentificationidentifiedidentifiesidentifyingidentitiesidentityunidentifiable incomeincomesindicateindicatedindicatesindicatingindicationindicationsindicativeindicatorindicators individualindividualisedindividualityindividualismindividualistindividualistsindividualisticindividuallyindividuals interpretinterpretationinterpretationsinterpretativeinterpreted role sectisecto signisimil sourc speci strucrecreaterecreatedrecreatesrecreatingdatadefinedefinabledefineddefinesdefiningdefinitiondefinitionsredefineredefinedredefinesredefiningundefined derivederivationderivationsderivativederivativesderivedderivesderiving distributedistributeddistributingdistributiondistributionaldistributionsdistributivedistributordistributorsredistributeredistributedredistributesredistributingredistributioninterpretinginterpretiveinterpretsmisinterpretmisinterpretationmisinterpretationsmisinterpretedmisinterpretingmisinterpretsreinterpretreinterpretedreinterpretsreinterpretingreinterpretationreinterpretations involveinvolvedinvolvementinvolvesinvolvinguninvolvedissueissuedissuesissuinglabourlaborlaboredlaborslabouredlabouringlabourslegalillegalillegalityillegallylegalitylegallytheorvarySublist 2 of the Academic Word Listachieve achievable achieved achievement achievements achievesachievingacquire acquiredacquires acquiringacquisitionacquisitions administrate administratesadministration administrationsadministrative administratively administratoradministrators affect affected affecting affective affectively affectsunaffected appropriate appropriacy appropriately appropriateness inappropriacy inappropriateinappropriately aspectaspects assistassistance assistant assistants assisted assistingassists distinctdistinction distinctions distinctive distinctively distinctly indistinct indistinctlyelementelements equate equatedequatesequating equationequations evaluate evaluated evaluates evaluatingevaluationevaluations evaluative re-evaluate re-evaluated re-evaluates re-evaluatingre-evaluationfeaturefeatured features featuring final finalisefinalisedfinalisesfinalisingfinalize finalized finalizes finalizing finality finallyfinalspartipercepositpotenpreviprimapurchrangeregioregulunassisted categorycategoriescategorisationcategorisecategorisedcategorisescategorisingcategorizationcategorizedcategorizescategorizing chapterchapters commissioncommissionedcommissionercommissionerscommissioningcommissions communitycommunities complexcomplexitiescomplexity computecomputationcomputationalcomputationscomputablecomputercomputedcomputerisedcomputerscomputing concludeconcludedconcludesconcludingconclusionconclusionsconclusiveconclusivelyinconclusive focusfocusedfocusesfocusingfocussedfocussingrefocusrefocusedrefocusesrefocusingrefocussedrefocussesrefocussingimpactimpactedimpactingimpactsinjureinjuredinjuresinjuriesinjuringinjuryuninjuredinstituteinstitutedinstitutesinstitutinginstitutioninstitutionalinstitutionaliseinstitutionalisedinstitutionalisesinstitutionalisinginstitutionalizedinstitutionalizesinstitutionalizinginstitutionallyinstitutionsinvestinvestedinvestinginvestmentinvestmentsrelevresidresourestrsecurinconclusively conductconductedconductingconducts consequentconsequenceconsequencesconsequently constructconstructedconstructingconstructionconstructionsconstructiveconstructsreconstructreconstructedreconstructingreconstructionreconstructs consumeconsumedconsumerconsumersconsumesconsumingconsumption creditcreditedcreditingcreditorcreditorscreditscultureculturalculturallyculturedculturesuncultured designdesigneddesignerdesignersinvestorinvestorsinvestsreinvestreinvestedreinvestingreinvestmentreinvestsitemitemisationitemiseitemiseditemisesitemisingitemsjournaljournalsmaintainmaintainedmaintainingmaintainsmaintenancenormalabnormalabnormallynormalisationnormalisenormalisednormalisesnormalisingnormalizationnormalizenormalizednormalizesnormalizingnormalitynormallyobtainobtainableobtainedobtainingobtainsunobtainableseekselecsitestratsurvetexttraditransdesigningdesignsSublist 3 of the Academic Word Listalternativealternativelyalternatives circumstancecircumstances commentcommentariescommentarycommentatorcommentatorscommentedcommentingcomments compensatecompensatedcompensatescompensatingcompensationcompensationscompensatory componentcomponentrycomponents consentconsensusconsentedconsentingconsents considerableconsiderably constantconstancyconstantlyconstantsinconstancyinconstantly constrainconstrained emphasisemphasiseemphasisedemphasisingemphasizeemphasizedemphasizesemphasizingemphaticemphatically ensureensuredensuresensuring excludeexcludedexcludesexcludingexclusionexclusionaryexclusionistexclusionsexclusiveexclusively frameworkframeworks fundfundedfunderfundersfundingfundsillustrateillustratedillustratesillustratingillustrationillustrationsconstrainingconstrainsconstraintconstraintsunconstrained contributecontributedcontributescontributingcontributioncontributionscontributorcontributors conveneconventionconvenesconvenedconveningconventionalconventionallyconventionsunconventional coordinatecoordinatedcoordinatescoordinatingcoordinationcoordinatorcoordinatorsco-ordinateco-ordinatedco-ordinatesco-ordinatingco-ordinationco-ordinatorco-ordinators corecorescoringcored corporatecorporatescorporationcorporationsillustrative immigrateimmigrantimmigrantsimmigratedimmigratesimmigratingimmigration implyimpliedimpliesimplying initialinitially instanceinstances interactinteractedinteractinginteractioninteractionsinteractiveinteractivelyinteracts justifyjustifiablejustifiablyjustificationjustificationsjustifiedjustifiesjustifyingunjustified layerlayeredlayeringlayerslinklinkagelinkageslinkedlinkinglinkslocatecorrespondcorrespondedcorrespondencecorrespondingcorrespondinglycorresponds criteriacriterion deducededuceddeducesdeducingdeductiondeductions demonstratedemonstrabledemonstrablydemonstrateddemonstratesdemonstratingdemonstrationdemonstrationsdemonstrativedemonstrativelydemonstratordemonstrators documentdocumentationdocumenteddocumentingdocuments dominatedominancedominantdominateddominatesdominatingdominationlocatedlocatinglocationlocationsrelocaterelocatedrelocatesrelocatingrelocation maximisemaxmaximisedmaximisesmaximisingmaximisationmaximizemaximizedmaximizesmaximizingmaximizationmaximumminorminoritiesminorityminors negatenegativenegatednegatesnegatingnegativelynegatives outcomeoutcomes partnerpartnerspartnershippartnershipsSublist 4 of the Academic Word Listaccessaccessedaccessesaccessibilityaccessibleaccessinginaccessible adequateadequacyadequatelyinadequaciesinadequacyinadequateinadequately annualannually apparentapparently approximateapproximatedapproximatelyapproximatesapproximatingapproximationapproximations attitudeattitudes attributeattributableattributedattributesattributingattribution civilcodecodedcodescodingcommitcommitmentcommitments errorerroneouserroneouslyerrorsethnicethnicitygoalgoalsgrantgrantedgrantinggrantshencehypothesishypotheseshypothesisehypothesisedhypothesiseshypothesisinghypothesizehypothesizedhypothesizeshypothesizinghypotheticalhypothetically implementimplementationimplementedimplementingimplementsimplicateimplicatedimplicatesimplicatingimplicationimplicationsimposeimposedimposesimposingimpositionparallelparameterphasepredictprincipalpriorprofessioprojectpromotecommits committed committing communicate communicable communicated communicates communicatingcommunication communications communicative communicativelyuncommunicative concentrate concentrated concentratesconcentrating concentration conferconference conferences conferred conferring confers contrast contrasted contrasting contrastive contrasts cycle cycled cycles cyclic cyclical cycling debate debatable debated debatesdebating despite dimensiondimensionaldimensions integrate integrated integrates integrating integration internal internalise internalised internalises internalising internalize internalized internalizes internalizing internally investigate investigated investigates investigating investigation investigations investigative investigator investigators job jobs label labeled labeling labelled labelling labels mechanism mechanisms obvious obviously occupy occupancy occupant occupants occupation occupational occupations occupied regimeresolve retainseries statisticstatus stresssubsequensumsummarymultidimensional domestic domestically domesticate domesticated domesticating domestics emerge emerged emergence emergent emerges emergingoccupieroccupiers occupies occupyingoption optionaloptions outputoutputsoverall undertakeSublist 5 of the Academic Word Listacademy academia academic academically academics academies adjust adjusted adjusting adjustment adjustments adjusts readjust readjusted readjusting readjustment readjustments readjusts alter alterable alteration alterations altered alteringalternate expandexpanded expandingexpands expansionexpansionismexpansive expose exposed exposes exposing exposure exposures external externalisation externalise externalisedexternalisesexternalising externality externalization externalize externalized externalizesexternalizingalternatingaltersunalterableunaltered amendamendedamendingamendmentamendmentsamendsawareawarenessunaware capacitycapacitiesincapacitateincapacitated challengechallengedchallengerchallengerschallengeschallenging clauseclauses compoundcompoundedcompoundingcompounds conflictconflictedconflictingconflicts consultconsultancyconsultantconsultantsconsultationconsultationsconsultativeconsultedconsultsconsulting contact externallyfacilitatefacilitatedfacilitatesfacilitiesfacilitatingfacilitationfacilitatorfacilitatorsfacility fundamentalfundamentally generategeneratedgeneratesgenerating generationgenerations imageimageryimagesliberalliberaliseliberalismliberalisationliberalisedliberalisesliberalisingliberalizationliberalizeliberalizedliberalizesliberalizingliberateliberatedliberatesliberationliberationsliberatingliberatorliberatorsliberallyliberals licencecontactablecontactedcontactingcontacts declinedeclineddeclinesdeclining discretediscretelydiscretiondiscretionaryindiscreteindiscretion draftdrafteddraftingdraftsredraftredraftedredraftingredrafts enableenabledenablesenabling energyenergeticenergeticallyenergies enforceenforcedenforcementenforcesenforcing entityentities equivalentequivalence evolveevolutionevolvedevolvingevolves licences licenselicensed licensing licenses unlicensedlogicillogicalillogicallylogicallogicallylogicianlogicians marginmarginalmarginallymargins medicalmedically mentalmentalitymentally modifymodificationmodificationsmodifiedmodifiesmodifyingunmodified monitormonitoredmonitoringmonitorsunmonitored networknetworkednetworkingnetworks notionnotions objectiveobjectivelyobjectivityevolutionary evolutionist evolutionistsSublist 6 of the Academic Word Listabstract abstraction abstractions abstractlyabstracts accurate accuracy accurately inaccuracy inaccuracies inaccurate acknowledge acknowledged acknowledges acknowledging acknowledgement acknowledgements aggregate aggregated aggregates aggregating aggregation allocate allocated allocates allocating allocation allocations assignassigned assigning assignment assignments assigns reassign reassignedreassigning enhanceenhanced enhancement enhancesenhancingestateestates exceed exceeded exceedingexceeds expertexpertise expertly expertsexplicitexplicitly federalfederation federations feefees flexibleflexibility inflexible inflexibility furthermore gendergenders ignorant ignorance ignore ignored ignoresignoringincentiveincentives neutralneverthe overseasprecedepresumerationalreassignsunassigned attachattachedattachesattachingattachmentattachmentsunattached authorauthoredauthoringauthorsauthorship bondbondedbondingbondsbriefbrevitybriefedbriefingbrieflybriefs capablecapabilitiescapabilityincapablecitecitationcitationscitedcitingcites cooperatecooperatedcooperatescooperatingcooperationcooperativecooperativelyco-operateco-operatedco-operates incidenceincidentincidentallyincidentsincorporateincorporatedincorporatesincorporatingincorporationindexindexedindexesindexinginhibitinhibitedinhibitinginhibitioninhibitionsinhibitsinitiateinitiatedinitiatesinitiatinginitiationinitiationsinitiativeinitiativesinitiatorinitiatorsinputinputsinstructinstructioninstructedinstructinginstructionsinstructiveinstructorinstructorsinstructsintelligentintelligenceintelligentlyunintelligentrecoverrevealscopesubsidytapetracetransforco-operation co-operative co-operatively discriminate discriminated discriminates discriminating discrimination displaydisplayed displaying displays diverse diversely diversification diversified diversifies diversify diversifying diversity domaindomains editedited editing edition editions editor editorial editorials editors edits interval intervals lecturelectured lecturer lecturers lectureslecturingmigratemigrant migrantsmigratedmigratesmigratingmigration migrations migratoryminimum ministryministeredministeringministerialministries motive motivate motivated motivates motivating motivation motivations motivesunmotivatedtransporunderlieutiliseSublist 7 of the Academic Word Listadapt adaptability adaptable adaptation adaptations adapted adaptingadaptiveequip equipment equipped equipping equipsextract extractedextractingprohibitpublicatadaptsadultadulthoodadults advocateadvocacyadvocatedadvocatesadvocatingaidaidedaidingaidsunaided channelchannelledchannellingchannels chemicalchemicallychemicals classicclassicalclassics comprehensivecomprehensively comprisecomprisedcomprisescomprising confirmconfirmationconfirmedconfirmingconfirms contrarycontrarily convertconversionconversionsconvertedconvertibleconvertingconvertsextractionextractsfilefiledfilesfilingfiniteinfiniteinfinitely foundationfoundationsglobeglobalgloballyglobalisationglobalizationgradegradedgradesgradingguaranteeguaranteedguaranteeingguaranteeshierarchyhierarchicalhierarchiesidenticalidenticallyideologyideologicalideologicallyideologiesinferinferenceinferencesinferredinferringinfersinnovateinnovationinnovatedinnovatesinnovatingquotereleasereversesimulatesolesomewhatsubmitsuccessosurvivecouplecoupledcouplingcouplesdecadedecadesdefinitedefinitelydefinitiveindefiniteindefinitely denydeniabledenialdenialsdenieddeniesdenyingundeniable differentiatedifferentiateddifferentiatesdifferentiatingdifferentiation disposedisposabledisposaldisposeddisposesdisposing dynamicdynamicallydynamics eliminateeliminatedeliminateseliminatingelimination empiricalempiricallyempiricisminnovationsinnovativeinnovatorinnovatorsinsertinsertedinsertinginsertioninsertsinterveneintervenedintervenesinterveninginterventioninterventionsisolateisolatedisolatesisolatingisolationisolationismmediamodemodesparadigmparadigms phenomenonphenomenaphenomenalpriorityprioritiesprioritisationprioritiseprioritisedprioritisesprioritisingprioritizationprioritizeprioritizedprioritizesprioritizingthesistopictransmitultimateuniquevisiblevoluntarSublist 8 of the Academic Word Listabandonabandonedabandoningabandonmentabandons accompanyaccompaniedaccompaniesaccompanimentaccompanyingunaccompanied accumulateaccumulatedaccumulatingaccumulationaccumulates ambiguousambiguitiesambiguityunambiguousunambiguously appendappendixappendedappendsappendingappendicesappendixes appreciateappreciableappreciablyappreciatedappreciatesappreciatingappreciationunappreciated arbitraryarbitrarinessarbitrarily automateautomaticautomatedautomatesautomating detectdetectabledetecteddetectingdetectiondetectivedetectivesdetectordetectorsdetectsdeviatedeviateddeviatesdeviatingdeviationdeviationsdisplacedisplaceddisplacementdisplacesdisplacingdramadramasdramaticdramaticallydramatisedramatiseddramatisingdramatisesdramatisationdramatisationsdramatistdramatistsdramatizationdramatizationsdramatizedramatizeddramatizesdramatizingeventualeventualityeventuallyexhibitexhibitedminiminucleaoffsetparagrpluspractipredomprosperadicarandomreinforestorautomaticallyautomationbiasbiasedbiasesbiasingunbiasedchartchartedchartingchartsunchartedclarifyclarificationclarifiedclarifiesclarifyingclarity commoditycommodities complementcomplementarycomplementedcomplementingcomplements conformconformableconformabilityconformanceconformationconformedconformingconformistconformistsconformityconformsnonconformistnonconformistsnonconformitynon-conformistnon-conformistsnon-conformity contemporarycontemporaries exhibiting exhibition exhibitions exhibitsexploitexploitationexploitedexploitingexploits fluctuatefluctuatedfluctuatesfluctuatingfluctuationfluctuations guidelineguidelines highlighthighlightedhighlightinghighlights implicitimplicitly induceinducedinducesinducinginduction inevitableinevitabilityinevitably infrastructureinfrastructures inspectinspectedinspectinginspectioninspectionsinspectorinspectorsinspects intenseintenselyintenseness revise schedu tense termintheme thereb unifor vehiclvia virtuacontradictcontradictedcontradictingcontradictioncontradictionscontradictorycontradicts crucialcrucially currencycurrencies denotedenotationdenotationsdenoteddenotesdenotingintensificationintensifiedintensifiesintensifyintensifyingintensionintensityintensiveintensively manipulatemanipulatedmanipulatesmanipulatingmanipulationmanipulationsmanipulativevisualwidespSublist 9 of the Academic Word Listaccommodateaccommodatedaccommodatesaccommodatingaccommodation analogyanalogiesanalogous anticipateanticipatedanticipatesanticipatinganticipationunanticipated assureassuranceassurancesassuredassuredlyassuresassuring attainattainable diminishdiminisheddiminishesdiminishingdiminutionundiminisheddistortdistorteddistortingdistortiondistortionsdistortsdurationerodeerodederodeserodingerosionethicethicalethicallyethicsunethicalpreliminprotocolqualitatrefinerelaxrestrainattainedattainingattainmentattainmentsattainsunattainable behalfbulkbulkyceaseceasedceaselessceasesceasing coherentcoherencecoherentlyincoherentincoherently coincidecoincidedcoincidescoincidingcoincidencecoincidencescoincidentcoincidental commencecommencedcommencescommencementcommencingrecommencesrecommencedrecommencing compatiblecompatibilityincompatibilityincompatible concurrentconcurrently confineconfinedconfines formatformattedformattingformatsfoundfoundedfounderfoundersfoundingunfoundedinherentinherentlyinsightinsightfulinsightsintegralintermediatemanualmanuallymanualsmatureimmatureimmaturitymaturationmaturationalmaturedmaturesmaturingmaturitymediatemediatedmediatesmediatingmediationmediummilitaryminimalminimalisationminimaliseminimalisesminimalisedminimalisingminimalistminimalistsrevolutirigidroutescenariospheresubordinsupplemesuspendteamconfiningunconfined controversycontroversiescontroversialcontroversiallyuncontroversial converseconversely devicedevicesdevotedevoteddevotedlydevotesdevotingdevotiondevotionsminimalisticminimalizationminimalizeminimalizedminimalizesminimalizingminimallymutualmutuallynormnormsoverlapoverlappedoverlappingoverlapspassivepassivelypassivityportionportionstemporartriggerunifyviolatevisionSublist 10 of the Academic Word Listadjacentalbeitassembleassembledassemblesassembliesassemblingassembly collapsecollapsedcollapsescollapsiblecollapsing colleaguecolleagues compilecompilation depressdepresseddepressesdepressingdepressionencounterencounteredencounteringencountersenormousenormityenormouslyforthcominginclineinclinationinclinationsinclinedongoingpanelpersistposereluctance。
学术英语词汇表AcademicWordList
学术英语词汇表AcademicWordListHeadwords of the Academic Word ListThis list contains the head words of the families in the Academic Word List. The numbers indicate the sublist of the Academic Word List. For example, abandon and its family members are in Sublist 8 of the Academic Word List. Sublist 8 is on page 33 in this book.abandon 8 abstract 6 academy 5 access 4 accommodate 9 accompany 8 accumulate 8 accurate 6 achieve 2 acknowledge 6 acquire 2 adapt 7 adequate 4 adjacent 10 adjust 5 administration 2 adult 7 advocate 7 affect 2 aggregate 6 aid 7 albeit 10 allocate 6 alter 5 alternative 3 ambiguous 8 amend 5 analogy 9 analyse 1 annual 4 anticipate 9 apparent 4 append 8 appreciate 8 approach 1appropriate 2approximate 4arbitrary 8area 1aspect 2assemble 10assess 1assign 6assist 2assume 1assure 9attach 6attain 9attitude 4attribute 4author 6 authority 1 automate 8 available 1 aware 5 behalf 9 benefit 1bias 8bond 6brief 6bulk 9 capable 6 capacity 5 category 2 cease 9 challenge 5 channel 7 chapter 2 chart 8 chemical 7 circumstance 3 cite 6civil 4clarify 8 classic 7 clause 5 code 4 coherent 9 coincide 9 collapse 10colleague 10commence 9comment 3commission 2commit 4commodity 8communicate 4community 2compatible 9compensate 3compile 10complement 8complex 2component 3compound 5comprehensive 7comprise 7compute 2conceive 10concentrate 4concept 1conclude 2concurrent 9 conduct 2 confer 4 confine 9confirm 7conflict 5conform 8consent 3consequent 2considerable 3 consist 1 constant 3 constitute 1 constrain 3 construct 2 consult 5 consume 2 contact 5 contemporary 8context 1 contract 1 contradict 8 contrary 7 contrast 4 contribute 3 controversy 9 convene 3 converse 9 convert 7 convince 10 cooperate 6 coordinate 3 core 3 corporate 3 correspond 3 couple 7 create 1 credit 2 criteria 3 crucial 8 culture 2 currency 8 cycle 4 data 1 debate 4 decade 7 decline 5 deduce 3define 1definite 7demonstrate 3denote 8deny 7depress 10derive 1design 2despite 4detect 8deviate 8device 9devote 9differentiate 7dimension 4diminish 9discrete 5discriminate 6displace 8display 6dispose 7distinct 2distort 9distribute 1diverse 6document 3 domain 6 domestic 4 dominate 3 draft 5 drama 8 duration 9 dynamic 7 economy 1 edit 6 element 2 eliminate 7 emerge 4 emphasis 3 empirical 7 enable 5 encounter 10 energy 5 enforce 5 enhance 6 enormous 10 ensure 3 entity 5 environment 1 equate 2 equip 7 equivalent 5 erode 9error 4 establish 1estate 6estimate 1ethic 9ethnic 4evaluate 2eventual 8evident 1evolve 5exceed 6exclude 3exhibit 8expand 5expert 6explicit 6exploit 8export 1expose 5external 5extract 7facilitate 5factor 1 feature 2 federal 6 fee 6 file 7 final 2 finance 1finite 7flexible 6fluctuate 8focus 2format 9formula 1forthcoming 10foundation 7found 9 framework 3 function 1 fund 3 fundamental 5 furthermore 6 gender 6 generate 5 generation 5 globe 7 goal 4 grade 7 grant 4 guarantee 7 guideline 8 hence 4 hierarchy 7 highlight 8 hypothesis 4 identical 7 identify 1 ideology 7 ignorance 6 illustrate 3 image 5 immigrate 3 impact 2 implement 4 implicate 4 implicit 8 imply 3 impose 4 incentive 6 incidence 6 incline 10 income 1 incorporate 6index 6indicate 1individual 1induce 8inevitable 8infer 7infrastructure 8inherent 9inhibit 6initial 3initiate 6injure 2innovate 7input 6insert 7insight 9inspect 8instance 3institute 2instruct 6integral 9integrate 4integrity 10intelligence 6 intense 8 interact 3 intermediate 9 internal 4 interpret 1 interval 6 intervene 7 intrinsic 10 invest 2 investigate 4 invoke 10 involve 1 isolate 7 issue 1item 2job 4journal 2 justify 3 label 4 labour 1 layer 3 lecture 6 legal 1 legislate 1 levy 10 liberal 5 licence 5 likewise 10 link 3logic 5maintain 2major 1manipulate 8manual 9margin 5mature 9maximise 3mechanism 4media 7mediate 9medical 5medium 9mental 5method 1migrate 6military 9minimal 9 minimise 8 minimum 6 ministry 6 minor 3 mode 7 modify 5 monitor 5 motive 6 mutual 9 negate 3 network 5 neutral 6 nevertheless 6 nonetheless 10 norm 9 normal 2 notion 5 notwithstanding 10 nuclear 8 objective 5 obtain 2 obvious 4 occupy 4 occur 1odd 10 offset 8 ongoing 10 option 4 orient 5 outcome 3 output 4 overall 4 overlap 9 overseas 6 panel 10 paradigm 7 paragraph 8 parallel 4 parameter 4 participate 2 partner 3 passive 9perceive 2percent 1period 1perspective 5 phase 4 phenomenon 7 philosophy 3 physical 3 plus 8policy 1 portion 9 pose 10 positive 2 potential 2 practitioner 8 precede 6 precise 5 predict 4 predominant 8 preliminary 9 presume 6 previous 2 primary 2 prime 5 principal 4 principle 1 prior 4 priority 7 proceed 1 process 1 professional 4 prohibit 7project 4 promote 4 proportion 3 prospect 8 protocol 9 psychology 5 publication 7 publish 3 purchase 2 pursue 5 qualitative 9 quote 7 radical 8 random 8 range 2 ratio 5 rational 6 react 3 recover 6 refine 9 regime 4 region 2 register 3 regulate 2 reinforce 8 reject 5 relax 9 release 7 relevant 2 reluctance 10remove 3require 1research 1reside 2resolve 4resource 2respond 1restore 8restrain 9restrict 2retain 4reveal 6revenue 5reverse 7revise 8revolution 9rigid 9 role 1 route 9 scenario 9 schedule 8 scheme 3 scope 6 section 1 sector 1 secure 2seek 2select 2sequence 3series 4sex 3shift 3significant 1similar 1simulate 7site 2so-called 10somewhat 7source 1specific 1specify 3sphere 9stable 5 statistic 4 status 4 straightforward 10 strategy 2 stress 4 structure 1 style 5 submit 7 subordinate 9 subsequent 4 subsidy 6 substitute 5 successor 7 sufficient 3 sum 4 summary 4 supplement 9 survey 2 survive 7 suspend 9 sustain 5 symbol 5 tape 6 target 5 task 3 team 9 technical 3 technique 3 technology 3 temporary 9 tense 8 terminate 8text 2theme 8theory 1thereby 8thesis 7topic 7trace 6tradition 2transfer 2transform 6transit 5transmit 7transport 6trend 5trigger 9ultimate 7undergo 10underlie 6undertake 4 uniform 8 unify 9 unique 7 utilise 6 valid 3vary 1 vehicle 8 version 5via 8 violate 9 virtual 8 visible 7 vision 9 visual 8 volume 3 voluntary 7 welfare 5 whereas 5 whereby 10 widespread 8。
AWL英语学术词汇表
《英语常用学术词汇表》《英语学术词汇表》(The Academic Word List, AWL)是一个由Victoria University of Wel lington, New Zealand 的一些应用语言学家统计出来的词汇表，它包含了学术英语(English for Academic Purpose)中最常用的570个词目(headwords)。
《英语学术词汇表》分10个sublists (小类)，除了第10小类包含30个词目外，其他小类均含有60个词目。
Sublist 1（第1类）包含的词汇最常用，sublist 2（第2类）中的词汇使用频率稍低，其他的sublist3 依次类推。
Sublist 1 of the Academic Word Listanalyseanalysedanalyseranalysersanalysesanalysinganalysisanalystanalystsanalyticanalyticalanalyticallyanalyzeanalyzedanalyzesanalyzing approachapproachableapproachedapproachesapproachingunapproachable areaareasassessassessableassessedassessesassessing economyeconomiceconomicaleconomicallyeconomicseconomieseconomisteconomistsuneconomical environmentenvironmentalenvironmentalistenvironmentalistsenvironmentallyenvironmentsestablishdisestablishdisestablisheddisestablishesdisestablishingdisestablishmentestablishedestablishesestablishingestablishmentestablishments estimateestimatedestimateslegismajormethooccurperceassessmentassessmentsreassessreassessedreassessingreassessmentunassessedassumeassumedassumesassumingassumptionassumptions authorityauthoritativeauthorities availableavailabilityunavailablebenefitbeneficialbeneficiarybeneficiariesbenefitedbenefitingbenefitsconceptconceptionconceptsconceptualconceptualisationconceptualiseconceptualisedconceptualisesconceptualisingconceptually consistconsistedconsistencyconsistentconsistentlyconsistingconsistsinconsistencies estimatingestimationestimationsover-estimate overestimateoverestimated overestimates overestimating underestimate underestimated underestimates underestimatingevidentevidencedevidenceevidentialevidently exportexportedexporterexportersexportingexportsfactorfactoredfactoringfactorsfinancefinancedfinancesfinancialfinanciallyfinancierfinanciersfinancing formulaformulaeformulasformulateformulatedformulatingformulationformulationsreformulate periopolic princproceproce requi resea respoinconsistencyinconsistent constituteconstituenciesconstituencyconstituentconstituentsconstitutedconstitutesconstitutingconstitutionconstitutionsconstitutionalconstitutionallyconstitutiveunconstitutional contextcontextscontextualcontextualisecontextualisedcontextualisinguncontextualisedcontextualizecontextualizedcontextualizinguncontextualized contractcontractedcontractingcontractorcontractorscontractscreatecreatedcreatescreatingcreationcreationscreativecreativelycreativitycreatorcreators reformulated reformulating reformulation reformulationsfunctionfunctionalfunctionallyfunctionedfunctioningfunctionsidentifyidentifiableidentificationidentifiedidentifiesidentifyingidentitiesidentityunidentifiable incomeincomesindicateindicatedindicatesindicatingindicationindicationsindicativeindicatorindicators individualindividualisedindividualityindividualismindividualistindividualistsindividualisticindividuallyindividuals interpretinterpretationinterpretationsinterpretativeinterpreted role sectisecto signisimil sourc speci strucrecreaterecreatedrecreatesrecreatingdatadefinedefinabledefineddefinesdefiningdefinitiondefinitionsredefineredefinedredefinesredefiningundefined derivederivationderivationsderivativederivativesderivedderivesderiving distributedistributeddistributingdistributiondistributionaldistributionsdistributivedistributordistributorsredistributeredistributedredistributesredistributingredistributioninterpretinginterpretiveinterpretsmisinterpretmisinterpretationmisinterpretationsmisinterpretedmisinterpretingmisinterpretsreinterpretreinterpretedreinterpretsreinterpretingreinterpretationreinterpretations involveinvolvedinvolvementinvolvesinvolvinguninvolvedissueissuedissuesissuinglabourlaborlaboredlaborslabouredlabouringlabourslegalillegalillegalityillegallylegalitylegallytheorvarySublist 2 of the Academic Word Listachieve achievable achieved achievement achievements achievesachievingacquire acquiredacquires acquiringacquisitionacquisitions administrate administratesadministration administrationsadministrative administratively administratoradministrators affect affected affecting affective affectively affectsunaffected appropriate appropriacy appropriately appropriateness inappropriacy inappropriateinappropriately aspectaspects assistassistance assistant assistants assisted assistingassists distinctdistinction distinctions distinctive distinctively distinctly indistinct indistinctlyelementelements equate equatedequatesequating equationequations evaluate evaluated evaluates evaluatingevaluationevaluations evaluative re-evaluate re-evaluated re-evaluates re-evaluatingre-evaluationfeaturefeatured features featuring final finalisefinalisedfinalisesfinalisingfinalize finalized finalizes finalizing finality finallyfinalspartipercepositpotenpreviprimapurchrangeregioregulunassisted categorycategoriescategorisationcategorisecategorisedcategorisescategorisingcategorizationcategorizedcategorizescategorizing chapterchapters commissioncommissionedcommissionercommissionerscommissioningcommissions communitycommunities complexcomplexitiescomplexity computecomputationcomputationalcomputationscomputablecomputercomputedcomputerisedcomputerscomputing concludeconcludedconcludesconcludingconclusionconclusionsconclusiveconclusivelyinconclusive focusfocusedfocusesfocusingfocussedfocussingrefocusrefocusedrefocusesrefocusingrefocussedrefocussesrefocussingimpactimpactedimpactingimpactsinjureinjuredinjuresinjuriesinjuringinjuryuninjuredinstituteinstitutedinstitutesinstitutinginstitutioninstitutionalinstitutionaliseinstitutionalisedinstitutionalisesinstitutionalisinginstitutionalizedinstitutionalizesinstitutionalizinginstitutionallyinstitutionsinvestinvestedinvestinginvestmentinvestmentsrelevresidresourestrsecurinconclusively conductconductedconductingconducts consequentconsequenceconsequencesconsequently constructconstructedconstructingconstructionconstructionsconstructiveconstructsreconstructreconstructedreconstructingreconstructionreconstructs consumeconsumedconsumerconsumersconsumesconsumingconsumption creditcreditedcreditingcreditorcreditorscreditscultureculturalculturallyculturedculturesuncultured designdesigneddesignerdesignersinvestorinvestorsinvestsreinvestreinvestedreinvestingreinvestmentreinvestsitemitemisationitemiseitemiseditemisesitemisingitemsjournaljournalsmaintainmaintainedmaintainingmaintainsmaintenancenormalabnormalabnormallynormalisationnormalisenormalisednormalisesnormalisingnormalizationnormalizenormalizednormalizesnormalizingnormalitynormallyobtainobtainableobtainedobtainingobtainsunobtainableseekselecsitestratsurvetexttraditransdesigningdesignsSublist 3 of the Academic Word Listalternativealternativelyalternatives circumstancecircumstances commentcommentariescommentarycommentatorcommentatorscommentedcommentingcomments compensatecompensatedcompensatescompensatingcompensationcompensationscompensatory componentcomponentrycomponents consentconsensusconsentedconsentingconsents considerableconsiderably constantconstancyconstantlyconstantsinconstancyinconstantly constrainconstrained emphasisemphasiseemphasisedemphasisingemphasizeemphasizedemphasizesemphasizingemphaticemphatically ensureensuredensuresensuring excludeexcludedexcludesexcludingexclusionexclusionaryexclusionistexclusionsexclusiveexclusively frameworkframeworks fundfundedfunderfundersfundingfundsillustrateillustratedillustratesillustratingillustrationillustrationsconstrainingconstrainsconstraintconstraintsunconstrained contributecontributedcontributescontributingcontributioncontributionscontributorcontributors conveneconventionconvenesconvenedconveningconventionalconventionallyconventionsunconventional coordinatecoordinatedcoordinatescoordinatingcoordinationcoordinatorcoordinatorsco-ordinateco-ordinatedco-ordinatesco-ordinatingco-ordinationco-ordinatorco-ordinators corecorescoringcored corporatecorporatescorporationcorporationsillustrative immigrateimmigrantimmigrantsimmigratedimmigratesimmigratingimmigration implyimpliedimpliesimplying initialinitially instanceinstances interactinteractedinteractinginteractioninteractionsinteractiveinteractivelyinteracts justifyjustifiablejustifiablyjustificationjustificationsjustifiedjustifiesjustifyingunjustified layerlayeredlayeringlayerslinklinkagelinkageslinkedlinkinglinkslocatecorrespondcorrespondedcorrespondencecorrespondingcorrespondinglycorresponds criteriacriterion deducededuceddeducesdeducingdeductiondeductions demonstratedemonstrabledemonstrablydemonstrateddemonstratesdemonstratingdemonstrationdemonstrationsdemonstrativedemonstrativelydemonstratordemonstrators documentdocumentationdocumenteddocumentingdocuments dominatedominancedominantdominateddominatesdominatingdominationlocatedlocatinglocationlocationsrelocaterelocatedrelocatesrelocatingrelocation maximisemaxmaximisedmaximisesmaximisingmaximisationmaximizemaximizedmaximizesmaximizingmaximizationmaximumminorminoritiesminorityminors negatenegativenegatednegatesnegatingnegativelynegatives outcomeoutcomes partnerpartnerspartnershippartnershipsSublist 4 of the Academic Word Listaccessaccessedaccessesaccessibilityaccessibleaccessinginaccessible adequateadequacyadequatelyinadequaciesinadequacyinadequateinadequately annualannually apparentapparently approximateapproximatedapproximatelyapproximatesapproximatingapproximationapproximations attitudeattitudes attributeattributableattributedattributesattributingattribution civilcodecodedcodescodingcommitcommitmentcommitments errorerroneouserroneouslyerrorsethnicethnicitygoalgoalsgrantgrantedgrantinggrantshencehypothesishypotheseshypothesisehypothesisedhypothesiseshypothesisinghypothesizehypothesizedhypothesizeshypothesizinghypotheticalhypothetically implementimplementationimplementedimplementingimplementsimplicateimplicatedimplicatesimplicatingimplicationimplicationsimposeimposedimposesimposingimpositionparallelparameterphasepredictprincipalpriorprofessioprojectpromotecommits committed committing communicate communicable communicated communicates communicatingcommunication communications communicative communicativelyuncommunicative concentrate concentrated concentratesconcentrating concentration conferconference conferences conferred conferring confers contrast contrasted contrasting contrastive contrasts cycle cycled cycles cyclic cyclical cycling debate debatable debated debatesdebating despite dimensiondimensionaldimensions integrate integrated integrates integrating integration internal internalise internalised internalises internalising internalize internalized internalizes internalizing internally investigate investigated investigates investigating investigation investigations investigative investigator investigators job jobs label labeled labeling labelled labelling labels mechanism mechanisms obvious obviously occupy occupancy occupant occupants occupation occupational occupations occupied regimeresolve retainseries statisticstatus stresssubsequensumsummarymultidimensional domestic domestically domesticate domesticated domesticating domestics emerge emerged emergence emergent emerges emergingoccupieroccupiers occupies occupyingoption optionaloptions outputoutputsoverall undertakeSublist 5 of the Academic Word Listacademy academia academic academically academics academies adjust adjusted adjusting adjustment adjustments adjusts readjust readjusted readjusting readjustment readjustments readjusts alter alterable alteration alterations altered alteringalternate expandexpanded expandingexpands expansionexpansionismexpansive expose exposed exposes exposing exposure exposures external externalisation externalise externalisedexternalisesexternalising externality externalization externalize externalized externalizesexternalizingalternatingaltersunalterableunaltered amendamendedamendingamendmentamendmentsamendsawareawarenessunaware capacitycapacitiesincapacitateincapacitated challengechallengedchallengerchallengerschallengeschallenging clauseclauses compoundcompoundedcompoundingcompounds conflictconflictedconflictingconflicts consultconsultancyconsultantconsultantsconsultationconsultationsconsultativeconsultedconsultsconsulting contact externallyfacilitatefacilitatedfacilitatesfacilitiesfacilitatingfacilitationfacilitatorfacilitatorsfacility fundamentalfundamentally generategeneratedgeneratesgenerating generationgenerations imageimageryimagesliberalliberaliseliberalismliberalisationliberalisedliberalisesliberalisingliberalizationliberalizeliberalizedliberalizesliberalizingliberateliberatedliberatesliberationliberationsliberatingliberatorliberatorsliberallyliberals licencecontactablecontactedcontactingcontacts declinedeclineddeclinesdeclining discretediscretelydiscretiondiscretionaryindiscreteindiscretion draftdrafteddraftingdraftsredraftredraftedredraftingredrafts enableenabledenablesenabling energyenergeticenergeticallyenergies enforceenforcedenforcementenforcesenforcing entityentities equivalentequivalence evolveevolutionevolvedevolvingevolves licences licenselicensed licensing licenses unlicensedlogicillogicalillogicallylogicallogicallylogicianlogicians marginmarginalmarginallymargins medicalmedically mentalmentalitymentally modifymodificationmodificationsmodifiedmodifiesmodifyingunmodified monitormonitoredmonitoringmonitorsunmonitored networknetworkednetworkingnetworks notionnotions objectiveobjectivelyobjectivityevolutionary evolutionist evolutionistsSublist 6 of the Academic Word Listabstract abstraction abstractions abstractlyabstracts accurate accuracy accurately inaccuracy inaccuracies inaccurate acknowledge acknowledged acknowledges acknowledging acknowledgement acknowledgements aggregate aggregated aggregates aggregating aggregation allocate allocated allocates allocating allocation allocations assignassigned assigning assignment assignments assigns reassign reassignedreassigning enhanceenhanced enhancement enhancesenhancingestateestates exceed exceeded exceedingexceeds expertexpertise expertly expertsexplicitexplicitly federalfederation federations feefees flexibleflexibility inflexible inflexibility furthermore gendergenders ignorant ignorance ignore ignored ignoresignoringincentiveincentives neutralneverthe overseasprecedepresumerationalreassignsunassigned attachattachedattachesattachingattachmentattachmentsunattached authorauthoredauthoringauthorsauthorship bondbondedbondingbondsbriefbrevitybriefedbriefingbrieflybriefs capablecapabilitiescapabilityincapablecitecitationcitationscitedcitingcites cooperatecooperatedcooperatescooperatingcooperationcooperativecooperativelyco-operateco-operatedco-operates incidenceincidentincidentallyincidentsincorporateincorporatedincorporatesincorporatingincorporationindexindexedindexesindexinginhibitinhibitedinhibitinginhibitioninhibitionsinhibitsinitiateinitiatedinitiatesinitiatinginitiationinitiationsinitiativeinitiativesinitiatorinitiatorsinputinputsinstructinstructioninstructedinstructinginstructionsinstructiveinstructorinstructorsinstructsintelligentintelligenceintelligentlyunintelligentrecoverrevealscopesubsidytapetracetransforco-operation co-operative co-operatively discriminate discriminated discriminates discriminating discrimination displaydisplayed displaying displays diverse diversely diversification diversified diversifies diversify diversifying diversity domaindomains editedited editing edition editions editor editorial editorials editors edits interval intervals lecturelectured lecturer lecturers lectureslecturingmigratemigrant migrantsmigratedmigratesmigratingmigration migrations migratoryminimum ministryministeredministeringministerialministries motive motivate motivated motivates motivating motivation motivations motivesunmotivatedtransporunderlieutiliseSublist 7 of the Academic Word Listadapt adaptability adaptable adaptation adaptations adapted adaptingadaptiveequip equipment equipped equipping equipsextract extractedextractingprohibitpublicatadaptsadultadulthoodadults advocateadvocacyadvocatedadvocatesadvocatingaidaidedaidingaidsunaided channelchannelledchannellingchannels chemicalchemicallychemicals classicclassicalclassics comprehensivecomprehensively comprisecomprisedcomprisescomprising confirmconfirmationconfirmedconfirmingconfirms contrarycontrarily convertconversionconversionsconvertedconvertibleconvertingconvertsextractionextractsfilefiledfilesfilingfiniteinfiniteinfinitely foundationfoundationsglobeglobalgloballyglobalisationglobalizationgradegradedgradesgradingguaranteeguaranteedguaranteeingguaranteeshierarchyhierarchicalhierarchiesidenticalidenticallyideologyideologicalideologicallyideologiesinferinferenceinferencesinferredinferringinfersinnovateinnovationinnovatedinnovatesinnovatingquotereleasereversesimulatesolesomewhatsubmitsuccessosurvivecouplecoupledcouplingcouplesdecadedecadesdefinitedefinitelydefinitiveindefiniteindefinitely denydeniabledenialdenialsdenieddeniesdenyingundeniable differentiatedifferentiateddifferentiatesdifferentiatingdifferentiation disposedisposabledisposaldisposeddisposesdisposing dynamicdynamicallydynamics eliminateeliminatedeliminateseliminatingelimination empiricalempiricallyempiricisminnovationsinnovativeinnovatorinnovatorsinsertinsertedinsertinginsertioninsertsinterveneintervenedintervenesinterveninginterventioninterventionsisolateisolatedisolatesisolatingisolationisolationismmediamodemodesparadigmparadigms phenomenonphenomenaphenomenalpriorityprioritiesprioritisationprioritiseprioritisedprioritisesprioritisingprioritizationprioritizeprioritizedprioritizesprioritizingthesistopictransmitultimateuniquevisiblevoluntarSublist 8 of the Academic Word Listabandonabandonedabandoningabandonmentabandons accompanyaccompaniedaccompaniesaccompanimentaccompanyingunaccompanied accumulateaccumulatedaccumulatingaccumulationaccumulates ambiguousambiguitiesambiguityunambiguousunambiguously appendappendixappendedappendsappendingappendicesappendixes appreciateappreciableappreciablyappreciatedappreciatesappreciatingappreciationunappreciated arbitraryarbitrarinessarbitrarily automateautomaticautomatedautomatesautomating detectdetectabledetecteddetectingdetectiondetectivedetectivesdetectordetectorsdetectsdeviatedeviateddeviatesdeviatingdeviationdeviationsdisplacedisplaceddisplacementdisplacesdisplacingdramadramasdramaticdramaticallydramatisedramatiseddramatisingdramatisesdramatisationdramatisationsdramatistdramatistsdramatizationdramatizationsdramatizedramatizeddramatizesdramatizingeventualeventualityeventuallyexhibitexhibitedminiminucleaoffsetparagrpluspractipredomprosperadicarandomreinforestorautomaticallyautomationbiasbiasedbiasesbiasingunbiasedchartchartedchartingchartsunchartedclarifyclarificationclarifiedclarifiesclarifyingclarity commoditycommodities complementcomplementarycomplementedcomplementingcomplements conformconformableconformabilityconformanceconformationconformedconformingconformistconformistsconformityconformsnonconformistnonconformistsnonconformitynon-conformistnon-conformistsnon-conformity contemporarycontemporaries exhibiting exhibition exhibitions exhibitsexploitexploitationexploitedexploitingexploits fluctuatefluctuatedfluctuatesfluctuatingfluctuationfluctuations guidelineguidelines highlighthighlightedhighlightinghighlights implicitimplicitly induceinducedinducesinducinginduction inevitableinevitabilityinevitably infrastructureinfrastructures inspectinspectedinspectinginspectioninspectionsinspectorinspectorsinspects intenseintenselyintenseness revise schedu tense termintheme thereb unifor vehiclvia virtuacontradictcontradictedcontradictingcontradictioncontradictionscontradictorycontradicts crucialcrucially currencycurrencies denotedenotationdenotationsdenoteddenotesdenotingintensificationintensifiedintensifiesintensifyintensifyingintensionintensityintensiveintensively manipulatemanipulatedmanipulatesmanipulatingmanipulationmanipulationsmanipulativevisualwidespSublist 9 of the Academic Word Listaccommodateaccommodatedaccommodatesaccommodatingaccommodation analogyanalogiesanalogous anticipateanticipatedanticipatesanticipatinganticipationunanticipated assureassuranceassurancesassuredassuredlyassuresassuring attainattainable diminishdiminisheddiminishesdiminishingdiminutionundiminisheddistortdistorteddistortingdistortiondistortionsdistortsdurationerodeerodederodeserodingerosionethicethicalethicallyethicsunethicalpreliminprotocolqualitatrefinerelaxrestrainattainedattainingattainmentattainmentsattainsunattainable behalfbulkbulkyceaseceasedceaselessceasesceasing coherentcoherencecoherentlyincoherentincoherently coincidecoincidedcoincidescoincidingcoincidencecoincidencescoincidentcoincidental commencecommencedcommencescommencementcommencingrecommencesrecommencedrecommencing compatiblecompatibilityincompatibilityincompatible concurrentconcurrently confineconfinedconfines formatformattedformattingformatsfoundfoundedfounderfoundersfoundingunfoundedinherentinherentlyinsightinsightfulinsightsintegralintermediatemanualmanuallymanualsmatureimmatureimmaturitymaturationmaturationalmaturedmaturesmaturingmaturitymediatemediatedmediatesmediatingmediationmediummilitaryminimalminimalisationminimaliseminimalisesminimalisedminimalisingminimalistminimalistsrevolutirigidroutescenariospheresubordinsupplemesuspendteamconfiningunconfined controversycontroversiescontroversialcontroversiallyuncontroversial converseconversely devicedevicesdevotedevoteddevotedlydevotesdevotingdevotiondevotionsminimalisticminimalizationminimalizeminimalizedminimalizesminimalizingminimallymutualmutuallynormnormsoverlapoverlappedoverlappingoverlapspassivepassivelypassivityportionportionstemporartriggerunifyviolatevisionSublist 10 of the Academic Word Listadjacentalbeitassembleassembledassemblesassembliesassemblingassembly collapsecollapsedcollapsescollapsiblecollapsing colleaguecolleagues compilecompilation depressdepresseddepressesdepressingdepressionencounterencounteredencounteringencountersenormousenormityenormouslyforthcominginclineinclinationinclinationsinclinedongoingpanelpersistposereluctance。
学术词汇表1-10Academic Word List
Academic Word ListIntroductionThe Academic Word List (AWL) was developed by Averil Coxhead at the School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies The list contains 570 word families which were selected because they appear with great frequency in a broad range of academic texts. The list does not include words that are in the most frequent 2000 words of English (the General Service List), thus making itspecific to academic contexts. The AWL was primarily made so that it could be used by teachers as part of a program preparing learners for tertiary level study or used by students working alone to learn the words most needed to study at colleges and universities.T he 570 words are divided into 10 sublists. The sublists are ordered such that the words in the first sublist are the most frequent words and those in the last sublist are the least frequent.ListSublist 1sector• available• financial• process• individual• specific• principle• estimate• variables• method• data• research• contract• environment• export• source• assessment• policy• identified• create• derived• factors• procedure• definition• assume• theory• benefit•evidence• established• authority• major• issues• labour• occur• economic• involved• percent• interpretation• consistent• income• structure• legal• concept• formula• section• required• constitutional• analysis• distribution• function• area• approach• role• legislation • indicate• response• period• context• significant• similar•Sublist 2community• resident• range• construction• strategies• elements• previous• conclusion• security• aspects• acquisition• features• text• commission• regulations• computer• items• consumer• achieve• final• positive• evaluation• assistance• normal• relevant• distinction• region• traditional• impact• consequences• chapter• equation• appropriate• resources• participation• survey• potential• cultural• transfer• select• credit• affect• categories• perceived• sought• focus• purchase• injury• site• journal• primary• complex• institute• investment• administration• maintenance• design• obtained• restricted• conduct•Sublist 3comments• convention• published• framework• implies• negative• dominant• illustrated• outcomes• constant• shift• deduction• ensure• specified• justification• funds• reliance• physical• partnership• location• link• coordination• alternative• initial• validity• task• techniques• excluded• consent• proportion• demonstrate• reaction• criteria• minorities• technology• philosophy• removed• sex• compensation• sequence• corresponding• maximum• circumstances• instance• considerable• sufficient• corporate• interaction• contribution• immigration• component• constraints• technical• emphasis• scheme• layer• volume• document• registered• core•Sublist 4overall• emerged• regime• implementation• project• hence• occupational• internal• goals • retained• sum• integration• mechanism• parallel• imposed• despite• job• parameters• approximate• label• concentration• principal• series• predicted• summary• attitudes• undertaken• cycle• communication• ethnic• hypothesis• professional• status• conference• attributed• annual• obvious• error• implications• apparent• commitment• subsequent• debate• dimensions• promote• statistics• option• domestic•output• access• code• investigation• phase• prior• granted• stress• civil• contrast• resolution• adequate•Sublist 5alter• stability• energy• aware• licence• enforcement• draft• styles• precise• medical• pursue• symbolic• marginal• capacity• generation• exposure• decline• academic• modified • external• psychology• fundamental• adjustment• ratio• whereas• enable• version• perspective• contact• network• facilitate• welfare• transition• amendment• logic• rejected • expansion• clause• prime• target• objective• sustainable• equivalent• liberal• notion• substitution• generated• trend• revenue• compounds• evolution• conflict• image• discretion• entities• orientation• consultation• mental• monitoring• challenge•Sublist 6intelligence• transformation• presumption• acknowledged• utility• furthermore• accurate• diversity• attached• recovery• assigned• tapes• motivation• bond• edition• nevertheless• transport• cited• fees• scope• enhanced• incorporated• instructions• subsidiary• input• abstract• ministry• capable• expert• preceding• display• incentive• inhibition• trace• ignored• incidence• estate• cooperative• revealed• index• lecture• discrimination• overseas• explicit• aggregate• gender• underlying• brief• domain• rational• minimum•interval• neutral• migration• flexibility• federal• author• initiatives• allocation• exceed•Sublist 7intervention• confirmed• definite• classical• chemical• voluntary• release• visible• finite• publication• channel• file• thesis• equipment• disposal• solely• deny• identical• submitted• grade• phenomenon• paradigm• ultimately• extract• survive• converted• transmission• global• inferred• guarantee• advocate• dynamic• simulation• topic• insert• reverse• decades• comprise• hierarchical• unique• comprehensive• couple• mode• differentiation• eliminate• priority• empirical• ideology• somewhat• aid• foundation• adults• adaptation• quotation• contrary• media• successive• innovation• prohibited• isolated•Sublist 8highlighted• eventually• inspection• termination• displacement• arbitrary• reinforced• denote• offset• exploitation• detected• abandon• random• revision• virtually• uniform• predominantly• thereby• implicit• tension• ambiguous• vehicle• clarity• conformity• contemporary• automatically• accumulation• appendix• widespread• infrastructure• deviation• fluctuations• restore• guidelines• commodity• minimises• practitioners• radical• plus• visual• chart• appreciation• prospect• dramatic• contradiction• currency• inevitably• complement• accompany• paragraph• induced• schedule• intensity• crucial• via• exhibit• bias• manipulation• theme• nuclear•Sublist 9bulk• behalf• unified• commenced• erosion• anticipated• minimal• ceases• vision• mutual • norms• intermediate• manual• supplementary• incompatible• concurrent• ethical• preliminary• integral• conversely• relaxed• confined• accommodation• temporary• distorted• passive• subordinate• analogous• military• scenario• revolution• diminished• coherence• suspended• mature• assurance• rigid• controversy• sphere• mediation• format • trigger• qualitative• portion• medium• coincide• violation• device• insights• refine• devoted• team• overlap• attained• restraints• inherent• route• protocol• founded• duration•Sublist 10whereby• inclination• encountered• convinced• assembly• albeit• enormous• reluctant• posed• persistent• undergo• notwithstanding• straightforward• panel• odd• intrinsic• compiled• adjacent• integrity• forthcoming• conceived• ongoing• so-called• likewise• nonetheless• levy• invoked• colleagues• depression• collapse•。
Academic Words List
Abandon 放弃Abstract抽象的Academy学院协会Accommodate是…适应Accompany陪伴，伴奏Accumulate堆积，积累Accurate精确AchieveAcknowledgeAcquire获得Adapt改编Adequate充分，足够Adjacent临近Adjust调整AdministrateAdultAffect影响Aggregate总计，聚集Aid帮助Albeit尽管Allocate分配Alter改变，更改Alternative非正统的，不寻常的Ambiguous模糊不清Amend改良，修正Analogy类似Analyze分解Annual年度Anticipate预料ApparentAppend附加AppreciateApproach接近Appropriate恰当的，占用ApproximateArbitrary武断的，专横的AreaAspect外表，形态Assemble收集，组装AssessAssign分配，指派Assist帮助，协助Assume承担Assure确保，保险Attach附上Attain获得Attitude态度Attribute’特性Author创造者Authority权利Automate自动化Available空闲Aware意识到Behalf代表Benefit利益Bias偏见Bond契约Brief短暂，简洁的Bulk主体，大块物体Capable能干Capacity能力CategoryCease停止Challenge挑战Channel频道Chapter章节ChartChemical化学的Circumstance环境Cite表彰，举例Civil文明的Clarify澄清，进化ClassicClause从句，条款CodeCoherent有条理的Coincide类似，同时发生Collapse倒塌Commence开始Comment评论，解释Commission委托，佣金Commit犯罪，承诺Commodity商品CommunicateCommunity社群Compatible和谐，一致的Compensate补偿Compile收集，编制Complement补充Compound混合Comprehensive广泛的Comprise包含ComputeConceive构想，怀孕Concentrate专心于Conduct行为，指导Confer授予Confine限制Confirm证明，Consent赞成Consequent结论Considerable相当的Consist组成Constant坚定，持续的Constitute构成Constrain强迫Construct建筑，构成Consult商议，考虑Consume消耗ContactContemporary当代的Context背景Contract合同Contradict反驳Contrary相反的Contrast对比，差异Contribute捐献Controversy公开辩论Convene召集Converse相反的，谈话Convert转化Convince说服CooperateCoordinate协调，同等的Core核心Corporate团结，共同的tCouple对CreateCredit借款Criteria标准Crucial至关重要的CultureCurrencyCycleData材料Debate讨论Decade十年Decline下降Deduce推论Define定义Demonstrate演示，说明Denote标志Deny否认Depress压下，使萧条Derive得到DesignDespite尽管，不顾Detect检测，发现Device装置，策略Devote奉献DifferentiateDimension部分，规模Diminish减少，缩小Discrete不连Discriminate分别，歧视Displace取代Display陈列Dispose处理，布置Distinct截然不同的，明显的Distort歪曲Distribute分配Diverse变化多Document证书，文件Domain范围，产业Domestic国内的Dominate控制DraftDrama戏剧Duration持续Dynamic有活力的EconomyEdit编辑Element要素，原理Eliminate消除Emerge显现，发展Emphasis强调Empirical经验EnableEncounter遭遇，冲突EnergyEnforce实施，强迫Enhance提高Enormous巨大的Ensure确保Entity实体Environment Equate等同Equip装备EquivalentErode侵蚀Establish确立Estate财产Ethnic宗族的Evaluate评价EventualEvident明显的Evolve演变Exceed超过Exclude排除Exhibit明显的Expand扩大Expert专家Explicit明确的Exploit开发Export出口Expose暴露External外部Extract索取，获得Facilitate促进Factor要素Feature特征Federal联邦的FeeFile文件FinalFinanceFinite有限的Flexible灵活Fluctuate波动FocusFormat设计，格式Formula原则Forthcoming现成的FoundationFound创建Fundamental必要的FurthermoreGender性别Generate导致Generation GlobeGoalGrade等级Grant准许Guarantee保证Guideline参考Hence因此Hierarchy领导层Highlight强调Hypotheses假定Identical相同的Identify识别Ideology意识形态Ignorance无知Illustrate说明Image概念Immigrate移民Impact影响Implement执行，工具Implicate牵涉Imply暗示Impose强制Incentive刺激Incidence发生率Incline倾斜IncomeIncorporateIndex标志Indicate表明，需要，象征IndividualInduce劝导Inevitable不可避免的Infer推断Infrastructure基础设施Inherent固有的Inhibit阻止，抑制Initial原始的Initiate着手Injure损害Innovate改革Input输入Insert插入Insight领悟Inspect检查InstanceInstitute建立，机构Instruct指导Interpret解释Integral完整的Integrity正直完善Intelligence智力Intense强烈Interact交流Intermediate中间中等的Internal内部的InterpretInterval间隔InterveneIntrinsic固有Invest投资Investigate调查Involve牵涉Isolate隔离Issue发行问题Item物品JobJournal期刊Justify调整Label符号LaborLayer阶层LectureLegal法定Legal ateLevy征收Liberal慷慨License许可Likewise同样Link联系Locate位于Logic逻辑Maintain维持Major主修Manipulate操纵Manual手工Margin边Mature成熟MaximizeMechanism构造，技巧MediaMediate调解MediumMental智力Method方法Migrate迁移Military军事Minimal最小限度Minimize最小Minimum最低Ministry部Minor低级的Mode模式Modify修改Monitor监控Motive目的Mutual共同的Negate否定，取消Network网络Neural神经的Nevertheless然而，不过Nonetheless尽管如此Norm规范NormalNotion概念Nuclear原子核Objective目标Obtain获得Obvious明显Occupy占有Occur发生Odd奇数Offset抵消Ongoing继续Option选择Orient使适应Outcome成果Output产量Overall全面Overlap重叠Overseas海外Panel平面Paradigm范例Parallel平行Parameter特性Participate参加Partner伙伴Passive消极的Perceive察觉Period时期Persist固执，维持Perspective前途，观点Phase阶段Phenomenon现象Philosophy哲学Physical物质的Plus加Policy政策Portion一部分Pose提出Positive正面Potential潜力Practitioner从业者Precede领先Predominant卓越的Preliminary初步措施Presume推测Previous以前Primary最初Principal校长Principle原理Prior居先Priority优先Proceed进行Process处理ProfessionalProhibit禁止ProjectPromoteProportion比例Prospect前途Protocol协议PsychologyPublicationPublishPurchase采购Pursue追求Qualitative质量的Quote引述Radical根本Random任意Range范围Ratio比率Rational理性React反应RecoverRefine精致Regime政权Region地区Register注册Regulate规定Reinforce加强Reject拒绝Relax休闲Release释放Relevant相关Reluctance勉强Rely信赖Remove移除Require要求ResearchReside居住Resolve解决ResourceRespondRestore还原Restrain约束Restrict限制Retain保持Reveal揭露Revenue收益Reverse倒退RevolutionRigid严格Role任务角色Route路线Scenario剧情Schedule安排Scheme计划Scope范围Section章节Sector部门Secure安全Seek寻找Select挑选Sequence顺序Series系列SexShift移动Significant重要的Similar相似So-called号称Sole底部Somewhat微Source来源Specific特殊Specify指定Sphere范围Stable稳定Statistic统计Status地位Straightforward简单坦率的Strategy战屡Stress紧张Structure结构Style风格Submit提交Subordinate下属Subsequence后继后续Subsidy补贴Substitute代替品&者Successor继承者Sufficient足够Sum总数Summary汇总Supplement补充Survey调查Survive幸存Suspend中止Sustain维持Symbol象征Target目标Task任务Team队Technical技术Technique技巧TechnologyTemporary临Tense时态Terminate终结Text文字Theme主题Theory原理Thereby因此Thesis论文Topic题目Trace描绘TraditionTransfer转移Transform变Transit运输Transport运输Transmit传输Trend趋势Trigger引发Ultimate终级Undertake保证Uniform制服Unify统一Unique独特Utilize利用Valid有效Vary改变变化Vehicle车辆Version版本Via经Violate违反Virtual虚拟Visible明显Vision愿望Visual视觉Volume体积Voluntary志愿Welfare福利Whereas然而Whereby凭Widespread广泛。
AWL 学术词汇表 (有TPO和OG对应例句)
ACADEMIC WORD LIST 1analysis definition indicate procedureapproach derive individual processarea distribution interpretation requireassessment economic involve researchassume environment issue responseauthority establish labor roleavailable estimate legal sectionbenefit evidence legislation sectorconcept export major significantconsistent factor method similarconstitution financial occur sourcecontext formula percent specificcontract function period structurecreate identify policy theorydata income principle variable ground into a fine powder.2Psychologists have adopted several approaches to understanding aggressive behavior in people.3His particular area of expertise is engineering.4Therefore, when observational assessment is used as a technique for studying infant perceptual abilities, care must be taken not to overgeneralize from the data or to rely on one or two studies as conclusive evidence of a particular perceptual ability of the infant. 5For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.6The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment—on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.7Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces.8Teachers, it is thought, benefit from the practice of reflection, the conscious act of thinking deeply about and carefully examining the interactions and events within their own classrooms.9Without this knowledge we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms.10Scientists see a consistent pattern in the global temperature variations that have occurred in the past.11The country's constitution embodies the ideals of freedom and equality.Fluke: the two parts that constitute the large triangular tail of a whale.12From early times pots were used in both religious and secular contexts.13Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal.14It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight.15Linguistic, archaeological, and biological data connected the islands to Egypt.16In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time.17Because all Polynesians, Micronesians, and many Melanesians speak Austronesian languages and grow crops derived from Southeast Asia, all these peoples most certainly derived from that region and not the New World or elsewhere.18It is known, however, that the distribution of groundwater is uneven, and that much of it lies at great depths.19That is a lifestyle in which economic activity is based primarily on livestock.20For example, wild cattle (bovines) and horses are portrayed more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment.21The discovery of the principle of faunal succession allowed geologists to establish the relative age of Earth’s rock layers.22One way to estimate how all the various processes leading to climate variability will combine is by using computer models of the global climate.23Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees.24Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.A high inflation rate imports hard times for consumers.25Compare the influence of volcanoes and solar activity on climate variability with the influence of factors external to the global climate system.26The development of banking and other financial services contributed to the expansion of trade.27The time had come to formulate a hypothesis.They are working on the perfection of their new paint formula.28What function does paragraph 3 serve in the organization of the passage as a whole?29Wildman and Niles identify three principles that facilitate reflective practice in a teaching situation.30The income gap between the rich and the poor increased greatly.31The dragon represented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranate indicated fertility, and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks stood for wedded bliss;the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fish leaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations.32These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far, and so may better conceal the individuals producing them, who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests.33Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice.34Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear to be involved in aggression.35More basic than the cultural issues is the matter of motivation.36Woolens and textile manufacturers, in particular, utilized rural cottage (in-home) production, which took advantage of cheap and plentiful rural labor.37It is perfectly legal to import these goods under European law.38They were much more likely to favor social-reform legislation and aid to education.39Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.40 In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose,architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically.41Although it was believed that human settlement of American West would cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of deer.42Even given the best extraction techniques, only about 30 to 40 percent of the oil in a given pool can be brought to the surface.43The site of the large meteorite impact at the end of the Cretaceous period was identified in 1990. 44One of the new government's policies is to cut taxes.45Select the two answer choices that are true statements based upon the discussion of the principle of faunal succession in paragraph 5.46Searching hand luggage at airports is now standard procedure.47It appears that unlike salt, dissolved organic substances are not excluded from the ice in the freezing process.48These calculations suggest that a period of about one million years would have been required.49The researchers estimate that the initial training of the same teachers to view events objectively took between 20 and 30 hours, with the same number of hours again being required to practice the skills of reflection.50Infants do not respond well to stimuli presented in an unnatural laboratory setting.51Government's role in the economy was to promote competition by destroying monopolies and special privileges.52In particular, Whigs in the northern sections of the United States also believed that government power should be used to foster the moral welfare of the country.53All sectors of the economy suffer from the fall in the exchange rate.54We know that over the past millennia the climate has undergone major changes without any significant human intervention.55The speed with which mass extinctions are happening today is similar to the speed of past extinctions.56The increasing use of dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land.These springs are the sources of streams and rivers, which cut through the rocks and carry away debris from the mountains to the lowlands.57Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation.58The world’s architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials.59In theory, Argentina, Canada, Chile, China, Russia, and the United Kingdom could use wind to meet all of their energy needs.60Rainfall is not completely absent in desert areas, but it is highly variable.The glacial system is governed by two basic climatic variables: precipitation and temperature.ACADEMIC WORD LIST 2achieve consequences institute regionacquisition construction investment regulation administration consumer item relevantaffect credit journal residentappropriate cultural maintenance resourceaspect design normal restrictassistance distinction obtain securitycategories element participation sought/seekchapter equation perceive selectcommission evaluation positive sitecommunity feature potential strategycomplex final previous surveycomputer focus primary textconclusion impact purchase traditional love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth.2He was showing off his latest acquisition, a new computer game.3The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering.4The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.5They lacked the navigational skills and appropriate boats needed for long-distance trips. 6One of the most difficult aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measure of what constitutes the natural variability of the climate.7With the assistance of Edison's former assistant, William Dickson, they perfected projection devices.8Almost universally, biologists accept the idea that all eukaryotes (a category that includes most organisms except bacteria and certain algae) have internal clocks.9We hope that they will join us in opening a new chapter of peace and cooperation.10The Independent Television Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom, has criticized advertisers for "misleadingness”—creating a wrong impression either intentionally or unintentionally—in an effort to control advertisers' use of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge the true size, action,performance, or construction of a toy.11With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community.12They take a long time to build as a result of their complex construction methods.13Scientists have computed the probable course of the rocket.14Researchers using observational assessment techniques on infants must not over- generalize and must base their conclusions on data from many studies.15The group conducting the study concluded from a detailed analysis that impacts from meteorites can indeed be hazardous.16The filling of the Ataturk and other dams in Turkey has drastically reduced flows in the Euphrates, with potentially serious consequences for Syria and Iraq.17Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures.18Moreover, getting petroleum out of the ground and from under the sea and to the consumer can create environmental problems anywhere along the line.19The Maya are credited with creating methods for modifying natural rainwater and storing it. // The relics are credited with miraculous powers. // Miraculous powers are credited to the relics.20These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate.21Before China had contact with the West, the meaning of various designs used to decorate Chinese ceramics was well understood.22The role of government in the lives of the people was an important political distinction between the two parties.23To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements.24In the equation 2x + 1 = 7, what is x?25To be sure, their evaluation of the technical flaws in 1920’s sound experiments was not so far off the mark, yet they neglected to take into account important new forces in themotion picture field that, in a sense, would not take no for an answer.26Interestingly enough, several of these hydrodynamic adaptations resemble features designed to improve the aerodynamics of high-speed aircraft.27Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.28But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals. 29Petroleum extraction can have a negative impact on the environment.30In most people, the left side of the body is more vulnerable to injury since it is not defended effectively by the dominant arm.31Massachusetts Institute of Technology: a respected US university in Cambridge, Massachusetts32Not until the eighteenth century, however, did such banks as the Bank of Amsterdam and the Bank of England begin to provide capital for business investment.33The most valuable item on show will be a Picasso drawing.34The Wall Street Journal35All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growth, reproduction, maintenance, and storage.36Research has shown that certain minerals are required by plants for normal growth and development.37They obtained drinking water and water for crop irrigation from Coba dikes.38Although early exhibitors regularly accompanied movies with live acts, the substance of the movies themselves is mass-produced, prerecorded material that can easily bereproduced by theaters with little or no active participation by the exhibitor.39What does the author suggest about the way an infant's brain perceives stimuli?40Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous.41In principle, all the power needs of the United States could be provided by exploiting the wind potential of just three states—North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas.42Computer simulations of the winds and currents in the Pacific have shown that reaching the Pacific islands was probably much easier than previously thought.43Statues were created not for their decorative effect but to play a primary role in the cults of the gods, the king, and the dead.44He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him, instead of several.45The upper timberline ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics.46This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians, who once inhabited the region.47The government's responsibility was to provide a well-regulated economy that guaranteed opportunity for citizens of ability.48Three other explanations seem more promising. One involves physiological changes relevant to memory.49The residents of Teotihuacán were sophisticated toolmakers.50Several factors may account for Teotihuacán’s extraordinary development, including its location, rich natural resources, irrigation potential, intelligent elite, and the misfortune of rival communities.51The role of government is to restrict the changes brought about by the market.without any restriction restrictions on hunting52The prison was ordered to tighten security after a prisoner escaped yesterday.53Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting.Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life.Architects seek to create buildings that are both visually appealing and well suited for human use.54This is the criterion emphasized by Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. 55Wind power is a virtually unlimited source of energy at favorable sites, and even excluding environmentally sensitive areas, the global potential of wind power is much higher than the current world electricity use.56They designed an experimental strategy for a group of teachers in Virginia and worked with 40 practicing teachers over several years.57This prediction was supported by data collected in one survey of 24 species from an Arizona forest, more evidence that predator pressure favors the evolution of beggingcalls that are hard to detect and pinpoint.58There are 200 pages of text and illustrations.59The greater Pacific region, traditionally called Oceania, consists of three cultural areas: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life.60The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration.ACADEMIC WORD LIST 3alternative criteria interaction registercircumstance deduction justification reliancecomment demonstrate layer removecompensation document link schemecomponent dominant location sequenceconsent emphasis maximum sexconsiderable ensure minorities shiftconstant exclude negative specifyconstraint framework outcome sufficientcontribution funds partnership taskcoordination immigration physical techniqueconvention illustrated philosophy technicalcore implies proportion technologycorporate initial publish validity theory about how the theater came into being. Storytelling has been proposed as one alternative.2The political system of the United States in the mid-nineteenth century was strongly influenced by the social and economic circumstances of the time.3Paragraph 4 describes and comments on steps taken to overcome problems identified earlier in the passage.4What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate.5Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems.6My father will never give his consent to our marriage.7Some current analyses conclude that volcanoes and solar activity explain quite a considerable amount of the observed variability in the period from the seventeenth to the early twentieth century’s, but that they cannot be invoked to explain the rapid warming in recent decades.8When the real Sun was visible, however, the birds maintained a constant direction as it moved across the sky.9There are no constraints on your choice of subject for the essay.10Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity—sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example—are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms.11William Smith’s contributions to geology have inc reased our knowledge of the Eart h’s history.12Dissatisfaction with conventional explanations for dinosaur extinctions led to a surprising observation that, in turn, has suggested a new hypothesis.13Analyses of these cores and samples provide a different solution to the problem.14Is there a corporate identity shared by all Asian countries?15Income from tourism is five percent higher than in the corresponding period last year. 16The standard criterion for the survival of a species is its success in competing with other species and adapting to slowly changing environments.17It's an obvious deduction that she is guilty.18Various types of images have been used to demonstrate that most of Martian surface contains evidence of flowing water.19More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-free areas throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago.20The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation.21Before 1815, the emphasis had been on quality rather than on speed of production.22By regulating the economy and competition, the government could ensure equal opportunity. 23Why were buffalo excluded from the research study?24Einstein's research provided much of the theoretical framework for particle physics.The building had a metal framework.25The government has decided to tighten its immigration policy.26The United Nations Environment Program and the World Bank have funded attempts to survey the groundwater resources of arid lands and to develop appropriate extraction techniques.27Three of the answer choices below are used in the passage to illustrate constructive processes and two are used to illustrate destructive processes.28However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.29It initially surprises us that many of their cities were not built next to the rivers but instead on high terrain in rolling uplands.30Eisenstein’s film was the first instance of collaborat ion between a director and a composer.31New evidence suggests that, rather than being isolated, Pacific islanders engaged in trade and social interaction with peoples living in Southeast Asia.32Of course, there is far more oil underground than can be recovered. It may be in a pool too small or too far from a potential market to justify the expense of drilling.I can see no justification for dividing the company into smaller units.33Scientists first identified this impact in 1980 from the worldwide layer of sediment deposited from the dust cloud that enveloped the planet after the impact.34Scientists have linked the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous with a meteorite impact on Earth.35Running water was the only source of power that was suitable for the continuous operation of machines, but to make use of it factories had to be located where the water was, regardless of whether such locations made sense otherwise.36At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community.37The amount of prehistoric art created by right-handed artists indicates that left-handed people were in the minority.38A study of children in Hong Kong, however, found that the presence of celebrities in advertisements could negatively affect the children’s perceptions of a product if the children did not like the celebrity in question.39He refused to comment on the outcome of the election.40Unchanging physical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be made with materials discovered long ago.41He went/entered into partnership with his brother.42Others, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton.43The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity.44In 1815 he published the first modern geological map, “A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scot land”, a map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today.45The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies.46Where can I register for the Arabic course?47This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing.48Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form.49In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers.50Will zoologists ever know the evolutionary sequences in the Cambrian explosion?51Since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period.52This technological shift cause profound changes in the complexity of African societies. 53The regulations specify that you may use a dictionary in the examination.54Although initially appealing, the hypothesis of a simple climatic change related to sea levels is insufficient to explain all the data.55And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.56When this research resulted in the development of vastly improved sound techniques, film studios became convinced of the importance of converting to sound.57According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about the technical problems of early sound films?58Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired.59We should question the validity of those figures.Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere.60The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.ACADEMIC WORD LIST 4access debate internal prioradequate despite investigation professionalannual dimension job projectapparent domestic label promote approximate emerge mechanism regimeattitude error obvious resolutionattribute ethnic occupation retaincivil goal option seriescode granted output statistics commitment hence overall status communication hypothesis parallel stress concentration implementation parameter subsequent conference implication phase sumcontrast impose predict summary2The difficulty of finding adequate sources of oil on land has resulted in a greater number of offshore drilling sites.3An annual rainfall of four inches is often used to define the limits of a desert.4In people, however, whose brains are more complex, other brain structures apparently moderate possible instincts.5The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace.6Whigs and Democrats held different attitudes toward the changes brought about by the market, banks, and commerce.7One explanation attributes the color of green icebergs to an optical illusion under special light conditions, but green icebergs appear distinct from other icebergs under a great variety of light conditions.8I intend to sue him in civil court.9Callers dialing the wrong area code will not get through. zip code= post code10We're looking for someone with a real sense of commitment to the job.11The camel transformed the desert from a barrier into a still difficult, but more accessible,。