2020年浙江财经大学考研试题211翻译硕士英语
MTI985院校-MTI211院校-普通翻译硕士院校
招生单位所在地院校特性研究生院自划线院校北京大学北京市985 211√√中国人民大学北京市985 211√√北京航空航天大学北京市985 211√√北京理工大学北京市985 211√√北京师范大学北京市985 211√√南开大学天津市985 211√√天津大学天津市985 211√√大连理工大学辽宁省985 211√√东北大学辽宁省985 211√√吉林大学吉林省985 211√√哈尔滨工业大学黑龙江省985 211√√复旦大学上海市985 211√√同济大学上海市985 211√√上海交通大学上海市985 211√√华东师范大学上海市985 211√南京大学江苏省985 211√√东南大学江苏省985 211√√浙江大学浙江省985 211√√中国科学技术大学安徽省985 211√√厦门大学福建省985 211√√山东大学山东省985 211√√中国海洋大学山东省985 211武汉大学湖北省985 211√√华中科技大学湖北省985 211√√湖南大学湖南省985 211√√中南大学湖南省985 211√√中山大学广东省985 211√√华南理工大学广东省985 211√√重庆大学重庆市985 211√√四川大学四川省985 211√√电子科技大学四川省985 211√√西安交通大学陕西省985 211√√西北工业大学陕西省985 211√√兰州大学甘肃省985 211√√招生单位所在地院校特性研究生院自划线院校北京交通大学北京市211√北京科技大学北京市211√北京邮电大学北京市211√北京林业大学北京市211√北京外国语大学北京市211中国传媒大学北京市211对外经济贸易大学北京市211中国政法大学北京市211华北电力大学北京市211中国矿业大学北京市211√中国石油大学北京市211√中国地质大学北京市211√华北电力大学河北省211河北工业大学河北省211太原理工大学山西省211内蒙古大学内蒙古自治区211辽宁大学辽宁省211大连海事大学辽宁省211延边大学吉林省211东北师范大学吉林省211√哈尔滨工程大学黑龙江省211√东北林业大学黑龙江省211华东理工大学上海市211√东华大学上海市211上海外国语大学上海市211上海大学上海市211苏州大学江苏省211南京航空航天大学江苏省211√南京理工大学江苏省211√中国矿业大学江苏省211√河海大学江苏省211√南京农业大学江苏省211√南京师范大学江苏省211安徽大学安徽省211合肥工业大学安徽省211福州大学福建省211南昌大学江西省211中国石油大学山东省211√郑州大学河南省211中国地质大学湖北省211√武汉理工大学湖北省211华中农业大学湖北省211华中师范大学湖北省211中南财经政法大学湖北省211湖南师范大学湖南省211暨南大学广东省211华南师范大学广东省211211广西大学广西壮族自治区海南大学海南省211西南大学重庆市211西南交通大学四川省211√西南财经大学四川省211贵州大学贵州省211云南大学云南省211西北大学陕西省211西安电子科技大学陕西省211√陕西师范大学陕西省211211宁夏大学宁夏回族自治区211新疆大学新疆维吾尔自治招生单位所在地院校特性研究生院自划线院校北京工商大学北京市首都师范大学北京市北京第二外国语学院北京市北京语言大学北京市首都经济贸易大学北京市外交学院北京市国际关系学院北京市中国科学院大学北京市中国民航大学天津市天津理工大学天津市天津师范大学天津市天津外国语大学天津市天津财经大学天津市河北大学河北省河北联合大学河北省河北科技大学河北省河北师范大学河北省燕山大学河北省河北传媒学院河北省山西大学山西省山西师范大学山西省内蒙古师范大学内蒙古自治区沈阳理工大学辽宁省沈阳建筑大学辽宁省大连海洋大学辽宁省辽宁师范大学辽宁省沈阳师范大学辽宁省大连外国语大学辽宁省东北财经大学辽宁省东北电力大学吉林省北华大学吉林省吉林师范大学吉林省长春师范大学吉林省吉林华桥外国语学院吉林省黑龙江大学黑龙江省哈尔滨理工大学黑龙江省哈尔滨师范大学黑龙江省牡丹江师范学院黑龙江省上海理工大学上海市上海海事大学上海市上海中医药大学上海市上海师范大学上海市上海对外经贸大学上海市华东政法大学上海市南京林业大学江苏省南京信息工程大学江苏省江苏师范大学江苏省扬州大学江苏省解放军国际关系学院江苏省浙江理工大学浙江省浙江师范大学浙江省浙江工商大学浙江省宁波大学浙江省安徽师范大学安徽省福建师范大学福建省华东交通大学江西省江西师范大学江西省山东科技大学山东省青岛科技大学山东省济南大学山东省山东建筑大学山东省山东师范大学山东省曲阜师范大学山东省聊城大学山东省鲁东大学山东省山东财经大学山东省青岛大学山东省烟台大学山东省华北水利水电大学河南省河南科技大学河南省河南农业大学河南省河南中医学院河南省河南大学河南省河南师范大学河南省信阳师范学院河南省解放军外国语学院河南省武汉科技大学湖北省武汉工程大学湖北省湖北大学湖北省中南民族大学湖北省三峡大学湖北省湘潭大学湖南省湖南科技大学湖南省长沙理工大学湖南省中南林业科技大学湖南省华南农业大学广东省广东工业大学广东省广东外语外贸大学广东省广西科技大学广西壮族自治区桂林电子科技大学广西壮族自治区广西师范大学广西壮族自治区广西民族大学广西壮族自治区重庆邮电大学重庆市重庆医科大学重庆市重庆师范大学重庆市四川外国语大学重庆市西南政法大学重庆市西南石油大学四川省成都理工大学四川省西南科技大学四川省西华大学四川省四川师范大学四川省西南民族大学四川省贵州师范大学贵州省贵州财经大学贵州省昆明理工大学云南省云南农业大学云南省云南师范大学云南省云南民族大学云南省西安理工大学陕西省西安石油大学陕西省陕西科技大学陕西省西安外国语大学陕西省西北政法大学陕西省空军工程大学陕西省西北师范大学甘肃省新疆师范大学新疆维吾尔自治统计结果985院校34所211院校59所普通院校117所全国共210所博士点√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√博士点√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√博士点√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√。
浙江师范大学外国语学院211翻译硕士英语[专业硕士]历年考研真题及详解专业课考试试题
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目 录2011年浙江师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2012年浙江师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2013年浙江师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2011年浙江师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解I. Vocabulary and Grammar (30%, 1.5 points each)Directions: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.1．These small firms _____ not long ago in order to meet the increasing demands for more electrical appliances.A. clusteredB. assembledC. linkedD. amalgamated【答案】D【解析】句意：为了应对电子设备需求的增长，这些小公司前不久实现了合并。
选项中四个单词均有“聚集、合拢”的意思，但侧重点不同。
（机构、公司）amalgamate合并。
cluster（人）聚集。
assemble集合；组装。
link联系。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
2．My aunt has decided to spend her _____ years in the suburbs of Shanghai.A. diminishingB. decliningC. reducingD. dwindling【答案】B【解析】句意：我的阿姨决定在上海的郊区安度她的晚年。
本题考查惯用搭配。
选项中四个单词均有“下降、减少”的意思，但只有declining years为惯用搭配，意为“晚年”。
浙江财经大学硕士学位研究生入学考试翻译与写作 (6)
精品文档！精品文档！2019年攻读浙江财经大学硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码：882科目名称：翻译与写作答案请写答题纸上Part One Translation(80points)I.Put the English passage into Chinese.(40points)The Road to KnowledgeThis Encyclopedia makes a feature of answering all those difficult questions which children ask grown-ups,and which grown-ups really want to ask somebody else.Well, perhaps not all those questions.There are two to which there were no answers in my volume,nor,I suspect,in any of the other volumes,and yet these are the two questions more often asked than any others."How did God begin?,,and"Where do babies come from?^,Perhaps they were omitted because the answers to them are so easy."That,my child,is something which you had better ask your mother,55one replies;or if one is the mother,“You must wait till you5re grown-up,dear.”Nor did I see any mention of the most difficult question of all,the question of the little girl who had just been assured that God could do anything."Then,if He can do anything,can He make a stone so heavy that He can't lift it?"Perhaps the editor is waiting for his second edition before he answers that one. But upon such matters as"Why does a stone sink?55or"What makes thunder?55he is delightfully informing.But I felt all the time that in this part of his book he really had his eye on me and my generation rather than on the children.No child wants to know why a stone sinks;it knows the answer already—“What else could it do?"Even Sir Isaac Newton was a grown-up before he asked why an apple fell,and there had been men in the world fifty thousand years before that(yes I have been reading The Outline of History,too),none of whom bothered his head about gravitation.Yes,the editor was thinking all the time that you and I ought to know more about these things.Of course,we should be too shy to order the book for ourselves,but we could borrow it from our young friends occasionally on the plea of seeing if it was suitable for them,and so pick up a little of that general knowledge which we lack so sadly.笫1X共3次The drawback of all Guides to Knowledge is that one cannot have the editor at hand in order to cross-examine him.This is particularly so in the case of a Children's Encyclopedia,for the child's first question,"Why does this do that?"is meant to have no finality.The child does not really want to know,but it does want to keep up a friendly conversation,or,if humorously inclined,to see how long you can go on without getting annoyed.Not always,of course;sometimes it really is interested;but in most cases,I suspect,the question,"What makes thunder?"is inspired by politeness or mischief.The grown-up is bursting to explain,or else he obviously doesn't know,and ought to be shown up.II.Put the following Chinese into English.(40points)我有一个志愿我是个没有什么大志愿的人。
硕士入学考试：2020年[英语二]考试真题与答案解析
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硕士入学考试：2020年[英语二]考试真题与答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Being a good parent is, of course, what every parent would like to be. But defining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very __1__, particularly since children respond differently to the same style of parenting. A calm, rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than, __2__, a younger sibling.__3__, there’s another sort of parent that’s a bit easier to __4__: a patient parent. Children of every age benefit from patient parenting. Still, __5__ every parent would like to be patient, this is no easy __6__. Sometimes parents get exhausted and frustrated and are unable to maintain a __7__ and composed style with their kids. I understand this. You’re only human, and sometimes your kids can __8__ you just a little too far. And then the __9__ happens: You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was a bit too __10__ and does nobody any good. You wish that you could __11__ the clock and start over. We’ve all been there.__12__, even though it’s common, it’s important to keep in mind that in a single moment of fatigue, you can say something to your child thatyou may __13__ for a long time. This may not only do damage to your relationship with your child but also __14__ your child’s self-esteem.If you consistently lose your __15__ with your kids, then you are inadvertently modeling a lack of emotional control for your kids. We are all becoming increasingly aware of the __16__ of modeling tolerance and patience for the younger generation. This is a skill that will help them all throughout life. In fact, the ability to emotionally regulate or maintain emotional control when __17__ by stress is one of the most important of all life’s skills.Certainly, it’s incredibly __18__ to maintain patience at all times with your children. A more practical goal is to try, to the best of your ability, to be as tolerant and composed as you can when faced with __19__ situations involving your children. I can promise you this: As a result of working toward this goal, you and your children will benefit and __20__ from stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.1. A tedious B pleasant C instructive D tricky2. A in addition B for example C at once D by accident3. A fortunately B occasionally C accordingly D eventually4. A amuse B assist C describe D train5. A while B because C unless D once6. A answer B task C choice D access7. A tolerant B formal C rigid D critical8. A move B drag C push D send9. A mysterious B illogical C suspicious D inevitable10. A boring B naive C harsh D vague11. A turn back B take apart C set aside D cover up12. A overall B instead C however D otherwise13. A like B miss C believe D regret14. A raise B affect C justify D reflect15. A time B bond C race D cool16. A nature B secret C importance D context17. A cheated B defeated C confused D confronted18. A terrible B hard C strange D wrong19. A trying B changing C exciting D surprising20. A hide B emerge C withdraw D escape今年完形填空的难度系数很小，基本无生词，长难句也很少。
2020年浙江财经大学考研试题448汉语写作与百科知识
2020年攻读浙江财经大学硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码：448科目名称：汉语写作与百科知识答案请写答题纸上第一部分百科知识(每题2分，共50分)1. 我国是一个文明古国。
早在春秋战国时期，秦国的李冰父子完成了举世闻名的( )。
A. 三峡工程B. 都江堰工程C. 钱塘江工程D. 京杭大运河2. 五大湖中完全在美国境内的是( )。
A. 伊利湖B. 密歇根湖C. 安大略湖D. 苏必利尔湖3. 《弟子规》中，冬则温，夏则清。
晨则醒，昏则定。
这句话说的是?()A. 要坚持锻炼身体B. 要注意天气变化C. 子女要孝敬父母D. 要始终保持清醒的头脑4. “情不知所起，一往而深，生者可以死，死可以生。
”这是汤显祖“至情”论的呼唤，也是( )的题词，它与《紫钗记》、《南柯记》、《邯郸记》并称为“临川四梦”。
A. 《西厢记》B. 《牡丹亭》C. 《郁离子》D. 《莺莺传》第 1 页共 4 页5. 《孔雀东南飞》的主人公是( )。
A. 焦仲卿、刘芳菲B. 秦罗敷、焦仲卿C. 秦罗敷、刘兰芝D. 焦仲卿、刘兰芝6. 具有“含泪的微笑”的独特风格的美国小说家是( )。
A. 莫泊桑B. 欧·亨利C. 马克·吐温D. 海明威7. 确立中国共产党对军队的绝对领导的是( )。
A. 南昌起义B. 秋收起义C. 三湾改编D. 广州起义第 1 页共 4 页8. 下列体育项目非起源于英国的是( )。
A. 羽毛球B. 足球C. 高尔夫D. 网球9. 经济全球化是( )。
A. 资本主义基本矛盾发展的客观趋势B. 生产社会化发展的客观趋势C. 垄断资本主义发展的客观趋势D. 发达资本主义国家进行资本输出的客观趋势10. 下列哪一项不属于曼迪在《翻译研究入门》中对翻译理论类型的划分?A. 等值和等效理论B. 翻译的功能理论C. 系统理论D. 翻译的文学理论11. 下列哪本书不是豪斯的作品?A. 《功能语法入门》B. 《翻译质量评估模式》C. 《教学互动英语语法》D. 《跨文化语用学》12. ( )提出了翻译中的“功能加忠诚”原则。
2020浙江考研英语一真题及答案
答卷时应注意事项１、拿到试卷，要认真仔细的先填好自己的考生信息。
２、拿到试卷不要提笔就写，先大致的浏览一遍，有多少大题，每个大题里有几个小题，有什么题型，哪些容易，哪些难，做到心里有底；３、审题，每个题目都要多读几遍，不仅要读大题，还要读小题，不放过每一个字，遇到暂时弄不懂题意的题目，手指点读，多读几遍题目，就能理解题意了；容易混乱的地方也应该多读几遍，比如从小到大，从左到右这样的题；４、每个题目做完了以后，把自己的手从试卷上完全移开，好好的看看有没有被自己的手臂挡住而遗漏的题；试卷第１页和第２页上下衔接的地方一定要注意，仔细看看有没有遗漏的小题；５、中途遇到真的解决不了的难题，注意安排好时间，先把后面会做的做完，再来重新读题，结合平时课堂上所学的知识，解答难题；一定要镇定，不能因此慌了手脚，影响下面的答题；６、卷面要清洁，字迹要清工整，非常重要；７、做完的试卷要检查，这样可以发现刚才可能留下的错误或是可以检查是否有漏题，检查的时候，用手指点读题目，不要管自己的答案，重新分析题意，所有计算题重新计算，判断题重新判断，填空题重新填空，之后把检查的结果与先前做的结果进行对比分析。
亲爱的小朋友，你们好! 经过两个月的学习，你们一定有不小的收获吧，用你的自信和智慧，认真答题，相信你一定会闯关成功。
相信你是最棒的！2020浙江考研英语一真题及答案【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living?17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but reduce their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] gradually [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that thesuccess of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could[A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as[A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it[A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present[A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reduced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have[A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing industry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms[A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] reduce the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will[A] help little to reduce gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision.[B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to[A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to reduce gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nationsthat will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to[A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax[A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that[A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work[A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will lookback. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42.Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43.With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44.When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45.In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth torationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。
2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)真题及解析
9、第（9）题选 A 、 mysterious B 、 illogical C 、 suspicious D 、 inevitable
10、第（10）题选 A 、 boring B 、 naive C 、 harsh D 、 vague
5、第（5）题选 A 、 while B 、 because C 、 unless D 、 once
6、第（6）题选 A 、 answer B 、 task C 、 choice D 、 access
7、第（7）题选 A 、 tolerant B 、 formal C 、 rigid D 、 critical
20、第（20）题选
3/19
A 、 hide B 、 emerge C 、 withdraw D 、 escape
第2题 阅读理解Part A （每题2分，共20题，共40分） 下列每小题的四个选项中，只有一
项是最符合题意的正确答案，多选、错选或不选均不得分。
21、根据下面资料，回答{TSE}题 Rats and other animals need to be highly attuned to social signals from others so they can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid. To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Laleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats. They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat--one social and one asocial--for four days. The robot rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels to move around and colorful markings. During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, and opened cage doors to let trapped rats escape. Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side. Next, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever. Across 18 trial each, the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one. This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being, says Quinn. The rats may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and playing. This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, she says. "Rats have been shown to engage in multiple forms of reciprocal help and cooperation, including what is referred to as direct reciprocity--where a rat will help another rat that has previously helped them, "says Quinn. The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design. The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels. "We'd assumed we'd have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features, and put a scent on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasn't necessary, " says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia,who helped with the research. The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots,says Wiles. Similarly, children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings, even when they display only simple social signals. "We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are too, " says Wiles. {TS}Quinn and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can_______. A 、 pick up social signals from non-living rats B 、 distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one C 、 attain sociable traits through special training D 、 send out warning messages to their fellow
2020考研英语二 翻译真题解析
考研英语二翻译真题、参考答案和来源分析"Sustainability" has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning,the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed through every day action and choice.当今，“可持续性”已经成为了一个流行的词语.但是，对特德宁来说，它对这个词有着自身的体会.在忍受了一段痛苦的、难以为继的生活之后，他清楚地认识到，以可持续发展为导向的生活价值必须通过日常的活动和做出的选择表现出来.Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He'd been through the dot-com boom and burst and, desperate for a job, signed on with a Boulder agency.宁回忆了在上个世纪90年代末期的某一年，他卖保险，那是一种浑浑噩噩的生活.在经历了网络经济的兴盛和衰败之后，他非常渴望得到一份工作，于是和一家博德的代理公司签了合约.It didn't go well. "It was a really bad move because that's not my passion," says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. "I was miserable. I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said,” Just wait, you'll turn the corner, give it some time.''事情进展不顺，“那的确是很糟糕的一种选择，因为那并非是我的激情所在，”宁如是说.可以想象，他这种工作上的窘境是由于销售业绩不良造成的.“我觉得很悲哀.我太担心了，以至于我会在半夜醒来，盯着天花板.没有钱，我需要这份工作.每个人都会说，等吧，总会有转机的，给点时间吧.”原文：原文是来自一份杂志，叫“experience life”，出题人做了部分改动，原文和改动的文章如下：Sustainability has become something of a buzzword(出题人把这个单词改为popular word) these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed through everyday action and choice.Ning, director of LOHAS (Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability), the Boulder, Colo.–based information clearinghouse on sustainable living, recalls spending a tumultuous（出题人把这个词改为了confusing） year i n the late ’90s selling insurance. He’d been through the dot-com boom and bust（出题人似乎把这个词改为burst了） and, desperate for a job, signed on with a Boulder agency.It didn’t go well. “It was a really bad move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose ambivalence about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable. I had so much anxiety that I would pull alongside of the highway and vomit, or wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling.I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, ‘Just wait, you’ll turn the corner, give it some time.’”Ning stuck it out for a year because he simply didn’t know what else to do, but felt his happiness and health suffer as a result. He eventually quit and stumbled upon LOHAS in a help-wanted ad for a data analyst. “I didn’t know what LOHAS was,” he says, “but it sounded kinda neat.” It turned out to be a better fit than he could have ever imagined.At the time, the LOHAS organization did little more than host a small annual conference in Boulder. It was a forum where progressive-minded companies could gather to compare notes on how to reach a values-driven segment of consumers —the LOHAS market — who seemed attracted to products and services that mirrored their interest in health, environmental stewardship, social justice, personal development and sustainable living.In contrast with his disastrous foray into the insurance business, Ning’s new job felt like coming home. Growing up in the foothills of the Rockies outside of Denver, he’d developed a love of the outdoors and a respect for the earth, while his parents provided a model of social activism —the family traveled widely, and at one point his parents created and operated a nonprofit that offered microcredit loans to small businesses in Vietnam and Guatemala. He has three adopted sisters from Vietnam and Korea. He studied international relations and Chinese at Colorado University and slipped easily into the Boulder lifestyle — commuting by bike, eating organics, buying local and the rest —though he stopped short of the patchouli-and-dreadlocks phase embraced by many of his peers. (He opted instead for the university’s ski team and, after graduating, wound up coaching the Japanese development team during the Nagano Olympics in 1998.)From his ground-level job, Ning moved quickly up the ranks in the organization, becoming its executive director in 2006. “When I got the job, LOHAS was a sleepy conference in Boulder,” says Ning. Today, the forum is booming, the organizationis expanding and the market is evolving. Ning has more than grown into the position he stumbled on in the want ads. “I don’t consider this a job. It is really more of a calling.”Ning, 41, coordinates the conference and oversees the organization’s annual journal and Web site (), while compiling research on trends and opportunities for businesses. He also travels the country promoting —and explaining —the LOHAS concept and the burgeoning market it represents.First identified by sociologist Paul Ray in the mid-1990s as “cultural creatives,” the U.S. market segment that embraces LOHAS today has grown to about 41 million consumers, or roughly 19 percent of American adults. But those LOHAS consumers are powerfully influencing the attitudes and behaviors of others (witness the rise of interest in yoga, all-natural products, simplicity and hybrid vehicles). Which is why LOHAS-related products now generate an estimated $209 billion annually.“Over the last two years a green tidal wave has come over us,” says Ning. Riding that wave, says Ning, is not about jumping on a trend bandwagon. It’s connecting with — and acting on —a set of shared, instrinsic values. “People know what is authentic. You can’t preach this lifestyle and not live it,” he says. He and his wife, Jenifer, live in a solar-powered home, raise organic vegetables in their backyard and drive a car that gets 48 miles to the gallon. He even buys carbon offsets to negate the global warming impact of his cell phone.Ning emphasizes that there are many different ways of “living LOHAS.” Ultimately, it’s really about finding a way of life that makes sense and feels good —now and for the long haul. “People are looking internally,” he says, “asking themselves,‘What really makes me happy?’ Is it the fact that I can go out and buy that giant flat-screen TV, or is it that I can have a quiet evening with my family just hanging out and playing a game of Scrabble?”For Ning, it’s a no-brainer. He’ll take Scrabble ev ery time.Laine Bergeson is an Experience Life senior editor.考研英语二翻译真题、参考答案和来源分析Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?全球范围内，信息技术行业与航空业产生的温室气体总量相同——约占二氧化碳排放总量的2%，这有谁曾想到过？Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.许多日常工作对环境造成的损失大得惊人.每一次谷歌搜索能释放0.2到0.7克的二氧化碳，这取决于为了获得“正确”答案你试过多少次.为了迅速向用户提供搜索结果，谷歌不得不在世界各地建立大型数据中心，安装一台台强大的计算机.这些计算机不仅产生大量的二氧化碳，还释放大量热能，因此这些数据中心需要良好的空调设备，这甚至会耗费更多的能源.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.然而，谷歌和其他大型技术供应商严密地监控其效果，并做出改进.监控是减排的第一步，仍有太多问题需要解决，并且不只是由大公司来解决.原文：Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world's airlines do - roughly 2 per cent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the "right" answer. At the upper end of the scale, two searches create roughly the same emissions as boiling a kettle.To deliver results to its users quickly, Google has to maintain vast data centres around the world, packed with powerful computers. As well as producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned - which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers such as BT, IBM, Microsoft and Amazon monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. (Google claims to be more efficient than most.) Recently, industry and government agencies from theUS, Europe and Japan reached an agreement, orchestrated by the Green Grid, an American industry consortium, on how to benchmark the energy efficiency of data centres. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there's much more to be done, and not just by big companies.Simple things - such as turning devices off when they are not in use - can help to reduce the impact of our love affair with all things digital. Research from the National Energy Foundation in the UK found that nearly 20 per cent of workers don't turn their PCs off at the end ofthe day, wasting 1.5 billion kWh of electricity per year - which equates to the annual CO2 produced by 200,000 small family cars.Technology could have a huge role to play in reducing energy consumption - just think of the number of car and bus journeys saved by something as simple as online banking. But the sector must still work harder to get its own house in order.Jason Stamper is NS technology correspondent and editor of Computer Business Review考研英语二翻译真题、参考答案和来源分析When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.发展中国家的人们若为移民问题操心，往往是想到硅谷或发达国家的医院和大学去创造自己最辉煌的未来.英国、加拿大和澳大利亚等国给大学毕业生提供的优惠移民政策，就是为了吸引这部分人群.Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate. A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education, compared with around 3.3% of all Indians over the age of 25. The “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries. They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.诸多研究表明，发展中国家受过良好教育的人才往往可能有移民倾向.2004年，曾针对印度家庭进行过一次大型调查，结果发现，近40%有移民倾向的人受过中学以上教育，而25岁以上的印度人只有约3.3%受过中学以上教育.“人才流失”问题长期以来一直让发展中国家的决策者很苦恼，他们担心这种情况会危及其经济发展，夺去他们紧缺的技术人才，而这些人才本该在他们自己的大学任教，在他们自己的医院工作，为他们自己的工厂研发新产品.原文：WHEN people in rich countries worry about migration, they tend to think of low-paid incomers who compete for jobs as construction workers, dishwashers or farmhands. When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest decamping to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate. By some estimates, two-thirds of highly educated Cape Verdeans live outside the country. A big survey of Indian households carried out in 2004 asked about family members who had moved abroad. It found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education, compared with around 3.3% of all Indians over the age of 25. This “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries. They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.Many now take issue with this view (see article). Several economists reckon that the brain-drain hypothesis fails to account for the effects of remittances, for the beneficial effects of returning migrants, and for the possibility that being able to migrate to greener pastures induces people to get more education. Some argue that once these factors are taken into account, an exodus of highly skilled people could turn out to be a net benefit to the countries they leave. Recent studies of migration from countries as far apart as Ghana, Fiji, India and Romania have found support for this “brain gain” idea.The most obvious way in which migrants repay their homelands is through remittances. Workers from developing countries remitted a total of $325 billion in 2010, according to the World Bank. In Lebanon, Lesotho, Nepal, Tajikistan and a few other places, remittances are more than 20% of GDP. A skilled migrant may earn several multiples of what his income would have been had he stayed at home. A study of Romanian migrantsto America found that the average emigrant earned almost $12,000 a year more in America than he would have done in his native land, a huge premium for someone from a country where income per person is around $7,500 (at market exchange rates).It is true that many skilled migrants have been educated and trained partly at the expense of their (often cash-strapped) governments. Some argue that poor countries should therefore rethink how much they spend on higher education. Indians, for example, often debate whether their government should continue to subsidise the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), its elite engineering schools, when large numbers of IIT graduates end up in Silicon Valley or on Wall Street. But a new study of remittances sent home by Ghanaian migrants suggests that on average they transfer enough over their working lives to cover the amount spent on educating them several times over. The study finds that once remittances are taken into account, the cost of education would have to be 5.6 times the official figure to make it a losing proposition for Ghana.There are more subtle ways in which the departure of some skilled people may aid poorer countries. Some emigrants would have been jobless had they stayed. Studies have found that unemployment rates among young people with college degrees in countries like Morocco and Tunisia are several multiples of those among the poorly educated, perhaps because graduates are more demanding. Migration may lead to a more productive pairing of people's skills and jobs. Some of the benefits of this improved match then flow back to the migrant's home country, most directly via remittances.The possibility of emigration may even have beneficial effects on those who choose to stay, by giving people in poor countries an incentive to invest in education.A study of Cape Verdeans finds that an increase of ten percentage points in young people's perceived probability of emigrating raises the probability of their completing secondary school by around eight points. Another study looks at Fiji.A series of coups beginning in 1987 was seen by Fijians of Indian origin as permanently harming their prospects in the country by limiting their share of government jobs and political power. This set off a wave of emigration. Yet young Indians in Fiji became more likely to go to university even as the outlook at home dimmed, in part because Australia, Canada and New Zealand, three of the top destinations for Fijians, put more emphasis on attracting skilled migrants. Since some of those who got more education ended up staying, the skill levels of the resident Fijian population soared.1、最困难的事就是认识自己。
2020年考研英语(二)真题手译版
2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET（10points）Being a good parent is what every parent would like to be.But defining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very1.particularly since children respond differently to the same style of parenting.A calm, rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than,2,a younger one.3,there’s another sort of parent that’s easier to4：a parent.Children of every age benefit from patient parenting.Still,5，every parent would like to be patient，this is no easy6.sometimes，parents get exhausted and are unable to maintain a7style with their kids.I understand this.You’re only human，and sometimes your kids can8you just a little too far.And then the9happens：You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was too10and does nobody any good.You wish that you could11the clock and start over.We’ve all been there.12，even though it’s common，it’s vital to keep in mind that in a single moment of fatigue，you can say something to your child that you may13for a long time.This may not only do damage to your relationship with your child but also14your child’s self-esteem.If you consistently lose your15with your kids，then you are modeling a lack of emotional control for your kids.We are all becoming increasingly aware of the16of modeling patience for the younger generation.This is a skill that will help them all throughout life.In fact，the ability to maintain emotional control when17by stress is one of the most significant of all lie’s skills.Certainly，it’s18to maintain patience at all times with your kids.A more practical goal is to try to be as calm as you can when faced with19situations involving your children.I can promise you this：As a result of working toward this goal，you and your children will benefit and20from stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.1.[A]pleasant[B]tricky[C]tedious[D]instructive2.[A]at once[B]in addition[C]for example[D]by accident3.[A]Fortunately[B]Occasionally[C]Accordingly[D]Eventually4.[A]amuse[B]train[C]assist[D]describe5.[A]choice[B]because[C]unless[D]while6.[A]choice[B]answer[C]task[D]access7.[A]formal[B]tolerant[C]rigid[D]critical8.[A]move[B]send[C]drag[D]push9.[A]inevitable[B]illogical[C]mysterious[D]suspicious10.[A]boring[B]harsh[C]naive[D]vague11.[A]turn back[B]take apart[C]set aside[D]cover up12.[A]Overall[B]Instead[C]Otherwise[D]However13.[A]believe[B]regret[C]miss[D]like14.[A]justify[B]raise[C]affect[D]reflect15.[A]bond[B]time[C]race[D]cool16.[A]nature[B]secret[C]context[D]importance17.[A]confronted[B]defeated[C]cheated[D]confused18.[A]strange[B]terrible[C]hard[D]wrong19.[A]exciting[B]trying[C]surprising[D]changing20.[A]withdraw[B]hide[C]emerge[D]escapeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1Rats and other animals need to be highly at tuned to social signals from others so that can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid.To find out if this extends to non-living beings,Loleh Quinn at the University of California,San Diego,and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats.They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat—one social and one asocial—for5our days.The robots rats were quite minimalist,resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels-to move around and colorful markings.During the experiment,the social robot rat followed the living rats around,played with the same toys,and opened caged doors to let trapped rats escape.Meanwhile,the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side.Next,the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever.Across18trials each,the living rats were52percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one.This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being.They may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and playing.This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier,and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, says Quinn.The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design.The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels.“We’d assumed we’d have to give it a moving head and tail，facial features，and put a scene on it to make it smell like a real rat，but that wasn’t necessary,”says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia，who helped with the research.The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues，even when they come from basic robots.Similarly children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings，even when they display only simple social signals.“We humans seem to be fascinated by robots，and it turns out other animals are too,”says Wiles.21.Quinn and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can______.[A]pick up social signals from non-living rats[B]distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one[C]attain sociable traits through special training[D]send out warning messages to their fellow22.What did the social robot do during the experiment？[A]It followed the social robot.[B]It played with some toys.[C]It set the trapped rat free.[D]It moved around alone.23.According to Quinn，the rats released the social robot because they______.[A]tried to practice a means of escape[B]expected it to do the same in return[C]wanted to display their intelligence[D]considered that an interesting game24.James Wiles notes that rats______.[A]can remember other rat’s facial features[B]differentiate smells better than sizes[C]respond more to cations than to looks[D]can be scared by a plastic box on wheels25.It can be learned from the text that rats______.[A]appear to be adaptable to new surroundings[B]are more socially active than other animals[C]behave differently from children in socializing[D]are more sensitive to social cues than expectedText2It is true that CEO pay has gone up-top ones may make300times the pay of typical workers on average,and since the mid-1970s CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporations has,by varying estimates,gone up by about500%.The typical CEO of a top American corporation now makes about$18.9million a year.The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly.The efforts of America’s highest-earning1%have been one of the more dynamic elements of the global economy.It’s not popular to say.but one reason their pay has gone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their game relative to many other workers in the U.S.economy.Today’s CEO,at least for major American firms,must have many mere skills than simply being able to“run the company”CEOs must have a good sense of financial markets and maybe even how the company should trade in them. They also need better public relations skills than their predecessors,as the costs of even a minor slipup can be significant.Then there’s the fact that large American companies are much more globalized than ever before,with supply chains spread across a larger number of countries.To lead in that system requires knowledge that is fairly mind-boggling plus,virtually all major American companies are beyond this major CEOs still have to do all the day-to-day work they have always done.The common idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesn’t explain history very well.By most measures,corporate governance has become a lot tighter and more rigorous since the1970s.Yet it is principally during this period of stronger governance that CEO pay has been high and rising.That suggests it is in the broader corporate interest to recruit top candidates for increasingly tough jobs.Furthermore,the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates,not to the cozy insider picks,another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest of the company.And the stock market reacts positively when companies tie CEO pay to,say,stock prices,a sign that those practices build up corporate value not just for the CEO.26.Which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise？[A]The growth in the number of corporations[B]The general pay rise with a better economy[C]Increased business opportunities for top firms[D]Close cooperation among leading economiespared with their predecessors，today’s CEOs are required to______.[A]foster a stronger sense of teamwork[B]finance more research and development[C]establish closer ties with tech companies[D]operate more globalized companies28.CEO pay has been rising since the1970s despite______.[A]continual internal opposition[B]strict corporate governance[C]conservative business strategies[D]Repeated government warnings29.High CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it helps______.[A]confirm the status of CEOs[B]motivate inside candidates[C]boost the efficiency of CEOs[D]increase corporate value30.The most suitable title for this text would be______.[A]CEOs Are Not Overpaid[B]CEO Pay：Past and Present[C]CEOs’challenges of Today[D]CEO Traits：Not Easy to DefineText3Madrid was hailed as a public health beacon last November when it rolled out ambitious restrictions on the most polluting cars.Seven months and one election day later,a new conservative city council suspended enforcement of the clean air zone,a first step toward its possible demise.Mayor Jose Luis Martinez-Almeida made opposition to the zone a centrepiece of his election campaign,despite its success in improving air quality.A judge has now overruled the city’s decision to stop levying fines,ordering them reinstated.But with legal battles ahead,the zone’s future looks uncertain at best.Among other weaknesses,the measures cities must employ when left to tackle dirty air on their own are politically contentious,and therefore vulnerable.That’s because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers—who must pay fees or buy better vehicles—rather than on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.It’s not hard to imagine a similar reversal happening in London.The new ultra-low emission zone(Ulez)is likely to be a big issue in next year’s mayoral election.And if Sadiq Khan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular roads in2021as he intends，it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected.It’s not that measures such as London’s Ulez are useless.Far from it.Local officials are using the levers that are available to them to safeguard residents’health in the face of a serious threat.The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality,and the science tells us that means real health benefits—fewer heart attacks,strokes and premature births, less cancer,dementia and asthma.Fewer untimely deaths.But mayors and councillors can only do so much about a problem that is far bigger than any one city or town. They are acting because national governments—Britain’s and others across Europe—have failed to do so.Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas—city centres,“school streets”,even individual roads—are a response to the absence of a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance.Wales has introduced special low speed limits to minimise pollution.We’re doing everything but insist that manufacturers clean up their cars.31.Which of the following is true about Madrid’s clean air zone？[A]Its effects are questionable[B]It has been opposed by a judge[C]It needs tougher enforcement[D]Its fate is yet to be decided32.Which is considered a weakness of the city-level measures to tackle dirty air？[A]They are biased against car manufacturers.[B]They prove impractical for city councils[C]They are deemed too mild for politicians.[D]They put too much burden on individual motorists.33.The author believes that the extension of London’s Ulez will.[A]arouse strong resistance.[B]ensure Khan’s electoral success.[C]improve the city’s traffic.[D]discourage car manufacturing.34.Who does the author think should have addressed the problem?[A]Local residents[B]Mayors.[C]Councilors.[D]National governments.35.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that auto companies.[A]will raise low-emission car production[B]should be forced to follow regulations[C]will upgrade the design of their vehicles[D]should be put under public supervisionText4Now that members of Generation Z are graduating college this spring—the most commonly-accepted definition says this generation was born after1995,give or take a year—the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks. GenZs are about to hit the streets looking for work in a labor market that’s tighter than it’s been in decades.And employers are planning on hiring about17percent more new graduates for jobs in the U.S.this year than last, according to a survey conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers.Everybody wants to know how the people who will soon inhabit those empty office cubicles will differ from those who came before them.If“entitled”is the most common adjective，fairly or not，applied to millennials（those born between1981and 1995），the catchwords for Generation Z are practical and cautious.According to the career counselors and experts who study them，Generation Zs are clear-eyed，economic pragmatists.Despite graduating into the best economy in the past50years,Gen Zs know what an economic train wreck looks like.They were impressionable kids during the crash of2008,when many of their parents lost their jobs or their life savings or both.They aren’t interested in taking any chances.The booming economy seems to have done little to assuage this underlying generational sense of anxious urgency,especially for those who have college debt.College loan balances in the U.S.now stand at a record S1.5 trillion,according to the Federal Reserve.One survey from Accenture found that88percent of graduating seniors this year chose their major with a job in mind.In a2019survey of University of Georgia students,meanwhile,the career office found the most desirable trait in a future employer was the ability to offer secure employment（followed by professional development and training，and then inspiring purpose）.Job security or stability was the second most important career goal（work-life balance was number one），followed by a sense of being dedicated to a cause or to feel good about serving the greater good.36.Generation Zs graduating college this spring______.[A]are recognized for their abilities[B]are in favor of job offers[C]are drawing growing public attention[D]are optimistic about the labor market37.Generation Zs are keenly aware______.[A]what their parents expect of them[B]what a tough economic situation is like[C]how they differ from past generations[D]how valuable a counselor’s advice is38.The word“assuage”（line9.para2）is closet in meaning to______.[A]define[B]maintain[C]relieve[D]deepen39.It can be learned from Paragraph3that Generation Zs______.[A]have a clear idea about their future job[B]give top priority to professional training[C]think it hard to achieve work-Life balance[D]care little about their job performance40.Michelsen thinks that compared with millennials，Generation ZS are______.[A]less realistic[B]more diligent[C]less adventurous[D]more generousPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs（41-45）.There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（10points）[A]Give compliments,just not too many.[B]Put on a good face,always.[C]Tailor your interactions.[D]Spend time with everyone.[E]Reveal,don’t hide,information.[F]Slow down and listen.[G]Put yourselves in others’shoes.Five Ways to Win Over Everyone in the OfficeIs it possible to like everyone in your office?Think about how tough it is to get together15people,much less50, who all get along perfectly.But unlike in friendships,you need coworkers.You work with them every day and you depend on them just as they depend on you.Here are some ways that you can get the whole office on your side.41.______If you have a bone to pick with someone in your workplace,you may try stay tight-lipped around them.But you won’t be helping either one of you.A Harvard Business School study found that observers consistently rated those who were frank about themselves more highly,while those who hid lost trustworthiness.The lesson is not that you should make your personal life an open book.but rather,when given the option to offer up details about yourself or painstakingly conceal them,you should just be honest.42.______Just as important as being honest about yourself is being receptive to others.We often feel the need to tell others how we feel,whether it’s a concern about a project,a stray thought,or a compliment.Those are all valid,but you need to take time to hear out your coworkers.too.In fact,rushing to get your own ideas out there can cause colleagues to feel you don’t value their opinions.Do your best to engage coworkers in a genuine,back-and-forth conversation, rather than prioritizing your own thoughts.43.______It’s common to have a“cubicle mate”or special confidant in a work setting.But in addition to those trusted coworkers,you should expand your horizons and find out about all the people around e your lunch and coffee breaks to meet up with colleagues you don’t always see.Find out about their lives and interests beyond the job.It requires minimal effort and goes a long way.This will help to grow your internal network,in addition to being a nice break in the work day.44.______Positive feedback is important for anyone to hear.And you don’t have to be someone’s boss to tell them they did an exceptional job on a particular project.This will help engender good will in others.But don’t overdo it or be fake about it.One study found that people responded best to comments that shifted from negative to positive possibly because it suggested they had won somebody over.45.______This one may be a bit more difficult to pull off,but it can go a long way to achieving results.Remember in dealing with any coworker what they appreciate from an interaction.Watch out for how they verbalize with others. Some people like small talk in a meeting before digging into important matters,while other are more straightforward. Jokes that work one person won’t necessarily land with another.So,adapt your style accordingly to type.Consider the person that you’re dealing with in advance and what will get you to your desired outcome.SectionⅢTranslation46.Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET.（15points）It’s almost impossible to go through life without experiencing some kind of failure.But,the wonderful thing about failure is that it’s entirely up to us to decide how to look at it.We can choose to see failure as“the end of the world.”Or，we can look at failure as the incredible learning experience that it often is.Every time we fail at something,we can choose to look for the lesson we’re meant to learn. These lessons are very important;they’re how we grow,and how we keep from making that same mistake again. Failures stop us only if we let them.Failure can also teach us things about ourselves that we would never have learned otherwise.For instance, failure can help you discover how strong a person you are.Failing at something can help you discover your truest friends,or help you find unexpected motivation to succeed.SectionⅥWritingPart A47.Directions：Suppose you are planning a tour of a historical site for a group of international students,write an email to 1）tell them about the site，and2）give them some tips for the tourPlease write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name，use“Li Ming”instead（10points）Part B48.Directions：Write an essay based on the following chart.In your writing,you should 1）interpret the chart,and2）give your comments.You should write about150words on the ANSWER SHEET.（15points）.。
2020年暨南大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题
A. diversified B. disseminated C. converged D. accelerated
2.Without Bob’s testimony, evidence of bribery is lacking and ______ in the case will be impossible.
A. verdict B. sentence C. conviction D. acquittal
3. The two countries have developed a ______ relation and increased a great deal in foreign trade.
A. or the police have placedB. or have the police placed
C. nor the police have placedD. nor have the police placed
8. Mary is _______ than Alice.
A. more experienced a teacherB. a more experienced teacher
A. conjecture B. axiom C. fad D. testimonial
14.After four years in the same job his enthusiasm finally ______.