Argument终极模板句型
Argument模板
开头：In this argument, the author concludes/claims/comes to the conclusion that…To support/justify/strengthen this conclusion/claim/recommendation, the author points out/reasons/cites (the fact that/survey results of)…In addition/Moreover, the author also points out/reasons/provides the evidence that…Close scrutiny of each of these evidence, however, reveals that none of them lend credible support to the conclusion/A careful examination of these evidence would reveal how groundless the conclusion is/I find this argument logically unconvincing/flawed/problematic in several critical respects/However, the conclusion depends/rests on a series of unsubstantiated/dubious assumptions, which render it wholly unconvincing/and is therefore unconvincing as it stands.当题目中的论据过于复杂冗长时，可分（1）（2）（3）点罗列论据。
另一种开头方式：先罗列论据，后得出结论。
10、Argument模板
分析每一句话的问题，不能漏掉一句话！！！常见讨论点1、X→YX可能是员工表现提高、销售增加等Y可能是increase profit等等E.g. 人口出生率下降→入学率下降2、错误类比A采取某项措施有效（或不好）→B采取这项措施也有效（或不好）N年前采取某项措施有效→现在也有效3、因果倒置（causal relationship）E.g. 员工睡眠时间短→绩效提高。
实际上可能是员工忙所以没时间睡觉4、样本容量小，或不具有普适性5、（A是B的原因）因为发现了B，所以AB的原因中有A，也可能有CDE，A只是一个原因，而且所占比重可能很小。
6、national趋势→某个地区的趋势每个地方都有独特性7、一个地方的政策推广的别的地方（1）有没有证据表明这个地方是成功的？（2）就是这个地方成功，别的地方未必适用。
8、房价显著下降→房价低可能房价超级高，显著下降后还是超级高不管是assumption，question还是evidence，一定要指出：（1）一旦假设不成立会如何如何（2）问题的回答是A将如何如何，回答是B又如何如何（3）这些证据到底会加强还是削弱论断？具体怎么加强削弱的？由此可见，argument的篇幅都是从上面这几点来的。
光指出逻辑错误，举两个反例，ETS绝对会用superficial形容你。
另外，再提醒大家一点，也就是我之前询问过的：题库中有9道alternative explanation题（出生顺序、人造黄油、两栖动物减少等等），不要根据逐个逻辑错误分开解释，要给出一个完整的解释，一次性解释所有现象！evidence类Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.It might seem logical, at the first glance/sight, to agree with the argument in Dr. Kar p’s articlethat children in Tertia actually are raised by their biological parents (and perhaps even,by implication, that an observation-centered approach to anthropological study isnot as valid as an interview-centered one).However, in order to fully evaluate this argument, we need a significant amount of additional evidence. The argument could end up being much weaker than it seems, or it might actually be quite valid.In order to make that determination, we need to know more then analyze what we learn.The first piece of evidence that we would need in order to evaluate Dr. Karp’s claimsis information about whether or not Tertia and the surrounding island group havechanged significantly in the past 20 years. Dr. Field conducted his observational study20 years ago, and it is possible that Tertia has changed significantly since then. Forexample, if we had evidence that in the intervening years Westerners had settled onthe island and they introduced a more typical Western-style family structure, it wouldcertai nly weaken Dr. Karp’s argument. In that case, the original study could have beenaccurate, and Dr. Karp’s study could be correct, as well, though his conclusion that Dr.Field’s method is ineffective would be seriously weakened.Another piece of evidence that might help us evaluate this claim involves the exactlocations where Dr. Karp’s interviews took place. According to this article, Dr. Karp andhis graduate students conducted interviews of “children living in the group of islandsthat includes Tertia.” If w e were to learn that they never interviewed a single Tertianchild, it would significantly weaken the conclusion. It could turn out to be the case, forexample, that children on Tertia are raised communally, whereas children on otherislands nearby are raised by their biological parents.In order to fully evaluate this article, we would also need to learn more about theinterview questions that Dr. Karp’s team used. What exactly did they ask? We don’tknow, nor do we know what the children’s responses actually were. What did they sayabout their biological parents? The mere fact that they speak more frequently abouttheir biological parents than they do about other adults does not mean that they areraised by their biological parents. It would significantly undermi ne Dr. Karp’s argument if it turned out that the children said things like howmuch they missed their parents orhow their parents had left them in a communal environment. Without knowing WHATthe children said, it is hard to accept Dr. Karp’s conclusion.It is slightly more difficult to discuss the evidence we might need in order to evaluate the more interesting claims in Dr. Karp’s article, namely his extension of theresults of his study to a conclusion that interview-centered methods are inherentlymore valid than observational-centered approaches. In order to fully evaluate thisclaim, in fact, we would need to look at many more examples of interview-based andobservation-based anthropological studies and we would also need to look intodifferent study designs. Perhaps Dr. Field did not conduct an effective observationalstudy, but other observational approaches could be effective. In order to make suchgrandiose claims, Dr. Karp really needs a lot of additional evidence (ideally a meta-analysis of hundreds of anthropological studies).Clearly, then, we need to have additional evidence in order to get a more complete understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of Dr. Karp’s article. We need to know about Tertia and the surrounding islands, whether or not they have changed over the past 20 years. We also need to know about study design (Dr. Karp’s and Dr. Field’s). And we really need a lot more information if we want to extend the results of a study about one island culture to all anthropological fieldwork.question类Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.The author argues that all colleges and universities should adopt honor codes because the experience of Groveton shows that it can dramatically lower cheating among students. It might seem logical at first glance, however, there are some questions need to be answered to ensure the conclusion is cogent. The argument could end up being weaker than it seems, or it might be quite valid. In order to make the determination, we need to know more then analyze what we learn.First, the amount of cheating decreases year by year according to the report. But the reliability of this report is questionable. As we can see, in honor code mechanism, student reciprocal monitoring replaces teacher monitoring. It is reasonable to believe that a lot of students wouldnot notify faculties when they suspect cheating happens because there are tight relationships among students and most of them would not like to do anything to harm the relationship. If a student suspect a school mate cheated and reported, he or she cannot help thinking that the school mate would later find out the person who reported it, which would definitely leads to an end of their friendship. In addition, the school mate may notify others that the student is not loyal, which means the student has a great chance to be hard maintaining friendship with others.Second, as the survey shows, most students in Groveton said that they would be less like to cheat with an honor code. We cannot be sure that the students are honest when they answered the questions.What's more, even if honor code mechanism does play an important role in decreasing cheating in Groveton, we cannot lead to a conclusion that all colleges and universities should adopt honor codes merely because it works well in Groveton. Every college or university has its own characteristics, the solution should fit in it. The colleges and universities that are similar to Groveton can adopt honor codes, but those that are quite different from it should consider the suitability before they take actions. Maybe the quality of students of some colleges and universities differs a lot from students of Groveton, and they tend to cheat more under honor codes since the monitoring of teachers decreases.To summarize, to make a conclusion that honor codes works well, we should find out the true reasons that lead to a decrease in cheating, and we should make sure that the colleges and universities suit that mechanism before adopt it.assumption类Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.While it may be true that the Mason City government ought to devote more money toriverside recreational facilities,this author’s argument does not make a cogent case for increased resources based on river use. It is easy to understand why city residentswould want a cleaner river,but this argument is rife with holes and assumptions, and thus, not strong enough to lead to increased funding.Citing surveys of city residents, the author reports city resident’s love of watersports. It is not clear, however, the scope and validity of that survey. For example, thesurvey could have asked residents if they prefer using the river for water sports orwould like to see a hydroelectric dam built, which may have swayed residents towardriver sports. The sample may not have been representative of city residents, askingonly those residents who live upon the river. The survey may have been 10 pages long,with 2 questions dedicated to river sports. We just do not know. Unless the survey isfully representative, valid, and reliable, it cannot be used to effectively back theauthor’s argument.Additionally, the author implies that residents do not use the river for swimming,boating, and fishing, despite their professed interest, because the water is polluted andsmelly. While a polluted, smelly river would likely cut down on river sports, a concreteconnection between the resident’s lack of river use and the river’s current state is noteffectively made. Though there have been complaints, we do not know if there havebeen numerous complaints from a wide range of people, or perhaps from one or twoindividuals who made numerous complaints. To strengthen his/her argument, theauthor would benefit from implementing a normed survey asking a wide range ofresidents why they do not currently use the river.Building upon the implication that residen ts do not use the river due to the qualityof the river’s water and the smell, the author suggests that a river clean up will resultin increased river usage. If the river’s water quality and smell result from problemswhich can be cleaned, this may be true. For example, if the decreased water qualityand aroma is caused by pollution by factories along the river, this conceivably could beremedied. But if the quality and aroma results from the natural mineral deposits in thewater or surrounding rock, this may not be true. There are some bodies of water which emit a strong smell of sulphur due to the geography of the area. This is not something likely to be affected by a clean-up. Consequently, a river clean up may have no impactupon river usage. Regardless of whe ther the river’s quality is able to be improved ornot, the author does not effectively show a connection between water quality and riverusage.A clean, beautiful, safe river often adds to a city’s property values, leads to increasedtourism and revenue from those who come to take advantage of the river, and a betteroverall quality of life for residents. For these reasons, city government may decide toinvest in improving riverside recreational facilities. However, this author’s argument isnot likely signific antly persuade the city government to allocate increased funding.explanation类Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.Alternative explanation并没有要求讨论作者前面的解释是否可靠，相反它要求的是在知道前面一系列的facts（如第一胎的猴子cortisol高）的情况下，如何用其他的、不同于题目给出的理论（即birth effect影响stimulation）来解释这些facts，并论述理由。
GRE作文Argument如何收尾成功
GRE作文Argument如何收尾成功新GRE作文中，与issue相比，Argument开头结尾都有迹可循，也即是说可以在开头和结尾部分弄出一个模板或者是典型的句型。
今天，小编就为你来讲述如何收尾成功。
Argument结尾跟issue不一样，不一定要力求升华，毕竟不是立论文。
就是对文章的大概总结，大致可以表述为：因为作者犯了错误一错误二和错误三，所以文章没有吸引力。
如果作者能做到改进一，改进二和改进三，那么这篇文章就会更好了。
（错误和改进都是正文部分已经论述过的。
所以照抄，或者适当变脸，写上去就行了，这样字数也就够了。
）Argument结尾部分的英文模板有：1. To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning the percentage of the affected families and their geographical distribution.2. In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and misleading.3. In conclusion, the arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between …To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide evidence that …To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information about …4. As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate that … is the only condition that …Additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to rule out other possible causes of the …5. In the final analysis, the letter's author fails to adequately support the recommendation that…To bolster the argument, the arguer must provide detailed demographic/statistical evidence showing that…The author must also provide evidence--perhaps by way writer cites…/points out that…小编还整理了一些结尾的句型表达：1. From what has been discussed above (Taking into account all these factors/ Judging from all evidence offered), we may draw (reach/come to /arrive at) the conclusion that…2. It is high time that we place (lay/put) great (special/consideration) emphasis on the improvement (development/increase/promotion) of…3. There is no easy (immediate/effective) solution (approach/answer/remedy) to the problem of…,but …might be useful (helpful/beneficial).4. Following these methods (suggestions) may not guarantee the success in (solution to) …, but the payoff will be worth the effort.5. For these reasons, I strongly recommend that…以上就是GRE作文Argument部分的结尾的模板和一些句型的表达，考试可以参考一下，也可以自己改变一下，灵活运用。
GRE作文Argument万能模板
Inthis argument ，the author concludes/recommends that ….To support this conclusion/recommendation,the author points out/cites … .In addition/On the basis of this,the author also cites that … .This argument suffers from several critical/logical flaws,which render it unconvincing as it stands. /PE(paragraph ending)：…,the author cannotexpect us to take seriously the claim/convince me that …contribute to … /ruling out such/other possibilities/explanations/accounting for …,the author cannot justifiably conclude that …/ justify the claim/convince me that …/make any sound recommendation to …… before I can accept theauthor’s final conclusion that …(接Perhaps …)If so,this fact/Either scenario/Any of these scenarios,if ture, would significantly/seriously undermine/weaken (the arguer’s contention /conclusion that) …(1)A threshold problem with the argument invloves the statistical reliability ofthe survey because the size of the sample is too small to be sufficient.Also,the sample might be unrepresentative of … as a whole.Without a sufficiently representative sample,the author cannot draw any conclusion whatsoever on the basis of the study. (小样本、代表性)(2) …are rarely sufficient to establisha general conclusion. From the survey quotedinthis argument,we findnosignof suchprocedures for randomsamplingsand have good reasons to doubt if the sample is representative enough to reflect the general situation as a whole.Besides,…provides no information about what percentage of … responded to the surveys.The lower the percentage,the less reliable the results of the surveys/study ’s conclusion. (随机性、代表性)结尾总结用author’s conclusion depends,I would need more information about the size/randomness of the study ’s sample.The author provides no information concerning/omits to inform us about A,B,C and D.It is impossible to conclude without comparing the two groups subjects.For example, ….Without evidence of the study ’s methodological (and statistical) reliability, the author cannot rely on the study to draw any firm conclusion.(1)A is not necessarily due to B.Perhaps ….Since the argument fails to account for this alternative explanation for …,the author cannot …(2)The author unfairly attributes A to B/assumes that A were attributable tocking evidence to confirm this assumption,it is entirely possible that ….Or,perhaps ….After all,the autho r provides no evidence that ….PE.(1)A does not necessarily indicate that B.Perhaps …., ….PE.(2)The argument relies/depends on the (unsubstantiated) assumption that …/ Based on the fact that A the author infers that B.However,/Yet this is not necessarily the case.Perhaps ….If so,this fact would significantly undermine …(3)The fact that … lends no/little credible/scant support to …(4)A probleminvolves the definitionof ….The author fails todefine this critical term.If … is defined as … ,then … .In short, without a clear definition of … it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.The arguer uses previous experience to illustrate that now …,ignoring t he factor of time which perhaps can change everything including … .Eg:The economic situation becomes worse;The worsening economic situationOne problemwhy I disagree with the argument is that it is unwarranted toinfer from the success of B that A will also succeed by following the same format. Perhaps … .In short,lacking evidence that conditions on the … are relevantly similar,the author cannot convince me on the basis of A’s experience that the action would be effective in B. Eg:economic situation,regionThe argument suffers from “either-or ” reasoning.Based on t he fact that … ,the author unfairly concludes that … .However,the author overlooks the possibility …Another problemwiththe argument is that it overlooks other factors that /the possibility that A is not the only factor affectingB.For instance,perhaps entirely possible that …does in fact serve to ….PE.……/ItisThe author appreciates sb’s strong commitment to sth to some extent. However,we know the fact that to make a commitment is one thing,to achieve it is far more difficult.There is no indication that they might fulfill their promise.结尾： In sum,the argument is unconvincing as it stands/not well supported.To bolster it,the author must provide clear evidence that …The author must also show that ….To better assess/evaluate the argument we would need figures …/more information about ….We should also need to know …。
Argument 必备模板
开头第一句：This argument concludes/recommends/argues that…In this argument the author concludes that…第二层：To support this conclusion the writer cites…/points out that…第三层：The argument is logically unconvincing in several respects.However, this evidence provides little credible support for the editorial's conclusion. This argument suffers from several critical flaws and is therefore unconvincing/ unpersuasive as it stands.However, the author's argument relies on a series of unsubstantiated assumptions, and is therefore unpersuasive as it stands.The president's argument relies on several doubtful assumptions and is therefore unpersuasive.BODY：各段开头：To begin with, First and foremost, To begin with, As a threshold matter, One problem with the argument is that,Next, Aside from, The argument also, Moreover, Furthermore, A second problem with the argument is that, Even if …Finally, A Final problem with the argument involves…具体内容：the editorial observes a correlation between… and …, then concludes that the former is the cause of the latter.However, the editorial fails to rule out other possible explanations for…For example,…Any of these factors, or other social, political or economic factors, might lead to…Without ruling out all other such factors it is unfair to conclude that…This evidence would support the editorial's conclusion only if…Moreover, the editorial fails to provide any evidence that…cites the Observer survey in which…However, the editorial fails to provide any information about the survey population; therefore it is impossible to determine whether the survey results apply generally to the Alta population.In addition, we are not informed how many parents were surveyed but did not respond. The greater this number, the less reliable the survey.Thus, as it stands the Observer study is statistically unreliable and lends no credible support to the editorial's conclusion.in citing the survey the editorial assumes that…However, the editorial provides no evidence to link one with the other.the argument assumes unfairly that…It is entirely possible that…The argument also overlooks many other possible explanations for…For example,per haps Or perhaps Or perhaps For that matter, perhaps…/Any of these scenarios, if true, would undermine the conclusion that…/ Without considering and eliminating these and other possible reasons why…the president cannot rely on the fact that…to bolster the recommendation.the letter fails to adequately support the claim that…it is fallacious to conclude that…Having failed to address this distinct possibility, the letter is wholly unconvincing.In further support of the recommendation, the letter cites the f act that…yet…But this fact alone lends no support to the recommendation.The author must eliminate these possibilities in order to rely justifiably on this evidence for his or her recommendation.the author unfairly equates …with…The author ignores the p ossibility that…Thus the author cannot convincingly conclude thatSome ways of concession:1.Even if…the author concludes too hastily that…2.Even assuming…the author falsely assumes that…3.even assuming that…the author fails to provide adequate evidence that…4.Even if … the author unfairly assumes that…5.even if we accept that…the argument ignores the possibility that…Without rulingout this possibility, the argument's proponent cannot justifiably conclude that…Besides, the mere fact that…proves nothing unless the author can show that…The author unfairly assumes that…Lacking evidence that this is the case, the author cannot convince me that…it assumes that…applies equally to…Yet this might not be the case, for…A second problem with the argument is that it unj ustifiably assumes that…We are not informed…Without ruling out such possibilities, the author cannot justifiably conclude that…The only evidence the author provides to substantiate this assumption are…If so, then the author cannot justifiably rely on t hese reports to conclude that…it unfairly assumes that…It is entirely possible that…It is also possible that…Without considering such potential academic benefits, the author cannot reasonably conclude that…the president's assumption that… might be unwar ranted.This "either-or" argument is fallacious in that it ignores other possible causes of…(The result) might have been caused by one or more other factors--such as…Without ruling out these and other possible reasons for the decline, the president's argument seems ill-conceived.the results of (some) survey are not necessarily representative of the overall population of …If so, then the president has overlooked the possibility that…If so, then (making such decision) would be ill-advised indeed.the mer e fact that… provides little assurance that…Without ruling out these possibilities, the president cannot justify…on the basis of…the argument depends on the assumption that …--rather than…Yet lacking evidence to the contrary it is entirely possible that…Without ruling out all other reasons why…, the argument that…is dubious at best. Even if …, the argument relies on the further assumption that… Yet the only evidencethe article offers to substantiate this assumption is that… (Perhaps… Or Perhaps…For tha t matter…)In short, without more information about…were established it is impossible to assess whether…(used for false analogy) Without accounting for such differences any analogy between the two cities is premature, and any conclusion based on that analogy is unjustified. the author's inference that incentives which were effective in the past will also be effective in the future rests on the poor assumption that during the last 18 months all conditions upon which their effectiveness depend have remained unchanged.the article fails to consider any other course of action that might help…In short, without weighing the proposal against alternatives, the article's claim that the proposed incentives are the "best" means of …is wholly unconvincing.结尾：结尾的开头：In conclusion, In sum, To sum up. In the final analysis,the recommendation of the author is not well supported.the editorial is (logically) unconvincing as it stands.this is a weak argument.the letter's author fails to adequately support the recommend ation that…the article has not convinced me that…(the proposal)结尾的第二层：To strengthen it/the argument /To bolster the argument, the arguer must provide detailed demographic/statistical evidence showing that…/ the editorial's author must rule out all other possible factors contributing to…/ the argument's proponent must consider and eliminate all other possible explanations for…/ the author must provide clear evidence that…/ the author must first establish a clear causal relationship between…/ the author must demonstrate/show that…/ The author must also show that…The author must also provide evidence--perhaps by way of a reliable survey—that…A proper evaluation of the recommendation requires more information about…In order to better evaluate/ assess/understand the argument, we would need more information about…(the Obs erver survey population, and about the percentage of those surveyed who responded.)I would also need to compare…with…Finally, I would need to consider…。
5.argument模板貌似很万能!
1，论据不足，没有具体数据. 2，过分简单得出结论，忽略多种原因. 3, 因果关系错误.模板1.In this argument, the author concludes that______. At first glance, the author’s reasoning seems to be appealing, while clearly examining the author’s reasoning, we may find that it is unconvincing. Th e argument contains several facets that are questionable.First of all, the author’s evidences are insufficient to support the conclusion. Obviously, author does not provide enough information on the subjects of the survey/poll.But we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented the public opinionsIf the [respondents] only stand for a tiny proportion of the whole [group], we should not be so sure about the conclusion that [the whole group…]It was only carried out in Sun City, but the arguer applies its result to all the company’s markets while doesn’t show us whether Sun City is a representative market of the whole markets.The study revealed, on average, only a small statistical correlation betweenOne specific example can not generate the general conclusion. Therefore,facing such limited evidence, the conclusion is unwarranted.Secondly, the author makes an oversimplified analogy between___ and___. In most instances, this is an unwarranted assumption for the simple reason that things rarely remain the same over extended periods of time/from place to place. As we know, many factors should be taken into the consideration, such as demographics of the population, geographical and physical terrain of the two different areas. _______.In addition, the author commits “after this, and therefore because of this” fallacy. The causal relationship between the cause of _____ and the effect _____ is unwarranted.Even if … has been proved as a result of … , whi ch is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that …This is a fallacious reasoning unless the author can provide persuasive evidences to rule out any other possibilities.To sum up, the conclusion lacks of credibility. Regardless of who the author is, he or she has overlooked or chosen to ignore many aspects of his or her conclusion. To strengthen the conclusion, the author should give more evidences about the above-mentioned possibilities.模板2.In this argument, the arguer advocates that [main idea]. Although this argument might seem reasonable at first glance, it is in fact ill-conceived. The reasons are stated as follows.In the first place, the arguer assumes that [fallacy 1]. Although this is entirely possible, the arguer offers no evidence to substantiate this crucial assumption. It is very likely that [reason 1]. An appropriate example is not very far to seek. [example 1]. The arguer's reasoning is definitely flawed unless the arguer can convince me that these and other possible scenarios are unlikely.In the second place, the arguer assumes that [fallacy 2]. Nevertheless, there is no guarantee that it is necessarily the case, and the arguer does not supply any evidence to confirm this assumption. It is quitepossible that [reason 2]. To illustrate this point clearly, let us take a look at the following representative example. [example 2]. Without accounting for and ruling out these and other alternative explanations, the arguer cannot bolster the recommendation.The last but not the least important, even if the evidence turns out to support the foregoing assumptions, the arguer just simply assumes that [fallacy 2] and neither any conclusive scientific evidence nor any anecdotal evidence is provided to affirm this assumption. It is reasonableto doubt that what the arguer assumes will not happen in reality. It is just as possible that [reason 3]. For example, [example 3].To reach the cited conclusion, the arguer must explain either why none of these alternatives is available or why none of them is able to sustain.To sum up, the arguer’s argument mentioned above is not based on valid evidence or sound reasoning, neither of which is dispensable for a conclusive argument. In order to draw a better conclusion, the arguer should reason more convincingly, cite some evidence that is more persuasive, and take every possible consideration into account.呃。
Argument作文模板
Argument Introduction Paragraph开头：2~3句话，50~60个单词，2~3分钟完成。
结论+前提|论据+谬误1、引用原文，简写（主干|术语）—保留句子中的SOV2、不要歪曲题目3、自己分析时用一般现在时，引用原文保留时态4、只能说题目是invalid, unfounded, groundless, 不说false, wrong.5、谬误：(教材P192&186)开放式：In this argument, the argument concludes that...... To support the conclusion, the arguer points out that...... In addition, the arguer reasons that...... This argument suffers from several critical fallacies.The arguer/speaker recommends that...... To support this recommendation sb. cites the following facts about...... (1) (2) (3) Close scrutiny of each of these facts, however, reveals that none of them lend credible support to the recommendation.罗列式：The notion that+结论......seems at first glance to be an obvious conclusion. After all, +核心谬误. However|Moreover, +加余下谬误。
经典Argument中的好开头：1.The argument that...... creates several problems because it assumes that......, it fails to address......, it omits the following importantevidence......2.有调查但是以偏概全。
argument模板
The argument开头段的思路：第一句指出原论证的结构或主张第二句指出原论证的论据第三句指出原论证的重要假设最后指出原论证犯有逻辑错误正文：一段一个方面，注意句型结尾：结论，对如何加强提出建议。
开头段模式：1．In this argument, the arguer recommend (conclude) that…2．This recommendation is based on the result (evidence; fact) of th e survey that…3．In addition, the arguer assumes this…4．A careful examination would review how groundless the argument (conclusion) i s…对于文中涉及数字的黄金句型：1．The survey on which the argument relies lacks credibility and therefore does not lend strong support to what the arguer assumes.2．The statistical evidence on which the argument depends is so vague (unreprese ntative) that it does not validate the auger’s assumption (claim).对于正文有用的句型：1．The argument rests on the unfounded(unconvincing,unreasonable,gratuitous, groundless,unwarranted)assumption that…2．The arguer fails to take Into account other possible factors that might (lend to, result in)…3．The arguer ignores other relevant factors concerning +名词结构4．The arguer fails to convince us that (sb of)…5．The evidence provided in this argument is not sufficient to validate the assumpt ion that…黄金句型1．The arguer fails to provide solid (any, sufficient, concrete) evidence to prove tha t …/to support the assumption that…/to validate the assumption that …/quarantine t he conclusion that…2．Another point worth concerning is that the arguer fails to take into account… 3．The reasoning that …is open to doubt /unreliable/problematic.4．Another assumption in short of legitimacy is the causal of relationship between A&B./…is that /the claim that…5．The fact that …says little (nothing) about…对于正文的分析以及结尾模式：1．采取推测法，推测有可能的例证，反例，推测作者论证可导致的其他结论。
Argument模板句型
Argument常用结构模板：1. 开头：In this argument the author concludes/claims that__. The conclusion is based on (the result of a survey)___. In addition, the arguer asserts that___. However, the statement alone does not constitute a logical argument in favor of its conclusion and fails to provide compelling support making this argument sound.The speaker asserts(claims/concludes/recommends) that_____. To justify the argument, the arguer points out/cites a result of a survey that_____. At the first glance, this opinion seems to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection tells me that I cannot agree with it for the following reasons(After a careful examination, we can find the conclusion drawn in the argument is ungrounded at all).2. 正文：First, it goes without saying that______.The second problem with this claim is that______.The last thing I want to take a glance at this argument is that__________.or:First, the argument questionably assumes that _____Second, the argument never addresses ______Finally, the argument omits/fails to consider_______or:First of all, the arguer commits a fallacy that of_____In addition, the validity of the survey is open to doubtFinally, the argument is based on a gratuitous assumption that_____3. 结尾：In conclusion, this is a weak argument. To strengthen the conclusion that___, this author must provide a thorough cost-benefit analysis of available alternatives and rule out factors other than___ that might be affecting current profits negatively.In sum, this argument is not convincing as it stands. To make it logically acceptable, the author would have to show that___. Additionally, the author must provide evidence of____. Only with more convincing evidence could this argument become more than just an emotional appeal.Thus, the argument is not completely sound. The evidence in support of conclusion should ____. Ultimately, the argument might have been strengthened by _____The conclusion reached in this argument lacks credibility in that the argument is based on an unwarranted assumption that _____. To strengthen this argument the arguer should provide more evidence to illustrate that_____. Then, the argument will bemore credible/convincing.The argument relies on a series of unsubstantiated assumptions, which render it unconvincing as it stands.辩驳时用一般现在时,复述原文时应与原文时态一致。
GRE_Argument模板汇总
12.If new evidence shows that...,then we are disposed to believe that the author’s conclusion is advisable.
4.However, such a conclusion cannot be readily arrived at because of several unsubstantiated assumptions.
5.If these assumptions prove unwarranted, the argument will be seriously undermined, thus compelling us to reconsider ... .
10.Behind the author’s argument lie a critical implied assertion.
11.It is that... , which could be wrong.
12.The possibility that ... must be considered and addressed.
TypeI.Assumpti来自nII.Evidence
III.Question
IV.Explanation
开头段
1.The author casts doubt on....
2.Data about ... serve to demonstrate ... .
3.The author therefore claims that ... .
Argument模板和漂亮句型的整理
Argument模板和漂亮句型的整理Argument模板和漂亮句型的整理,我们一起学习一下吧，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
Argument模板和漂亮句型的整理开头实验结论In this argument, the arguer concludes that …doing…will lead to …To support the conclusion, the arguer points out that…In addition, the arguer reasons that…The argument suffers from several critical fallacies.自己应该干吗根据观察和现象自己改正根据因果In this argument, the arguer recommends that … should advise … to …To justify this claim, the arguer provides the evidence that… Thus… should follow the study’s recommendation and … in order to …自己尝试新方法根据预测和假想The conclusion in this argument is that … can expect to … by doing … In support of this prediction, the arguer claims that … Moreover, the arguer assumes that this attempt has … benefits:1) to; 2)to; 3)to; This argument is fraught with vague, oversimplified, and unwarranted assumptions.换一个供应商In this argument, the arguer advocates that … should … This recommendation is based on the observation that … Meanwhile, the arguer assumes … to be a better choice … because … This argument is problematic for … reasons.自己应该干吗根据其他州的情况In this analysis, the arguer claims that … should … To substantiate the conclusion, the arguer cites the example of … where … In addition, the arguer assumes that … This arg ument is unconvincing for several critical flaws.正文：The major problem with this argument is that …Another flaw that weakens this argument is that. …In addition, the arguer ignores several factors that might undermine the argument.… the argue r fails to consider several other relevant factors that might influence …For instance … since … what’s more … etc.样本的问题：When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generation they are used to support, so that historical changes will not invalidate the generalization调查survey 的问题：The sample of the survey conducted by the … is vague.But we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented the public opinions..(民意测验) How many people participated?The sample of the survey is not representative.数据的问题：(平均值)The study revealed, on average, only a small statistical correlation between(实验的数据不可靠) the data of the research is unconvincing (样本太小)the sample is too small to... (光数字没比例)the ratio of four to sixthere is only figures but no proportion of the survey 还是ratio?Insufficient SampleIf the [respondents] only stand for a tiny proportion of the whole [group], we should not be so sure about the conclusion that [the whole group…]The arguer commits afallacy of hasty generalization.It was only carried out in Sun City, but the arguer applies its result to all the company’s markets while doesn’t show us whether Sun City is a representative market of the whole markets.实验组的人：性别，年龄，生理特征副作用有的病人会对抗生素过敏错误的类比：But the problem is that the two situations are not similar enough to justify the analogical deduction.错误的比较：The comparison in this argument is incomplete and selective. The arguer discovers that …However, the arguer fails to provide any information regarding … respectively …别的因素：Furthermore the arguer ignores the possibility that … may … Unless the arguer also takes this factor into consideration, the comparison is unconvincing.It is very likely that … and hence… varies significantly.没有因果：Confusing causal relation with correlationthe arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if the maintenance of the airline has been improved as a result of sending its mechanics to the Seminar, which is, of course, anunwarranted assumption, it does not follow that 就算怎样，也不怎样Finally, the arguer hints that … but he fails to analyze the causes. Is it because… or because … ?-----------------------------------------------------------其他：The fact that … does not necessarily imply that …First of all, the argument is based on a hasty generalization. According to the cited studies … which is understandable.It is very likely that … and hence… varies significantly.分析常用：the actual amount of time for doing … respectively …The survey is based on two isolated examples. The arguer should survey more hospitals of both types.How large was the sampleHow many people participated?What extent do this participators improve their …speed?The arguer fails to indicate the attitude of the residents to the ABCs performance.循环假设The arguer commits a fallacy of begging the question in assuming that …-------------------------------------------------------------结尾：To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning the percentage of the affected families and their geographical distribution.In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and misleading.In conclusion, the arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between …To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide evidence that …To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information about …As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate that … is the only condition that …Additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to rule out other possible causes of the …To conclude, this argument is not persuasive as it stands.新GRE写作Argument范文Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.The following appeared in a letter from a department chairperson to the president of Pierce University."Some studies conducted by Bronston College, which is also located in a small town, reveal that both male and female professors are happier living in small towns when their spouses are also employed in the same geographic area. Therefore, in the interest of attracting the most gifted teachers and researchers to our faculty and improving the morale of our entire staff, we at Pierce University should offer employment to the spouse of each new faculty member we hire. Although we cannot expect all offers to be accepted or to be viewed as an ideal job offer, the money invested in this effort will clearly be well spent because, if their。
GRE写作 Argument 模板词句
Argument 模板词句：一、模板In this argument, the author concludes that…To bolster the contention, the author cites the example/statistics that…Plausible as it is ostensibly, the argument suffers from some serious fallacies.First of all, the assumption that…is unwarranted.Second, even admitting that…, I still cast doubt on…Third, in asserting…, the author... However…Apart from the foregoing flaws, another weakness involved in the argument lies in the false conjecture that…To sum up, because of these paralogisms discussed above, I have to suspend my judgment on the credibility of the argument until the author either lends more cogent evidence on….or demonstrate that….二、证据不足●Absence of evidence buttressing that…simply leaves the conclusion open to suspension.●Without ruling out these possibilities, the conclusion is severely undermined.三、错误因果The mere fact cannot substantiate it that there is any correlation between the two phenomena, which just turn out to be synchronic(同时发生的), let alone a causal relationship.四、错误类比Nevertheless, the author makes such a hasty generalization that he totally neglects/overlooks the potential disparity(不同，比difference高级) between A and B.五、举反例●The inadequate evidence cannot overshadow other possible scenarios that…(举反例)●Chances are that…●It is entirely possible that…●We have every reason to surmise that…六、建议改进●Should the author modify the recommendation/take other facts into consideration/providemore evidence to illustrate the point, the conclusion could have been more persuasive.●The writer had better…●It is wiser for the Company not risk adopting the unjustified recommendation before morecredits were lent on this point.七、Argument常用词近义替换：1、证明：substantiate/justify/testify/verify/vindicate/warrant/underlie/corroborate2、解释：illustrate/demonstrate/elucidate/explicate/expound/elaborate/accout for3、推论：contention/position/stance/conclusion/conjecture/inference/deduction4、推理：surmise/conjecture(v.)/extrapolate/deduce/reason(v.)5、可靠：credibility/validity/tenability/reliance/legitimacy/soundness6、削弱：undermine/detract/impair/whittle down/vitiate7、增长:boost/mounting/augment/rise/grow/surge/enhance/accelerate/amplify/promote/ soar/proliferate8、减少：reduce/decline/deplete/drop/fall/cut down/slash/curtail/dwindle/shrink/slash9、可疑：dubious/problematic/sweeping/indefensible/vulnerable to challenge。
argument模版整理
argument模版整理开头In this argument, the arguer concludes(recommends,claims,asserts) that+作者结论. While this program (prediction, conclusion) might be beneficial to some extent, the reasoning of this argument is unconvincing due to several unsubstantiated assumptions which, if proven unwarranted, will seriously challenge the author's recommendation.尽管：Although... can bring about...,granted that..While it may be true that但是：unfortunately, nevertheless, howeverwe need to re-examine the assumption that...is the only solution toit is not guaranteed that,it does not necessarily follow that...还有可能是：It is of equal possibility that...It is perfectly possible that...It is likely that...Suppose that...if it turns out that... then...recommends an initiation of ...我不知道：We are not informed with exact number ofNor do we know whetherWe even have no idea我们需要重新审视假设：This assumption is potentially problematicWe need to re-examine the assumption thatIt is unreasonable to assumeA导致B：A result in B / A trigger B / A contribute to BB由A导致：B result from A / B rise from AEvidence1.To convince us, the author has to provide the evidence that+证据.2.Without offering the evidence that...+Assumption, the author fails to convince us that the argument is complete and substantiated.3.One piece of evidence that is needed to strengthen the argument is that...+AssumptionQuestion1.Firstly, we are not informed whether...+ Assumption.2.Without answering the question whether...+Assumption, the author fails to convince us that the argument is complete and substantiated.3.One question that is needed to be answer is that...Assumption1.The author assumes too hastily that +Assumption.2.The argument relies on the unsubstantiated assumption that +Assumption.3.The author assumes without hesitation that +Assumption.Explanation1.First of all, it is possible that...+Assumption is the reason of the fact that...+证据2.Secondly, the fact that...+证据might be attributed to...+Assumption/doc/8113435577.html,stly, it is possible that ...+Assumption is responsible for the fact that...+证据结尾: In conclusion, the recommendation the author made relies on certain doubtful assumptions that render it unconvincing as it stands.未归类Firstly,secondly,lastly调查类问题1.选择性样本数据不全面，数据人群无法反映假设或结论人群It is possible that the survey fails to effectively cover the target group...2.样本数量不足statistically significant in number and representative of the target group3.调查问题设计不适当（引导性的问题，设计不科学）Lacking information about the number of employees surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to access the validity of the results.4.开展调查的机构没有可信度5.回答者的回答可能不诚实Are the respondents being forthright6.调查是否过旧lacking information about the time this survey conducted, it is impossible to access the validity of the argument.7.是否是匿名的we are not informed whether the survey responses are anonymous数据信息问题1.数据模糊2.数据不完整the arguer tells us that a number of. However, he fails to indicate absolute number and the percentageof If this is the case, the results of the survey would be rendered meaningless.错误类比the arguer's recommendation relies on the assumption that ...in both A and B are similar. However, it is entirely possible that...In short, without accounting for such possible differences between A and B, the arguer cannot prove that...强制因果The arguer fails to establish the causal relationship between A and B. This argument is unacceptable unless there is compelling evidence to support the connection between these two events. However, chances are that... is responsible for...It is highly possible that other factors contribute to B. For instance, B might have resulted from C. It is also likely that D caused B. Lacking evidence that links A to B, it is presumptuous to suggest that A was responsible for B.因果倒置It is possible that the mayor has confused cause with. Perhaps A was a response to B. Since the mayor has failed to account for this possibility, the claim that ... is completely unwarrant.偷换概念If A is defined as B, then how C, is irrelevant to whether B. In short, without a clear definition of A, it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.有个体放大到整体The argument rests on the assumption that个体typify nationwide 整体. If this is not the case, then it is entirely possiblethat 在另一个地方，上述个案的结果不会发生相同的情况. Thus, lacking more information about...nationwide, it is difficult to assess the merit of the recommendation.整体缩小为个体One problem with the argument is that it assumes that the nationwide statistics about整体applies equally to个体成员, Yet this might not be the case, for a variety of possible reasons. Perhaps...;or perhaps....Without ruling out such possibilities, the author cannot justifiably conclude that...时间外推things rarely remain the same over extended period of time.样本选择selective sample样本数量quantity of the sample结果扭曲misconduct the survey时间变化when was the survey conducted数据模糊vague data数据不完整incomplete information回答者不真实respondents are not forthright回答者没有代表性respondents are not representative错误类比false analogy只对比部分confusing comparison and variation偷换概念unrelated concepts偷换范围changing scopes过去不能推未来inferring a future condition from a past condition没考虑其他变量lack of controlled experiment解决办法不够有力insufficiency and unnecessity of the solution解决办法没有可行性failing to consider the feasibility of the conclusion没有考虑解决办法的坏处failing to weigh the advantage and disadvantage thoroughly 没考虑其他解决办法false dilemma 强制因果non-causal relationshipA导致B，而是B导致A confusing the cause and effect同时发生不为因果confusing concurrence with causality前后发生不为因果post hoc, ergo propter hoc证据不足insufficient evidence无证据假设unwarranted assumption。
Argument 模板—小可爱思路(背)
Evidence开头：①In this argument, the author concludes that…②To buttress this conclusion, the author cites the evidence…; he also resorts to the proof that…; finally, the fact is given showing that…③However, the information given in the argument does not suffice to evaluate the soundness of the conclusion.④Therefore we need further evidence to help us assess the argument.中间段落：①First, the author claims that… ②To support this claim, the evidenc e is given showing us that…③However, a better evaluation of this claim requires more evidence about…④If the evidence shows that…then the claim is weakened and…; on the contrary, if the evidence demonstrates that…then it helps to strengthen the claim and…结尾：①To sum up, despite the evidence showing…, and the information about…, as well as the proof indicating that…., we are unable to evaluate this argument ②To better assess the argument, we need more evidence.Explanation开头：①In this argument, (陈述现象)…②To explain the… , the author claims that…③Plausible as the explanation may appear, it is not the only one that can reasonably account for the facts presented in the argument. ④Therefore, we also need to examine other explanations that could rival the proposed explanation given by the author.中间段落：①First, the author claims that… ②However, XXX might not be the only factor leading to the fact. ③For example, it is highly likely that…; it is of equal possibility that…④Without ruling out the aforementioned possibilities, we remain unconvinced that the author’s explanation is the only one that can plausibly account for the facts.结尾：①To sum up, even if the proposed explanation in the argument appears to plausibly account for the facts, ②we shouldnot ignore other possible explanations which could also rival the author’s explanation.Assumptions开头：①In this argument, the author concludes that…②To support his conclusion… , the author shows us…; also, he argues that…; finally, he claims that…③Plausible as the conclusion may appear, the assumptions underlying the conclusion suffer from absence of critical support.④If the assumptions prove unwarranted, the argument would be therefore weakened.中间段落：①First, the author claims that… ②What underlies the claim is the assumption that… ③However, such an assumption is doubtful due to…④When…, then the assumption will be proved unwarranted and the conclusion will be further weakened.结尾：①To sum up, even though the conclusion that… might be right, the underly ing assumptions lack significant support. ②As examined above, the potential untenability of the assumptions would cast great doubt on the author’s conclusion.Questions开头：①In this argument, the author concludes that…②To support his conclusion… , the author shows us…; also, he argues that…; finally, he claims that…③Plausible as the conclusion may appear, we need to ask more questions and the answers to these questions would help evaluate the author’s recommendation.中间段落：①First, the author claims that… ②However, we need to ask…; …;…③If…, the recommendation would be rendered unconvincing…; otherwise it would be strengthened结尾：①To sum up, a better evaluation of the recommendation behooves us to ask more questionsand the answers to these questions would help us decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result.。
ARGUMENT模板
开头：In this argument, the author concludes/recommends that… To support this argument the author bases this conclusion/recommendation on N facts:…Nonetheless, merely based upon a sequence of ungrounded assumptions and dubitable evidence which seems plausible at first glance, the argument actually fails to take into account alternative explanations and compelling support, thus unconvincing.结尾：In sum, the evidence cited in this excerpt does not permit any reliable inference or conclusions about… To further bolster the argument/to better assess the problem, I would also need…/the author must rule out the possibility that…Only with more persuasive evidence could this argument be more than just an emotional appeal.中间段开头：1.The first problem with which I would like to deal is that…2.Another weakness that may undermine the logic of this argument is that…3.We cannot safely come to a conclusion without considering another possible flaw which mighthave gone unnoticed:Statistic:⑴The author provides no assurance that the survey on which the argument depends is statistically reliable. ⑵First, the author fails to provide any information about the survey population, namely, the number of respondents; ⑶In addition, we are not informed how many Xs were surveyed but did not respond---the greater this number, the less reliable the survey. ⑷The author must show that Xs polled constitute an adequately large sample which is representative of all such Xs. ⑸Otherwise, the statistic the author cites amounts to scant evidence that…⑹Aside from the survey’s statistically unreliability, in citing the survey the author assumes that…Cause and effect：Disregarding a host of other possible explanations for…the author observes a correlation between A and B, then concludes that the former is the cause of the latter. While a high correlation is strong evidence of a causal relationship, in itself it is not sufficient. For instance, it is entirely possible that… or perhaps that… Only when the author considers and eliminates all these scenarios am I fully convinced that the author’s conclusion/recommendation is warranted. All things are equal:⑴It is unfair to infer that A is better than B based solely on the comparison between… The inference rests on the poor assumption that…, rather than other phenomenon, was responsible for…⑵Yet in all likelihood this is simply not the case. ⑶The disparity in…can readily be explained by factors other than…⑷such as…/For example…⑸In short, in order to properly conclude that……, the author must first rule out all other feasible explanations for the disparity in… between A and B. ⑹Otherwise, I simply cannot accept the author’s implicit claim.False analogy:The mere fact that B benefits greatly from…does not necessarily mean that A will benefit similarly from it. The author fails to consider potential distinctions between A and B that might contribute to a different result for X. For instance…Without accounting for these and other possible dissimilarities, I cannot accept the author’s recommendation that B follows A’s example.Report and Complaint:⑴The author provides no assurance that the reports/complaints in which the survey cites is statistically reliable. ⑵Even though the number of complaints is smaller, the percentage of people complaining might be higher. ⑶What is more, perhaps many such people express their displeasure/discontent simply by not…⑷Having failed to address this distinct possibility, the argument is wholly unconvincing.Respondents:⑴The author provides no assurance that the survey on which the argument depends is statistically reliable. ⑵The excerpt fails to assure me that the survey results accurately reflect the desires of most Xs, or that the results precisely predict the X’s behavior. ⑶Common sense informs me that Xs do not necessarily make decisions in strict accordance with their expressed desires. ⑷Absent any explanation of how the survey is conducted, the author cannot reasonably conclude on this basis.Competitors:The author concludes without adequate evidence that if…… had done, A will be undoubtedly more competitive and see its dramatic profitability. Yet this amounts to fallacious reasoning. Perhaps A’s competitors/B has also acquired the same type of Xs/are introducing similar Xs which is of higher quality and at lower prices which render them more attractive to people than A’s Xs. ⑵I and II are only two of many factors affecting…, other factors, including III and IV, are also alternatively responsible for it. ⑶Without ruling out all other such factors, it is impossible to determine with certainty that…Other logical flaws:1.Although… might be attractive to many Xs, these features are probably not indispensable toall Xs.2.For wealthier Xs/Xs who are well-off …is not likely to be a factor in choosing…/a significantconcern in…3.⑴The author relies on statistics from only two…⑵The survey involved only…4.In all likelihood this is simply not the case/yet this might not always be the case, for a varietyof possible reasons.5.Without considering such potential benefits, the author cannot reasonably conclude that thedisadvantages of… outweigh the advantages.6.⑴Even if the author can substantiate the foregoing assumptions, I remain unconvinced thatthe impending increase in sales will occur within the next few months. ⑵Perhaps X sales are highly seasonal or temporarily unaccepted by people in general, thus C need to wait longer than two months to see the dramatic increase it expects.7.⑴The argument rests on the poor assumption that the decline in sales is attributable to aproblem that…… will solve. ⑵Yet it is entirely possible that the decline is due to such factors as inadequate planning, imprudent pricing and distribution strategies, inadvisable marketing, or poor management, and that these problems have not been remedied.8.The author’s recommendation rests on the questionable supposition that X has only twoalternatives---A and B. In all likelihood X can engage one of many other contractors instead/adopt one of many other means instead.9.Although overall X sales are in decline, perhaps sales of A are actually increasing while salesof all other types of X are decreasing.10.The author points out that B is not experiencing similar problems.11.Perhaps it was the only feasible plan, and that X had no choice.12.The author concludes too hastily that… will continue to…。
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GRE终极模板句型Argument常用结构模板：1. 开头：In this argument the author concludes/claims that__. The conclusion is based on (the result of a survey)___. In addition, the arguer asserts that___. However, the statement alone does not constitute a logical argument in favor of its conclusion and fails to provide compelling support making this argument sound.The speaker asserts(claims/concludes/recommends) that_____. To justify the argument, the arguer points out/cites a result of a survey that_____. At the first glance, this opinion seems to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection tells me that I cannot agree with it for the following reasons(After a careful examination, we can find the conclusion drawn in the argument is ungrounded at all).2. 正文：First, it goes without saying that______.The second problem with this claim is that______.The last thing I want to take a glance at this argument is that__________.or:First, the argument questionably assumes that _____Second, the argument never addresses ______Finally, the argument omits/fails to consider_______or:First of all, the arguer commits a fallacy that of_____In addition, the validity of the survey is open to doubtFinally, the argument is based on a gratuitous assumption that_____3. 结尾：In conclusion, this is a weak argument. To strengthen the conclusion that___, this author must provide a thorough cost-benefit analysis of available alternatives and rule out factors other than___ that might be affecting current profits negatively.In sum, this argument is not convincing as it stands. To make it logically acceptable, the author would have to show that___. Additionally, the author must provide evidence of____. Only with more convincing evidence could this argument become more than just an emotional appeal.Thus, the argument is not completely sound. The evidence in support of conclusion should ____. Ultimately, the argument might have been strengthened by _____The conclusion reached in this argument lacks credibility in that the argument is based on an unwarranted assumption that _____. To strengthen this argument the arguershould provide more evidence to illustrate that_____. Then, the argument will be more credible/convincing.The argument relies on a series of unsubstantiated assumptions, which render it unconvincing as it stands.辩驳时用一般现在时,复述原文时应与原文时态一致。
逻辑错误与经典句型：1）无理假设·It is unreasonable/ unwarranted to assume that…·The arguer takes for granted and without justification that…·The argument depends on a questionable assumption that…2）证据缺失或不足·It does not take into account that possibility that…·The arguer fails to rule out the possibility that…·The arguer fails to provide any sufficient evidence to support the assumption that…·The arguer ignores/neglects other relevant factors concerni ng…3）数据错误·The statistical evidence of the survey upon which the argument relies is too vague to be informative.·Lacking more specific information about base amount, it is impossible to assess the reliability of the survey’s results or to make an informed recommendation.·From the survey quoted in the argument, however, we find no sign of such procedure for random sampling, and have good reasons to doubt if the sample is representative enough to reflect the general ____ as a whole.·The statistical result of the survey lacks credibility and therefore does not lend strong support to the arguer’s assumption.4）因果无关·Only relying on photographs does not guarantee that they are left-handed.·Using left hand in writing does not mean that one is left-handed·The fact that________does not justify the assertion that_______·The arguer relies on incorrect/irrelevant data.·The fact that___ does not necessarily ensure/imply that____.5）急于概括·The argument assumes that what is true of group of people taken collectively is also true of any individual within that group.·The arguer assumes that what is true of a group as a whole is necessarily true of each member of that group.·The arguer attempts to extract a general principle from a specific case.·___ draws a hasty conclusion, based on inadequate evidence about____·The argument uses a few exceptional cases as the basis for a claim about what is true in general.·The argument attributes a characteristic of an individual member of a group to the group as a whole.6）模糊概念·It does not mean that it is relatively lower by a national standard.·What if the price in the year before last year was excessively high, then even if it declined sharply last year, it was still possibly much higher than other places. ·There is no hard evidence to prove that the reform will reduce costs given that the readings are not available.·A few complaints about low water pressure has already proved that the consequence of the reform might be grave.·The survey concerning the situation of the first floor to the fifth floor does not cover that of the floors above the fifth while low water pressure might be an acute problem. ·Any further linkage of these two phenomena requires more evidence and is not justified by the data so far available.·Comprehensive analysis is necessary to identify the actual cause of_____·The argument simply equates A with B, which is unwarranted.7）错误类比·If the ocean is destined to breach the dike, then let all its bitter waters pour into my soul.·The argument fails to take into account possible differences between A and B that are relevant to______.·However, the problem is that the two situations are not similar enough to justify the analogical deduction.8）非此即彼·The author is presenting a false dilemma by imposing an either-or choice/fallacy between two courses of action that need not be mutually exclusive.论证方式：·例证法: for instance, for example·假设法: suppose, is it because·推测法: it is likely that…全文模板：In this argument, the arguer concludes that___. To support this conclusion, the arguer points out that___. In addition, he reasons that___. Furthermore, he also indicates that___. But in my point of view, this argument suffers from ___ critical flaws.First problem with the argument is that___.Another problem with the argument is that___.Finally, the argument ignores other factors, such as___.Since the author commits the above mentioned logical mistakes and fails to consider the whole situation comprehensively, his ideas should not be adopted. The conclusion would be strengthened if______.时间安排：1、快速审题（2min）2、开头段（5min）3、正文提纲（3min）-保证每段的中心句4、正文（14min）5、结尾段（3min）6、检查（3min）必用经典词必然类：necessarily, ensure, guarantee, warrant, causal明显类：conspicuously, obviously, clearly, apparently怀疑类：doubtable, unconvincing, unacceptable, unwarranted, unfounded, groundless可能类：possible, probably, likely, there is a good chance that, it is more likely that, it is equally possible that因果类：result in, result from, therefore, as a result转折类：even though, however, otherwise其他类：as we all know, a great deal of empirical evidence shows that, the fact tells very little about, another assumption short of legitimacy is that。