毕业论文外文翻译--电子商务与旅游业(外文原文+中文翻译)
电子商务网上购物中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)附件1：外文翻译译文网上购物的自由、控制和乐趣网上购物的消费者数量和网上购物的数额正在上升；费雷斯特研究公司估计，今年互联网销售额是去年的20亿倍以上。
相比之下，美国去年的整体零售销售额达13万亿美元。
因此，目前电子商务的销售额仅占零售销售额的1%左右。
专家和学者闷得争执消费者网上消费的百分比的可能上限。
网上消费上限将超过其他直接营销的15%，或者如费雷斯特研究公司所建议的，到2010年占许多零售采购产品类别的1/3.最终，在何种程度上满足购物目标导向和有经验的消费者需求将影响消费者会选择花在每个环境中的美元金额。
虽然许多作家都在鼓吹在线媒体提供交互性和个性化的体验的独特功能，例如，很少有系统的集中于网上购物者真正需要什么，以及为什么他们把网上购物放在第一位清楚的了解什么激发消费者网上购物可以并应告知战略、技术和市场营销的决定，以及网站设计。
那么，什么激发网上购物？在离线的环境中营销人员认识到，消费者不同的消费方式取决于他们用于搜索的动机是否主要是体验（因为好玩）还是目标导向（因为效率高）。
我们的网上客户的研究表明，这两种动机同样可以推广到在线环境。
体验行为特别可能发生在消费者有一个持续的爱好型的兴趣类别中。
收藏家和爱好者享受“惊险的狩猎”一样收藏各种收藏品。
同样，有时间保证和欲望刺激可以引起更多的体验购物行为。
学者们还发现，更高的娱乐性与体验行为比专注于目标的购物引起更积极的情绪、更大的网上购物满意度和更高可能性的购物冲动行为。
目标导向或功利购物已被各种营销学者描述为任务导向的，高效的，合理的和蓄意的。
因此，专注于目标的购物是以交易为导向，希望快速购买他们想要的东西而无需焦急。
零售消费者将功力购买描述为“工作”和评估其努力的成功的条款通常与工作表现相关词汇联系起来，如“成功”“完成”。
重要的是，市场调查公司发现，2/3到4/5的互联网买家从事特定产品的狭义在线搜索。
电子商务的兴起的旅游业的影响(英文版)
Impact of E-commerce on Tourism in ChinaI．The development of Chinese tourismFrom the sustained and rapid developing of Chinese tourism, the international tourism industry has been generally optimistic about the Chinese market, and predicted that China will be the most popular tourist destination in the 21st century. In a market economy, the demand is the most important resource, demand is the biggest advantage. In China, the demands for inbound tourism, domestic tourism and outbound tourism are heating up, it has become the world's highest growth rate for years.Especially for recent years, the growth of world economy, and the economic recovery in Southeast Asia, has greatly encouraged the rising of international tourism demand. Meanwhile, as the main tourist economy and an important force in stimulating domestic demand, the domestic tourism has showed up a huge marketing potential in the past two years. It can be expected in the next 20 years, China's economic development will further accelerate the people's living standard, and the tourism demand will continue to expand. Therefore, China, which is the world's first domestic tourism market, has the potential to achieve a world tourism power. It’s the time for China to seize opportunities, meet challenges, and use the high-technology to transform traditional tourism to a modern toursim.II．The analysis of the tourism industry value chain under e-commerce environment"E-commerce" is spread with the popularity of the Internet. Tourism is a labor-intensive and information technology-intensive industry.In the tourism market, n on-material goods as a trade-oriented tourism activities in the tourism market is not the driving force in the flow of material in the form of a commodity,but the transmission of information on tourism products caused by the flow of tourists. From this point of view, the core of tourism circulating is information. The introduction of tourism e-commerce has brought new opportunities for the development of tourism industry.E-commerce has been introduced to tourism industry just for a few years, but its momentum is verystrong.E-commerce has become new model for tourism trade in the information age. In 2002,global tourism e-commerce sales exceeded$ 63 billion,five consecutive years of more than350%growth rate. According to theWorld Tourism Organization expected in the next five years,tourism e-commerce will account for25% of all travel transactions, and tourism e-commerce in the proportion of e-commerce will reach20% to 25%.In China, tourism e-commerce website appeared in 1996, to the present, it has reached more than 5,000, among which, there are more than 300 professional travel sites, including three categories, regional sites, professional sites. Regional sites are mainly about local attractions, scenic beauty of the introduction, the overall strength is poor with less information, it’s difficult for them to guarantee their financial income. The professional sites mainly carry out professional travel agency business, including traditional travel agencies and professional web site e-commerce website. The former has CYTS network, CITS net. Comfort Travel also opened the first outbound tourism web site that provide the service for outbound tourism registration, passports, visas, border control, customs and other knowledge. The latter has Ctrip Travel Network, e long net, China travel net. E-commerce is the most important way for China's tourism industry to participate in international competitions. The National Tourism Administration attaches great attention on this.III．Tourism and tourism E-commerceAs an advanced e-commerce trade, e-commerce consists of three parts: information consulting services system, currency payment system, logistics and distribution system, in short, that is: information, capital and logistics. Compared with other traditional industries, besides the huge amount of information service, high reliability, "online travel" has another advantage, it’s has very conven ient logistics and distribution.General travel sites just released some tourist information, not using the online electronic commerce, that’s why they have not achieved much breakthrough. From the second half of 1999, the travel e-commerce was officially activated, which was marked by a large number of IT professionals entering travel sites. At present, "CYTS Online" website officially opened as a large, traditional travel agency, which marks the China Youth Travel Service's travel e-commerce industry officially kicked off.The most powerful method for online travel agency, is the implementation of e-commerce, via the network platform, to beat the traditional tourism industry by information services, product sales, payment and settlement and other aspects (travelers can make a online booking, reservation, set group provide for tourist routes, etc.). This will not only greatly change the traditional tourism industry, reduce travel costs, but also quickly change the traditional concept of tourism, so that the "network" and "travel" can be displayed and promoted to the maximum values.IV．The status of the tourism e-commerce in China4.1 No enough tourism business websites, the low development of tourism e-commerce.At present, there are thousands of tourism websites, which can integrate the six elements of tourism-food, transportation, lodge,travelling, shopping, entertainment, but few of them can provide those personalized, technology, travelling services with special season requirements. Due to lack of the support of professional resources, even there are many tourist information sites, the professional tourism websites are still not enough, and the real tourism e-commerce sites are even less. Most of tourism websites stay with publishing simple tourist routes, tourist information, attractions,travel tips and other travel information, the information can’t be updated in time,not closely follow the market demands, can’t provide enough tourism information.As the tourism business websites do not attach to tourists demands, it is difficult to form a true sense of the tourism business, can’t attract many tourists. The tourism e-commerce in China started late, there are no much companies realize the importance of tourism e-commerce development, many companies are still watching and waiting. Few companies which are in the f orefront of e-commerce remain in the lower stage because the macro-environment is not mature, they can not achieve a real sense of online transactions, there is no real connect between network and the real life. So, they can not create a real tourism e-commerce.4.2Transaction security is still the major factor in the development of tourism e-commerceAs the rapid growth of the internet, tourism e-commerce has attracted wide attention, it is considered as one of the most promising new growth point in the IT industry. However,how to ensure the security of data transmission in an open network environment has become one of the most important factor to tourism e-commerce’s popularity. There were some online researches about t ourism e-commerce’ prospects, about the question that why not shop online, the vast majority of people are worried about hackers attacks resulting in loss of credit card information. Therefore,some people are worried about security issues and refuse to use tourism e-commerce.Security has become the biggest obstacle in the development of tourism e-commerce.V.The main problem in the development of tourism e-commerce in chinaThe reasons of restricting the development of tourism network in China are not only technical problems, but also the traditional tourism business environment and the socio-economic development.5.1Lack of CreditEspecially in the domestic B to C (that is, vendor to customer) tourism e-commerce, how’s trade credit of the tourism enterprise? Are they consistent between the internet commodity and the real tourism service? How’s the service quality? The re are even some problems with the credibility of the current television advertising, let alone the online travel products, the customers will be worried more.5.2The development of tourism e-commerce lack of confidence because laws and regulations are lagged behind.Because of e-commerce related laws and regulations lagging behind, the parties involved in transactions lack of self-discipline and strict oversight, the authenticity of the information can not be guaranteed.5.3The limitation of online payment become the constraint of the development of tourism e-commerce.Currently, online payment has not really solved, there are still a lot of payment models of "online trading, reality pay", which make it difficult for e-commerce break the constraints. No security of credit commitments, the parties involved in tourism e-commerce do not fully trust each other, it makes the tourism e-commerce development in large scales also too early.5.4Lack of compound talents make the current tourism e-commerce websites stay in a low level.The development of tourism e-commerce lacks of a large number of compound talents who know not only the technology but also the management. The operation of tourism e-commerce website involves a wide range of comprehensive knowledge which has the high requirements from both customers and companies. It is the truth that many tourism sites are facing very difficult conditions. The lack of talent is the most important reason that impact of the development of tourism e-commerce.5.5Most of the businesses in tourism websites are overlapped with the traditional tourism companies.It lacks of new tourism e-commerce products which are suitable for online trading. During the development of e-commerce, the tourism projects published by most of tourism sites lack of pertinence and not personalized, they are mainly copy the traditional tourism products and services to the websites, no any features and sellingpoints.5.6The tourism websites are behind the demands in China, the overall development of tourism e-commerce is too low.The tourism commerce websites which can integrate the six elements of tourism -food, transportation, lodge, travel, shopping, entertainment, personalized and timely offers, information, and season tourism products, are far behind the demands. Due to lack of the supports of professional resources, and the mature macro-environment, the e-commerce features are mostly stuck in a low level, it’s difficult for the connection between network and reality, of course, there is no way to create a real tourism e-commerce.VI．The strategies of the development of tourism e-commerce in China6.1 Support from government to build the platform for tourism e-commerce.Tourism is a government-led industry. Government departments should be the organizers for the applications of tourism e-commerce at the macro aspects, to support the development of tourism electronic commerce from the many aspects, to improve thee-commerce software and hardware environment and the legal environment. Use the tax and other price leverage to push the development of tourism e-commerce, meanwhile, strengthen the Internet infrastructure, and accelerate the establishment, refinement and modify of tourism e-commerce-related policies and laws, eliminate those policies and systems which restrict the development of tourism e-commerce.6.2 The traditional tourism companies should change the traditional concept, to integrate the resources and carry out the personalized services.The integration and the strategic alliance between the t raditional tourism enterprises and the tourist sites are the common way and the new growth point for the both parts. In the tourism e-commerce website development, the most constraining issues are integration of resources, the tourism sites must rely on the rich resources from traditional tourism industry. Tourism enterprises can achieve the scalized and networking development by changing the traditional marketing concept, establishing their own internal business management information systems which has a high degree of integration with Internet and developing their own brands.In addition, personalized tourism products become more and more popular, the greatest benefits of personalized service is that the company can provide customers with more satisfactory alternative. This requires a comprehensive collection, extraction and integration of the different characteristics of consumer demand, then fractionize those information, and provide products and services so that consumers can freely choose travel destinations, hotels, transport and so on. In short, tourism resources database is the basis for the development of tourism e-commerce; the quality and quantity of information is the key to the development of tourism e-commerce; network traffic is the development of tourism e-commerce market indicators.6.3Tourism enterprises should strengthen the coordination and communication with the related parts.Tourism e-commerce is inseparable from social parties, especially the IT industry, financial services, transportation departments and industry associations. In order to achieve the real e-commerce, tourism online enterprises should strengthen the cooperation with the tourism industry, authorities, industry associations, regulateChinese tourism industry standards, and must actively cooperate with the transport sector, implement the electronic ticketing (tickets, tickets, tickets) to seize market share.China should actively study suitable electronic ticketing, create a new booking system, and as soon as possible connect with international standards. There is also software design companies which can not be ignored, it should provide the tailored IT products and services for different enterprise, build the platforms for the existing tourism information release system, hotel reservation system, airline reservation system, immigration and travel distribution system, domestic travel sales systems, outreach marketing systems, billing systems, and team schedule management system. Furthermore, tourism enterprises should actively cooperate with the banks, draw on the experience of developed countries, universe the payment methods of credit card, electronic cash, electronic checks and other electronic payment methods, make the online payments become safe, convenient, fast and efficient.6.4Improve the staff quality, cultivate compound talentsTravel site construction, operation and management involves a wide range of knowledge, it requires their employees not only have higher network technology, e-commerce knowledge, also have more professional tourism knowledge and tourism marketing, management knowledge. Therefore, in order to meet the high-tech development, the employees in the tourism authorities and tourism businesses should improve their knowledge of e-commerce, in particular, strengthen the training for the leadership.6.5Improve the level and quality of the website service of tourism businessThe website is the most important part of the e-commerce, the key to the success of tourism e-commerce operation, depends on whether the site are attractive, and fully display the characteristics of natural resources and cultural landscape. Travel site construction should avoid duplication, fragmentation. It should take full advantage of the network to achieve the scale of operations, highlight the overall competitiveness of tourism products. Tourism resources database is the basis for the development of tourism e-commerce, we should strengthen the tourism database development, so as to detail the tourism resources, and improve the quality of tourist information.6.6Enhance the security of transactionsWe should build secure and reliable communications network, effectively protect the information systems on the network to prevent data theft or misappropriation. Meanwhile, we should train tourism e-commerce talents to learn how to protect their information systems and data security. Taking into account the risk and decentralization of the internet, online data security and integrity must be guaranteed the same as in the database. In addition, we must ensure the long-term integrity and security for tourism e-commerce records, avoid fraud, so as to provide the credibility which is a must in a wide range of tourism e-commerce. Finally, we must stay away from a wide range of threats from the Internet to ensure the integrity of the computer system itself.6.7Strength the brand competitionBusiness on the Internet can’t grab market share only if their service reach the first class level, at present, the competition between well-known tourist site has crossed the competition stages of financial strength, information richness, and interactivity degree, enter into the brand competition period, such as the quality of customer service, marketing processing, advertising etc, that is to establish services credibility and reputation. A study on the network find that many transactions are generated from the returning customers, which indicates these networks have a high level of credibility and reputation, brand strength plays an important role.VII．ConclusionE-commerce is essentially the integration of network information and business operation process, it changes the traditional network information flow mainly through modern information technology, and guides the business flow, capital flow and talents flow with the net work information flow, quickly match transactions, effectively achieve lower costs and improve benefits. Although the application of e-commerce is still new developed, there are no uniform understanding for many problem, and lack of wholly satisfactory in the technical aspects, but the unique of tourism products make the tourism as the most suitable industries for the development of e-commerce. The emergence of e-commerce challenge traditional tourism, meanwhile, it also provides the tourism industry an opportunity to take off. For this, we must attach great importance of tourism e-commerce on the technological innovation of traditional transactions methods,fully aware that the innovation of tourism e-commerce brings the new market efficiency, and the impact on the change of production and management in tourism enterprises.At the same time, tourism is a highly information-based industry. The application of e-commerce realize the accessibility and non-destruction of information and communication, which result that a number of tourism enterprises think the information is the interest, they equal the process of obtaining the information to the process of achieving the interests . In fact, the transmission of tourism commercial interest is much less smooth than the transmission of net information, the access to tourism business interests is a complex and extensive process, in which the information is a highly refined, and it’s development process of the cooperation among a variety of factors. Therefore, we should rationally look on the tourism e-commerce.References：[1] 李琪.电子商务概论[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2004.[2] 巫宁.信息化时代的中国旅游电子商务「M].北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2003.[3] 黄敏学.电子虚拟市场的演进与交易.武汉大学出版社,2002[4] 湛亚民.旅游电子商务与我国旅游业的发展.武汉工业学院学报,2000(3)[5] 施仲军,袁峰.信息社会中云南旅游市场营销问题初探.云南财贸学院学报,2000(6)[6] 王兆良.我国旅游经济与电子商务相结合问题探讨.中南民族大学学报,2002(3)[7] 杨丽.中国旅游电子商务发展中的一些问题与对策的研究.旅游学刊,2001(6)[8] 陆均良.旅游电子商务清华大学出版社参考文献：[1]李琪.电子商务概论[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2004.[2] 巫宁.信息化时代的中国旅游电子商务「M].北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2003.[3] 黄敏学.电子虚拟市场的演进与交易.武汉大学出版社,2002[4] 湛亚民.旅游电子商务与我国旅游业的发展.武汉工业学院学报,2000(3)[5] 施仲军,袁峰.信息社会中云南旅游市场营销问题初探.云南财贸学院学报,2000(6)[6] 王兆良.我国旅游经济与电子商务相结合问题探讨.中南民族大学学报,2002(3)[7] 杨丽.中国旅游电子商务发展中的一些问题与对策的研究.旅游学刊,2001(6)[8] 陆均良.旅游电子商务清华大学出版社。
电子商务与旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献
电子商务与旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译:电子商务与旅游业摘要电子商务的鼎盛时期已经过去还是仅仅只是在休整？商业和股市期望没有得到满足。
但是，抛去其强硬的经济问题和数量稀少旅客，电子商务在诸如旅游和旅游业的网上交易的一些部门依然不断增加。
这个行业是在B2C（企业对消费者）领域的领导型应用。
而在其他行业有较强的坚持传统工艺，旅游业正经历一个电子商务的接受过程，该行业的结构正在发生变化。
网络不仅用于收集信息；通过互联网订购服务正在被接受。
一个新型的用户正在出现，接受成为他自己的旅行社，并建立自己的旅游套票。
在2002年美国在线旅游市场增长了45％至27亿元。
占市场总值的14.4％，欧洲在线旅游增加了67％，占市场总额的3.6％。
同年美国32％的旅客已使用互联网预订旅游安排。
预测到2007年30%的B2C交易在欧洲的德国将在互联网上完成。
然而，其他的市场研究机构发布其他，高和低，编号。
这些统计数据问题，他们是基于不同，要么宽或窄、定义：要么区分：电子商务和电子商务(看到后者作为部分的第一)或不是，并且使用不同的变量和测量方法。
但是，即使证明不同的定义，给出了所有的统计数字旅游域点向上。
然而，在所有这些定义亏缺了一个重要方面我们可以看出在旅游案例：他们是所有交易和商业导向和忽略了这个事实，即网络也是一个中等的好奇心、创建社区或刚一件有趣的事，所有这一切都可能发生，也可能不会获得业务。
特别是旅游产品与情感体验，有趣但并不仅仅是业务。
一、关于这个行业旅游及旅游业作为一个全球或者说全球化的行业体现了非常具体的特点：1.旅行和观光的代表了大约11%世界范围内(GDP)旅游卫星账户后举行的世界旅游的方法和旅游委员会)；2.将有十亿国外游客在2010年世界旅游组织，平均而言，旅游增长速度超过其他的经济部门；3. 作为一个伞业它涉及到许多部门，如文化或体育运动，超过30种不同的工业部件，服务已确认的旅行者；4.解释了整个行业的非均质性，因为它的中小企业结构(尤其是拍照的时候目的地的观点)，它有一个巨大的重要性了区域发展。
旅游电子商务网站的设计与实现外文文献
International Symposium on Computers & Informatics (ISCI 2015)Design and Realization of Jingdezhen TourismE-commerce WebsiteHu Jingfang1, a, Li Busheng2, b1 School of Information Engineering, Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute, Jingdezhen, 333403, China2 School of Information Engineering, Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute, Jingdezhen, 333403, Chinaa email:**************,b email:**************AbstractWith the development of electronic commerce mode, the use of e-commerce of tourism has become a hot spot, this paper studies and analyzes the Jingdezhen tourism environment and tourism electronic commerce present situation, proposed the Jingdezhen tourism electronic commerce operation mode,key technology and further study the tourism website construction, finally realizes the construction of Jingdezhen tour business website.Keywords: Electronic commerce; Operation mode; Jingdezhen tourism; Website1. Study on operation mode of Jingdezhen e-commerce ofTourismJingdezhen is between the famous tourist scenic zone Lu shan, Huangshanand Sanqingshan, location advantages. From the tourism resources, Jingdezhen is rich in cultural relics and scenic spots, and the profound ceramic culture connotation. The natural scenery, famous historical, ceramic culture and folk customs constitute the Jingdezhen superior tourist resources, ceramic cultural resources are the advantages of Jingdezhen resources. However, the development of tourism industry in Jingdezhen is not commensurate with its tourism resources, over the years the development levelof Jingdezhen tourism industry in the country still lags behind. The huge contrast between the rich humanities, natural ecological of Jingdezhen andits tourism industry actual development situation , fully demonstrated the rich tourism resources has not been fully effective development and utilization. Thebasic reason is that the strategy and orientation of tourism development, did notseize the visitors psychological and embody the characteristics of Jingdezhen tourism resources.2 The analysis of the system functionThe biggest characteristic of tourism e-commerce websiteis intuitive, practical and open, it is different with the general tourismwebsite lies in the realization of e-commerce. According to the actual need oftourism e-commerce website, which makes user interaction becomes smoothand continuous, to improve the availability and efficiency of the system. In orderto present Jingdezhen tourism characteristics and attractions better, Jingdezhentourism e- commerce website function with the settings shown below:(1) User login and registration module: In the design of the system, thismodule is essential, is also relatively simple, it directly through the Jingdezhen tourism e- commerce platform. The new user registration need to fillin the user name, password, address, email, telephone numbers can complete therelevant registration. To provide the guarantee for the following operations. Ifthe user is already a registered user, you can directly login link for subsequent operations, to provide a link for the new user registration service.(2) A survey of Jingdezhen: Jingdezhen is rich in tourism resources, notonly enjoy the "world porcelain" known, but also has favorable geographical conditions and natural scenery. The Castle Peak, greenwater, ceramic culture, revolutionary historical sites has profound cultural heritage and the local characteristics,occupies an important position in China. Sowe use the CSS to control the structure of the page style, writing foldingmenu, fast transmission of pictures, let the user feel the various styles of photoswitching effect.(3)Tourism news: The module is the main dynamic information in a timelymanner to show attractions, allow the user to open the site you can seethe information with new attractions, let users can feel the charm of scenic spots.(4) Travel routes: in this module includes the territory of Jingdezhen and the surrounding many tourist routes. Play AJAX asynchronous request advantages technology, enhance the interactive method of WEB page based on JavaScript in the process of specific implementation in WEB. We put thegraphics knowledge to work by WEB development. First of all, we canuse graphics algorithms to process the pictures. Secondly, using the JavaScript and AJAX can reduce user waiting time in image processing andimage transmission such a huge amount of data operation events, which makesuser interaction becomes smooth and continuous.(5) Booking tickets and hotel reservation: This is a key part of the electronic commerce website difference between tourism and general tourism website.General travel websites simply to introduce attractions and line .Tourism e-commerce site can provide tickets for scenic spots, lines, hotel online booking.(6) Specialty Mall: in order to give the user understands and buy localspecialty goods in tourism.(7) Personal information center: When the user opens a website, encounter problems, you can view some of the problems by the help center answers, so asto help the user to solve the problem. Below is a picture of the overall structure of the system design.Fig.1. Website structure diagram3 Realization method of main technologyThe system uses the web development language is PHP5.5, database is MySql 5.26, the operating system is Windows xp/Win 7. The main core technology is mainly: PHP technology, database technology, and Web Technology (html+ css, javascript + jquery + ajax).The first is the basic operation of MySql, the mainly is the design of the database, and the E-R model of database, the following is the simple E-RFig.2. The simple E-R model of the systemPHP operation of MySQL is divided into 5 steps: (here only to illustratethe MySql )The first step: to connect (here my database username is root, password is23456)$conn=mysql_connect("localhost","root","123456");The second step: settingmysql_query("set names utf8");The third step: Perform$sql="select * from tb_news";$result=mysql_query($sql,$conn) or die(mysql_error());The fourth step: the resultHere need to see the results returned is the result set, or a simple digital, thereare a lot of methods of treatment results, mainly through the index array orassociative array, the following simple processing is obtained on the basis of theresult of the previous step to deal with:$rowCount=mysql_num_rows($result);The fifth step: close the connectionmysql_free_result($result);Mysql_close($conn);The following will explain the parameters transfer technology .There areseveral methods of parameter transfer, here we will only explain session andcookie. Session and cookie are used as variables in the PHP, such as:$_SESSION [‘name’]=”zhangsan”,$_COOKIE[‘name’]=”zhangsan”;Webj Technology: the first is html+css, this is the layout of the page. Then isJavaScript, this is a dynamic interactive of pages. And last is the jquery andAjax, AJAX is the combination of JavaScript and background data.Baidu map interface technology: here use the open platform of Baidudeveloper, which calls the interface can realize the online map:Use a JavaScript file<script src="/api?v=1.4" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">var map = new BMap.Map("container"); // Create map examplesmap.setDefaultCursor("crosshair");//Set the default mouse pointer style ofmapmap.enableScrollWheelZoom();// Enable wheel zoom, disabled by default.var point = new BMap.Point(117.17842, 29.2688); // Create point coordinatemap.centerAndZoom(point, 15); // Initialize the map, sets the centerpoint coordinate map.addControl(new BMap.NavigationControl()); //Add the zoom control of groundmap.addControl(new BMap.ScaleControl()); // Add scale controlmap.addControl(new BMap.OverviewMapControl()); // A thumbnail mapcontrolmap.addControl(new BMap.MapTypeControl()); // Map type controlmap.setCurrentCity("JingDezhen");function iploac(result){// According to the IP setting map Centervar cityName = ;//map.setCenter(cityName);}var myCity = new BMap.LocalCity();myCity.get(iploac);function sear (result){//Map searchvar local = new BMap.LocalSearch(map, {renderOptions:{map: map}});local.search(result);}</script>4 ConclusionThrough the analysis and design, we completed the tourism e-commerce system based on B/S mode. The system contains news system, user registered and login system, background management system, tickets and hotel reservation system, specialty store, the help center module.The research of this topic is the research based on the industry perspective on Jingdezhen tourism industry to actively develop e-commerce problems. By the time, funds and technical conditions limit, there are many practical problems to be further studied. In the construction of Jingdezhen tourism website, we should improve the service functions of tourism website. We also should establish online travel consultation and service system in the website, make those needs related consulting customers can get help. Finally, in the actual operation, we also need to improve the payment function.References[1] Chenhao. PHP program design [M] Beijing: Electronics industry Press,2005[2] ShaoYu. PHP and MYSQL WEB development [M]. Beijing: MechanicalIndustry Press, 2005[3] DAVID LANE .PHP & MYSQL WEB Database application developmentGuides [M].Nanjing: Southeast University Press, 2006[4] MIHAI BUCICA. AJAX and PHP WEB development [M].Beijing: People'sPosts and Telecommunications Press, 2007[5] PETER MOULDING. PHP technology insider [M].Beijing: ChinaWaterpower Press, 2003[6] NARAMORE. PHP5、APACHE、MYSQL web development [M].Beijing:Electronics industry Press, 2005[7] JiGenlin CuiHaiyuan. Web program design [M]. Beijing: Electronics industryPress, 2008.4[8] Simon Collision. CSS foundation tutorial [M]. Beijing: People's Posts andTelecommunications Press, 2007.。
电子商务外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：ELECTRONIC COMMERCE（电子商务）国外作者：Đerić Slavko文献出处：《Economics》,2017,4字数统计：英文2060单词，11447字符；中文3455汉字外文文献：ELECTRONIC COMMERCESUMMARY Electronic commerce can be defined in different ways. Any definition helps to understand and explain that concept as better as possible. Electronic commerce is a set of procedures and technologies that automate the tasks of financial transactions using electronic means. Also, according to some authors, electronic commerce is defined as a new concept, which is being developed and which includes process of buying and selling or exchanging products, services or information via computer networks, including the Internet. Electronic commerce is not limited just to buying and selling, but it also includes all pre-sales and after-sales ongoing activities along the supply chain. Introducing electronic commerce, using the Internet and Web services in business, realizes the way to a completely new type of economy—internet economy.Keywords:electronic commerce, development, purchase, sale, economy, InternetINTRODUCTIONToday, development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, which radically change the existing power relations and the power on the global market, have a significant role in more evident process of globalization. The magnitude of impact of the development of communication and information resources on the world economy may be implied by the fact that it goes into traditional laborintensive activities, where before there were not opportunities for the application of modern information technology.Managers of large companies, as well as small and medium-sized enterprises, need to understand first of all the importance, as well as many advantages that use of modern digital technology enables them in the creation of new business ideas and their realization. In the new digital era the benefits and opportunities of e-business represent a significant potential that should be used in the best and the most efficient way. Thanks to the internet there are some changes in the way of business, geographical boundaries are disappearing, language barriers and currency restrictions are being bowed down.ELECTRONIC COMMERCEToday’s way of doing business is completely changed, mostly thanks to the Internet. E-commerce has a great role in the process of globalization and in the development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, by radically changing the existing power relations and the power on the global market. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business. Besides the technological aspect it is necessary to emphasize the economic aspect and define e-commerce as a new market that offers new types of goods and services, such as digital products through digital processes. Sellers of physical goods are also being included in digital processes, such as on-line ordering, market research and payment, which are the parts of the new market.Electronic commerce is the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions between different organizations via telecommunication networks and is more than a set of Internet technologies.E-commerce can be viewed from the narrower and wider point of view. In the narrow sense electronic commerce involves buying and selling through the Internet, and in a broader sense it includes the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions by means oftelecommunications networks. In fulfilling tasks it uses electronic communication media such as the Internet, extranets, e-mail, database and mobile telephony. Electronic commerce includes several activities such as electronic sales and purchases of goods and services, online delivery of digital content, electronic funds transfer, public procurement, direct consumer marketing and other after-sales services. The basis of e-business is often called a fully digital business and it contains three components: product, process and participants, which have two components, physical and digital. Everything that can be sent and received via the Internet is considered to be a digital product.Electronic commerce creates new markets and economic activities, which are characterized by rapid information processes and market dynamics. Electronic networks provide the infrastructure for collecting and disseminating information. They also serve as a new channel for the sales, promotion of products and services delivery. Moreover, network integrate information for managing business activities at all levels of the company and provide new electronic connections with customers and partners in the supply chain. An increasing number of activities that add value to the economy take place in cyberspace through globally connected electronic networks. The Internet has expanded the premises to which companies reach. Managers can detect a greater number of business opportunities due to obtaining many additional business information from the Internet.ELECTRONIC MARKETMilicevic (2002) states that the Internetand new information technologies are leading to restructuring of markets on a global level and some industrial and service sectors. As well as on traditional (physical) market, also in electronic market, customers and sellers exchange goods and services for money or other goods or services, but only electronically. Electronic market uses electronic transactions leading to a new way of distribution of products and services to ultimate consumers. Electronic market means a place where electronic commerce is conducted, that is to say a network of interactions and communication where the information, products,services and payments are exchanged. In recent years, electronic market is gaining importance in the modern way of doing business. When it comes to e-business, business center is a network based on the locations where there are customers, sellers and other participants and they all find each other electronically and do business so.MODELS OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThere are many models of electronic commerce that vary according to the relations which exist between participants in trade (companies, customers, employees, government). Some of the models are: B2B, B2C, B2E, C2C, C2B, but lately there are also more complex forms that are created as a combination and updating of existing models such as B2B2C and C2B2C.B2B (Business to Business) is the automated exchange of information between different organizations;B2C (Business to Consumer) means the sale of goods and services to end consumers;B2E (Business to Employee) is a model which is also known as Intranet, or the Web site that gives products or information to employees;C2B (Consumer to Business) is a model where the consumer requests a product or service from the seller;C2C (Consumer to Consumer) is a model in which customers sell to each other;B2B2C (Business to Business to Consumer) is a model that is realized using B2B model that supports the company’s operations on the model of B2C;C2B2C (Consumer to Business to Consumer) is a model that connects consumers using on-line company as an intermediary.LEGAL ISSUES SPECIFIC TO ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThe most important legal issues specific to e-commerce are: assigning domain names, tax collection from incomes generated electronically and intellectual property protection. When assigning Internet addresses or domain names, problems arise when several companies that have similar names compete around the domain. The problemis solved in court or before an international arbitration system. Federal, state and local authorities are trying in every way to calculate how to get a share of revenue generated electronically. The problems are particularly prominent in international trade, when the question is where you need to pay a tax for a business license, income tax, value-added tax, the annual income tax and the like, as well as who controls the charge. Protection of software and other intangible creations is difficult to be implemented over the Web, which is why the issues of copyright and protection of intellectual property are subjects of frequent discussions. One solution might be a tax that is unique to the Internet, the so-called “bit tax”. The idea of this tax is based on the fact that each bit that travels through the network represents a subject to taxation at a rate that is unique. It could be collected in telephone exchanges or at the service provider and to be submitted to the competent tax authorities. However, such a tax would not take account of the nature of the information or goods that are purchased. The largest amount of bits on the Internet belongs to the children’s video games which are in most countries, wheree-business is developed, tax-exempt or taxed at the lowest rate. It is also unclear which government would take over the tax that is a result of cross-border data flow. Besides safety problems, the problem of unclear model of taxation of commercial transactions on the Internet certainly inflicts great torments to fiscal experts worldwide.ADV ANTAGES AND DISADV ANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE The main characteristic of e-commerce is a profound and very rapid change in the way trade is conducted. Today, e-commerce has many advantages over traditional conducting commercial transactions. Extensive use of e-commerce leads to new advantages. A set of interactive, content-rich and personalized messages can be delivered tospecifically selected consumers to increase sales. Today companies have a lot more information than before, which allows them to take advantage of this information as efficiently as possible, to segment the market and to adapt their products or services to potential customers or service users as well as possible.The impact of e-commerce is especially expressed in industries engaged in theproduction of computers, software and computer equipment and other elements necessary for realization of e-commerce. E-commerce has enabled companies to choose suppliers all over the world regardless of their geographical location, and to sell and market their products or services anywhere in the global market.Compared to traditional commerce the advantages of Internet commerce are numerous because properties are not necessary, as well as window dressing, sales staff is reduced to a minimum, there is a possibility of selling around the world, instant communication, presentation of interactive multimedia catalog that can provide the information that the customer wants (there is no classic catalog and postal shipping), promotion is much cheaper, it is easier to achieve publicity on the internet, there are more opportunities to adapt to customer needs, and with allthat the customer is enabled easier purchases carried out from an armchair, with no time limit (nonstop) ,without affecting the sales staff in the decision-making and various other benefits. Due to the complexity of the system of electronic trade problems in the sale or purchase over the Internet may occur. Problems refer to the fact that many potential customers still do not have Internet access or do not use it, some do not have fast Internet connection, online purchase involves a lot of confidence, privacy is compromised and there is a problem of the actual existence of stores on the Internet. Internet is a public network that is accessible to everyone, and because of that there is a possibility that someone monitors comunication without authorization and to abuse it later. Because of these reasons, it is necessary to find mechanisms that will ensure the protection of information, information integrity, and their authenticity. Cryptography is the science that deals with methods of maintenance of the confidentiality of information and which has its own features such as encryption, decryption and key. Defining and verifying the identity of the sender is achieved by using digital signatures and certificates. The purpose of the digital signature is authentication of the message content, as well as provision of guarantee of identity of the sender of the message.CONCLUSIONWith the advent of the Internet a lot has changed in terms of business and trade. Once the operating was based on the principle of face-toface, but now with the advent of the Internet participants in trade do not need to know, nor meet and see each other. With the advent of e-commerce there are no more geographical borders, nor language barriers and currency constraints. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business, which leads to more rapid penetration of technical progress in trade. It comes to development of electronic stores, which have significant benefits for end consumers, but there are new problems related to payments and the security of transactions carried out in this way. E-commerce and e-business are becoming inevitable everyday. Paper, pencil, stamp and other equipmentare replaced by computer and the Internet, thanks to which it is much easier and better to conduct an increasing number of business transactions. Online purchase and e-commerce are developing very fast, thus opening up new business opportunities, which affects an increase in productivity, reduction of costs and faster capital turnover. E-commerce creates employment opportunities, stimulates economic growth, investment in innovations, new technologies and knowledge, which contributes to the emergence of new operators in the market.中文译文：电子商务摘要电子商务可以用不同的方式进行定义。
毕业论文外文翻译范例
外文原文(一)Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciple s*M. H. HoeflichFriedrich Carl von Savigny, nobleman, law reformer, champion of the revived German professoriate, and founder of the Historical School of jurisprudence, not only helped to revolutionize the study of law and legal institutions in Germany and in other civil law countries, but also exercised a profound influence on many of the most creative jurists and legal scholars in England and the United States. Nevertheless, tracing the influence of an individual is always a difficult task. It is especially difficult as regards Savigny and the approach to law and legal sources propounded by the Historical School. This difficulty arises, in part, because Savigny was not alone in adopting this approach. Hugo, for instance, espoused quite similar ideas in Germany; George Long echoed many of these concepts in England during the 1850s, and, of course, Sir Henry Sumner Maine also espoused many of these same concepts central to historical jurisprudence in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Thus, when one looks at the doctrinal writings of British and American jurists and legal scholars in the period before 1875, it is often impossible to say with any certainty that a particular idea which sounds very much the sort of thing that might, indeed, have been derived from Savigny's works, was, in fact, so derived. It is possible, nevertheless, to trace much of the influence of Savigny and his legal writings in the United States and in Great Britain during this period with some certainty because so great was his fame and so great was the respect accorded to his published work that explicit references to him and to his work abound in the doctrinal writing of this period, as well as in actual law cases in the courts. Thus, Max Gutzwiller, in his classic study Der einfluss Savignys auf die Entwicklung des International privatrechts, was able to show how Savigny's ideas on conflict of laws influenced such English and American scholars as Story, Phillimore, Burge, and Dicey. Similarly, Andreas Schwarz, in his "Einflusse Deutscher Zivilistik im Auslande," briefly sketched Savigny's influence upon John Austin, Frederick Pollock, and James Bryce. In this article I wish to examine Savigny's influence over a broader spectrum and to draw a picture of his general fame and reputation both in Britain and in the United States as the leading Romanist, legal historian, and German legal academic of his day. The picture of this Anglo-American respect accorded to Savigny and the historical school of jurisprudence which emerges from these sources is fascinating. It sheds light not only upon Savigny’s trans-channel, trans-Atlantic fame, but also upon the extraordinarily*M.H.Hoeflich, Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciples, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol.37, No.1, 1989.cosmopolitan outlook of many of the leading American and English jurists of the time. Of course, when one sets out to trace the influence of a particular individual and his work, it is necessary to demonstrate, if possible, precisely how knowledge of the man and his work was transmitted. In the case of Savigny and his work on Roman law and ideas of historical jurisprudence, there were three principal modes of transmission. First, there was the direct influence he exercised through his contacts with American lawyers and scholars. Second, there was the influence he exercised through his books. Third, there was the influence he exerted indirectly through intermediate scholars and their works. Let us examine each mode separately.I.INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSLATED WORKSWhile American and British interest in German legal scholarship was high in the antebellum period, the number of American and English jurists who could read German fluently was relatively low. Even those who borrowed from the Germans, for instance, Joseph Story, most often had to depend upon translations. It is thus quite important that Savigny’s works were amongst the most frequently translated into English, both in the United States and in Great Britain. His most influential early work, the Vom Beruf unserer Zeitfur Rechtsgeschichte und Gestzgebung, was translated into English by Abraham Hayward and published in London in 1831. Two years earlier the first volume of his History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages was translated by Cathcart and published in Edinburgh. In 1830, as well, a French translation was published at Paris. Sir Erskine Perry's translation of Savigny's Treatise on Possession was published in London in 1848. This was followed by Archibald Brown's epitome of the treatise on possession in 1872 and Rattigan's translation of the second volume of the System as Jural Relations or the Law of Persons in 1884. Guthrie published a translation of the seventh volume of the System as Private International Law at Edinburgh in 1869. Indeed, two English translations were even published in the far flung corners of the British Raj. A translation of the first volume of the System was published by William Holloway at Madras in 1867 and the volume on possession was translated by Kelleher and published at Calcutta in 1888. Thus, the determined English-speaking scholar had ample access to Savigny's works throughout the nineteenth century.Equally important for the dissemination of Savigny's ideas were those books and articles published in English that explained and analyzed his works. A number of these must have played an important role in this process. One of the earliest of these is John Reddie's Historical Notices of the Roman law and of the Progress of its Study in Germany, published at Edinburgh in 1826. Reddie was a noted Scots jurist and held the Gottingen J.U.D. The book, significantly, is dedicated to Gustav Hugo. It is of that genre known as an external history of Roman law-not so much a history of substantive Roman legal doctrine but rather a historyof Roman legal institutions and of the study of Roman law from antiquity through the nineteenth century. It is very much a polemic for the study of Roman law and for the Historical School. It imparts to the reader the excitement of Savigny and his followers about the study of law historically and it is clear that no reader of the work could possibly be left unmoved. It is, in short, the first work of public relations in English on behalf of Savigny and his ideas.Having mentioned Reddie's promotion of Savigny and the Historical School, it is important to understand the level of excitement with which things Roman and especially Roman law were greeted during this period. Many of the finest American jurists were attracted-to use Peter Stein's term-to Roman and Civil law, but attracted in a way that, at times, seems to have been more enthusiastic than intellectual. Similarly, Roman and Civil law excited much interest in Great Britain, as illustrated by the distinctly Roman influence to be found in the work of John Austin. The attraction of Roman and Civil law can be illustrated and best understood, perhaps, in the context of the publicity and excitement in the English-speaking world surrounding the discovery of the only complete manuscript of the classical Roman jurist Gaius' Institutes in Italy in 1816 by the ancient historian and German consul at Rome, B.G. Niebuhr. Niebuhr, the greatest ancient historian of his time, turned to Savigny for help with the Gaius manuscript (indeed, it was Savigny who recognized the manuscript for what it was) and, almost immediately, the books and journals-not just law journals by any means-were filled with accounts of the discovery, its importance to legal historical studies, and, of course, what it said. For instance, the second volume of the American Jurist contains a long article on the civil law by the scholarly Boston lawyer and classicist, John Pickering. The first quarter of the article is a gushing account of the discovery and first publication of the Gaius manuscript and a paean to Niebuhr and Savigny for their role in this. Similarly, in an article published in the London Law Magazine in 1829 on the civil law, the author contemptuously refers to a certain professor who continued to tell his students that the text of Gaius' Institutes was lost for all time. What could better show his ignorance of all things legal and literary than to be unaware of Niebuhr's great discovery?Another example of this reaction to the discovery of the Gaius palimpsest is to be found in David Irving's Introduction to the Study of the Civil Law. This volume is also more a history of Roman legal scholarship and sources than a study of substantive Roman law. Its pages are filled with references to Savigny's Geschichte and its approach clearly reflects the influence of the Historical School. Indeed, Irving speaks of Savigny's work as "one of the most remarkable productions of the age." He must have been truly impressed with German scholarship and must also have been able to convince the Faculty of Advocates, forwhom he was librarian, of the worth of German scholarship, for in 1820 the Faculty sent him to Gottingen so that he might study their law libraries. Irving devotes several pages of his elementary textbook on Roman law to the praise of the "remarkable" discovery of the Gaius palimpsest. He traces the discovery of the text by Niebuhr and Savigny in language that would have befitted an adventure tale. He elaborates on the various labors required to produce a new edition of the text and was particularly impressed by the use of a then new chemical process to make the under text of the palimpsest visible. He speaks of the reception of the new text as being greeted with "ardor and exultation" strong words for those who spend their lives amidst the "musty tomes" of the Roman law.This excitement over the Verona Gaius is really rather strange. Much of the substance of the Gaius text was already known to legal historians and civil lawyers from its incorporation into Justinian's Institutes and so, from a substantive legal perspective, the find was not crucial. The Gaius did provide new information on Roman procedural rules and it did also provide additional information for those scholars attempting to reconstruct pre-Justinianic Roman law. Nevertheless, these contributions alone seem hardly able to justify the excitement the discovery caused. Instead, I think that the Verona Gaius discovery simply hit a chord in the literary and legal community much the same as did the discovery of the Rosetta Stone or of Schliemann’s Troy. Here was a monument of a great civilization brought newly to light and able to be read for the first time in millenia. And just as the Rosetta Stone helped to establish the modern discipline of Egyptology and Schliemann's discoveries assured the development of classical archaeology as a modern academic discipline, the discovery of the Verona Gaius added to the attraction Roman law held for scholars and for lawyers, even amongst those who were not Romanists by profession. Ancillary to this, the discovery and publication of the Gaius manuscript also added to the fame of the two principals involved in the discovery, Niebuhr and Savigny. What this meant in the English-speaking world is that even those who could not or did not wish to read Savigny's technical works knew of him as one of the discoverers of the Gaius text. This fame itself may well have helped in spreading Savigny's legal and philosophical ideas, for, I would suggest, the Gaius "connection" may well have disposed people to read other of Savigny's writings, unconnected to the Gaius, because they were already familiar with his name.Another example of an English-speaking promoter of Savigny is Luther Stearns Cushing, a noted Boston lawyer who lectured on Roman law at the Harvard Law School in 1848-49 and again in 1851- 1852.Cushing published his lectures at Boston in 1854 under the title An Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. He devoted a full chapter to a description of the historical school and to the controversy betweenSavigny and Thibaut over codification. While Cushing attempted to portray fairly the arguments of both sides, he left no doubt as to his preference for Savigny's approach:The labors of the historical school have established an entirely new and distinct era in the study of the Roman jurisprudence; and though these writers cannot be said to have thrown their predecessors into the shade, it seems to be generally admitted, that almost every branch of the Roman law has received some important modification at their hands, and that a knowledge of their writings, to some extent, at least, is essentially necessary to its acquisition.译文(一)萨维尼和他的英美信徒们*M·H·豪弗里奇弗雷德里奇·卡尔·冯·萨维尼出身贵族，是一位出色的法律改革家，也是一位倡导重建德国教授协会的拥护者，还是历史法学派的创建人之一。
跨境电子商务中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文:本地化跨境电子商务的模型摘要通过对国际供应链的B2B电子商务交易量的快速增长和伊朗快速增加的跨境交易业务，跨境电商过程的有效管理对B2B电子商务系统十分重要。
本文对局部模型的结构是基于B2B电子商务的基础设施三大层，消息层、业务流程层和内容层。
由于伊朗的电子商务的要求，每一层的需要适当的标准和合适的方案的选择。
当电子文件需要移动顺利向伊朗，建议文件的标准为文件内容支持纸质和电子文件阅读。
验证提出的模型是通过案例研究方法呈现一到四阶段的情景。
本文试图通过交换商业文件在贸易过程中这一局部模型，实现在全球电子贸易供应链更接近区域单一窗口建设的关键目标。
关键词：电子商务;跨境贸易;电子文档管理;国际供应链1.简介电子商务是关于在互联网或其他网络电子系统购买和销售产品或服务。
术语B2B（企业对企业），描述了企业间的电子商务交易，如制造商和批发商，或批发商和零售商之间。
本文的研究目标是上两个不同国家贸易商之间的通信。
今天的世界贸易组织的主要目标之一是建立区域单一窗口，可以提高世界各地的贸易便利化。
建立区域单一窗口需要跨境海关，可以有效地交换贸易文件。
因此，首先，简化跨境贸易文件的关键在于朝着国家单一窗口移动。
然后，区域单一窗口可以授权国家之间的通信。
电子商务模型是基于三个主要逻辑层的研究。
这三个层消息传输层，业务处理层和内容层。
本文的局部模型是一种能够自动交换读取文件的过程。
通过与东亚和中东国家的建立区域单一窗口可以在将来得到改善的更多的互操作性，从而建立伊朗国家单一窗口在本文的第二部分讨论引进国际供应链中的跨境B2B模式所需的基本概念和标准。
第三部分介绍在大的模型中引入的组件功能和范围。
第四部分讨论了B2B交易层模型的定位，最后结束本文。
2.背景在本节中，除了了解B2B电子商务在伊朗的情况，还有参考模型的背景等概念以及讨论B2B电子商务跨境模式的本土化。
旅游商务英文作文
旅游商务英文作文英文：As someone who works in the tourism industry, I have had the opportunity to interact with a variety of clients and businesses. In my experience, there are a few key factors that contribute to successful tourism business ventures.Firstly, it is important to have a clear understanding of the needs and preferences of your target audience. This means conducting market research and analyzing data to determine what types of experiences and services are in demand. For example, if you are targeting a younger demographic, you may want to focus on adventure activities such as hiking or zip-lining, whereas if you are targeting families, you may want to offer more kid-friendlyactivities such as theme parks or animal sanctuaries.Secondly, it is crucial to establish strongpartnerships with other businesses in the industry. This can include hotels, restaurants, transportation companies, and tour operators. By working together, you can create packages and promotions that benefit both parties and provide a more comprehensive and enjoyable experience for customers. For example, a hotel may partner with a local tour operator to offer discounted tours to guests, while the tour operator may recommend the hotel to their clients.Finally, it is important to prioritize customer service and satisfaction. This means going above and beyond to ensure that customers have a positive experience and addressing any issues or concerns in a timely and professional manner. This can include offering personalized recommendations, providing assistance with logistics and transportation, and following up with customers after their trip to gather feedback and address any issues.中文：作为旅游业的从业者，我有机会与各种客户和企业互动。
电子商务营销中英文对照外文翻译文献
电子商务营销中英文对照外文翻译文献电子商务营销中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)电子商务在马来西亚中小企业的应用摘要：该研究项目旨在探讨电子商务是否适用于马来西亚马来洲的中小型企业。
主要参与研究的人群是马来西亚马来人的德瓦恩和吉兰丹州的登记入住人员，一共有302个受访者被选择参加我们的研究。
根据世界商界的一般假设，一致认为，电子商务的应用与全球经济的生存和挑战高度相关。
同时，获取知识和认识环境，应对和处理变化，加快业务决策的过程能够进一步提高中小型企业的竞争力。
通过应用建立的模型，我们的调查集中在5个可识别的变量，以表现采用电子商务对推动中小企业的实用性。
我们的分析表明，所有选择的变量对加强电子商务的应用，从而保持其在该行业的的竞争优势有显著意义。
关键词：电子商务应用物流营销采购安全中小企业1.介绍电子商务电子商务的出现正在根本性地改变商业进行的方式。
客户可以在其全面休闲的任何地方，任何时候购物，并且总是享受几乎没有任何成本的同等水平的服务。
显然，通过这种无纸化交易，顾客不再需要填写订购表格，或到经营场所去放置他们的订单。
什么事都可以在客户便利的条件下电子化地完成。
根据EDI报文（2000），即使中小企业因为缺乏专业知识和资金而可能有困难建立一个先进的网站，但是他们仍然需要电子商务去繁荣和持续生存。
许多个人和组织在用典型的方式去解释电子商务。
当企业开始意识到互联网作为强大媒体的角色开展业务，特别是在服务行业，因为它能够提高客户与供应商的关系，电子商务术语出现了。
电子商务是指主要的相关商业关系或交易通过互联网实现的流程，包括采购，营销，销售和客户支持。
劳顿和特拉弗形容电子商务涉及所有时间周期，速度和全球化，可以增强生产力，获取新顾客和跨机构分享知识，通过数字化实现跨边界产品和服务的交易。
电子商务是商业圈各种关系演变而成的。
它可以是企业对个人的形式（B2C），企业对企业（B2B）的形式，商业业务（BIB）的形式，和最后的个人对个人（C2C）的形式。
电子商务商务英语外文翻译
附件1：外文资料翻译译文电子商务战略1、隐私隐私权问题是网上环境与电子商务战略辩论，也是当今最热门话题之一。
隐私不仅影响消费者在线信心与信任，而且还可能造成潜在法律问题与伦理问题。
如果消费者不熟悉电子隐私，对企业在线做法感到不满意，很难想像电子商务将有一个繁荣未来。
事实上，根据最近一项民意调查显示...美国人说，他们对医疗保健与犯罪关注比不上他们对网上个人隐私损失关注。
并根据全球DMA沃思林所进展研究，近百分之六十购物者说，立法会需要使企业保持良好隐私政策。
互联网行业是建立在企业与客户之间信任之上 - 隐私是信任最重要成分。
除非他们有效地解决了隐私问题，否那么互联网公司将会失去信任，以及他们客户生意。
世界之窗万维网是一个巨大有方便信息数据库，是可以轻松获得人，公司，机构与许多其他组织资料来源。
这带来了关于互联网上隐私问题。
消费者隐私得到了实质性关注，因为我们进入了新时代在线商务环境。
互联网开展制定出了有关未来保护消费者隐私权许多新问题。
新技术，可以提高数据收集，不断变化市场趋势与新电子商务全球市场正在促使越来越重要信息在全球经济中重要作用。
由于有关资料显示，特别是已成为了一种有价值商品，可以带来更多就业时机，企业与客户效劳。
因此，这些因素带来了越来越大压力，收集、保存、处理与使用个人数据比以前更多了。
这些因素也减少了消费者隐私与消费者信心水平在这样环境中缺乏。
在某些情况下，公司没有披露根本技术与数据收集特点已经成为了他们自己网站关注焦点。
用户认为该网站提供者并没有通知他们正在发生事情对他们幕后数据有多大作用。
站在公司角度想，说明他们是在监测未经授权目，这种做法很可能造成严重信誉问题，并且会阻止网络用户访问其网站与参与建议。
对于这些关系着未来营销方法与隐私问题解决方案，有技术战略已经开展到有助于预防与防范并且可以识别网站与网友称其为数据磁铁。
它们包括Cookie，网络信标〔或网页错误，这是在网站与商业电子邮件软件代码插入追踪访问与运动时，建立配置文件〕，数据聚合〔个人电子邮件地址与第三方销售或市场营销传播集合〕，个性化、软件下载与社区站点之间共享数据。
本科毕业论文外文翻译
本科毕业论文外文翻译Undergraduate Graduation Thesis Translation (700 words)Title: The Impact of Social Media on the Tourism IndustryAbstract: With the rapid development of social media, its impact on the tourism industry has become increasingly prominent. This paper aims to explore the influence of social media on the decision-making process of tourists and the marketing strategies of tourism enterprises. Through a literature review and case studies, the study finds that social media has greatly changed the way tourists search for information and make travel plans. In addition, it has provided new opportunities for marketing and promotion for the tourism industry. However, challenges such as information overload and lack of credibility also need to be addressed.Introduction:With the rapid development of social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and TripAdvisor, the use of social media in the tourism industry has become increasingly widespread. Social media has not only changed the way tourists share their travel experiences but also influenced their decision-making process. This paper explores how social media impacts the tourism industry and analyzes the challenges and opportunities it brings.1. Impact on the Decision-making Process of TouristsSocial media platforms provide a convenient channel for tourists to search for travel information. With peer reviews and photos shared by others, tourists can have a better understanding of the destination, accommodation, and attractions before making adecision. As a result, social media has greatly influenced the decision-making process of tourists, making it more transparent and efficient.2. Impact on Marketing Strategies of Tourism EnterprisesSocial media has also brought new marketing opportunities for tourism enterprises. With the ability to directly connect with customers and promote their products, tourism companies can use social media platforms to reach a wider audience. User-generated content has become an important marketing tool, as tourists' positive experiences and recommendations can influence others' travel plans. Additionally, social media allows for targeted advertising, reaching specific demographic groups with personalized content.Case Studies:To further illustrate the impact of social media on the tourism industry, case studies of two popular destinations will be presented.1. Case Study 1: Bali, IndonesiaThrough social media platforms such as Instagram, Bali has gained significant exposure and become a desirable travel destination. The picturesque landscapes and unique cultural experiences captured in photos have attracted millions of tourists, contributing to the growth of the local tourism industry. Local businesses and attractions have also utilized social media to market their products and services, promoting special deals and activities to potential visitors.2. Case Study 2: VisitScotlandVisitScotland, the national tourist board for Scotland, has successfully utilized social media in its marketing strategies. Through platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, VisitScotland shares stunning photos and inspiring stories about Scotland, capturing the attention of travelers worldwide. The use of hashtags and user-generated content encourages tourists to share their own experiences, further promoting Scotland as a travel destination. Conclusion:Social media has greatly influenced the tourism industry, changing the way tourists search for information and make travel plans, as well as providing new marketing opportunities for tourism enterprises. However, challenges such as information overload and lack of credibility should not be ignored. Tourism companies should integrate social media into their marketing strategies and continuously engage with customers to take advantage of the benefits brought by social media.。
电子商务毕业论文外文翻译---构建数据挖掘在客户关系管理中的应用
英文翻译原文题目：Building Data Mining Applications for CRM出处：New York McGraw-HillProfessional,2000.Berson,Alex.;Smith,Stephen;Thearling, Kurt译文题目：构建数据挖掘在客户关系管理中的应用介绍在过去的几年里，公司和他们的客户之间的接触发生了戏剧性的变化。
顾客不再有过去那么高的忠诚度。
结果是，公司发现他们必须更好地了解和理解他们的客户，对于客户的要求和需求也必须更快地响应。
另外，响应的时间必须大大缩短，不能等到让你的客户等地不耐烦的时候才采取措施，那样就太晚了！为了取得成功，公司必须具有前瞻性，及早了解到你的客户需要的到底是什么。
如果现在说店主能够毫不费力地明白他们消费者的需求而且加以快速的响应，那无疑是陈词滥调。
过去的店主能够仅仅凭借自己的记忆记住他们的客户，而且当客人进来的时候知道该怎么做。
不过现在的店主无疑面临着更为严峻的情况：越来越多的消费者、越来越多的产品、越来越多的竞争对手，但是必须在比过去少的多的时间内了解消费者的需求无疑更为困难。
企业做了许多努力来加强与客户之间的联系。
举个例子来说：压缩市场周期。
企业对于客户的统计分析显示，客户的忠诚度在不断地下降。
而对于客户而言，忠诚两个字仿佛是很遥远的事情了。
一个成功的企业必须加强对他们客户的影响力，提供给他们持续的影响力。
另外，需求是随着时间不断变化的，你必须满足不断变化的需求。
如果你不能快速对客户的需求加以反应，你的客户会转向那些能够帮助他们的公司。
市场的成本越来越大，每一样东西的成本都似乎越来越大。
打印、邮资、特别的服务（如果你不提供这些特别的服务，你的竞争者会提供的）消费者希望货物能够满足他们的要求，每一项都符合。
这意味着他们提供的产品数量和供货方式会急剧地增加。
建立数据挖掘应用程序我们必须要意识到重要的一点，数据挖掘只是整个过程的一部分。
电子商务专业毕业设计外文翻译
外文参考THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ANE-COMMERCESITE FOR ONLINE BOOK SALESSwapnaKodaliAbstractThe business-to-consumer aspect of electronic commerce (e-commerce) is the most visible business use of the World Wide Web. The primary goal of an e-commerce site is to sell goods and services online.This project deals with developing an e-commerce website for Online Book Sale. It provides the user with a catalog of different books available for purchase in the store.In order to facilitate online purchase a shopping cart is provided to the user. The system is implemented using a 3-tier approach, with a backend database, a middle tier of Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) and , and a web browser as the front end client.In order to develop an e -commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi -tiered architecture, server and client side scripting techniques, implementation technologies such as , programming language (such as C#, ), relational databases (such as MySQL, Access).This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart application and also to know about the technologies used to develop such an application.This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e-commerce website.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn completing this graduate project I have been fortunate to have help, support and encouragement from many people. I would like to acknowledge them for their cooperation.First, I would like to thank Dr.HosseinHakimzadeh, my project advisor, for guiding me through each and every step of the process with knowledge and support. Thank you for your advice, guidance and assistance.I would also like to thank Dr.ShafiiMousavi and Dr.DanaVrajitoru, my project committee members, who showed immense patience and understanding throughoutthe project and provided suggestions.Finally, I would like to dedicate this project to my parents, my husband Ram and my friends Kumar and Soumya, for their love, encouragement and help throughout the project.1. IntroductionE-commerce is fast g aining ground as an accepted and used business paradigm. More and more business houses are implementing web sites providing functionality forperforming commercial transactions over the web. It is reasonable to say that the process of shopping on the web is becoming commonplace.The objective of this project is to develop a general purpose e -commerce store where any product (such as books, CDs, computers, mobile phones, electronic items, and home appliances) can be bought from the comfort of home through the Internet. However, for implementation purposes, this paper will deal with an online book store.An online store is a virtual store on the Internet where customers can browse the catalog and select products of interest. The selected items may be collected in a shopping cart. At checkout time, the items in the shopping cart will be presented as an order. At that time, more information will be needed to complete the transaction. Usually, the customer will be asked to fill or select a billing address, a shipping address, a shipping option, and payment information such as credit card number. An e -mail notification is sent to the customer as soon as the order is placed.2. Literature ReviewElectronic Commerce (e-commerce) applications support the interaction between different parties participating in a commerce transaction via the network, as well as the management of the data involved in the process .The increasing importance of e -commerce is apparent in the study conducted by researches at the GVU (Graphics, Visualization, and Usability) Center at the Georgia Institute of Technology. In their summary of the findings from the eighth survey, the researchers report that “e-commerce is taking off both in terms of the number of users shopping as well as the total amount people are spending via Internet based transactions”.Over three quarters of the 10,000 respondents report having purchased items online. The most cited reason for using the web for personal shopping was convenience (65%), followed by availability of vendor information (60%), no pressure form sales person (55%) and saving time (53%).Although the issue of security remains the primary reason why more people do not purchase items online, the GV A survey also indicates that faith in the security of e-commerce is increasing. As more people gain confidence in current encryption technologies, more and more users can be expected to frequently purchase items online .A good e-commerce site should present the following factors to the customers for better usability :·Knowing when an item was saved or not saved in the shopping cart.·Returning to different parts of the site after adding an item to the shopping cart.·Easy scanning and selecting items in a list.·Effective categorical organization of products.·Simple navigation from home page to information and order links for specific products.·Obvious shopping links or buttons.·Minimal and effective security notifications or messages.·Consistent layout of product information.Another important factor in the design of an e-commerce site is feedback . The interactive cycle between a user and a web site is not complete until the web site responds to a command entered by the user. According to Norman, "feedback--sendingback to the user information about what action has actually been done, what result has been accomplished--is a well known concept in the science of control and information theory. Imagine trying to talk to someone when you cannot even hear your own voice, or trying to draw a picture with a pencil that leaves no mark: there would be no feedback".Web site feedback often consists of a change in the visual or verbal information presented to the user. Simple examples include highlighting a selection made by the user or filling a field on a form based on a user's selection from a pull down list. Another example is using the sound of a cash register to confirm that a product has been added to an electronic shopping cart. Completed orders should be acknowledged quickly. This may be done with an acknowledgment or fulfillment page. The amount of time it takes to generate and download this page, however, is a source of irritation for many e-commerce users. Users are quick to attribute meaning to events. A blank page, or what a user perceives to be "a long time" to receive an acknowledgment, may be interpreted as "there must be something wrong with the order." If generating an acknowledgment may take longer than what may be reasonably expected by the user, then the design should include intermediate feedback to the user indicating the progress being made toward acknowledgment or fulfillment.Finally, feedback should not distract the user. Actions and reactions made by the web site should be meaningful. Feedback should not draw the user's attention away from the important tasks of gathering information, selecting products, and placing orders.3. Project DesignIn order to design a web site, the relational database must be designed first. Conceptual design can be divided into two parts: The data model and the process model. The data model focuses on what data should be stored in the database while the process model deals with how the data is processed. To put this in the context of the relational database, the data model is used to design the relational tables. The process model is used to design the queries that will access and perform operations on those tables.4. Implementation TechnologiesThe objective of this project is to develop an online book store. When the user types in the URL of the Book Store in the address field of the browser, a Web Server is contacted to get the requested information. In the .NET Framework, IIS (Internet Information Service) acts as the Web Server. The sole task of a Web Server is to accept incoming HTTP requests and to return the requested resource in an HTTP response. The first thing IIS does when a request comes in is to decide how to handle the request. Its decision is based upon the requested file's extension. For example, if the requested file has the .asp extension, IIS will route the request to be handled by asp.dll. If it has the extens ion of .aspx, .ascx, etc, it will route the request to be handled by Engine.Figure 21 Relation between IIS and The Engine then gets the requested file, and if necessary contacts the database through for the required file and then the information is sent back to the Client’s browser. Figure 21 shows how a client browser interacts with the Web server and how the Web server handles the request from client.4.1 is a programming framework built on the common language runtime that can be used on a server to build powerful Web applications. has many advantages – both for programmers and for the end users because it is compatible with the .NET Framework. This compatibility allows the users to use the following features through :a) Powerful database-driven functionality: allows programmers to develop web applications that interface with a database. The advantage of is that it is object-oriented and has many programming tools that allow for faster development and more functionality.b) Faster web applications: Two aspects of make it fast -- compiled code and caching. In the code is compiled into "machine language" before a visitor ever comes to the website. Caching is the storage of information in memory for faster access in the future. allows programmers to set up pages or areas of pages that are commonly reused to be cached for a set period of time to improve the performance of web applications. In addition, allows the caching of data from a database so the website is not slowed down by frequent visits to a database when the data does not change very often.c) Memory leak and crash protection: automatically recovers from memory leaks and errors to make sure that the website is always available to the visitors. also supports code written in more than 25 .NET languages (including , C#, and ). This is achieved by the Common Language Runtime (CLR) compiler that supports multiple languages.4.3 MySQL DatabaseIn this project, MySQL is used as the backend database. MySQL is an open -source database management system. The features of MySQL are given below: ·MySQL is a relational database management system. A relational database stores information in different tables, rather than in one giant table. These tables can be referenced to each other, to access and maintain data easily.·MySQL is open source database system. The database software can be used and modify by anyone according to their needs.·It is fast, reliable and easy to use. To improve the performance, MySQL is multi -threaded database engine. A multithreaded application performs many tasks at the same time as if multiple instances of that application were runningsimultaneously.In being multithreaded MySQL has many advantages. A separate thread handles each incoming connection with an extra thread that is always running to manage the connections. Multiple clients can perform read operations simultaneously, but while writing, only hold up another client that needs access to the data being updated. Even though the threads share the same process space, they execute individually and because of this separation, multiprocessor machines can spread the thread across many CPUs as long as the host operating system supports multiple CPUs. Multithreading is the key feature to support MySQL’s performance design goals. It is the core feature around which MySQL is built.MySQL database is connected to using an ODBC driver. Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) is a widely accepted application-programming interface (API) for database access. The ODBC driver is a library that implements the functions supported by ODBC API. It processes ODBC function calls, submits SQL requests to MySQL server, and returns results back to the application. If necessary, the driver modifies an application's request so that the request conforms to syntax supported by MySQL.4.4 Integrating the Website and DatabaseCustomers ordering from an e-commerce website need to be able to get information about a vendor’s products and services, ask questions, select items they wish to purchase, and submit payment information. Vendors need to be able to track customer inquiries and preferences and process their orders. So a well organized database is essential for the development and maintenance of an e-commerce site .In a static Web page, content is determined at the time when the page is created. As users access a static page, the page always displays the same information. Example of a static Web page is the page displaying company information. In a dynamic Web page, content varies based on user input and data received from external sources. We use the term “data-based Web pages” to refer to dynamic Web pages deriv ing some or all of their content from data files or databases.A data-based Web page is requested when a user clicks a hyperlink or the submit button on a Web page form. If the request comes from clicking a hyperlink, the link specifies either a Web server program or a Web page that calls a Web server program. In some cases, the program performs a static query, such as “Display all items from the Inventory”. Although this query requires no user input, the results vary depending on when the query is made. If the request is generated when the user clicks a form’s submit button, instead of a hyperlink, the Web server program typically uses the form inputs to create a query. For example, the user might select five books to be purchased and then submit the input to the Web server program. The Web server program then services the order, generating a dynamic Web page response to confirm the transaction.In either case, the Web server is responsible for formatting the query results by adding HTML tags. The Web server program then sends the program’s output back to the client’s browser as a Web page.5. Web Page Programming OptionsAn e-commerce organization can create data-based Web pages by using server-side and client-side processing technologies or a hybrid of the two. With server-side processing, the Web server receives the dynamic Web page request, performs all processing necessary to create the page, and then sends it to the client for display in the client’s browser. Client-side processing is done on the client workstation by having the client browser execute a program that interacts directly with the database.5.1 Server -side processing.Generally dynamic or data-driven Web pages use HTML forms to collect user inputs, submitting them to a Web server. A program running on the server processes the form inputs, dynamically composing a Web page reply. This program, which is called, servicing program, can be either a compiled executable program or a script interpreted into machine language each time it is run.Compiled server programs. When a user submits HTML- form data for processing by a compiled server program, the Web Server invokes the servicing program. The servicing program is not part of the Web server but it is an independent executable program running on the Web server; it processes the user input, determines the action which must be taken, interacts with any external sources (Eg: database) and finally produces an HTML document and terminates. The Web server then sends the HTML document back to the user’s browser where it is displayed. Figure 23 shows the flow of HTTP request from the client to the Web server, which is sent to the servicing program. The program creates an HTML document to be sent to the client browser.Popular languages for creating compiled server programs are Java, Visual Basic, and C++, but almost any language that can create executable programs can be used, provided that it supports commands used by one of the protocols that establish guidelines for communication between Web servers and servicing programs. The first such protocol, introduced in 1993, for use with HTML forms was the Common Gateway Interface (CGI); many servicing programs on Web sites still use CGI programs. However, a disadvantage of using CGI-based servicing programs is that each form submitted to a Web server starts its own copy of the servicing program on the Web server.A busy Web server is likely to run out of memory when it services many forms simultaneously; thus, as interactive Web sites have gained popularity, Web server vendors have developed new technologies to process form inputs without starting a new copy of the servicing program for each browser input. Examples of these technologies for communicating with Web servers include Java Servlets [8] and Microsoft’s [7]; they allow a single copy of the servicing program to service multiple users without starting multiple instances of the program. has introduced many new capabilities to server-side Web programming, including a new category of elements called server controls that generate as many as 200 HTML tags and one or more JavaScript [9] functions from a single server control tag. Server controls support the processing of user events, such as clicking a mouse orentering text at either the client browser or the Web server. Server controls also encourage the separation of programming code into different files and/or areas from the HTML tags and text of a Web page, thus allowing HTML designers and programmers to work together more effectively.6. Classic ASP pages used ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) to access and modify databases. ADO is a programming interface used to access data. This method was efficient and fairly easy for developers to learn and implement. However, ADO suffered from a dated model for data access with many limitations, such as the inability to transmit data so it is easily and universally accessible. Coupled with the move from standard SQL databases to more distributed types of data (such as XML), Microsoft introduced .Although is known as the next evolution of ADO, it is very different from its predecessor. Whereas ADO was connection-based, relies on short, XML message-based interactions with data sources. This makes much more efficient for Internet-based applications.A fundamental change from ADO to was the adoption of XML for data exchanges. XML is a text-based markup language, similar to HTML that presents an efficient way to represent data. This allows to reach and exchange. It also gives much better performance because XML data is easily converted to and from any type of data.Another major change is the way interacts with databases. ADO requires “locking” of database resources and lengthy connections for its applications, but does not; it uses disconnected data sets, which eliminates lengthy connectionsnd database locks. This makes much more scalable because users are not in contention for database resources.In there are two core objects that allow us to work with data initially: the DataReader and the DataSet. In any .NET data access page, before we connect to a database, we first have to import all the necessary namespaces that will allow us to work with the objects required. Namespace in .NET is a set of classes that can be used while creating an application. The .NET Framework has about 3,500 classes which can be accessed through a namespace. The application will be using a technology known as Open DataBase Connectivity (ODBC) to access the database; therefore we must first import necessary namespaces. Below is a sample namespace declaration used by .NET.7.DataSetThe dataset is a disconnected, in-memory representation of data. It can be considered as a local copy of the relevant portions of the database. The DataSet resides in memory and the data in it can be manipulated and updated independent of the database. If necessary, changes made to the dataset can be applied to the central database. The data in DataSet can be loaded from any valid data source such as a text file, an XML database, Microsoft SQL server database, an Oracle database or MySQL database.8.The Connection ObjectThe Connection object creates the connection to the database. Microsoft VisualStudio .NET provides two types of Connection classes: the SqlConnection object, which is designed specifically to connect to Microsoft SQL Server 7.0 or later, and the OleDbConnection object, which can provide connections to a wide range of database types like Microsoft Access and Oracle. The Connection object contains all of the information required to open a connection to the database.9.The Command ObjectThe Command object is represented by two corresponding classes: SqlCommand and OleDbCommand. Command objects are used to execute commands to a database across a data connection. The Command objects can be used to execute stored procedures on the database, SQL commands, or return complete tables directly. Command objectsprovide three methods that are used to execute commands on the database: ExecuteNonQuery: Executes commands that have no return values such as INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE.ExecuteScalar: Returns a single value from a database queryExecuteReader: Returns a result set by way of a DataReader objectThe DataReader ObjectThe DataReader object provides a read-only, connected stream recordset from a database. Unlike other components of the Data Provider, DataReader objects cannot be directly instantiated. Rather, the DataReader is returned as the result of the Command object's ExecuteReader method. The SqlCommand.ExecuteReader method returns a SqlDataReader object, and the OleDbCommand.ExecuteReader method returns an OleDbDataReader object. The DataReader can provide rows of data directly to application logic when one does not need to keep the data cached in memory. Because only one row is in memory at a time, the DataReader provides the lowest overhead interms of system performance but requires the exclusive use of an open Connection object for the lifetime of theDataReader.10.TheDataAdapter ObjectThe DataAdapter is the class at the core of ADO .NET's disconnected data access. It is essentially the middleman facilitating all communication between the database and a DataSet. The DataAdapter is used either to fill a DataTable or DataSet with its Fill method. After the memory -resident data has been manipulated, the DataAdapter can commit the changes to the database by calling the Update method. The DataAdapter provides four properties that represent database commands:SelectCommandInsertCommandDeleteCommandUpdateCommandWhen the Update method is called, changes in the DataSet are copied back to the database and the appropriate InsertCommand, DeleteCommand, or UpdateCommand is executed. follows the below process, Figure 24, to connect to the database and retrieve data to the application .外文参考电子商务网站在线订销售的设计和实施SwapnaKodali摘要B/C方面的电子商务(电子商务)是最明显的商业利用万维网上。
旅游专业毕业论文外文翻译--中国的国际旅游事业的策略研究
外文资料译文：A Study of Strategies forChina’s InternationalTourism1. IntroductionRoughly speaking, China’s international tourism industry is the outcome of the implementation of economic reform and opening to the outside world. Along with the changes in Chinese political and economic systems, it has grown out of nothing, and experienced progress from small to large, from rapid growth to steady development, heading toward its maturity. This industry is playing an increasingly significant role in the country’s national economy.Go with the entry of the WTO, it is confronted with much opportunities and challenges.2. Main stages of developmentChina’s tourism business since 1949 has undergone, in general, the following four major stages of development.2.11949-1966: tourism as a part of foreign affairs of the stateFrom 1949 to 1966,tourism was only a form of special political activity. Travel services (similar to tour operators or travel agents) were set up right after the new government formed, but only provided services for visiting overseas Chinese nationals and for foreigners with special permission to visit the country. And outbound travel was limited almost exclusively to diplomats and government officials at public expense.2.21966-1978: a standstill periodThe Great Cultural Revolution started from early 1966 and lasted for a decade through to 1976 and forced the infant travel business to be almost entirely suspended. During this period, China shut her doors and was busy with internal political struggles; hardly any overseas tourists in the proper sense were allowed to visit the country.2.31978-1985: tourism as an important economic activity1978 was a year of great significance for China. In that year, an epoch-making decision was made by the CPC Central Committee to shift its emphasis from political struggle to economic construction of four modernizations Encouraged by the governmental political and economic policy, tourism developed rapidly during this period.2.41986 onwards: tourism as a significant contribution to the national economyIn 1986, China put the tourist industry into the national plan for social and economic development for the first time. With the deepening reform, tourism has been placed among service industries enjoying priority in the national industrial policy, and by the end of 1998, the governments of 24 out of all 31 municipalities, provinces and autonomous regions in China had made the tourist industry one of the leading or pillar industries in their locality. The CPC Central Committee at its conference on the economy in late 1998 identified the tourist industry as one of the new growth points of the national economy in the years to come.The tourist industry has been drawing much more attention from various governments, industries and the general public as well.3. Opportunities and ChallengesDuring the past 20 years, China’s tourism has witnessed a quick increase, with an annual growth rate surpassing the world average. Looking to the future,China’s international tourism will encounter both opportunities and challenges.3.1 OpportunitiesThe opportunities that China’s international tourism may encounter are various, and include at least the following:3.1.1Great potential of an international marketFor all destination countries the international tourism markets are beyond their own boundaries. Therefore, the real and potential tourism demand outside relies not only on the social and economic development of the tourist generating countries, onthe entire world political and economic situation, but also on the political and economic relationship between the tourist generating and receiving countries.3.1.2Steady growth of China’s economyThe reform has promo ted China’s economic development, and changed the way of thinking of the Chinese people. There might be a host of knotty problems to deal with in the long course of reform, though sufficient supply and low inflation may further stabilize the country’s poli tical and economic situation. And political and economic stabilization may not only provide good conditions for tourism development, but also create a new attractiveness for outsiders.3.1.3 Joined World Trade OrganizationsChina has joined the WTO and become a member of it.The two-way openness will reduce entry-exit barriers for international visitors, and make the tourist flow much easier. As a result, the flow of commodities, people, capital etc, will be more frequent and smooth. China will obtain more technology and know-how from the developed countries, easy access to the international distribution channels and information network, and compete freely in the world market. The introduction of international competition will help improve the efficiencyof service industry, upgrade servicequality, and cut service costs, then further lower the prices of various tourist services, expand tourist markets, and promote the development of international tourism.3.1.4 Capability of holding many great activitiesChina is drawing on more and more visions of the whole world. Now China has many large activities to hold every. The “99 wealth forum” the forum of APCE of 2001, the Asia forum in Bo Ao, The Trade Fair in Guangzhou every year, the 2008 Beijing Olympic and the 2010 EXPO in Shanghai. All of these show the image of China to the world and also draw on the large quantity of tourists interested in Chinese culture. We should make use of these large opportunities, letting the world know the new China and to develop the Chinese tourism.3.2ChallengesChina’s international tourism development may also meet thefollowing serious challenges in the future.3.2.1Increasingly fierce international competitionToday,moreand more countries pay great attention to thedevelopment of international tourism, seeing it as an important way to earn tourist dollars and improve the international balance of payments. Therefore, they promote their countries by every possible means, resulting in an increasingly fierce competition among all destinations. In fact, nowadays, tourism competition is not competition among the tourist enterprises per se, but more importantly, the competition of national power among destination countries.3.2.2Sharp contradictions between mature tourists and premature market mechanismChina’s international tourism still is not able to shake off the shackles of the old system in terms of organization and methods of operation and management, and it cannot but be restricted by the incomplete market economic system. On the contrary, China has to face mature international tourists, and to meet the challenges from the mature market economies. So the contradictions between the mature international tourist markets and the incomplete market economy system of China become obvious. The drawbacks of China’s present system include less effective state macro-control, lack of related laws and regulations, disorder in domestic market competition, unreliable product quality, lack of knowledge of international market demand, backward international marketing and promotion means and the manner in which rigid business operations are conducted. These contradictions may influence, to some extent, the image building of China in the international tourism market.3.2.3Impacts of entry into the WTOEntry into the World Trade Organization means that China has to release part of its markets, and to lead its competitors into its own territory, leaving trades that used to be protected to compete directly with their overseas counterparts. Some weak links of China’s tourist industry, such as travel agencies, may meet with great difficulties. On the whole, the trade of travel agents in China is not very strong, and most of the travel services are small in size, poor in management, and they cannot match theircounterparts in the developed tourism countries in terms of technology, capital, personnel, networking and service quality.3.2.4Low ability of the receptionAs is shown previously, every year China will hold many large activities which will bring many foreign guests from all over the world. The problem now is whether we have the ability to meet these guests. For example, Shanghai is a big city in China and its reception ability is comparatively all right as far as I know. But in 2001 when the F1 first was held in Shanghai, many foreign people couldn’t find room to stay and the place for entertainment. So as we are enjoying to have the chance to hold big activities, we should also prepare well for the reception.4. Strategies for the coming yearsNowadays, the government-led pattern in tourism has been adopted in many developing countries the world over. So, it is essential for China now to set up or regulate its policies and strategies for the development of international tourism in line with the general goal of national social and economic development.4.1Epistemic diversion and enhancementChina’s service trade is still small in size, unable to contend with the developed countries as a whole owing to restrictions of funds, technology, personnel and other factors. But China has an obvious superiority in international tourism development. On the one hand, China possesses rich tourist resources, among which many are monopolistic and can be developed into competitive products. On the other hand, the “export” of tourism service with low swap cost may avoid such numerous restrictions and barriers which commodity exports often encounter. Therefore, the state should reco nfirm that international tourism is the priority area of the country’s service trade, and recognize it as a key player in the country’s export trade. It should be made clear and definite in theory and practice that international tourism, at least, is entitled to enjoy the same position and preferential policies as the commodity trade has possessed or will possess.4.2 Giving priority to the Chinese culture in product developmentChina is a large country, and has abundant tourism resources to develop. But as for the international visitors, especially the first comers to China, the Chinese cultural heritage holds the most attraction. Local operators may develop various products based on the local market and resources available to meet various market demands. Therefore, China, as a whole, should always give priority to Chinese culture in product development for the international tourism market. China has a plentiful supply of unique natural attractions. Since these tourist attractions are on the mainland of China, more cultural contents related to the attractions should be encouraged, making them more distinctive than their overseas counterparts.4.3 Expanding the world international tourism marketsTo open up the international tourism market, two important things should be done well. One is to know clearly the market demand, so as to determine the target markets and work out the corresponding marketing strategies. The other is to send information in time to the target markets. The former is the most important and, without correct understanding of market demand, marketing strategies are aimless; and the latter is the key to success, since the provision of timely information may help the market to make decisions on the destination. Of course, the tactics and techniques of marketing are equally important. Therefore, to expand the international market share in the long run, more input should be made, and more money should be spent on market study and effective promotions. To achieve the desired results, promotions should be focused at the target markets, and money should be used in a concentrated and effective way. 4.4 Expanding expenditure of overseas visitorsFromChina’s perspective, the mainobjective of developing international tourism at present is to increase foreign exchange. Indeed, there are many ways to earn more tourist dollars. However, the way of growth should be altered from quantity to quality. In addition to maintaining the proper growth in international arrivals, more active efforts should be made to p rolong the length of each visitor’s stay in China, expand opportunities for visitors to consume, and encourage them to spend more money in the country.5. ConclusionSome 20 years’ development has made China’s international tourism more mature and has laid down a good foundation for further development. The World Tourism Organization (WTO) has made an inspiring forecast of future international tourism development in the world. According to the report, by 2020 the world international tourist arrivals may reach 1.6 billion, and their average spending per day, excluding international fares, may reach US$5 billion. The WTO indicates also that, with 137 million international tourist arrivals and some 100 million outbound tourist departures, China will rank first among the top world destinations and fourth among the world top tourist generating countries respectively. Of course, the achievement of the forecast figures needs a supportive outside environment and, more importantly, depends on China’s own efforts. As the saying goes, “the future is bright, but the road ahead is tortuous”. Realization of the promised goal needs constant efforts, not only from the tourism sectors, but also from the whole of society.From：Wang Nannan.The Network of Network Education College of Shanghai Jiao Tong University[EB/OL]. http:// , 2006.5.12.中国的国际旅游事业的策略研究1. 介绍总的讲来，中国国际旅游是中国改革开放的直接结果。
旅游专业毕业论文外文文献及翻译--旅游业是世界上最大的产业之一-其他专业
外文翻译：旅游业是世界上最大的产业之一原文来源：Keywords network university remote learning HomeNet 电子商务包括如何建立客户关系网络将成为即将举行的为期一天的夏洛特周三重点。
旅游电子商务发展的世界小型和中型企业的胜利最新的策略，在11月15日夏洛特万豪城市中心。
这次活动将包括一个由八莫里西的营销总监赛恩特主持，全国的领先供应商的电子商务解决方案，谁将会是怎样的因特网正在改变的企业，挑衅性的研究一发表演说大和小，从开始既定的企业窗口。
旅游业是世界上最大的产业之一，它是一个互联网，自然伙伴，那里也是世界上最大的在线行业。
旅游业是增长最快发展中国家，它是一种最经济的重要组成部分。
，。
以社区为基础的旅游（CBT）的已被证明在发展中国家促进地方发展，特别是在贫穷的农村地区。
与此同时，信息与通信正在部署的技术在贫困社区发展中国家，开始表现出诱导地方发展的潜力。
本文介绍了引入电子商贸的行动研究倡议社区在三个亚洲的旅游业农村社区（电子CBT）的，以揭示其潜在的（CBT）的，社区发展。
电子CBT的目标是在CBT的重要和不断增长的市场发展中世界，对他们来说是重要的个人旅行的旅客组成，其组成部分的生活方式，谁寻求新的和真实的体验，是不是，，，针对大众市场。
建议描述了一个战略合作伙伴关系大学在香港及其他亚洲三所大学将与当地谁并为社区的发展最终传播旅游部门利益电子在这些国家间更广泛的农村人口CBT的。
CBT的。
“在电子商务获胜，是既要提供优质的客户服务和产品，它更是一个技术问题。
互联网开辟了特别为小型和中型企业知道如何提供顶尖的可能性和新市场，新领域电子服务，“莫里西说。
其他会议会议包括来自夏洛特的一些电子商务公司专家的介绍。
演讲内容包括一个有关电子商务行业发展趋势与法案MindBlazer，Wachovia证券塞莫内斯惠特利的小组讨论，公司也将是一个包括资金的基础上为讨论，，与乔治的小企业技术开发中心（SBTDC），霍华德和克里斯的保障科学飞行风险投资基金的第一凯利Lubert麦卡利斯特。
毕业设计英文 翻译(原文)
编号：毕业设计(论文)外文翻译（原文）院（系）：桂林电子科技大学专业：电子信息工程学生姓名： xx学号： xxxxxxxxxxxxx 指导教师单位：桂林电子科技大学姓名： xxxx职称： xx2014年x月xx日Timing on and off power supplyusesThe switching power supply products are widely used in industrial automation and control, military equipment, scientific equipment, LED lighting, industrial equipment,communications equipment,electrical equipment,instrumentation, medical equipment, semiconductor cooling and heating, air purifiers, electronic refrigerator, LCD monitor, LED lighting, communications equipment, audio-visual products, security, computer chassis, digital products and equipment and other fields.IntroductionWith the rapid development of power electronics technology, power electronics equipment and people's work, the relationship of life become increasingly close, and electronic equipment without reliable power, into the 1980s, computer power and the full realization of the switching power supply, the first to complete the computer Power new generation to enter the switching power supply in the 1990s have entered into a variety of electronic, electrical devices, program-controlled switchboards, communications, electronic testing equipment power control equipment, power supply, etc. have been widely used in switching power supply, but also to promote the rapid development of the switching power supply technology .Switching power supply is the use of modern power electronics technology to control the ratio of the switching transistor to turn on and off to maintain a stable output voltage power supply, switching power supply is generally controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) ICs and switching devices (MOSFET, BJT) composition. Switching power supply and linear power compared to both the cost and growth with the increase of output power, but the two different growth rates. A power point, linear power supply costs, but higher than the switching power supply. With the development of power electronics technology and innovation, making the switching power supply technology to continue to innovate, the turning points of this cost is increasingly move to the low output power side, the switching power supply provides a broad space for development.The direction of its development is the high-frequency switching power supply, high frequency switching power supply miniaturization, and switching power supply into a wider range of application areas, especially in high-tech fields, and promote the miniaturization of high-tech products, light of. In addition, the development and application of the switching power supply in terms of energy conservation, resource conservation and environmental protection are of great significance.classificationModern switching power supply, there are two: one is the DC switching power supply; the other is the AC switching power supply. Introduces only DC switching power supply and its function is poor power quality of the original eco-power (coarse) - such as mains power or battery power, converted to meet the equipment requirements of high-quality DC voltage (Varitronix) . The core of the DC switching power supply DC / DC converter. DC switching power supply classification is dependent on the classification of DC / DC converter. In other words, the classification of the classification of the DC switching power supply and DC/DC converter is the classification of essentially the same, the DC / DC converter is basically a classification of the DC switching power supply.DC /DC converter between the input and output electrical isolation can be divided into two categories: one is isolated called isolated DC/DC converter; the other is not isolated as non-isolated DC / DC converter.Isolated DC / DC converter can also be classified by the number of active power devices. The single tube of DC / DC converter Forward (Forward), Feedback (Feedback) two. The double-barreled double-barreled DC/ DC converter Forward (Double Transistor Forward Converter), twin-tube feedback (Double Transistor Feedback Converter), Push-Pull (Push the Pull Converter) and half-bridge (Half-Bridge Converter) four. Four DC / DC converter is the full-bridge DC / DC converter (Full-Bridge Converter).Non-isolated DC / DC converter, according to the number of active power devices can be divided into single-tube, double pipe, and four three categories. Single tube to a total of six of the DC / DC converter, step-down (Buck) DC / DC converter, step-up (Boost) DC / DC converters, DC / DC converter, boost buck (Buck Boost) device of Cuk the DC / DC converter, the Zeta DC / DC converter and SEPIC, the DC / DC converter. DC / DC converters, the Buck and Boost type DC / DC converter is the basic buck-boost of Cuk, Zeta, SEPIC, type DC / DC converter is derived from a single tube in this six. The twin-tube cascaded double-barreled boost (buck-boost) DC / DC converter DC / DC converter. Four DC / DC converter is used, the full-bridge DC / DC converter (Full-Bridge Converter).Isolated DC / DC converter input and output electrical isolation is usually transformer to achieve the function of the transformer has a transformer, so conducive to the expansion of the converter output range of applications, but also easy to achieve different voltage output , or a variety of the same voltage output.Power switch voltage and current rating, the converter's output power is usually proportional to the number of switch. The more the number of switch, the greater the output power of the DC / DC converter, four type than the two output power is twice as large,single-tube output power of only four 1/4.A combination of non-isolated converters and isolated converters can be a single converter does not have their own characteristics. Energy transmission points, one-way transmission and two-way transmission of two DC / DC converter. DC / DC converter with bi-directional transmission function, either side of the transmission power from the power of lateral load power from the load-lateral side of the transmission power.DC / DC converter can be divided into self-excited and separately controlled. With the positive feedback signal converter to switch to self-sustaining periodic switching converter, called self-excited converter, such as the the Luo Yeer (Royer,) converter is a typical push-pull self-oscillating converter. Controlled DC / DC converter switching device control signal is generated by specialized external control circuit.the switching power supply.People in the field of switching power supply technology side of the development of power electronic devices, while the development of the switching inverter technology, the two promote each other to promote the switching power supply annual growth rate of more than two digits toward the light, small, thin, low-noise, high reliability, the direction of development of anti-jamming. Switching power supply can be divided into AC / DC and DC / DC two categories, AC / AC DC / AC, such as inverters, DC / DC converter is now modular design technology and production processes at home and abroad have already matured and standardization, and has been recognized by the user, but AC / DC modular, its own characteristics make the modular process, encounter more complex technology and manufacturing process. Hereinafter to illustrate the structure and characteristics of the two types of switching power supply.Self-excited: no external signal source can be self-oscillation, completely self-excited to see it as feedback oscillation circuit of a transformer.Separate excitation: entirely dependent on external sustain oscillations, excited used widely in practical applications. According to the excitation signal structure classification; can be divided into pulse-width-modulated and pulse amplitude modulated two pulse width modulated control the width of the signal is frequency, pulse amplitude modulation control signal amplitude between the same effect are the oscillation frequency to maintain within a certain range to achieve the effect of voltage stability. The winding of the transformer can generally be divided into three types, one group is involved in the oscillation of the primary winding, a group of sustained oscillations in the feedback winding, there is a group of load winding. Such as Shanghai is used in household appliances art technological production of switching power supply, 220V AC bridge rectifier, changing to about 300V DC filter added tothe collector of the switch into the transformer for high frequency oscillation, the feedback winding feedback to the base to maintain the circuit oscillating load winding induction signal, the DC voltage by the rectifier, filter, regulator to provide power to the load. Load winding to provide power at the same time, take up the ability to voltage stability, the principle is the voltage output circuit connected to a voltage sampling device to monitor the output voltage changes, and timely feedback to the oscillator circuit to adjust the oscillation frequency, so as to achieve stable voltage purposes, in order to avoid the interference of the circuit, the feedback voltage back to the oscillator circuit with optocoupler isolation.technology developmentsThe high-frequency switching power supply is the direction of its development, high-frequency switching power supply miniaturization, and switching power supply into the broader field of application, especially in high-tech fields, and promote the development and advancement of the switching power supply, an annual more than two-digit growth rate toward the light, small, thin, low noise, high reliability, the direction of the anti-jamming. Switching power supply can be divided into AC / DC and DC / DC two categories, the DC / DC converter is now modular design technology and production processes at home and abroad have already matured and standardized, and has been recognized by the user, but modular AC / DC, because of its own characteristics makes the modular process, encounter more complex technology and manufacturing process. In addition, the development and application of the switching power supply in terms of energy conservation, resource conservation and environmental protection are of great significance.The switching power supply applications in power electronic devices as diodes, IGBT and MOSFET.SCR switching power supply input rectifier circuit and soft start circuit, a small amount of applications, the GTR drive difficult, low switching frequency, gradually replace the IGBT and MOSFET.Direction of development of the switching power supply is a high-frequency, high reliability, low power, low noise, jamming and modular. Small, thin, and the key technology is the high frequency switching power supply light, so foreign major switching power supply manufacturers have committed to synchronize the development of new intelligent components, in particular, is to improve the secondary rectifier loss, and the power of iron Oxygen materials to increase scientific and technological innovation in order to improve the magnetic properties of high frequency and large magnetic flux density (Bs), and capacitor miniaturization is a key technology. SMT technology allows the switching power supply has made considerable progress, the arrangement of the components in the circuit board on bothsides, to ensure that the light of the switching power supply, a small, thin. High-frequency switching power supply is bound to the traditional PWM switching technology innovation, realization of ZVS, ZCS soft-switching technology has become the mainstream technology of the switching power supply, and a substantial increase in the efficiency of the switching power supply. Indicators for high reliability, switching power supply manufacturers in the United States by reducing the operating current, reducing the junction temperature and other measures to reduce the stress of the device, greatly improve the reliability of products.Modularity is the overall trend of switching power supply, distributed power systems can be composed of modular power supply, can be designed to N +1 redundant power system, and the parallel capacity expansion. For this shortcoming of the switching power supply running noise, separate the pursuit of high frequency noise will also increase, while the use of part of the resonant converter circuit technology to achieve high frequency, in theory, but also reduce noise, but some The practical application of the resonant converter technology, there are still technical problems, it is still a lot of work in this field, so that the technology to be practical.Power electronics technology innovation, switching power supply industry has broad prospects for development. To accelerate the pace of development of the switching power supply industry in China, it must take the road of technological innovation, out of joint production and research development path with Chinese characteristics and contribute to the rapid development of China's national economy.Developments and trends of the switching power supply1955 U.S. Royer (Roger) invented the self-oscillating push-pull transistor single-transformer DC-DC converter is the beginning of the high-frequency conversion control circuit 1957 check race Jen, Sen, invented a self-oscillating push-pull dual transformers, 1964, U.S. scientists canceled frequency transformer in series the idea of switching power supply, the power supply to the size and weight of the decline in a fundamental way. 1969 increased due to the pressure of the high-power silicon transistor, diode reverse recovery time shortened and other components to improve, and finally made a 25-kHz switching power supply.At present, the switching power supply to the small, lightweight and high efficiency characteristics are widely used in a variety of computer-oriented terminal equipment, communications equipment, etc. Almost all electronic equipment is indispensable for a rapid development of today's electronic information industry power mode. Bipolar transistor made of 100kHz, 500kHz power MOS-FET made, though already the practical switching power supply is currently available on the market, but its frequency to be further improved. Toimprove the switching frequency, it is necessary to reduce the switching losses, and to reduce the switching losses, the need for high-speed switch components. However, the switching speed will be affected by the distribution of the charge stored in the inductance and capacitance, or diode circuit to produce a surge or noise. This will not only affect the surrounding electronic equipment, but also greatly reduce the reliability of the power supply itself. Which, in order to prevent the switching Kai - closed the voltage surge, RC or LC buffers can be used, and the current surge can be caused by the diode stored charge of amorphous and other core made of magnetic buffer . However, the high frequency more than 1MHz, the resonant circuit to make the switch on the voltage or current through the switch was a sine wave, which can reduce switching losses, but also to control the occurrence of surges. This switch is called the resonant switch. Of this switching power supply is active, you can, in theory, because in this way do not need to greatly improve the switching speed of the switching losses reduced to zero, and the noise is expected to become one of the high-frequency switching power supply The main ways. At present, many countries in the world are committed to several trillion Hz converter utility.the principle of IntroductionThe switching power supply of the process is quite easy to understand, linear power supplies, power transistors operating in the linear mode and linear power, the PWM switching power supply to the power transistor turns on and off state, in both states, on the power transistor V - security product is very small (conduction, low voltage, large current; shutdown, voltage, current) V oltammetric product / power device is power semiconductor devices on the loss.Compared with the linear power supply, the PWM switching power supply more efficient process is achieved by "chopping", that is cut into the amplitude of the input DC voltage equal to the input voltage amplitude of the pulse voltage. The pulse duty cycle is adjusted by the switching power supply controller. Once the input voltage is cut into the AC square wave, its amplitude through the transformer to raise or lower. Number of groups of output voltage can be increased by increasing the number of primary and secondary windings of the transformer. After the last AC waveform after the rectifier filter the DC output voltage.The main purpose of the controller is to maintain the stability of the output voltage, the course of their work is very similar to the linear form of the controller. That is the function blocks of the controller, the voltage reference and error amplifier can be designed the same as the linear regulator. Their difference lies in the error amplifier output (error voltage) in the drive before the power tube to go through a voltage / pulse-width conversion unit.Switching power supply There are two main ways of working: Forward transformand boost transformation. Although they are all part of the layout difference is small, but the course of their work vary greatly, have advantages in specific applications.the circuit schematicThe so-called switching power supply, as the name implies, is a door, a door power through a closed power to stop by, then what is the door, the switching power supply using SCR, some switch, these two component performance is similar, are relying on the base switch control pole (SCR), coupled with the pulse signal to complete the on and off, the pulse signal is half attentive to control the pole voltage increases, the switch or transistor conduction, the filter output voltage of 300V, 220V rectifier conduction, transmitted through the switching transformer secondary through the transformer to the voltage increase or decrease for each circuit work. Oscillation pulse of negative semi-attentive to the power regulator, base, or SCR control voltage lower than the original set voltage power regulator cut-off, 300V power is off, switch the transformer secondary no voltage, then each circuit The required operating voltage, depends on this secondary road rectifier filter capacitor discharge to maintain. Repeat the process until the next pulse cycle is a half weeks when the signal arrival. This switch transformer is called the high-frequency transformer, because the operating frequency is higher than the 50HZ low frequency. Then promote the pulse of the switch or SCR, which requires the oscillator circuit, we know, the transistor has a characteristic, is the base-emitter voltage is 0.65-0.7V is the zoom state, 0.7V These are the saturated hydraulic conductivity state-0.1V-0.3V in the oscillatory state, then the operating point after a good tune, to rely on the deep negative feedback to generate a negative pressure, so that the oscillating tube onset, the frequency of the oscillating tube capacitor charging and discharging of the length of time from the base to determine the oscillation frequency of the output pulse amplitude, and vice versa on the small, which determines the size of the output voltage of the power regulator. Transformer secondary output voltage regulator, usually switching transformer, single around a set of coils, the voltage at its upper end, as the reference voltage after the rectifier filter, then through the optocoupler, this benchmark voltage return to the base of the oscillating tube pole to adjust the level of the oscillation frequency, if the transformer secondary voltage is increased, the sampling coil output voltage increases, the positive feedback voltage obtained through the optocoupler is also increased, this voltage is applied oscillating tube base, so that oscillation frequency is reduced, played a stable secondary output voltage stability, too small do not have to go into detail, nor it is necessary to understand the fine, such a high-power voltage transformer by switching transmission, separated and after the class returned by sampling the voltage from the opto-coupler pass separated after class, so before the mains voltage, and after the classseparation, which is called cold plate, it is safe, transformers before power is independent, which is called switching power supply.the DC / DC conversionDC / DC converter is a fixed DC voltage transformation into a variable DC voltage, also known as the DC chopper. There are two ways of working chopper, one Ts constant pulse width modulation mode, change the ton (General), the second is the frequency modulation, the same ton to change the Ts, (easy to produce interference). Circuit by the following categories:Buck circuit - the step-down chopper, the average output voltage U0 is less than the input voltage Ui, the same polarity.Boost Circuit - step-up chopper, the average output voltage switching power supply schematic U0 is greater than the input voltage Ui, the same polarity.Buck-Boost circuit - buck or boost chopper, the output average voltage U0 is greater than or less than the input voltage Ui, the opposite polarity, the inductance transmission.Cuk circuit - a buck or boost chopper, the output average voltage U0 is greater than or less than the input voltage Ui, the opposite polarity, capacitance transmission.The above-mentioned non-isolated circuit, the isolation circuit forward circuits, feedback circuit, the half-bridge circuit, the full bridge circuit, push-pull circuit. Today's soft-switching technology makes a qualitative leap in the DC / DC the U.S. VICOR company design and manufacture a variety of ECI soft-switching DC / DC converter, the maximum output power 300W, 600W, 800W, etc., the corresponding power density (6.2 , 10,17) W/cm3 efficiency (80-90)%. A the Japanese Nemic Lambda latest using soft-switching technology, high frequency switching power supply module RM Series, its switching frequency (200 to 300) kHz, power density has reached 27W/cm3 with synchronous rectifier (MOSFETs instead of Schottky diodes ), so that the whole circuit efficiency by up to 90%.AC / DC conversionAC / DC conversion will transform AC to DC, the power flow can be bi-directional power flow by the power flow to load known as the "rectification", referred to as "active inverter power flow returned by the load power. AC / DC converter input 50/60Hz AC due must be rectified, filtered, so the volume is relatively large filter capacitor is essential, while experiencing safety standards (such as UL, CCEE, etc.) and EMC Directive restrictions (such as IEC, FCC, CSA) in the AC input side must be added to the EMC filter and use meets the safety standards of the components, thus limiting the miniaturization of the volume of AC / DC power, In addition, due to internal frequency, high voltage, current switching, making the problem difficult to solve EMC also high demands on the internal high-density mountingcircuit design, for the same reason, the high voltage, high current switch makes power supply loss increases, limiting the AC / DC converter modular process, and therefore must be used to power system optimal design method to make it work efficiency to reach a certain level of satisfaction.AC / DC conversion circuit wiring can be divided into half-wave circuit, full-wave circuit. Press the power phase can be divided into single-phase three-phase, multiphase. Can be divided into a quadrant, two quadrant, three quadrants, four-quadrant circuit work quadrant.he selection of the switching power supplySwitching power supply input on the anti-jamming performance, compared to its circuit structure characteristics (multi-level series), the input disturbances, such as surge voltage is difficult to pass on the stability of the output voltage of the technical indicators and linear power have greater advantages, the output voltage stability up to (0.5)%. Switching power supply module as an integrated power electronic devices should be selected。
电子商务概论中英文对照外文翻译文献
电子商务概论中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文：Electronic CommerceElectronic commerce, or Electronic trade, or electronic business as a newly rising mode of commerce will have far-reaching influence on social economy and play an important role in social development worldwide. It represents the trend of world trade in the 21st century and beyond.1. What is Electronic Commerce?Electronic commerce refers to commercial data exchange in digital form through electronic transmission means and commercial activities conducted on-line. Usually, electronic commerce can be divided into two levels: One is low-level electronic commerce that is, electronic commercial intelligence, electronic trade, and electronic contracts. Another is high-level electronic commerce which includes all commercial activities done via Internet, ranging from searching for clients, commercial negotia-tion, making orders, on-line payment, releasing electronic invoice, to electronic dec-laration to Customs, electronic tax-payment, all conducted on Internet.Electronic commerce means electrification of all trade transactions. It is featured by these characters: ①fairness and freedom, ②high efficiency, ③globalization, ④virtualization, ⑤interactivity, ⑥autonomy, ⑦personalized service. With electronic commerce, clients and suppliers can closely and conveniently contact with each other on a global scale, so that clients can find satisfactory suppliers from all comers of the world to meet their demands.Electronic commerce will change the environment in which enterprises compete with each other and reduce costs which would otherwise be high in traditional market structure. Low costs in transactions, convenience in market entry and government encouragement to use Internet (exemption from tax) activate electronic commerce and boost it to develop rapidly right from its beginning. As experts predicted, by 2000, electronic commerce would reach a scale of 300billion US dollars worldwide. And it has exceeded this scale.To ensure security of electronic commerce, an electronic certification center should be established. Digital ID is used to validate identity. Digital 11 is trusted to a third party, namely, an authorized agency, to release, including identifying informa-tion of the holder (name, address, liaison way, ID card number), an encryptive key for common use by the both parties,period of validity, password and identification in-formation of the authorized agency, etc. With digital ID, both parties in transactions can be assured of identifying the other party and validate that the information sent out from the other party has not been subject to alteration.2. Influence That Electronic Commerce May HaveCompared with traditional commerce, electronic commerce has superiorities as follows *Extensive coverage. A network system combining Internet, Intranet (local area network inside enterprises) and Extranet (networks outside enterprises) enables buy-ers, sellers, manufacturers and their partners to contact with each other and conven-iently transmit commercial intelligence and documents worldwide.*Complete functions. In electronic commerce, users of different types and on dif-ferent tiers can realize different targets in trade, for example, releasing commercial intelligence, on-line negotiation, electronic payment, establishment of virtual com-mercial market place and on-line banking, etc.*Convenience and flexibility in use.. Based on Internet, electronic commerce is free from restriction by specialized protocol for data exchange. Transactions can be conducted conveniently on computer screen, by using any type of PCs, at any place around the world.*Low cost. Use of electronic commerce can cut down costs for hiring employees, maintaining warehouse and storefront, expense for international travel and postage to a great extent. The cost for using Internet is very low.Electronic commerce will have substantial influence on social economy:*Electronic commerce will change the way people used to take in commercial ac-tivities. Through networks, people can enter virtual stores and browse around, select what they are interested in, and enjoy various on-line services. On the other hand, merchants can contact withconsumers through networks, decide on buying in goods (categories and quantities) and perform settlement of accounts. Government agencies can perform electronic tendering and pursue government purchase through networks.*The core of electronic commerce is people. It is a social system. On-line shop-ping changes the way of people's daily life and fully embodies autonomy of consum-ers in trade.*Electronic commerce changes the way enterprises produce their goods. Through networks, manufacturers know market demand directly and make arrangement of production, in accordance with consumers' need.*Electronic commerce dramatically raises efficiency of trade. Intermediate links can be cut down; costs for sales will be reduced to minimum. Production can be ar-ranged in "small batches plus diverse varieties", and "zero stock" will be reality.*Electronic commerce calls for reformation of banking services. New concepts like on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line settlement of accounts, electronic invoice, electronic "cash"-consumers will no longer use the real cash when shopping-will become reality.*Electronic commerce will change government behavior. Called "on-line gov-ernment", an on-line administration plays the important role of a social channel, maintaining order and fairness and detecting and cracking down on-line fraud.3. The Present Situation of Electronic Commerce in Developed CountriesIn the mid-1990s, when Internet experienced explosive development and micro-computers entered homes in great numbers, computer networks became an indispen-sable part of people's daily life. People expect for more interests and convenience brought in by computer networks. Electronic Commerce emerged just in time. In de-veloped countries, governments timely madepolicies to boost electronic commerce to practical use and dominant position in a new round of worldwide competition.In 1998, Internet helped the United States to create productive out put of 507 bil-lion US dollars, national income of 301 billion US dollars, and 1. 2 million job op-portunities; of these, electronic commerce created an income of 100 billion US dollars. Internet has be-come the first big industry with yearly productive output increasing by 60%，and accounting for 6% of GDP. Service export from the United States has at-tained 160 billion US dollars each year, and it is predicted that it can compensate trade deficit in commodity trade. Internet played an important role in promoting ex-port from the United States: in 1999, books, automobiles and services were sold through electronic commerce to foreign countries, exceeding 102 billion US dollars.Advocated by the United States, 132 members of WTO decided to turn Internet into a free trade zone within at least one-year term. Some countries and organizations scrambled to work out development framework for electronic commerce and made laws and regulations for developing electronic commerce. In 1996, the UN Confer-ence on Trade and Development passed "Model Law of Electronic Commerce". In December, 1996, the US government issued "Policy Framework for Global Electronic Commerce"．In April 1997, European Union issued "Proposal for Electronic Com-merce in Europe"．On July 1 1997, US President Clinton promulgated" A framework for Global Electronic Commerce" which has had great influence on global electronic commerce. In May 1998, WTO minister conference passed "A Manifesto on Global Electronic Commerce", and in September 1998, WTO general council passed "Scheme for Electronic Commerce Work"．In October 1998, UN Organization of Economy and Cooperation ＆Development (OECD) held minister conference at Ottawa, Canada on electronic commerce, which is praised as a milestone of global electronic commerce. InSeptember 1999, Global Business Dialog on Electronic Commerce (GBDE) was held in France and is-sued "Paris Proposal"．In December 1999, the United States issued another Internet commerce standard.Electronic commerce in the United States takes the rein of the trade in the world. At present, there are 60 million subscribers of Internet in the United States. More than 98% of purchasing managers seek targets on-line. As estimated, by 2002, the value involved in transactions done through electronic commerce between US enterprises will account for 6.1% of GDP. Fortune magazine's statistics show the 500 top com-panies in the world all engaged in on-line business.25% of income to IBM (about 20 billion US dollars) is related with electronic commerce. Thanks to electronic com-merce, IBM saved its expenses of 250 million US dollars during 1999. HP Company designated its electronic Commerce solution as E-world-an electronized world. This solution is oriented to medium-and small-size enterprises, and great investment was made to third parties-software companies to develop software suited for medium-and small-size enterprises to engage in electronic commerce. Intel places its risky invest-ment mainly on Internet and electronic commerce. In July 1998, Intel began on-line transactions Its monthly business turn electronic commerce reached one billion US dollars.As a survey made by European Information Technology Observation shows, of the surveyed 570 companies, 47% have implemented electronic commerce of some sorts, and 4/5 of them began their electronic commerce in the latest two years. Execu-tive Committee of European Union plans at least 25% of its purchase done through electronic commerce by 2001. In1998, in Australia, web sites related with electronic commerce on Internet doubled in number, and 11% of Australian enterprises have their web sites. 80% of Australian companies use Internet to transmit E-mails and conduct commercial activities. In 1998, Singapore governmentpromulgated，for electronic commerce. Singapore is the only country in Southeast Asia that formally joined the "Rights and Obligation Electronic commerce In cooperation with US manufacturers and firms, Singapore established an electronic commerce entry in Asia, providing comprehensive Business-to-Business (B to B) service, so as to enable Asian trade companies to enter the rank of global electronic commerce.4. Development of Electronic Commerce in ChinaExploration in electronic commerce, governmental and civil began in 1993 in China. Today, electronic commerce has found its applications in foreign trade, Cus-toms, finance and commerce. Local frameworks have been established in Beijing and Shanghai for electronic commerce. Some electronic commerce web sites have been opened to on-line shopping and on-line settlement of accounts.The Ministry of Foreign Trade set up in February 1996 China Electronic Com-merce Center responsible for research, construction, and operation of international electronic commerce project in CT he Center established "China Commodity Trade Market" on Internet, to put rich resources of goods in China to world market, opening new channel for our exports. The subject "Security Proof of Electronic Commerce" as a key item in science and technology during th9th Five-year Plan period was ap-praised in early 1996 by State Department of Science and Technology and State En-cryptive Code Administration, which laid a foundation for establishing a safe and normal environment for electronic commerce in our country.In March 1999, the Ministry of Information Industry approved the electronic commercial network of pharmaceutics and health as a model project of electronic commerce for all trades. It is one of the six specialized networks in China, which pro-vide all-direction serve of market information, product transaction, warehousing and delivery, and account settlement, etc.In Shanghai, in 1999, "Shanghai Administrative Center of Electronic Commerce Security Certificate" was set up, which provide security platform for electronic com-merce and is responsible for application, appraisal, making and management of digital certificate domestic and foreign clients in Shanghai, and offers services such as certi-fication of digital identity and digital signature, electronic notarization, secure E-mail and secure encryption, etc. In January 1 the first on-line bookstore in China-Shanghai Book City On-line standard. It provides VISA cardholders and card-holders of domestic Great Wall card, Dragon card, Peony card and Pacific card with instant and authorized security service.The measure taken in Beijing to develop electronic commerce is to build a capital electronic commerce city. In November 1998, the capital electronic commerce project formally activated, and a frame-work formally showed off. The Legend Computer Company open edits electronic commerce system in June 1999, and web sites 8848, sina, 163, all activated their electronic commerce.In April 2000, sponsored by the Ministry of Information Indus-try，National Economy and Trade Commission, and China Council for Promotion of International Trade, the 4th China International Electronic Commerce Conference was held. State leaders and superintendents of various ministries and commissions joined the opening conference. Mr. Levy, secretary of Commercial Department of the US government led a delegation of famous US enterprises and media, totally more than 100 persons, to join the conference. More than 60 seminars were held during the conference, to dis-cuss extensive topics on electronic commerce.Despite all these efforts, companies engaged in electronic commerce service in China suffer losses in their B-to-C business (B refers to Business, C refers to Con-sumers). Some Chinese experts attribute this to Chinese shopping habit-Chinese con-sumers treat shopping asan interesting hobby; they enjoy the pleasure of spending their money through appreciating and comparing merchandise, and bargaining; but all these will vanish from on-line shopping. Other experts attribute this phenomenon to the ubiquitous incredulity in society-banks can-not interconnect their business be-cause they fear their customers will be captured by their rivals; cash cards cannot be popularized because banks do not trust civilians; and civilians do not like to do on-line shopping because they do not trust on-line stores,…etc. Why？That's because many things on-line and in society are false, for ex-ample, false number of subscribers, false statistics of access flux, shoddy goods, forged diploma, sham curriculum vitae, sham investment, sham listing, false revenue to listed enterprises, etc. Such an over-all environment will not change within a long period of time. In such environment, no commercial activity can be done. Many IT practitioners are disheartened with elec-tronic commerce in our country.5. Prospects of Electronic CommerceAlthough developing rapidly and seeming to have brilliant prospects, electronic commerce faces a series of real problems, for example, problems involving security, technology, expense, legal system, tax system, conception, protection of privacy, in-frastructure, etc. However, electronic commerce is the mainstream of enterprises in the new century and will develop rapidly in the coming years. Some companies pre-dict that by 2003, electronic commerce between enterprises in developed countries will account for over 9%of the total turnover（1,300 billion US dollars）, and in consumer electronic commerce the turnover will attain 76. 3 billion US dollars by 2002. And as experts predicted, electronic commerce in China will catch up with de-veloped countries on the average level, in 10 years. They suggested 3 to 5 years be spent on working out plans, policies and regulations necessary for developing elec-tronic commerce, building substantial and tangible electronic commerce systems, fos-tering specialized talents,optimizing of the electronic commerce systems in some trades and areas; and then 5 to 7 years be spent on linking with international elec-tronic commerce to enable our electronic commerce system as an important compo-nent of international electronic commerce; popularizing of electronic commerce in application, raising electronic commerce in our country to a higher level in research, development and application, to the average level in developed countries.The following description tells what major I/e strategies some major manufactur-ers in the world are taking in development of electronic commerce.IBM: IBM is the pioneer that held up the banner of electronic commerce as a new application of Internet. In people's mind, IBM is now not only manufacturer of main-frames, PCs, servers, software but also the “godfather" of electronic commerce. IBM has always been dedicated to promoting secure commerce over the Internet. It sin-come from selling servers has accounted for 60% of its total in-come.IBM not only provides products for large-scale applications of secure, efficient, reliable electronic commerce and payment over Internet, but also for small electronic business as well.IBM Micro Payments an application enabling buyers to purchase low cost items over Internet-is another example of how IBM is expanding to new areas of commerce. By enabling billing servers, content providers and other merchants to profitably sell items for even a few cents, IBM opens up a whole new market.IBM Micro Payments allows buyers, sellers and billing systems to sell content, information, and services over Internet, for small amounts. IBM's commitment to electronic commerce and electronic business makes it a leader in the area of electronic payments. An automated compiler tool transforms existing HTML pages, creating "click and pay" links with either fixed or dynamic prices. Content and service provid-ers can take advantage of theextensive set of APIs and authoring tools to extend IBM Micro Payments available from OEMs. Billing servers can easily integrate the IBM Micro Payments application with existing billing systems and use it to attract content providers and open new sources of revenue.IBM Micro Payments provides scalability and interoperability, which allows widespread availability across Internet, including multi-currency and multilingual support, and low operational costs it easily supports transactions as low as one cent.SUN: SUN as a global leading supplier treats Internet not only a tool but also a new mode of commerce. SUN has provided very flexible solutions to commercial af-fairs for BBC, ETRADE, Federal Express, First Auction, Fruit of the Loom, Kodak, Thomas Cook, Virgin.Microsoft: Microsoft aims at helping enterprises to set up more powerful relation with their clients and partners by three means: (I)Windows 2000, BackOffice, Site Server, Biztalk, etc; (2) MSN (in the United States, more than 40% web users access MSN, and consumers can conduct comparative study when buying articles and ser-vices); (3) Partners provide customers with various products and services on Mi-crosoft MSN platform, realizing electronic commerce solutions, including settling account, paying tax, shopping, logistics, purchasing, accounting, ERP (Electronic Remote Processing) and EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), etc.Site Server and Biz talk are the two major products of Microsoft adopted in exist-ing system for enterprises to develop electronic commerce. Site Server is used for constructing web stores, based on data-it enables the client to easily realize on-line catalog, buying/selling order, exchange of documents for promoting sale, etc. Disre-garding what platform, operating system or technology used in low layer.Novell: Novell defines itself as "NET Service Supplier" after2000. The word NET includes intranet, extranet, Internet, company net, public net, cable net, wireless net. Its aim isto breakout the existing service domain in which most software products can provide services only in a specific environment or for a specific procedure or server (rather than the whole network)．Novell's network service software NDS eDirectory as a nucleus helps clients to reduce complexity of business on network, and improve security, so that it enables network, applications and business processing to adapt to electronic commerce, and thus speed up their transfer to electronic commerce.SCO: SCO’s Tarantella is the best solution for existing users to conduct elec tronic commerce. Users can use only a browser to access any applications of platforms in back counter, without the need of re-writing existing applications, in their effort to transfer their business to electronic commercial mode. To ensure electronic commerce to continually operate, SCO provides an incessant cluster solution based on UNIXWARE 7. This product is easy to use, easy to manage and its cost is one-tenth of large-scale product of the same sort for mainframes while its performance doubles. It is a security solution with higher performance/ cost ratio among the same sort for electronic commerce.Tivoli Systems Inc. today announced Tivoli Business Systems Manager, a new, fully integrated solution that allows businesses to manage their IT environments from the top down, creating a powerful view of business systems management.The Tivoli Business Systems Manager solution provides us with business views and control mechanisms to manage all of our distributed IT resources in the retail, banking and electronic commerce environments-including system resources, data-bases, application servers, web servers and electronic commerce applications-from one central location. The Graphical User Interface allows us to monitor all of our re-sources on a single screen, regardless of geographical location.Combining the features of Tivoli Global Enterprise and Tivoli Manager for OS/390, Tivoli Business Systems Manager provides true end-to-end enterprise management from one console, simplifying the administration of heterogeneous environments. Tivoli Business Systems Manager enables customers to manage and control multiple applications that are required for different business functions.译文：电子商务电子商务或电子贸易，电子商业，或作为一个新兴的商业模式将产生深远的影响，经济和社会中发挥重要作用的社会发展世界各地。
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附件1：外文资料翻译译文电子商务与旅游业摘要电子商务的鼎盛时期已经过去还是仅仅只是在休整？商业和股市期望没有得到满足。
但是，抛去其强硬的经济问题和数量稀少旅客，电子商务在诸如旅游和旅游业的网上交易的一些部门依然不断增加。
这个行业是在B2C（企业对消费者）领域的领导型应用。
而在其他行业有较强的坚持传统工艺，旅游业正经历一个电子商务的接受过程，该行业的结构正在发生变化。
网络不仅用于收集信息；通过互联网订购服务正在被接受。
一个新型的用户正在出现，接受成为他自己的旅行社，并建立自己的旅游套票。
在2002年美国在线旅游市场增长了45％至27亿元。
占市场总值的14.4％，欧洲在线旅游增加了67％，占市场总额的3.6％（根据区域与旅游研究，www.crt.dk丹麦中心）。
同年美国32％的旅客已使用互联网预订旅游安排（见/surveys/）。
预测到2007年30%的B2C交易在欧洲的德国将在互联网上完成。
然而，其他的市场研究机构发布其他，高和低，编号。
这些统计数据问题，他们是基于不同，要么宽或窄、定义：要么区分：电子商务和电子商务(看到后者作为部分的第一)或不是，并且使用不同的变量和测量方法。
但是，即使证明不同的定义，给出了所有的统计数字旅游域点向上。
然而，在所有这些定义亏缺了一个重要方面我们可以看出在旅游案例：他们是所有交易和商业导向和忽略了这个事实，即网络也是一个中等的好奇心、创建社区或刚一件有趣的事，所有这一切都可能发生，也可能不会获得业务。
特别是旅游产品与情感体验，有趣但并不仅仅是业务。
一、关于这个行业旅游及旅游业作为一个全球或者说全球化的行业体现了非常具体的特点：1.旅行和观光的代表了大约11%世界范围内(GDP)旅游卫星账户后举行的世界旅游的方法和旅游委员会)；2.将有十亿国外游客在2010年世界旅游组织，平均而言，旅游增长速度超过其他的经济部门；3. 作为一个伞业它涉及到许多部门，如文化或体育运动，超过30种不同的工业部件，服务已确认的旅行者；4.解释了整个行业的非均质性，因为它的中小企业结构(尤其是拍照的时候目的地的观点)，它有一个巨大的重要性了区域发展。
例如,在欧盟的饭店和餐厅部门占了超过130万个企业,这些8.5都是欧洲的企业。
95%的企业是非常小的,例如有的企业只有1 - 9名员工；5.供给与需求面形成一个世界范围的网络，两种生产和分配规律是基于合作。
6.该产品是具有阶段性和复杂性的，（1）一个宾馆房间的床上，不卖一晚代表一个失落的收入。
供应商面临着潜在危险，而这种危险通过获得的信息的可能得意减少；(2)旅游产品本身是一种“捆绑型”的基本产品。
支持相当复杂的捆绑产品必须有很好定义与尊重对消费者需求、价格或者还经销渠道的接口。
旅游是一种以信息为基础的业务，给予一个先于体验的综合评价它的特质是不可能的。
游客不得不离开自己的日常环境消费产品。
此刻的决策，只可得到一个基于一系列的信息通过后天的多套频道(网络、电视、小册子或朋友) 的产品的抽象模型。
这一特点的旅游产品信息都需要消费者和供应商两个方面，面对高信息搜寻成本，导致信息市场的不完善。
所有这些反过来使其建立起相应的信息和价值的长链。
图1.市场结构视图[12]图1区分了供给和需求侧和各自的中介。
链接标记的关系以及信息的流动。
它仅仅显示最相关的链接，节显示点的参与者在各自区域的相关类型。
在供应方面，我们与“主要的供应商”指企业如酒店或餐馆里，大部分中小企业。
对于这些公司在泛函数微分在同一水平为“大”的成员，像航空公司。
旅游经营者可以被看作是产品汇集者，旅游代理充当信息经纪人，提供最终用户提供有关信息和订的设施。
CRS / GDS(中央预订系统/全球分销系统)，出于航空订票系统已经发展了他在60年代，还涉及其他产品，如打包度假，或者其他方式的交通工具。
而中介机构在右边可以被看作是“专业”连接供给与需求之间(主要是基于电子基础建设和功能的CRS /(GDS)，左侧是相关的管理、规划和品牌的一个目的地。
这些国家、地区和地方旅游组织通常是政府资助的，以及代表所有的供应商在目的地和不从事预约的过程。
上游流按照图1的流程构成产品信息，而下游流动报告主要在于在市场行为，主要表现在条款的统计上。
两个信息流动创造一个旅游信息网绑在一起，而且很明显地反映了所有市场参与者之间的经济关系。
二、层业务正在改变（一）新的产品和服务网络引导两个新的方法来满足改变消费习惯——他们并不忠诚，往往会使更多但更短的假期、决策之间的时间和消费减少，整个旅游价值链的“信息化”也是如此。
这允许不同的策略来产生价值[11]：1.增加价值的提取效率，降低物流成本，如：自动化的具体进程或外包给客户，自我入住酒店的客人或航空公司的乘客。
2.价值捕获：客户端和销售数据用来支持营销，例如，数据挖掘的预报或产量的管理。
3.价值增长：一个线性组合价值的产品及服务，创造更丰富的产品捆绑，例如，新服务品质为消费者通过将无线服务，以现有的网站给游客建议购买他们的服务。
4.价值创造：把重点放在网络效应，例如，游客们在一个目的地参与服务的定义和规划。
这样，不但过程变化，而且能自行设计新服务延伸的范围和配置选项来定制产品。
定制过程在基于互联网技术的规模定制下进行了描述有个性的产品或服务。
配置是指产品或服务捆绑的不同成分的综合，公司结合他们的核心产品与层附加的服务。
（二）新商业网络动力学和部门的已经很有竞争力的电子市场，几乎所有的利益相关者已经实施了他们的策略。
同样，旅游业也成为了新入者的发展领域，不论是初创企业还是公司来自媒体和IT领域。
自从旅游是一种以信息为基础的业务，它非常适合各自的背景。
一个可以观察进一步专业化的趋势并不断解构由成员和产品并联集成的价值链。
最新评论的竞争和合作的同时，在边界行业内是模糊的，所有类型的市场参与者都受影响。
1.游客们被更多的成员访问，但是他们同样也在说明它们的服务例如，用反向拍卖网站中扮演更积极的角色。
2.旅行社在销售渠道看到一个渺茫的权力，后果是他们将重点更多地放在咨询和更复杂的产品上。
3.进一步提高网络旅游网站提供了新的市场功能和技术，焦点集中在对旅行者的个性化智能工具见在主要网站使用的建议功能)。
目的地管理机构在目的地开发合作模式，在那里他们会占据一个新角色作为经验和集成服务商，例如爱尔兰。
4.旅游经营者基于规模化定制和灵活的配置(例如，意大利操作员科斯塔Crociere已经开发了一种个性化的巡航建造者)，总是将个体之间和包装旅游的边界模糊。
5.CRS / GDS显示了一个“英特尔内置”的营销战略，利用链接到主要旅游网站提高其交易额，同时进行直接销售以增加零售环节。
6.供应商将日益形成同盟和支持电子直销，增加价格竞争和价格，重新分化过程，如电子的票务客户或自动登机手续。
这导致了市场的一种进化，形象地描述为一个进行中的相互影响的集中(例如，如美国与全国各大网站，例如Expedia在线旅行，Orbitz或Travelocity)和同步的新进入的新成员。
增加了复杂性，但是也生成了需要新的服务项目，如提供透明访问，市场概览，或价格的比较，这反过来又会促进创新，将更加强调技术创新。
三、IT系统：特点和发展趋势新兴的商业场景是基于灵活的网络结构和一个消费者不断提高的整合。
如果一个人增加旅游生命周期——考虑到流动性方面的旅游者——可以得出以下的简化图中的链接各自的旅游阶段与公司的过程。
图2.旅游生命周期和公司的进程(供应商和中介机构)很明显，公司合伙人得交叉过程促进了了分布式的b2b2c的形成，并且支持移动通信公司和消费者之间的合作。
技术——基于一种普遍深入人心的基础设施——将变得透明，对消费者来说是无形的；信息就会出现在家中、工作中和在旅行中。
在这样一个场景的IT系统应该具有以下特点：1.支持异构数据格式和 业务功能以及分布式数据来源，因为他们必须考虑的不同类型的参与主体与他们的功能差异；2.有弹性和开放性，关于地理和功能扩展。
他们会支持整个消费生命周期和所有商业阶段；3.使各自的参与者拥有充分的自主权，而是增强合作行为，为供应商提供复杂工具以及进行动态的网络配置；4.移动和固网服务的整合，促成服务的多渠道访问，提供像先前描述的所有不同类型的成员；5.支持细心的用户界面和通过广泛的开发的用户模型的个性化，考虑到用户的行为、认知以及感情方面。
交叉的研究和开发工作已经在着手解决旅游及旅游业应用上述主题，并取得了一些显著的成绩。
很自然地，很多这些活动遵循一个基于AI途径。
接下来，我们参考他们中的一些人，集中关注于那些更有影响力，已经或即将有重大作用的途径。
这些都是具有相当水平的技术，它能在不同的应用中被开发，如旅游规划与调度、来访者导引系统、个人定价、反向拍卖，或工作流管理支持合作的市场中。
1．信息提取。
旅游信息门户网站仍然很大程度上基于非结构化的信息。
因此，发展中的一个关键问题在于存取数据的分布式系统为人类使用格式化并把它们转换成一个结构化的数据格式，如XML。
这个问题通过包覆技术得到妥善解决来学习高度精确提取规则，适应结构的改变网站确保正确的抽取数据([5]，[6])。
2．信息集成。
包装器可以利用顶部或结构化信息来源的半结构化来建立。
这为解答基于多重包装的数据的结合与提取的疑问的系统[4] 搭建了舞台。
旅游相关资讯来源代表一个完美的应用等技术。
例如，TheaterLoc是一种信息集成的应用程序，可以让用户检索在美国的剧院和餐馆的信息，这些信息来自5个不同的线上资源[1]。
这个应用程序的核心部件是一个开发AI规划技术的媒介，是一个领域模型(含一种本体论)，它结合一套公理描述之间的映射关系与综合性数据来源。
当查询时，系统原因提出关于领域的模型的描述和来源，建立一个计划数据检索和整合。
3．信息的简报。
旅游是一种特殊的文化遗产，是一个享有特权的应用领域为智能信息介绍技术[10]。
自然语言技术被用来建造语境演讲，演讲和手势识别以及动画角色支持一条增量互动性涉及用户在欣赏文化遗产。
应用已经开发出来，因为这才是真正的展览的信息，即用户混合，监测，一组感测器，能在移动设备上活化个性化的窗户，那里提供在展的的信息(例如，在一个博物馆)。
此外，即使是不请自来的对进一步话题或对象设想都可以提供交付。
4．建议。
建议系统建会推荐产品并未消费者提供建议的产品信息以便于决策。
有一些显著的应用聚焦于旅游目的地的选择和应用旅游产品捆绑([2]，[8])。
在这些应用中用户关于对他的需要和系统被明确的要求，包括约束和基于内容过滤技术、交互式查询管理、和过滤写作方法的变化趋势或基于实例推理的，等级建议提取结构化的目录。
旅游推荐提出关于其复杂性和无形的旅游产品的特殊要求。