APA reference的写法(第六版)
APA 第6版范例下载
APA (American Psychological Association) 第六版參考文獻範例臚列參考文獻(reference list)及文章中之文獻引用(reference citations) ，中文文獻（需加註英譯）應置於英文文獻之前。
中文文獻應依作者姓氏筆劃順序排列、英文文獻則依作者姓氏字母順序排列（若作者姓氏、字母相同時，則依序比較後列之字元）。
一、定期刊物格式：作者姓名（姓在先）（西元出版年）．標題．期刊名稱，卷（期），起訖頁數。
蔡淑鳳（2011）．護理專業發展之機會與挑戰－臺灣護理精彩一百‧護理雜誌，58（3），5-11 。
[Tsay, S. F. (2011). The opportunities and challenges of nursing professional development: Celebrating 100 years of nursing in Taiwan. The Journal of Nursing, 58(3), 5-11.]※期刊名、卷數需以斜體字體呈現，若該期刊無卷數時，則僅列期數且不需斜體。
Chu, W., & Hsu, L. L. (2011). Developing practical knowledge content of emergency nursing professionals. The Journal of Nursing Research, 19(2), 112-118. doi: 10.1097/JNR. 0b013 e31821aa0eb※期刊若有「數位物件識別碼（digital object identifier, DOI）」，則列於文獻末。
Briscoe, R. (in press). Egocentric spatial representation in action and perception. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. Retrieved from /5780/ 1/ECSRAP.F07.pdf ※付梓中的文章，因尚未正式出版，必須提供精確之網址。
第六版APA国际英语论文格式
Check the Library Catalogue for call number and location(s). When quoting directly or indirectly from a source, the source must be acknowledged in the text by author
Helber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for new markets. In M. V. Conlin & T. Baum (Eds.), Island tourism: Management principles and practice (pp. 105-113). Chichester, England: John Wiley.
(Bochner, 1996) or According to Bochner (1996) ...
6. Course handout/Lecture notes
Salter, G. (2007). Lecture 3: SPLS205-07A [PowerPoint slides]. Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato.
At the end of your assignment, you are required to provide the full bibliographic information for each source. References must be listed in alphabetical order by author.
apa 第六版格式
apa 第六版格式
APA第六版格式是一种常用的学术写作格式，下面是一个以中文写的例子：
引言
这篇论文探讨了心理健康对个体幸福感的影响。
过去的研究表明，心理健康与幸福感之间存在着密切的关联。
然而，这种关联是否具有因果关系仍然有待进一步研究。
方法
本研究采用了一项纵向研究设计来调查心理健康对幸福感的影响。
参与者包括100名大学生，他们被随机分为实验组和对照组。
实验组接受了为期一年的心理健康促进干预，并被要求每天记录自己的心理状态，而对照组则没有接受任何干预措施。
研究期间，我们使用了广泛应用的幸福感评定量表来评估参与者的幸福感。
结果
经过一年的干预，实验组的参与者显示出了显著提高的心理健康水平（M = 4.56，SD = 0.78），相较于对照组的参与者（M = 3.92，SD = 0.63）。
此外，实验组的参与者在幸福感评定量表上的得分也明显高于对照组的参与者（M = 6.70，SD = 1.05 vs. M = 5.89，SD =
0.97）。
讨论
本研究的结果提供了进一步证据，支持了心理健康与幸福感之间的正向关联。
此外，经过一年的干预，心理健康促进措施被发现可以有效提高大学生的心理健康水平，并进而提高其幸福感。
这些结果为心理健康促进的实践和政策制定提供了重要的参考。
结论
总的来说，本研究提供了支持心理健康对幸福感有积极影响的证据。
未来的研究可以进一步探讨其他因素对这种关系的调节作用，并开展更广泛的干预措施来促进个体的心理健康和幸福感。
apa格式第六版参考文献模板
apa格式第六版参考文献模板
对于APA格式第六版的参考文献模板，我将提供一些常见类型的参考文献格式。
请注意，APA格式可能会根据不同的出版物类型
有所不同，因此在创建参考文献时，请务必查阅最新的APA官方指南以确保准确性。
1. 书籍：
作者姓，作者名字首字母. (出版年). 书名. 出版地点: 出版社.
2. 期刊文章：
作者姓，作者名字首字母. (出版年). 文章标题. 期刊名, 卷号(期号), 页码.
3. 网络文章：
作者姓，作者名字首字母. (出版年). 文章标题. 网站名. 网址.
4. 学位论文：
作者姓，作者名字首字母. (完成年份). 论文标题. 学位授予单位.
5. 会议论文集：
作者姓，作者名字首字母. (出版年). 文章标题. 在A. 编者姓(Eds.), 书名 (页码). 出版地点: 出版社.
以上是一些常见类型的参考文献模板，但请注意，具体的参考文献格式可能会因出版物类型而有所不同。
在创建参考文献时，请务必查阅最新的APA官方指南以确保格式的准确性。
apa格式reference模版
APA格式的reference模版是指在学术论文或研究报告中引用参考文献时所使用的一种格式规范。
APA格式的引用要求包括作者尊称、出版年份、文章标题、期刊名、卷号、期号、页码等信息，并且还要求按照一定的顺序和格式来书写这些信息。
以下是APA格式的reference模版的示例：1. 书籍：作者姓氏，作者名字/尊称缩写。
（出版年）。
书名：副标题。
出版地点：出版社。
例如：Smith, J. (2010). The Art of Writing: A Guide to Perfecting Your Craft. New York, NY: HarperCollins.2. 期刊文章：作者姓氏，作者名字/尊称缩写。
（出版年）。
文章标题。
期刊名，卷号（期号），页码。
例如：Johnson, R. (2015). The Effects of Climate Change on Wildlife. Environmental Science Quarterly, 15(2), 45-57.3. 网络来源：作者姓氏，作者名字/尊称缩写。
（出版年）。
文章标题。
全球信息站名。
获取日期，全球信息站。
例如：Brown, M. (2018). The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health. Psychology Today. Retrieved September 25, 2018, from xxx4. 研究报告：机构名。
出版年。
报告标题。
出版地点：出版社。
例如：National Institute of Mental Health. (2016). Mental Health in America: Prevalence and Treatment of Mental Illness. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.5. 会议论文：作者姓氏，作者名字/尊称缩写。
最新版（6版）《APA格式》导读
最新版（6版）《APA格式》导读《APA格式》⾸版于1929年出版，当时还只是⼀个只有7页长的“规范性程式，尽管实践中的例外在所难免，但遇到疑问时总算有个参考”（Bentley et al.，1929，p. 57）。
⼋⼗年后的今天，我们本着同样的精神推出《APA格式》的第六版。
随着时间的推移，各⽅⾯的需要已使得《APA格式》由起初的⼀组单纯的体例规则，发展成为今天包括学术写作各⽅⾯问题的权威性资源，从出版物的引⽤伦理到如何遣词造句以最⼤限度地消除偏见性语⾔，各⽅⾯应有尽有。
美国⼼理协会体例取⾃⼴泛的⼼理学⽂献，取⾃有丰富学术写作经验的编辑和作者，取⾃公认的有关出版实践问题的权威机构。
这⼀版《APA格式》对上⼀版进⾏了⼴泛的修订，以能反映学术出版中的新标准以及学术信息传播中的新的实践⽅式。
⾃上⼀版⼿册出版以来，学术出版所⾯对的，已由单纯的读者群发展成为“学术内容的消费者群”。
新技术也使得⽇益复杂的分析成为可能，这和它们使得这些分析结果以多种形式加速传播⼀样，从博客到个⼈⽹站发帖到在线数据库发表⽂章等等。
为了能够在这些媒体以及其他新形式对学术出版发表的影响⽅⾯为⼴⼤读者提供指导，我们对《APA格式》的内容进⾏了重新安排，并对有些内容进⾏了很⼤的浓缩。
我们的⾸要⽬标是简化读者的⼯作；我们的⽅法是在同⼀个地⽅提供全部信息。
信息是按照出版发表的过程安排的：以想法始，以出版发表终。
我们保留并强化了美国⼼理协会的写作体例和如何避免偏见性语⾔的导则。
关于后者，这是美国⼼理协会三⼗多年前才⾸次提出来的。
最重要的是，我们对伦理导则、统计导则、学刊⽂章报告标准、电⼦⽂献参考格式以及各种表格和图像的制作导则，都做了显著扩充。
此次修订的⼀项关键⼯作是对《APA格式》配套⽀持⽹站的更新和扩展，这项⼯作使得我们能提供的信息翻番式地增长。
读者可以在⽹站上找到⼤量的关于APA体例的学习资源以及更多的写作和出版发表导则，这些导则将随着标准和实践的变化⽽及时更新。
参考文献格式apa6
References/BibliographyAPABased on the “Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association” 6th edition.The “APA style” is an author-date style for citing and referencing information in assignments and publications. This guide is based on the American Psychological Association’s Publication Manual, 6th edition (2010). Note:Before you write your list of references, check with your lecturer or tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the School. There may be differences in the style recommended by the School.What is referencing?Referencing is a standardised way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignments. This allows the sources to be identified.Why reference?Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations and to enable readers to identify and follow up works you have referred to.Steps in referencing• Record the full bibliographic details and relevant page numbers of the source from whichinformation is taken.• Note the DOI (digital object identifier), if present. When a DOI is used, do not provide theURL or date of retrieval.• Insert the citation at the appropriate place in the text of your document.• Include a reference list that includes all in-text citations at the end of your document.In-text citations• In an author-date style, in-text citations usually require the name of the author(s) and theyear of publication.• A page number is included if you have a direct quote. When you paraphrase a passage, orrefer to an idea contained in another work, providing a page number is not required, but is "encouraged", especially if you are referring to a long work and the page numbers might be useful to the reader.How to create a reference list/bibliography• A reference list includes just the books, articles, and web pages etc that are cited in the textof the document. A bibliography includes all sources consulted for background reading. •A reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. If an item has no author, it is cited bytitle, and included in the alphabetical list using the first significant word of the title.• If you have more than one item with the same author, list the items chronologically, startingwith the earliest publication.• Each reference appears on a new line.• Each item in the reference list is required to have a hanging indent. • References should not be numbered.Referencing SoftwareThe University of Queensland Library provides access to EndNote and RefWorks software, which assist in creating reference lists. An APA 6th style is provided in the Endnote X4 software.(22/11/2011)APA 6th EditionBookElements of the citationAuthor(s) of book – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of book – italicised. Place of publication: Publisher.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeOne author Sophisticated searching techniques areimportant in finding information (Berkman,1994)ORBerkman (1994) claimed that … Berkman, R. I. (1994). Find it fast: How to uncover expert information. New York, NY: Harper Perrenial.BookTwo authors It is futile to maintain that the sexes areinterchangeable (Moir & Jessel, 1991)ORMoir and Jessel (1991) found students…Always list the authors in the order in whichthey appear in the publication.Cite both authors for each use of reference. Moir, A., & Jessel, D. (1991). Brain sex: The real difference between men and women. London: Mandarin.BookThree to five authors (O’Keefe, Bell, & Wyne, 2009)(O’Keefe et al., 2009)O'Keefe, J. H., Bell, D. S. H., & Wyne, K.L. (2009). Diabetesessentials. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.Book2O’Keefe, Bell, and Wyne argue that (2009)Cite all authors the first time the reference appears; for all subsequent uses, cite last name of first author followed by “et al.”Six or more authors Johnson et al. (2005) argue …ORIt was argued that…(Johnson et al., 2005)Cite just the last name of the first authorfollowed by “et al.” and year for the first andall other citationsJohnson, L., Lewis, K., Peters, M., Harris, Y., Moreton, G.,Morgan, B., . . . Smith, P. (2005). How far is far? London:McMillan.When a reference has up to seven authors, include allauthors’ names in the reference list. When a work haseight or more authors, cite the last names & initials ofthe first six authors then follow with a comma and threespaced ellipsis points (. . .), then the last author’s name.BookNo author Management is defined as (CCH MacquarieDictionary, 1993)ORCCH Macquarie Dictionary (1993) defines…Cite in the text the first few words of the titleand the year. The CCH Macquarie dictionary of business. (1993). North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia.BookAuthor Identified As Anonymous (Anonymous, 1996)Use only if author is specifically named as“Anonymous”Anonymous. (1996). Primary colors : A novel of politics.New York, NY: Random House.BookAuthors With Same Last Name (J. P. Lewis, 2007)J. P. Lewis argues that (2007)(R. Lewis, 2007)R. Lewis stated that (2007)Include first author’s initials in all citations.Lewis, J.P. (2007). Fundamentals of project management.New York, NY: American Management Association.Lewis, R. (2007). Human genetics : concepts andapplications. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill HigherEducation.Book3Multiple works by the same author …geology of Queensland’s national parks(Willmott, 2004, 2006).Willmott, W.F . (2004). Rocks and landscapes of thenational parks of Southern Queensland. Brisbane:Geological Society of Australia, Queensland Division.Willmott, W.F. (2006). Rocks and landscapes of the nationalparks of Central Queensland. Brisbane: GeologicalSociety of Australia, Queensland Division.Order chronologically from earliest in the reference listBookMultiple works by the same author, published in the same year (Dawkins, 1996a, 1996b) Dawkins, R. (1996a). Climbing Mount Improbable. London:Viking.Dawkins, R. (1996b). River out of Eden. London: Phoenix.Order alphabetically by title in the Reference list.BookBook by an organisation or institution (corporate author) (Queensland Health, 2002)Queensland Health (2002) recommends that….Queensland Health. (2002). Best practice guidelines for themanagement of type 1 diabetes in children andadolescents. Brisbane, Australia: Author.BookDifferent Editions (DeHart, Sroufe, & Cooper, 1995)DeHart, Sroufe, & Cooper (1995) state the ideathat…DeHart, G. B., Sroufe, L.A., & Cooper, R. G. (1995). Childdevelopment: Its nature and course (4th ed.). Boston,MA: McGraw-Hill.The edition statement is placed after the title of the work.This is not necessary for a first edition.BookEdited book (Friedman & Wachs, 1999)(Everson, 1991) Friedman, S. L., & Wachs, T. D. (Eds.). (1999). Measuringenvironment across the life span: Emerging methodsand concepts. Washington, DC: American PsychologicalAssociation.Everson, S. (Ed.). (1991). Psychology. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.Edited book4Electronicversion of printbook(De Lara & Doyen, 2008)(Ardia, 2008) De Lara, M., & Doyen, L. (2008). Sustainable managementof natural resources: Mathematical models andmethods. [SpringerLink version]. Retrieved from/openurl.asp?genre=book&isbn=978-3-540-79073-0Ardia, D. (2008). Financial risk management with Bayesianestimation of GARCH models: Theory and applications[SpringerLink version]. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-78657-3Add the name of the provider of the electronic version insquare brackets.Electronic bookEnter the DigitalObject Identifier of thebook in the DOI field.If the book has no DOI,use the URL field andenter the full URL ofthe e-book if it wasonly publishedelectronically. If thebook was originallypublished in print,enter the URL of thehomepage of thewebsite on which it isavailable.Electronic-only book (Stevens, n.d.) Stevens, K. (n.d.) The dreamer and the beast. Retrievedfrom/showitem.asp?itemID=332Electronic bookTranslation of a book (Ylinen, 2008) Ylinen, J. (2008). Stretching therapy: For sport and manualtherapies (J. Nurmenniemi, Trans.). Edinburgh,Scotland: Churchill Livingstone.BookEnter translator’sname in Translatorfield5Chapter in a bookElements of the citationAuthor(s) of chapter – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In Editor(s) – initials and family name - of book (Eds), Title of book – italicised, (pp. Page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeChapter in an edited book (Baker & Lightfoot, 1993)Use the chapter authors, NOT the editors of thebookBaker, F. M., & Lightfoot, O. B. (1993). Psychiatric care ofethnic elders. In A. C. Gaw (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity,and mental illness (pp. 517-552). Washington, DC:American Psychiatric Press.Book sectionChapter from an electronic book without DOI (Scott, 2005) Scott, D. (2005). Colonial governmentality. In J. X. Inda(Ed.), Anthropologies of modernity (pp. 21-49).Retrieved from/cgi-bin/bookhome/117909832Book sectionChapter from an electronic book with DOI (Iacono, 2008) Iacono, W. G. (2008). Polygraph testing. In E. Borgida & S.T. Fiske (Eds.), Beyond common sense: Psychologicalscience in the courtroom (pp. 219-235). doi:10.1002/9780470696422Book sectionReview from the Mental Measurements Yearbook database (McInerney, 2004) McInerney, V. (2004). Review of the Neale Analysis ofReading Ability, 3rd Edition [AustralianStandardisation]. In The fifteenth mentalmeasurements yearbook. Retrieved from EBSCOMental Measurements Yearbook database.Book sectionAdd “EBSCO MentalMeasurementsYearbook database” inthe URL field.6Dictionary or EncyclopaediaElements of the citationAuthor(s) of work – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title – italicised. Place of publication: Publisher.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeDictionary or Encyclopedia – print version (Wolman, 1989) Wolman, B.B. (Ed.). (1989). Dictionary of behavioralscience (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. BookEntry from Electronic dictionary or encyclopedia (Community, 2009) Community. (2009). In J. Scott & G. Marshall (Eds.), Adictionary of sociology (3rd rev. ed.). Retrieved from/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t88.e337Book section7Journal ArticleIf the journal article has a digital object identifier (DOI), include this in your reference.If there is no DOI and you have accessed the article electronically, include the URL of the journal’s homepage in your reference.Elements of the citationJournal article with DOI (print or electronic)Author(s) of journal article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of journal article. Journal name – italicised, Volume – italicised(Issue or number), Page number(s). doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxxJournal article – DOI not available and journal retrieved onlineReference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote ReferenceTypeJournal article from print journal, no DOI (Lowrie & Diezmann, 2009) Lowrie, T., & Diezmann, C. M. (2009). Nationalnumeracy tests: A graphic tells a thousand words.Australian Journal of Education, 53, 141-158.Journal articleJournal article (print or electronic) with DOI – one author – paginated by issue (Osman, 2010)OROsman (2010) thought that….Osman, M. (2010). Controlling uncertainty: A reviewof human behavior in complex dynamicenvironments. Psychological Bulletin, 136(1), 65-86. doi: 10.1037/a0017815Note: The volume number is in italicsJournal articleWhen citing an articlewhich you accessedelectronically, use the“Electronic article”reference type.8Journal article with DOI – two authors (Kerrigan & Kingdon, 2010) Kerrigan, A. M., & Kingdon, C. (2010). Maternalobesity and pregnancy: A retrospective study.Midwifery, 26, 138-146. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2008.12.005Journal articleJournal article with DOI–three to five authors (Skenderian, Siegel, Crano, Alvaro, & Lac,2008)For works with 3-5 authors, in the in-textcitation, cite all authors the first time thereference appears; for all subsequentuses, cite last name of first authorfollowed by “et al.”Skenderian, J. J., Siegel, J. T., Crano, W. D., Lac, A., &Alvaro, E. E. (2008). Expectancy change andadolescents' intentions to use marijuana.Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22, 563-569.doi:10.1037/a0013020Note: In the reference list, include all authors up toseven.Journal articleJournal articlewith DOI – sixauthors or more(Wolchik et al., 2008)Note: For the in-text citation, for workswith six or more authors, use only thefirst author’s last name followed by “etal.”, for every use of the citation. Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J.,Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., . . . Griffin, W. A.(2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child programs forchildren of divorce. Journal of Consulting andClinical Psychology, 68,843-856.doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.843Note: In the reference list, include all authors up toseven. For eight or more, include the first six, then anellipsis, followed by the last author's name.Journal articleJournal article with DOI - continuous pagination throughout volume (Wilens & Biederman, 2006) Wilens, T.E., & Biederman J. (2006). Alcohol, drugs,and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Amodel for the study of addictions in youth.Journal of Psychopharmacology, 20, 580-588.doi:10.1177/0269881105058776Note: Issue number is not required.Journal articleJournal article with DOI –available in (Allan, 2010) Allan, H. (2010). The perils facing nurse education: Acall for leadership for learning. Nurse EducationToday, Advance online publication. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2010.01.002Electronic article9advance in an online publication (before it is assigned a volume, issue or page numbers)Cochrane Review with DOI (Shaw, O’Rourke, Del Mar, & Kenardy,2005)Shaw, K., O'Rourke, P., Del Mar, C., & Kenardy, J.(2005). Psychological interventions for overweightor obesity. The Cochrane database of systematicreviews (2).doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003818.pub2Journal articleJournal article accessed electronically, without DOI (Fallon & Engel, 2008) Fallon, A., & Engel, C. (2008). Hypertensive disordersof pregnancy. The Practising Midwife, 11(9), 1-27.Retrieved fromElectronic articleNote: In the URLfield, enter either theURL of the journal'swebsite (forsubscription-basedjournals), or the fullURL of the article (forarticles available freeon the web)Journal article – in press (Williams & Beattie, in press) Williams, S., & Beattie, H. J. (in press). Problem basedlearning in the clinical setting – a systematicreview. Nurse Education Today.Journal articlePut “in press” in yearfieldArticle from UQ eReserve (Shaw, 2003) Shaw, J. (2003). Epidemiology and prevention of type2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. MedicalJournal of Australia, 179, 379-383. Retrieved fromUniversity of Queensland Library E-Reserve.Electronic articlePut “University ofQueensland Library E-Reserve” in URL field10Conference papers and proceedingsElements of the citationAuthor(s) of paper – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of paper. Title of published proceeding – italicised. Place of Publication: Publisher.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypePublished conference paper (Scheinin, 2009) Scheinin, P. (2009). Using student assessment to improveteaching and educational policy. In M. O'Keefe, E.Webb, & K. Hoad (Eds.), Assessment and studentlearning: Collecting, interpreting and using data toinform teaching, 12-14. Melbourne, Australia:Australian Council for Educational Research.Book sectionUnpublished conference paper (Bowden & Fairley, 1996) Bowden, F.J., & Fairley, C.K. (1996, June). EndemicSTDs in the Northern Territory: Estimations ofeffective rates of partner change. Paper presented atthe Scientific Meeting of the Royal Australian Collegeof Physicians, Darwin.Conference paperAdd “June” in the DatefieldConference paper from proceedings published regularly online Note: include a DOI or URL as for an online journal article (Herculano-Houzel, Wong, Kaas, & Lent, 2008) Herculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H.& Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of thecerebral cortex. Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593-12598.doi:10.1073/pnas.0805417105Electronic article11Newspaper and magazine articlesElements of the citationAuthor(s) of article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication, month day). Title of article. Title of newspaper – italicised, p. page number(s).Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNotereference typeNewspaper article with author (Cook, 2002) Cook, D. (2002, January 28). All in the mind. The Age, p.8.Note: Precede page numbers with p. or pp.Newspaper articleNewspaper article, no author (Meeting the needs, 2001) Meeting the needs of counsellors. (2001, May 5). TheCourier Mail, p. 22. Newspaper articleMagazine article (Marano, 2008) Marano, H.E. (2008, March-April). Making of aperfectionist. Psychology Today, 41, 80-86.Magazine articleElectronic newspaper or magazine article (Sandy, 2009)Sandy, A. (2009, January 22). Cheaper to fly than hire abike in Brisbane. The Courier Mail. Retrieved from.au/couriermail/Newspaper articleEnter the URL ofthe newspaper’shomepage in theURL field.Newspaper article from fulltext database (Lampathakis, 1997) Lampathakis, P. (1997, August 11). Tantrums seen assuicide warning. The West Australian, p. 26.Retrieved from Factiva database.Newspaper articleEnter “August 11”in the Issue field.Enter “Factivadatabase” in theURL field.12Government PublicationsElements of the citationAuthor(s) of report – (person or organisation), use & for multiple authors. (Year of Publication). Title of report – italicised. Place of publication: Publisher.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeGovernment report (Queensland Health, 2005) Queensland Health. (2005). Health systems review.Final report. Brisbane, Australia: QueenslandGovernment.ReportOnline report (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare[AIHW], 2010) Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2010). Childprotection Australia 2008-09 (Report No.CWS 35).Retrieved from.au/publications/cws/35/10859.pdf ReportEnter “Report No. CWS 35” in the Report Number field.13ThesisElements of the citation for a thesisAuthor of thesis – family name and initials. (Year of preparation of thesis). Title of thesis – italicised. (Award, Institution, Year).Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeThesis- retrieved from institutional or personal website (Axford, 2007) Axford, J.C. (2007). What constitutes success in Pacificisland community conserved areas? (Doctoraldissertation, University of Queensland, 2007).Retrieved from.au/view/UQ:158747ThesisThesis – retrieved from database (Sheehan, 2007) Sheehan, L. R. (2007). Destination managementorganizations: A stakeholder perspective. Retrievedfrom Proquest Digital Dissertations. (AAT NR25719)Thesis14WebpagesElements of the citationAuthor(s) of page – person or organisation, use & for multiple authors. (Year page created or revised). Title of page – italicised. Retrieved from web address. Do not include retrieval date unless the material may change over time (e.g., Wikis).Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeWeb page - with author (Atherton, 2005) Atherton, J. (2005). Behaviour modification. Retrieved from/learning/ behaviour_mod.htmWeb PageWeb page - no author (Behaviourmodification, 2007)Use title instead ofauthor nameBehaviour modification. (2007). Retrieved from cational-/behaviour.htmlWeb PageWebpage – no date (Society of ClinicalPsychology, n.d.)Society of Clinical Psychology. (n.d.). About clinical psychology. Retrieved from/about/division/div12.aspxWeb PageWebpage – corporate author (Queensland Health,2009)As stated byQueensland Health(2009),Queensland Health. (2009). Sun safety and physical activity. Retrieved from.au/hid/SkinHealth/SunSafety/sunSafetyAndPhysicalActivity_ap.asp.Web PageImage on a webpage The image of the rash(Scarlet Fever RashPicture, n.d.)Scarlet fever rash picture [Image] (n.d.). Retrieved from/hardin/md/dermatlas/scarletfever.htmlAudiovisual materialAdd “Image” to Typefield15Other Internet Sources:Elements of the citationAuthor. (Year, month day). Title, [Type of media]. Retrieved from Web addressReference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote reference typePodcasts (Al Zaabi & Bjarnesen, 2006) Al Zaabi, M. (Producer), & Bjarnesen, T. (Presenter).(2006, November 7). Diabetes in the elderly[Audio podcast]. Retrieved from.au/hn/talks/Audiovisual materialAdd “Producer” and “Presenter” in manually Add “Audio podcast” to the Type field.Email or personal communication es (personalcommunication, August 6, 2008)Or(L.J. Henderson, personalcommunication, February 5,2007)Not included in reference list, only cited in text. Entered into text manuallyMessage posted to a newsgroup, online forum or discussion group (Winther, 2009) Winther, M. (2009, January 14). The unconscious isspirit [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from/group/alt.psychology.jung/topics?lnkWeb PageAdd “January 14” to LastUpdate Date fieldAdd “Online forum comment”to Type of Medium field.16Blog Post (Reville, 2006) Reville, L. (2006, September 5). Where to findfundraising ideas [Web log message].Retrieved from /BlogEmail Discussion List – Web Archive (Vuinovich, 2001) Vuinovich, G. (2001, April 4). Report on malariaoutbreak [Electronic mailing list message].Retrieved from/VirtualListserv_Archives/ HCM/Policy/2001/msg016.htmlWeb PageAdd “April 4” to Last UpdateDate fieldAdd “Electronic mailing listmessage” to Type of Mediumfield.Eric document (limited circulation book or monograph, from electronic database) (Alberta Education, 2009) Alberta Education, Learning and Teaching ResourcesBranch. (2009). Cree language and culture: 9-year program guide to implementation, grades4-5-6 [Monograph]. Retrieved from/Web PageAdd “Monograph” to Type ofMedium field.Eric document (informally published or self-archived) (Montgomery, 2009) Montgomery, J.R. (2009). Using audio books toimprove reading and academic performance.Retrieved from ERIC database (ED505947).Web Page17BrochuresElements of the citationAuthor. (Year). Title of brochure.[Brochure]. Place: Use author aspublisher.Reference typeIn-text examples Reference list example EndNote reference typeBrochure (University of Queensland, StudentServices, 2000) University of Queensland, StudentServices, Personal CounsellingProgram. (2000). Eatingdisorders [Brochure]. Brisbane,Australia: Author.PamphletLecture NotesElements of the citationName of author(s) or the institution responsible, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title and subtitle of publication – italicised, Name of institution, Location of institution.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNoteLecture notes - print (Johnson, 2008) Johnson, A. (2008). Week three:Foucault [Powerpoint slides].Unpublished manuscript,BESC1001, University ofQueensland, St Lucia, Australia.List name of city, state and country.Do not include state if listed inuniversity name. ManuscriptAdd [Powerpoint slides] manually Add “manuscript” to Type of Work fieldAdd “BESC1001, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia” to the Institution field18Lecture notes - online (Johnson, 2008) Johnson, A. (2008). Week three:Foucault [Powerpoint slides].Retrieved from BESC1001,University of QueenslandBlackboard Online:.au/ Web PageAdd “Week three: Foucault [Powerpoint slides] to the Title field Add “BESC1001, University of Queensland Blackboard Online: .au/” to URL fieldVideo or DVDElements of the citationProducer, A.A. (Producer), & Director, B.B. (Director). (Year). Title of video or DVD – italicised [Motion picture, DVD, etc] . Place of origin: Studio. Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote reference typeVideo or DVD (Smith, 2009) Smith, S. (Producer). (2009).Excellence in teaching : Lessonplanning [DVD]. Plainview, NY :Sunburst Media. Audiovisual mediaAdd “DVD” to the Type field.19Television programsElements of the citationWriter name(s) (Writer). (Year, month day). [ Type of medium]. Place of broadcast: Name of broadcasterReference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote reference typeTelevision or radio program (Bryant, 2001) Bryant, B. (Writer). (2001,September 12). The Bryantmedical hour [Televisionbroadcast]. Sydney, Australia:Public Broadcasting Service. Audiovisual materialIn Date field, add “September 12”. Add “Television broadcast” to the Type field.Indirect citationAn indirect citation is when the ideas of one author are published in another author’s text but you have not read or accessed the original author’s work. In the list of References provide the details of the author of the work you have read.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote reference typeIndirect citation or secondary source Miller (cited in Agrios 2005) found …… it was found (Miller, cited in Agrios2005). Agrios, G.N. (2005). Plant pathology(5th ed.) Burlington, MA.:Elsevier Academic Press.Cite the source where you foundthe citationBookUse the relevant reference type forthe item you are citing. Add “citedin” manually using “Edit Citation”option.Report From a Private OrganizationAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2000). Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with eating disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.20。
apa 6 引用书的格式
apa 6 引用书的格式APA 6 引用书的格式在学术写作中，正确引用书籍是非常重要的，APA（美国心理学协会）是学术界常用的引用风格之一。
APA 6是第六版APA出版手册的指南，规定了书籍引用的具体格式。
本文将以"APA 6 引用书的格式"为主题，逐步介绍如何根据APA 6标准引用书籍，并提供相关示例。
1. 引述书籍的作者（Author）在APA 6中，书籍的作者应该列在姓和名的顺序下方。
如果书籍有多个作者，则只需写下第一位作者，后面可以使用"et al."来简写其他作者。
若有编辑或编者，则需在编辑部分进行说明。
例如，为了引述一本由单一作者撰写的书籍和一本由多个作者共同合作的书籍，可以参考以下示例：- 单一作者的书：Smith, J. D. (2017). Title of the Book. Publisher.- 多个作者的书：Johnson, M. R., Peterson, L. S., & Williams, K. T. (2019). Title of theBook. Publisher.2. 引言书籍的出版年份（Publication Year）在APA 6中，除了作者的名字，还需要提供书籍的出版年份。
年份应该放在作者的名字之后，并使用圆括号括起来。
例如，引用一本出版于2015年的书籍，格式如下：- Smith, J. D. (2015). Title of the Book. Publisher.3. 引述书籍的书名（Title）根据APA 6的要求，书籍的标题应使用斜体字体，而不是加引号。
只有首字母大写，不使用句号或其他标点符号。
例如，为了引述一本名为《Title of the Book》的书籍：- Smith, J. D. (2015). Title of the Book. Publisher.4. 引述书籍的出版商（Publisher）APA 6规定，必须提供书籍的出版商信息。
apa引用格式第六版
apa引用格式第六版APA引用格式是学术论文和文献引用中常用的一种引用格式。
它由美国心理学协会（American Psychological Association）制定，以确保学术论文和文献引用的准确性和规范性。
第六版的APA引用格式是目前使用最广泛的版本，它提供了详细的引用规范和示范，以帮助作者正确地引用他人的研究成果。
在使用APA引用格式时，需要按照一定的规范来引用文献。
一般来说，APA引用格式包括两种引用方式：直接引用和间接引用。
直接引用是指直接引用原文的内容，需要在引用的文句后面注明作者、年代和页面号；而间接引用则是对原文进行概括或解释，同样也需要注明作者和年代。
此外，还需要在论文的最后列出所有引用的文献，包括书籍、期刊、网页等，以便读者可以查阅原始资料。
使用APA引用格式有许多好处。
首先，它能够确保引用的准确性和规范性，避免了文献引用中可能出现的错误和混乱。
其次，它也能够帮助读者更好地理解引用的内容，因为他们可以通过引用的文献找到原始资料进行进一步的阅读和研究。
最后，APA引用格式还是学术界的一种规范，使用它可以提高论文的可信度和可读性，为作者树立良好的学术形象。
然而，APA引用格式也存在一些局限性。
首先，它相对繁琐，需要作者花费一定的时间和精力来整理和准备引用文献的格式。
其次，由于每个版本的APA引用格式都可能有所不同，作者需要时刻关注最新的版本和规范，以确保引用的准确性。
总的来说，APA引用格式第六版是学术界最常用的引用格式之一，它提供了详细的引用规范和示范，以帮助作者正确地引用他人的研究成果。
虽然它可能存在一些局限性，但在学术论文和文献引用中，使用APA引用格式仍然是一种良好的选择。
APA第六版内文「再次引用」格式之研究(参考模板)
APA第六版內文「再次引用」格式之研究APA 第六版在內文再次引用方式的改變，林天佑發表之APA格式第六版中文版似乎有誤。
研究步驟：（1）說明APA 引用方式，比較第六版和第五版之相同主張。
（2）說明APA第五版規定。
（3）說明APA第六版規定，比較第六版和第五版之差異。
（4）說明主張，列出範例。
研究過程：（1）說明APA 引用方式，比較第六版和第五版之相同主張APA 第五版和第六版之相同主張為，「文獻引用格式」和「內文中引用的特例」。
（1.1）APA「文獻引用格式」APA 文獻引用的方法，如同APA 第六版於「內文中文獻引用」（Citing References in Text）這一節開宗明義：文獻引用在內文中以「作者-年代」（author，date）的方式引用，後置的文獻條列按作者姓氏字母順序列出的檢索系統。
這種標識簡單的引用方式：提供讀者一種便捷的方式，使他們能夠在閱讀這篇文章時，能迅速的在引用文獻條列中找到資料來源。
這也是APA 在內文中引用參考文獻之精神：內文引用的資料必須在引用文獻條列中找到且是唯一的一筆；而且在引用文獻條列中的每筆資料都必須在內文中引用。
作者須確保每則引用的資料必定出現在兩個地方，在內文引用和引用文獻條列中，拼寫的作者姓名和年代會是相同的（2001，頁207；2010，頁174）。
APA 內文中引文方式主要有三種，詳見本節（2），一種於行文中直接引用作者姓氏，如（2.1）範例；另一種直接引用研究的論點，如（2.2）範例；另外極少數情形下同時在文中寫出作者、年代，如（2.3）範例。
（1.2）APA 「內文中引用的特例」APA 有二種資料，只在內文中引用，不必列入引用文獻條列（2001，頁213、214；2010，頁178、179）。
（1.2.1）古典作品不須列入引用文獻條列聞名於世的古典作品（major Classical Works）只在內文中引用，不須列入引用文獻條列。
APA第六版电子文献DOI 格式
電子文獻DOI 格式和實用之主張（1）APA 引用電子文獻之改變APA 於第六版已經承認電子文獻，因為其出版及傳輸之效率和資料可呈現的出影音等多元模式，隨時變更的網路，文章的連結不一定可靠。
APA 引用電子文獻首先採行URL (Uniform Resource Loators)此為電子資料之網址，目前是DOI 碼(Digital Object Identifier)，APA 引用電子文獻使用的格式。
（1.1）APA 第五版第五版規定引用電子文獻的皆須說明，以方括弧如：[Electronic version]來標記所引用的資料類型，例（2001，頁271)：VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, L. (2001). Role of referenceelements in the selection of resource by psychology under graduates[Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliography Research, 5, 117-123.網際網路上的電子學術期刊，引用方式與紙本相同，須加上檢索的網址和檢索日期（APA，2001，頁272）如：Retrieved October 13, 2001, from /articles.html，例：VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, L. (2001). Role of referenceelements in the selection of resource by psychology under graduates[Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliography Research, 5, 117-123.Retrieved October 13, 2001, from /articles.htmlAPA 引用資料庫電子文獻時，須列出資料庫名稱和檢索日期，如：Retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycARTICLES database.，不須提供資料庫網址（APA，2001，頁278-279），例：Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos,E.D., &White, L. A. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience insupervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycARTICLES database.（1.2）2007年“APA Style Guide to Electronic References”2007年，美國心理學會為了因應近來網路科技的發展、新型態的參考資源紛紛出現，出版了APA Style Guide to Electronic References，基本上此篇是APA 寫作手冊第五版當中的4.16項的更新與改版，當中對於電子文獻的引用規範有更完善的說明，重要的改變式提出「數位物件辨識碼」DOI 碼（Digital Object Identifier），彌補了URL 可能因為時間或其他因素而消失的缺點。
apa的reference格式
APA格式，全称为美国心理协会刊物准则（American Psychological Association），是一种常用于社会科学领域的引用格式。
在APA格式中，引用的内容必须是最初的出处（primary source），所有在正文（包括表格、脚注、附录）中出现过的引用的内容，必须都包括在References的清单里，并且作者姓名和出版时间要一致。
具体来说，APA文本引用仅包括三个部分：作者的姓氏，发布源的年份，有时还包括信息的页面或位置。
参考文献则包括更多信息，例如作者姓名，源发布的年份，源的完整标题以及URL或页面范围。
例如，对于一本书的引用，格式应为：作者的姓（全称），名字缩写，（年份）。
书名。
如：Sheril, R. D., (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead。
在完成研究项目时，您可以在论文的最后一页找到完整的参考文献列表。
这些参考文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序列出。
总的来说，包括APA引用和参考文献是研究过程中非常重要的组成部分，它能够展现出您是负责任的研究人员的形象，也是高校写论文中必不可少的学术规范。
APA reference的写法(第六版)
APA Style (6th ) Quick GuideDalhousie University Libraries library research guidesCitations indicate the exact location for sources of information used in the text of the paper; the references (or list of works cited) describes, as a whole, the works from which the citations are taken. PLEASE NOTE: The examples on the following pages are based on the style recommended in the American Psychological Association Publication Manual (6th ed. 2010). SAVE TIME : Use RefWorks to easily keep track of your references and quickly format them correctly for your bibliography. RefWorks is a personal bibliographic citation managing system that Dalhousie subscribes to. For more information, go to http://www.library.dal.ca/RefWorks/. IMPORTANT : Dalhousie University defines plagiarism as “the presentation of the work of another author in such a way as to give one’s reader reason to think it to be one’s own. Plagiarism is a form of academic fraud.” Find out what plagiarism is and how to avoid it at http://plagiarism.dal.ca .Remember : APA requires double-spacing between ALL text lines – that includes references. Please note that, in an attempt to save space, this document has been formatted in single spacing.one author: Gardner, H. (1993). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences . New York: Basic Books.two to seven authors : Cargill, O., Charvat, W., & Walsh, D. D. (1966). The publication of academic writing . New York:Modern Language Association. more than seven authors: Cooper, L., Eagle, K., Howe, L., Robertson, A., Taylor, D., Reims, H., . . . Smith, W. A. (1982). How to stay younger while growing older: Aging for all ages . London: Macmillan.no author given:Experimental psychology . (1938). New York: Holt. no publication date given: Smith, J. (n.d.). Morality in masquerade . London: Churchill.an organization or institution as “author”: University of Minnesota. (1985). Social psychology . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. U.S. Census Bureau. (2000). Statistical abstract of the United States . Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.an editor as “author”:Updike, J. (Ed.). (1999). The best American short stories of the century . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. REFERENCESan edition of an author’s wor k: Brockett, O. (1987). History of the theatre (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.a translation: Freud, S. (1970). An outline of psychoanalysis (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York: Norton. (Original work published 1940)a work in a series: Cousins, M. (1984). Michel Foucault. Theoretical traditions in the social sciences . New York: St. Martin's Press.a work in several volumes: Wilson, J. G., & Fraser, F. C. (Eds.). (1977-1978). Handbook of teratology (Vols. 1-4). New York: Plenum Press.conference proceedings: Schnase, J. L., & Cunnius, E. L. (Eds.). (1995). Proceedings of CSCL '95: The First International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning . Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.chapter in an edited book: Rubenstein, J.P. (1967). The effect of television violence on small children. In B. F. Kane (Ed.), Television and juvenile psychological development (pp. 112-134). New York: AmericanPsychological Society.journal / periodical (continuous pagination): Brabant, S., & Mooney, L. A. (1997). Sex role stereotyping in the Sunday comics: A twenty year update. Sex Roles, 37, 269-281.journal / periodical (non-continuous pagination): Sawyer, J. (1966). Measurement and prediction, clinical and statistical. Psychological Bulletin, 66 (3), 178-200.journal article with three to seven authors:Tolin, D. F., Abramowitz, J. S., Brigidi, B. D., Amir, N., Street, G. P., & Foa, E. B. (2001). Memory and memory confidence in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 39, 913-927.journal article more than authors:Mariani-Costantini, R., Ottini, L., Caramiello, S., Palmirotta, R., Mallegni, F., Rossi, L., . . . Jones, R. B. (2001). Taphonomy of the fossil hominid bones from the Acheulean site of Castel di Guido near Rome, Italy. Journal of Human Evolution, 41, 211-225.newspaper: Monson, M. (1993, September 16). Urbana firm obstacle to office project. The Champaign-Urbana News-Gazette , pp. 1, 8.magazine:Raloff, J. (2001, May 12). Lead therapy won't help most kids. Science News, 159, 292. review:Gleick, E. (2000, December 14). The burdens of genius [Review of the book The last samurai byarticle in a reference book or encyclopedia - signed and unsigned : Sturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. In The encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier. Islam. (1992). In The new encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 22, pp. 1-43). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.a work in a collection or anthology: Jesrani, P. J. (1998). Working turn tables. In N. Bhatia, S. Dhand, & V. Rupaleria (Eds.), Throwing a great party (pp. 19-48). Chicago: NT Publishers. Shapcott, T. (1980). Margaret Atwood's Surfacing. In K. L. Goodwin (Ed.), Commonwealth literature in the curriculum (pp. 86). South Pacific Association of Common-wealth Literatures and Language Studies.paper published as part of the proceedings of a conference: Nicol, D. M., & Liu X. (1997). The dark side of risk (what your mother never told you about time warp). In Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation, Lockenhaus, Austria, 10–13 June 1997 (pp. 188–195). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society.obtained from university: Carlson, W. R. (1977). Dialectic and rhetoric in Pierre Bayle . (Unpublished doctoraldissertation).Yale University, USA. obtained from Dissertations and Theses database:Mancall, J. C. (1979). Resources used by high school students in preparing independent study projects: A bibliometric approach (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. AAT 7905069)an abstract from DAI:Delgado, V. (1997). An interview study of Native American philosophical foundations in education . Dissertation Abstracts International : Section A. Humanities and Social Sciences, 58(9), 3395. patent:Lemelson, J.H. (1981). U.S. Patent No. 4,285,338. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.video or DVD (motion pictures): Mass, J. B. (Producer), & Gluck, D. H. (Director). (1979). Deeper into hypnosis [Motion picture]. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.television program:Pratt, C. (Executive Producer). (2001, December 2). Face the nation [Television broadcast]. Washington, DC: CBS News.personal communications (email messages, interviews, lectures, and telephone conversations): Because the information is not retrievable it should not appear in the reference list. In your paperthey should look as follows: J. Burnitz (personal communication, September 20, 2000) indicated that .… or In a recent interview (J. Burnitz, personal communication, September 20, 2000).an entire electronic book retrieved from a database: Murray, T. H. (1996). The worth of a child . Berkeley: University of California Press. Retrieved fromnetLibrary database.an entire electronic book with direct link to item: Bryant, P. (1999). Biodiversity and Conservation. Retrieved from/~sustain/bio65/Titlpage.htman article or chapter in an electronic book: Symonds, PM. (1958). Human drives. In C. L. Stacey & M. DeMartino (Eds.), Understanding human motivation (pp. 11-22). Retrieved from PsycBOOKS database.entire electronic technical or research report - available on the web: Russo, A. C., & Jiang, H. J. (2006). Hospital stays among patients with diabetes, 2004 (Statistical Brief #17). Retrieved from Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality: /reports/statbriefs/sb17.jsppaper from the proceedings of a conference:Miller, S. (2000). Introduction to manufacturing simulation. In Proceedings of the 2000 Winter Simulation Conference , (pp. 63-66). Retrieved from /wsc00papers/011.PDFNew style guidelines use the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) which is an assigned alpha-numeric code that usually appears on the article or in the database record. If the DOI is not provided, enter the citation information using Cross/Ref Simple Text Query </SimpleTextQuery/>. The retrieval date is no longer required.article with DOI assigned:Whitmeyer, J. M. (2000). Power through appointment. Social Science Research , 29(4), 535-555. doi:10.1006/_ssre.2000.0680 article from electronic journal (no print version):Ashe, D. D., & McCutcheon, L. E. (2001). Shyness, loneliness, and attitude toward celebrities. Current Research in Social Psychology, 6(9). Retrieved from /~grpproc/crisp/crisp.6.9.htmarticle with no DOI: (include URL for journal website not database)Boutsen, F., Cannito, M. P., Taylor, M., & Bender, B. (2002). Botox treatment in adductor spasmodic dysphonia: A meta-analysis. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45, 469-481. Retrieved from /article - preprint versionTurney, P.D. (in press). The latent relation mapping engine: Algorithm and experiments. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research. Retrieved from /6305/1/NRC-50738.pdfnewspaper article from an online database: Altman, L. K. (2001, January 18). Mysterious illnesses often turn out to be mass hysteria. New York Times . Retrieved from the ProQuest Newspapers database.a newspaper article from newspaper ’s website:Cary, B. (2001, June 18). Mentors of the mind. Los Angeles Times . Retrieved fromcompany information from a database: Ingersoll-Rand Company Limited. (2004). Company profile . Retrieved July 29, 2008 from Hoovers in Lexis-Nexis.an article posted on an open-access or personal website: Cain, A., & Burris, M. (1999, April). Investigation of the use of mobile phones while driving . Retrieved from /its/mobile_phone_text.htmArcher, Z. (n.d.). Exploring nonverbal communication . Retrieved from /~archera cd-rom publication:Reporter, M. (1996, April 13). Electronic citing guidelines needed [CD-ROM]. New York Times , (late ed.), p. c1. Retrieved from New York Times Ondisc .website of an organization or government :Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. (2001). Glacial habitat restoration areas. Retrieved from /org/land/wildlife/hunt/hra.htm Midwest League. (n.d.). Pitching, individual records . Retrieved from /indivpitching.htmla personal homepage: (retrieval date is included due to possibility of change) Duncan, D. (1998, August 1). Homepage . Retrieved July 30, 2007 from /SoHo/Coffeehouse/1652/a posting to an online discussion group or listserv: Marcy, B. (1999, April 3). Think they'll find any evidence of Mallory & Irvine [electronic mailing list message]. Retrieved from /99/foruma blog post: MiddleKid. (2007, January 22). The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind [Web log message]. Retrieved from /pharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunate_prerequisites.phpan online video: Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file].Retrieved from /watch?v=Vja83KLQXZs NOTE: The URL should not be underlined. Sometimes underlining appears automatically when a URL is displayed in a browser or in Word. Remove the underlining before submitting your paper.In APA style, you acknowledge your sources by including parenthetical citations within your text. These refer the reader to the alphabetical list of references or works cited that appears at the end of the document. Use the first piece of information that appears in the reference and the year. For example:Researchers have pointed out that the lack of trained staff is a common barrier to providing adequatehealth education (Fisher, 1999) and services (Weist & Christodulu, 2000).When you are quoting directly from a work, you should also include the page number.The close of the millennium was marked by a deep suspicion of the natural world and an increasingreliance “upon the pronouncements of soothsayers and visionaries, who caused hysteria with theirdoom-laden forecasts of the end of humanity” (Mulligan, 1977, p. 234).If the context in which the quotation appears makes it clear which document in the bibliography the quoted text comes from, then no further identification is needed:Baudino and Wyatt (2004) advocate "active learning promotes critical thinking and directapplication of critical concepts" (p. 17).A quotation from a web document with no pagination should include a paragraph number."Lake Champlain's ecosystem is under enormous pressure from urban growth" (Cushman, 2002, para. 3).When you are quoting from a work with no author, use the first few words of the reference list entry (usually, part of the title).Web Usability Studies are commonly conducted in libraries ("Benefits of Usability Studies," 2002, p. 34).Personal communications, such as lectures or e-mail messages to you, or private interviews that you conducted with another person, should be referred to in your in-text citations but NOT in your reference list. For example: J. Reiss indicated that “anthropologists are still debating the reasons for theNeanderthals’ disappearance” (personal communication, May 3, 2000)Place direct quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block and omit quotation marks.Jones's 1993 study found the following:Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citingsources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchasea style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)When a source that has three to five authors is cited, all authors are included the first time the source is cited. If that source is cited again, the first author's surname and "et al." For example, (Baldwin, Bevan, & Beshalke, 2000) then (Baldwin et al., 2000). When a source that has six or more authors is cited, the first author's surname and "et al." are used every time the source is cited (including the first time). For example, (Utley et al., 2001) To cite secondary sources, refer to both sources in the text, but include in the References list only the source that you actually used. For example "(Bandura, 1989, as cited in Feist, 1998)." Feist (1998) would be fully referenced within the list of References. Bandura (1989) would not be listed.FootnotesContent footnotes are occasionally used to support substantive information in the text (or to acknowledge copyright permission status). They begin on a separate page with a heading centered on the first line below the manuscript page header. The first line of each footnote is indented 5-7 spaces and they are numbered with Arabic superscript numerals following punctuation marks within the text.This guide is available online at http://www.library.dal.ca/how/apa_style6.pdf. There are also a variety of websites which provide examples of APA style available at http://www.library.dal.ca/How/.。
APA参考文献格式13282【范本模板】
《心理学报》参考文献著录格式（著者—出版年制）详细要求本刊参照文献要求基本参照了Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association （2010）第6版的相关规定,中文文献有细节上的特殊要求.总体要求1 正文中引用的文献与文后的文献列表要完全一致。
⏹文中引用的文献可以在正文后的文献列表中找到;文献列表的文献必须在正文中引用.2 文献列表中的文献著录必须准确和完备。
3 文献列表的顺序⏹文献列表按著者姓氏字母（或汉语拼音)顺序排列；姓相同，按名的字母顺序排列；著者姓和名相同，按出版年排列。
⏹相同著者,相同出版年的不同文献，需在出版年后面加a、b、c、d……来区分，按文题的字母顺序排列。
如：Wang，M. Y。
（2008a)。
Emotional……Wang, M. Y。
（2008b)。
Monitor……Wang，M。
Y. (2008c). Weakness……4 缩写chap. chapter 章ed。
edition 版Rev。
ed. revised edition 修订版2nd ed. second edition 第2版Ed. （Eds.）Editor (Editors) 编Trans。
Translator（s) 译n.d。
No date 无日期p。
(pp.) page （pages）页V ol. Volume （as in V ol。
卷4）vols。
volumes (as in 4 vols.）卷No。
Number 第Pt. Part 部分Tech. Rep。
Technical Report 技术报告Suppl。
Supplement 增刊5 元分析报告中的文献引用⏹元分析中用到的研究报告直接放在文献列表中，但要在文献前面加星号*。
并在文献列表的开头就注明*表示元分析用到的的文献。
6 中文文献应给出相应的英文。
先给出英文，然后把中文放在下面的方括号中。
APA格式reference_写法
APA reference写法I．Reference的三种类型:从书上引用,从杂志里的文章中引用,从网站引用1．从书上引用的ref,格式:作者名字.年代.书名(斜体).出版社地址: 出版社名Example:Davidson, M. and Cooper, C. (1992).Shattering The Glass Ceiling:The Woman Manger. London:Paul Chapman.2．从杂志里的文章中引用的ref,格式:作者名字.年代.文章名. 杂志名(斜体): 第几期, 页数Example:Pringle, J. (2004). Women Senior Managers: SuccessfulIndividuals Or Markers OfCollective Change. Women’sStudies Journal, 18, (2),79-963．从网站引用的ref, 格式作者名字.年代.书名(斜体).Retrieved on年月日. from:网站Example:Adler, M. (2005). Women'sEmployment ConcentratedIn Service Industries.Retrieved on 20th September,2005 from:.(注意: 网站另起一行)•An online source:Department of Health (2006) Equality and human rights. Available at: /PolicyAndG uidance/EqualityAndHumanRight s/fs/en (Accessed: 15 May 2006). •A television programme •Julie through the looking glass. (1992). BBC 2, 4 July• A video•12 Angry Men. (1957) Directed by Sidney Lumet [Videocassette]. Hollywood: MGM Entertainment•CD ROMS• Institute of Cancer Research(2000) A breath of fresh air: aninteractive guide to managingbreathlessness in patients withlung cancer. [CD Rom]. Sutton:• Institute of Cancer Research•Government publications• White Papers containstatements of Governmentpolicy• Green Papers put forwardproposals for consideration andpublic discussion.• They are cited in the same way.II．reference 的注意事项:1．如果reference有两行或两行以上,从第二行起,向内缩进五到七个字符Example:Rosener, J. (1995). America’s competitive secret: Utilizingwomen as a managementstrategy. USA: OxfordUniversity Press.2．reference与reference中间要隔一行3．文章名和杂志名：每个单词的首字母大写，虚词除外4．文章后面列出的所有reference必须与加进文章中的reference一一对应5．reference做完以后,以作者的首字为准,按字母顺序进行排列6．一般情况下, 1000字,四个reference.这里需要强调一点：国外治学严谨，reference 一定要做好！！我们的作业严禁直接抄书或从网上直接复制粘贴(这在国外被界定为抄袭) 国外的学校有强大的数据库，抄袭的地方，数据库一搜就发现了。
APA第六版电子文献DOI 格式
電子文獻DOI 格式和實用之主張（1）APA 引用電子文獻之改變APA 於第六版已經承認電子文獻，因為其出版及傳輸之效率和資料可呈現的出影音等多元模式，隨時變更的網路，文章的連結不一定可靠。
APA 引用電子文獻首先採行URL (Uniform Resource Loators)此為電子資料之網址，目前是DOI 碼(Digital Object Identifier)，APA 引用電子文獻使用的格式。
（1.1）APA 第五版第五版規定引用電子文獻的皆須說明，以方括弧如：[Electronic version]來標記所引用的資料類型，例（2001，頁271)：VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, L. (2001). Role of referenceelements in the selection of resource by psychology under graduates[Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliography Research, 5, 117-123.網際網路上的電子學術期刊，引用方式與紙本相同，須加上檢索的網址和檢索日期（APA，2001，頁272）如：Retrieved October 13, 2001, from /articles.html，例：VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, L. (2001). Role of referenceelements in the selection of resource by psychology under graduates[Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliography Research, 5, 117-123.Retrieved October 13, 2001, from /articles.htmlAPA 引用資料庫電子文獻時，須列出資料庫名稱和檢索日期，如：Retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycARTICLES database.，不須提供資料庫網址（APA，2001，頁278-279），例：Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos,E.D., &White, L. A. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience insupervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycARTICLES database.（1.2）2007年“APA Style Guide to Electronic References”2007年，美國心理學會為了因應近來網路科技的發展、新型態的參考資源紛紛出現，出版了APA Style Guide to Electronic References，基本上此篇是APA 寫作手冊第五版當中的4.16項的更新與改版，當中對於電子文獻的引用規範有更完善的說明，重要的改變式提出「數位物件辨識碼」DOI 碼（Digital Object Identifier），彌補了URL 可能因為時間或其他因素而消失的缺點。
apa格式reference纪录片引用
在APA格式中，引用纪录片的方式与引用其他类型的文献类似，需要包含标题、作者、出版日期和出版商等信息。
以下是一个示例：
```
Film Cited:
Smith, J. (Producer), & Brown, S. (Director). (2018). The documentary on climate change [Motion picture]. United States: ABC.
```
在上述示例中，标题为"The documentary on climate change"，作者是两位创作者：一位是制片人J. Smith，另一位是导演S. Brown。
出版日期没有明确说明，因为在纪录片的情况下，这个信息可能不适用。
出版商是ABC。
请注意，如果纪录片有多个版本或发布渠道，需要提供适当的引用信息。
如果纪录片是在线发布的，还需要提供网址。
另外，APA格式也有一些特殊规定，例如对于标题的大小写、缩写和斜体使用等。
在撰写引用文献时，请确保遵循APA格式的规则和指南。
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APA Style (6th ) Quick GuideDalhousie University Libraries library research guidesCitations indicate the exact location for sources of information used in the text of the paper; the references (or list of works cited) describes, as a whole, the works from which the citations are taken. PLEASE NOTE: The examples on the following pages are based on the style recommended in the American Psychological Association Publication Manual (6th ed. 2010). SAVE TIME : Use RefWorks to easily keep track of your references and quickly format them correctly for your bibliography. RefWorks is a personal bibliographic citation managing system that Dalhousie subscribes to. For more information, go to http://www.library.dal.ca/RefWorks/. IMPORTANT : Dalhousie University defines plagiarism as “the presentation of the work of another author in such a way as to give one’s reader reason to think it to be one’s own. Plagiarism is a form of academic fraud.” Find out what plagiarism is and how to avoid it at http://plagiarism.dal.ca .Remember : APA requires double-spacing between ALL text lines – that includes references. Please note that, in an attempt to save space, this document has been formatted in single spacing.one author: Gardner, H. (1993). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences . New York: Basic Books.two to seven authors : Cargill, O., Charvat, W., & Walsh, D. D. (1966). The publication of academic writing . New York:Modern Language Association. more than seven authors: Cooper, L., Eagle, K., Howe, L., Robertson, A., Taylor, D., Reims, H., . . . Smith, W. A. (1982). How to stay younger while growing older: Aging for all ages . London: Macmillan.no author given:Experimental psychology . (1938). New York: Holt. no publication date given: Smith, J. (n.d.). Morality in masquerade . London: Churchill.an organization or institution as “author”: University of Minnesota. (1985). Social psychology . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. U.S. Census Bureau. (2000). Statistical abstract of the United States . Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.an editor as “author”:Updike, J. (Ed.). (1999). The best American short stories of the century . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. REFERENCESan edition of an author’s wor k: Brockett, O. (1987). History of the theatre (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.a translation: Freud, S. (1970). An outline of psychoanalysis (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York: Norton. (Original work published 1940)a work in a series: Cousins, M. (1984). Michel Foucault. Theoretical traditions in the social sciences . New York: St. Martin's Press.a work in several volumes: Wilson, J. G., & Fraser, F. C. (Eds.). (1977-1978). Handbook of teratology (Vols. 1-4). New York: Plenum Press.conference proceedings: Schnase, J. L., & Cunnius, E. L. (Eds.). (1995). Proceedings of CSCL '95: The First International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning . Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.chapter in an edited book: Rubenstein, J.P. (1967). The effect of television violence on small children. In B. F. Kane (Ed.), Television and juvenile psychological development (pp. 112-134). New York: AmericanPsychological Society.journal / periodical (continuous pagination): Brabant, S., & Mooney, L. A. (1997). Sex role stereotyping in the Sunday comics: A twenty year update. Sex Roles, 37, 269-281.journal / periodical (non-continuous pagination): Sawyer, J. (1966). Measurement and prediction, clinical and statistical. Psychological Bulletin, 66 (3), 178-200.journal article with three to seven authors:Tolin, D. F., Abramowitz, J. S., Brigidi, B. D., Amir, N., Street, G. P., & Foa, E. B. (2001). Memory and memory confidence in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 39, 913-927.journal article more than authors:Mariani-Costantini, R., Ottini, L., Caramiello, S., Palmirotta, R., Mallegni, F., Rossi, L., . . . Jones, R. B. (2001). Taphonomy of the fossil hominid bones from the Acheulean site of Castel di Guido near Rome, Italy. Journal of Human Evolution, 41, 211-225.newspaper: Monson, M. (1993, September 16). Urbana firm obstacle to office project. The Champaign-Urbana News-Gazette , pp. 1, 8.magazine:Raloff, J. (2001, May 12). Lead therapy won't help most kids. Science News, 159, 292. review:Gleick, E. (2000, December 14). The burdens of genius [Review of the book The last samurai byarticle in a reference book or encyclopedia - signed and unsigned : Sturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. In The encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier. Islam. (1992). In The new encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 22, pp. 1-43). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.a work in a collection or anthology: Jesrani, P. J. (1998). Working turn tables. In N. Bhatia, S. Dhand, & V. Rupaleria (Eds.), Throwing a great party (pp. 19-48). Chicago: NT Publishers. Shapcott, T. (1980). Margaret Atwood's Surfacing. In K. L. Goodwin (Ed.), Commonwealth literature in the curriculum (pp. 86). South Pacific Association of Common-wealth Literatures and Language Studies.paper published as part of the proceedings of a conference: Nicol, D. M., & Liu X. (1997). The dark side of risk (what your mother never told you about time warp). In Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation, Lockenhaus, Austria, 10–13 June 1997 (pp. 188–195). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society.obtained from university: Carlson, W. R. (1977). Dialectic and rhetoric in Pierre Bayle . (Unpublished doctoraldissertation).Yale University, USA. obtained from Dissertations and Theses database:Mancall, J. C. (1979). Resources used by high school students in preparing independent study projects: A bibliometric approach (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. AAT 7905069)an abstract from DAI:Delgado, V. (1997). An interview study of Native American philosophical foundations in education . Dissertation Abstracts International : Section A. Humanities and Social Sciences, 58(9), 3395. patent:Lemelson, J.H. (1981). U.S. Patent No. 4,285,338. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.video or DVD (motion pictures): Mass, J. B. (Producer), & Gluck, D. H. (Director). (1979). Deeper into hypnosis [Motion picture]. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.television program:Pratt, C. (Executive Producer). (2001, December 2). Face the nation [Television broadcast]. Washington, DC: CBS News.personal communications (email messages, interviews, lectures, and telephone conversations): Because the information is not retrievable it should not appear in the reference list. In your paperthey should look as follows: J. Burnitz (personal communication, September 20, 2000) indicated that .… or In a recent interview (J. Burnitz, personal communication, September 20, 2000).an entire electronic book retrieved from a database: Murray, T. H. (1996). The worth of a child . Berkeley: University of California Press. Retrieved fromnetLibrary database.an entire electronic book with direct link to item: Bryant, P. (1999). Biodiversity and Conservation. Retrieved from/~sustain/bio65/Titlpage.htman article or chapter in an electronic book: Symonds, PM. (1958). Human drives. In C. L. Stacey & M. DeMartino (Eds.), Understanding human motivation (pp. 11-22). Retrieved from PsycBOOKS database.entire electronic technical or research report - available on the web: Russo, A. C., & Jiang, H. J. (2006). Hospital stays among patients with diabetes, 2004 (Statistical Brief #17). Retrieved from Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality: /reports/statbriefs/sb17.jsppaper from the proceedings of a conference:Miller, S. (2000). Introduction to manufacturing simulation. In Proceedings of the 2000 Winter Simulation Conference , (pp. 63-66). Retrieved from /wsc00papers/011.PDFNew style guidelines use the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) which is an assigned alpha-numeric code that usually appears on the article or in the database record. If the DOI is not provided, enter the citation information using Cross/Ref Simple Text Query </SimpleTextQuery/>. The retrieval date is no longer required.article with DOI assigned:Whitmeyer, J. M. (2000). Power through appointment. Social Science Research , 29(4), 535-555. doi:10.1006/_ssre.2000.0680 article from electronic journal (no print version):Ashe, D. D., & McCutcheon, L. E. (2001). Shyness, loneliness, and attitude toward celebrities. Current Research in Social Psychology, 6(9). Retrieved from /~grpproc/crisp/crisp.6.9.htmarticle with no DOI: (include URL for journal website not database)Boutsen, F., Cannito, M. P., Taylor, M., & Bender, B. (2002). Botox treatment in adductor spasmodic dysphonia: A meta-analysis. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45, 469-481. Retrieved from /article - preprint versionTurney, P.D. (in press). The latent relation mapping engine: Algorithm and experiments. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research. Retrieved from /6305/1/NRC-50738.pdfnewspaper article from an online database: Altman, L. K. (2001, January 18). Mysterious illnesses often turn out to be mass hysteria. New York Times . Retrieved from the ProQuest Newspapers database.a newspaper article from newspaper ’s website:Cary, B. (2001, June 18). Mentors of the mind. Los Angeles Times . Retrieved fromcompany information from a database: Ingersoll-Rand Company Limited. (2004). Company profile . Retrieved July 29, 2008 from Hoovers in Lexis-Nexis.an article posted on an open-access or personal website: Cain, A., & Burris, M. (1999, April). Investigation of the use of mobile phones while driving . Retrieved from /its/mobile_phone_text.htmArcher, Z. (n.d.). Exploring nonverbal communication . Retrieved from /~archera cd-rom publication:Reporter, M. (1996, April 13). Electronic citing guidelines needed [CD-ROM]. New York Times , (late ed.), p. c1. Retrieved from New York Times Ondisc .website of an organization or government :Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. (2001). Glacial habitat restoration areas. Retrieved from /org/land/wildlife/hunt/hra.htm Midwest League. (n.d.). Pitching, individual records . Retrieved from /indivpitching.htmla personal homepage: (retrieval date is included due to possibility of change) Duncan, D. (1998, August 1). Homepage . Retrieved July 30, 2007 from /SoHo/Coffeehouse/1652/a posting to an online discussion group or listserv: Marcy, B. (1999, April 3). Think they'll find any evidence of Mallory & Irvine [electronic mailing list message]. Retrieved from /99/foruma blog post: MiddleKid. (2007, January 22). The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind [Web log message]. Retrieved from /pharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunate_prerequisites.phpan online video: Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file].Retrieved from /watch?v=Vja83KLQXZs NOTE: The URL should not be underlined. Sometimes underlining appears automatically when a URL is displayed in a browser or in Word. Remove the underlining before submitting your paper.In APA style, you acknowledge your sources by including parenthetical citations within your text. These refer the reader to the alphabetical list of references or works cited that appears at the end of the document. Use the first piece of information that appears in the reference and the year. For example:Researchers have pointed out that the lack of trained staff is a common barrier to providing adequatehealth education (Fisher, 1999) and services (Weist & Christodulu, 2000).When you are quoting directly from a work, you should also include the page number.The close of the millennium was marked by a deep suspicion of the natural world and an increasingreliance “upon the pronouncements of soothsayers and visionaries, who caused hysteria with theirdoom-laden forecasts of the end of humanity” (Mulligan, 1977, p. 234).If the context in which the quotation appears makes it clear which document in the bibliography the quoted text comes from, then no further identification is needed:Baudino and Wyatt (2004) advocate "active learning promotes critical thinking and directapplication of critical concepts" (p. 17).A quotation from a web document with no pagination should include a paragraph number."Lake Champlain's ecosystem is under enormous pressure from urban growth" (Cushman, 2002, para. 3).When you are quoting from a work with no author, use the first few words of the reference list entry (usually, part of the title).Web Usability Studies are commonly conducted in libraries ("Benefits of Usability Studies," 2002, p. 34).Personal communications, such as lectures or e-mail messages to you, or private interviews that you conducted with another person, should be referred to in your in-text citations but NOT in your reference list. For example: J. Reiss indicated that “anthropologists are still debating the reasons for theNeanderthals’ disappearance” (personal communication, May 3, 2000)Place direct quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block and omit quotation marks.Jones's 1993 study found the following:Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citingsources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchasea style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)When a source that has three to five authors is cited, all authors are included the first time the source is cited. If that source is cited again, the first author's surname and "et al." For example, (Baldwin, Bevan, & Beshalke, 2000) then (Baldwin et al., 2000). When a source that has six or more authors is cited, the first author's surname and "et al." are used every time the source is cited (including the first time). For example, (Utley et al., 2001) To cite secondary sources, refer to both sources in the text, but include in the References list only the source that you actually used. For example "(Bandura, 1989, as cited in Feist, 1998)." Feist (1998) would be fully referenced within the list of References. Bandura (1989) would not be listed.FootnotesContent footnotes are occasionally used to support substantive information in the text (or to acknowledge copyright permission status). They begin on a separate page with a heading centered on the first line below the manuscript page header. The first line of each footnote is indented 5-7 spaces and they are numbered with Arabic superscript numerals following punctuation marks within the text.This guide is available online at http://www.library.dal.ca/how/apa_style6.pdf. There are also a variety of websites which provide examples of APA style available at http://www.library.dal.ca/How/.。