分词的8种用法和独立主格结构
A brief summary of the principal uses of the -ing & –ed participles, and of the
–ing & –ed phrases
◇-ing or –ed participles, and –ing or –ed phrases function differently in different sentences.
1)As a noun modifier
He looked at me with an air of surprised disapproval.
eg. What an amusing a story he has told us!
Please throw away the broken bottle.
2) As the subject complement
eg. The news of his success on the match was exciting to everyone.
He looked disappointed as he had to work under a woman.
3) As the subject complement
While I was waiting to enter university, I saw a teaching post advertised in a local newspaper.
eg. The long journey to Croydon made him tired.
The headmaster did not keep the young man waiting.
4)As a relative clause equivalent
Three days later a letter arrived, asking me to go to Croydon for a interview.
The school consisted of one class of 25 boys, ranging (who ranged ) in age from 7 to 13.
eg. There were a lot of boys playing (who were playing) cricket in the park.
5) As an adverbial denoting cause or reason
Being very short of money and wanting to do something useful, I applied.
eg. Not knowing her way home, the little girl burst out crying.
Totally exhausted by the journey, the boy fell asleep at once.
6) As an adverbial denoting accompanying circumstances
I applied, fearing as I did so, that without a degree and with no experience in teaching my chance of getting the job were slim.
Fixing me suddenly with his bloodshot eyes, he asked me whether I thought games were a vital part of a boy’s education.
eg. He wrote to me, telling me about his new job.
7) As an adverbial denoting time
eg. Seeing those pictures, he recalled his school days.
Seen from the distance, the house looked beautiful.
8) As an adverbial denoting condition
eg. Given (If we are given)more time, we can do it better.
United we stand, divided we fall.
分词短语独立主格构成及用法
☆He sat in front of them, his dusty face masking his age.
(主句，+ 分词的逻辑主语+ 分词短语+ 主谓结构)
由于分词所表示的动作不是主句的主语所发出的，因此该分词有自己的逻辑主语。另外，在英语写作中不能用逗号连接两个完整的独立句，否则叫“Comma Fault”（病句）。如果两个句子用逗号连接，那么其中次要的句子要变成“分词独立结构”。
1. 分词短语作状语时，它本身没有主语，主句的主语就是它逻辑上的主语。eg. Hearing the sad news, she burst into tears.
2.如果主句中的主语不能成为分词短语的逻辑主语时，这一分词短语就成了垂
悬或荡空结构。
eg. Walking through the park, a lovely show of roes was seen.
(Subject)
All the guests having arrived, the meeting was declared.
Greetings being over, they got down to business.
This done, he locked the door and went to bed.
3.有时候分词也可以有自己的独立主语，这种主语加分词短语的模式就是独立
主格结构。
主语+ 分词短语，+ 主谓结构。
A B
（A 和B中的主语不同）
独立主格结构和分词短语一样，可以用作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随情况等，有时也可用作同位语。
独立主格结构
独立主格结构 概念：由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系，与主句不发生句法上的联系。 构成：逻辑主语+逻辑谓语 特点：1. 用逗号与主句分开； 2. 逻辑主语与主句主语不同，单独存在。 位置：句前、句末或句中，位置相当灵活。 注意：独立主格结构与句子之间不能使用任何连接词 句法功能： 1.作时间状语All the officials having arrived, the meeting was declared open. = After/ when all the officials had arrived, the meeting was declared open. 2.作条件状语All the work done, you can have a rest. = All the work is done, and you can have a rest. 3.作原因状语The boy leading, we had no trouble finding the strange cave 4.作伴随状语或补充说明I took my ticket, and marched proudly up the platform, with my cheeses, the people filling back respectfully on either side. (Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K. Jerome) 5.作定语，其功能相对于一个定语从句Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky. 基本结构： 1. 名词（代词）+现在分词 e.g.: There being no bus, we had to walk home. （由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走路回家。） 2. 名词（代词）+过去分词 e.g.: City born and city bred, I have always regards the country as something you look at through a train window, or something you occasional visit during the week. 3. 名词（代词）+不定式 e.g.: Many trees, flowers, and glass to be planted, out newly-built school will look even more beautiful. （种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。） 4. 名词（代词）+形容词 e.g.: The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse. （特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里面悄悄爬了出来。） 5. 名词（代词）+副词 e.g.: The lights off, we could not go on with the work. （灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。） 6. 名词（代词）+名词 e.g.: His first shot failure, he fired again. （他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。）
动词过去分词及独立主格结构的用法
动词过去分词及独立主格结构的用法 一、过去分词的定义及其基本形式 1．过去分词是动词的另一种非限定形式，过去分词具有动词、形容词和副词的特性，可以带宾语或受状语修饰。过去分词和宾语或状语一起构成过去分词短语。如： （1）spoken English 英语口语（过去分词具有形容词的特性，作定语） （2）Given more time, we could do it much better. =If we were given more time, we could do it much better. 多给点时间，我们会做得更好些。 （过去分词具有动词的特性，有自己的宾语more time，构成分词短语；过去分词短语在句中作状语，具有副词的特性。） 2．过去分词的基本形式 （1）规则动词的过去分词由动词＋ed构成 （2）不规则动词的过去分词须逐个记忆。 （3）不规则动词的过去分词表示完成，如： fallen leaves =leaves which have fallen落叶 （4）及物动词的过去分词表示被动或完成，如： the machines used in the workshop =the machines which are used in the workshop 车间用的机器（及物动词的过去分词表示被动） I heard the door opened. =I heard the door has been opened. 我听见门被打开了。（及物动词的过去分词表示被动和完成） 二、过去分词的句法功能 过去分词是一种非谓语动词，在句中不能单独做谓语。但它具有形容词和副词的特性，故在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。
独立主格结构的用法
独立主格结构的用法 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式、名词等构成，在句中常作状语。 一、独立主格结构的特点 1、独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子主语不同，它独立存在。 2、名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 3、独立主格结构一般是用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构的构成 1、名词或代词 + 现在分词 The children playing in the room, I couldn’t get down studying. 孩子们在屋里玩，我没法学习。 Mother being ill, I had to stay at home looking after her. 母亲病了，我只好待在家里照顾她。 There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。 2、名词或代词 + 过去分词 Five years later, he returned home, his character greatly changed. 五年后他返回家乡，性格大变了。 They walked along holding hands, their fingers interlocked. 他们手指交错，携手而行。 The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。 Everything considered, his plan seems better. 从各方面考虑，他的计划似乎好一些。 That done, he put on his sweater and went out. 做完这事他穿上毛衣出去了。 The question settled, they went back to their respective posts. 问题解决了，他们就各自回到了他们的工作岗位。 This done, we went home. 做完这事，我们就回家了。 3、名词或代词 + 不定式 在“名词/代词 + 动词不定式”这类独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式，如： We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。 He is leaving for the conference next week, all expenses to be paid by his company. 下个星期他会去参加会议，所有费用归公司出。 Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 学校种上了许多树、花和草，我们新建的学校看起来越来越漂亮了。 4、名词或代词 + 形容词 He entered the room, his face pale. 他走进屋来脸色苍白。
分词独立主格结构
分词独立主格结构 一、分词独立主格结构的概念及基本构成形式 1．分词独立主格结构概念：由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构，2．分词独立主格结构功能：用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组，相当于副词的功能。, 3．分词独立主格结构的构成：名词或代词+分词或分词短语构 分词或分词短语构的逻辑主语是之前的名词或代词，这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系， 4．分词独立主格结构位置：相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开，常考的位置是主句前。 需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 例如： 1）Night enshrouding the earth，nobodycould make out what the dark mass was from a distance．（黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。）2）He lay at full length upon his stomach，his headresting upon his left forearm．（他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。） 3）The coward was backing，his facebeing deathly pale，toward another room． （那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去，脸色煞白。）5．独立主格结构可以和状语从句或两个简单句来代替。例如，上述例句可变为： 1）Becausenight enshrouded the earth，nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．（原因状语从句） 2）He lay at full length upon his stomach．His headrested upon his left
独立主格用法详解
一、 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点： (1)结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 (2)名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 (3)独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、 英语中，的形式是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成。 1.名词/ 代词+ 不定式。如： A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。 Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。 2.名词/ 代词+ -ing分词。如： The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。 Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。 3.名词/ 代词+ 动词的过去分词。如： His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。 4.名词/ 代词+ 形容词。如： The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。 5.名词/ 代词+ 副词。如： The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。 6. Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。 三、 在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。 1.作时间状语 School over, the students went home. 放学后，学生们都回家了。 The ceremony ended, the games began. 仪式结束后，比赛开始了。 2.作条件状语 It being fine tomorrow, we’ll go boating. 如果明天天气好的话，我们就去划船。
独立主格with用法小全
独立主格篇 独立主格，首先它是一个“格”，而不是一个“句子”。在英语中任何一个句子都要有主谓结构，而在这个结构中，没有真正的主语和谓语动词，但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。除名词/代词+名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词及介词短语外，另有with或without短语可做独立主格，其中with可省略而without不可以。*注：独立主格结构一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。 一、独立主格结构： 1. 名词/代词+形容词 He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky. 靠近岸时，我看见几汪深池塘，池水碧似蓝天。 2. 名词/代词+现在分词 Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk.
The question having been settled, we wound up the meeting. 也可以The question settled, we wound up the meeting. 但含义稍有差异。前者强调了动作的先后。 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。 3. 名词/代词+过去分词 The job finished, we went home. More time given, we should have done the job much better. *当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。 4. 名词/代词+不定式 We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor.
独立主格结构图表解析
独立主格结构 一、概念 “独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接，也不能由从句阴道词引导，通常用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。 二、独立主格的特点 特点示例 独立主格结构的逻辑主语语主句的主语不一致，她独立存在。 Leaves falling here and there, I suddenly notice autumn is drawing upon. 树叶到处飘，我一下注意到已是深秋了。(独立主格的主语是leaves,主句是 I Time permitting, the restoration work could be done better. 时间允许的话，回复工作可以做得更好。(独立主格的主语是Time,主句是the restoration work 独立主格结构一般置于句首，有时置于句中或句尾，用逗号将与主句其隔开 The plan successfully carried out, everything worked out perfectly. 计划成功地完成了，一切进展顺利。 A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on. 许多官员跟在皇帝后面，有的拎着皇帝的长袍，其他的则给他整理要带等。
高中英语独立主格结构详细讲解
独立主格 一、独立主格结构的含义和实质 “独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”，是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分句，与主句紧密联系在一起，共同表达一个完整的意思，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。 二、独立主格结构的基本形式和功能 独立主格结构可以分为两部分：一部分是名词或代词，起逻辑主语的作用；另一部分是非谓语动词分句（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）或无动词分句（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语），表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。 基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语，with引导的复合结构。 1．名词/代词+ 现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。 例The man lay there, his hands trembling. So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off. His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep. 注：“独立结构”中的being或having been 有时可以省去，这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。 2．名词/代词+过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。 例The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head. The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film. Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. 后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了having been，being。如果加上，这两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。 3．名词/代词+不定式 不定式表示的是将来的动作。 例He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. These are the first two books，the third one to come out next month. We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行）to start moving at 8 sharp. 4. 名词/代词+名词 名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。 例Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children. He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon. 5．名词/代词+形容词短语 形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。 例The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while. I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of sorry. 这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就变成了现在分词分句。 6．名词/代词+副词 副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。
独立主格结构+英语句子结构.docx
独立主格结构 独立主格结构（ Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动 词(不定式、动名词和分词 )或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。 详细概述 非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主 语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中，非谓语动词主动用V-ing ， 被动用 V-ed 。 非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语，逻辑主语的代词又是主格，故常称为“独立主格”。独“ 立结构”在句中起状语作用，相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。 功能 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、 条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如： 表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home.开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work done , she sat down for a cup of tea.她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。 表示条件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed.若条件有利，他或许能成功。 表示原因 There being no taxes, we had to walk.没有出租车，我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care,the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors,silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 用法 独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 用作时间状语 The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home.工作完成后，我们就回家了。 用作条件状语 Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
垂悬分词和独立主格结构
垂悬分词和独立主格结构 I.一般来讲，分词或分词短语在句子中充当状语时，其逻辑主语与句子主语一致 如Opening the drawer he took out a revolver．（其中opening的逻辑主语是句子主语he） II.当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，则应将分词的逻辑主语补出来 如George yawning，the conversation dropped．这种分词结构被称作独立主格结构（独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词） §独立主格结构基本构成形式 【名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）】，在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语 1. 名词(代词)+现在分词 There being no bus, we had to walk home.（原因） 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。 2.名词(代词)+过去分词 The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. （原因） 由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。 He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.（伴随状况） 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。 3.名词(代词)+不定式 在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。 The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book. 我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。 Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。 4.名词(代词)+形容词 The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse． 特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。 Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。 5.名词(代词)+副词 The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。 The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。 6.名词(代词)+名词 His first shot failure，he fired again． 他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。 Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。
独立主格结构练习题及解析
独立主格结构练习题及解析 1. I have a lot of books, half of ___ novels. A. which B. that C. whom D. them 2. __ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing thedanger of dying out. A. because B. as C. With D. Since 3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of __ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they hadbought there. A. them B. who C. whom D. which 4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silverpennies, all of ___ over 600 years old. A. which B. that C. them
D. it 5. The cave __ very dark, he lit some candles ___ light. A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give 6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand __ a gun and his face ____ with sweat.A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering 7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair ___ . A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze 8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons ____ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished 9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, ___ parents seated together joking.
独立主格结构英语句子结构
独立主格结构 独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是或者代词，后一部分是非(不定式、动名词和)或形容词、、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。 详细概述 非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中，非谓语动词主动用V-ing，被动用V-ed。 非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语，逻辑主语的又是主格，故常称为“独立主格”。“独立结构”在句中起状语作用，相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。 功能 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如： 表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。 表示条件 The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。 表示原因 There being no taxes, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 用法 独立主格结构主要表示发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 用作时间状语 The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
高中英语语法 独立主格结构用法全解(含答案)
独立主格结构 独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构基本构成形式 名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语） 1. 名词(代词)+现在分词 Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance． 黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。 There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。 2. 名词(代词)+过去分词 The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. 由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。 He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。 3. 名词(代词)+不定式 在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。 The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book. 我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。 Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。 4. 名词(代词)+形容词 Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。 5. 名词(代词)+副词 The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。 The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。 6. 名词(代词)+名词 His first shot failure，he fired again． 他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。 Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。 7. 名词(代词) +介词短语
分词作状语--独立主格
分词作状语： 分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式和伴随情况。在表示时间、原因、条件、让步和方式时，通常可转换为相应的状语从句，表示方式和伴随情况时，可以转换为一个并列的谓语成分。 例如：Seeing the teacher entering the room,the students stood up.(=When the students saw the teacher entering the room,they stood up.) Heated,ice will be changed into water.(=When it is heated...) Being excited, I couldn’t go to sleep.(=As I was excited,I couldn’t go to sleep.) I stood there, listening to the broadcast.(=I stood there and listened to the broadcast.) The children went away laughing.(=The children went away.They laughed as they went.) Knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage.(=Although they know all this... (3)分词作状语与主语的关系。 A. 现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。 例如：He went out shutting the door behind him. Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. B. 过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。 例如：Given more attention,the trees could have grown better. F aced with difficulties,we must try to overcome them. (4)分词作状语时前面可用连词。 when,while,once,if,unless,though等引导的状语从句，若其主语与主句主语相同时，可保留该副词连接词，其余部分则化简为分词短语。 例如：When (being) free，I’ll fetch you. While walking along the street early in the morning,he saw her. If falling ill,I’ll see my doctor.如果生病我会去看医生。 Once completed,this power station supplies the nearby towns and villages with electricity. Even though given every opportunity,they would not try. Though knowing the truth,he remained silent. Unless (being) rich,I am not going abroad. (5)分词作状语时，要特别注意其逻辑主语须和谓语动词的主语一致，否则分词必须有自己的主语。这种带主语的分词结构称作分词的独立结构，或独立主格。 例如：The rain having stopped,the soldiers continued their match. The boys returned,their face covered with sweat. 〈注〉有时也可用“with(或without)+名词(或代词宾格)+分词”的结构，表示伴随情况。 例如：He fell asleep with the lamp burning.
(完整版)独立主格结构完整讲解
一、独立主格结构的概念 独立主格结构（Absolute Structure ）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立 结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。 需特别注意的是，独 二、独立主格结构基本构成形式 名词（代词）+现在分词；过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语） 1. 名词（代词）+现在分词 例句：The storm drawing near ，the navvy decided to call it a day The storm drawi ng n ear 在句中作：原因状语 =Si nee the storm was draw ing n ear , the n avvy decided to call it a day 由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。（call it a day 今天到此为止） 例句：Win ter comin g, it gets colder and colder. Win ter comi ng 在句中作：伴随状语 =The win ter comes, and it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。 造句：时间允许的话，我就和你一起走。 Time permitti ng, I will go with you. 独立主格作：条件状语 =改写：f time permits, I will go with you. ___________ 造句：那个姑娘望着他，他不知道说什么好。 The girl staring at him, he didn ' t know what to say. 独立主格作：时间状语 =改写：As the girl stared at him, he didn ' t know what to say. 2.名词（代词）+过去分词 例句：He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。 例句：The meeti ng gone over, every one tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。 造句：工作完成后，他回家了。 The work done, he went back home.
高考英语 分词作状语独立主格
分词作状语-独立主格 分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式和伴随情况。在表示时间、原因、条件、让步和方式时，通常可转换为相应的状语从句，表示方式和伴随情况时，可以转换为一个并列的谓语成分。 例如：Seeing the teacher entering the room,the students stood up.(=When the students saw the teacher entering the room,they stood up.)学生们看见老师走进房间，都站了起来。 Heated,ice will be changed into water.(=When it is heated...)当冰加热时，它就会变成水。(条件、时间) Being excited, I couldn’t go to sleep.(=As I was excited,I couldn’t go to sleep.)我兴奋得睡不着觉。(原因) I stood there, listening to the broadcast.(=I stood there and listened to the broadcast.)我站在那儿听广播。(伴随) The children went away laughing.(=The children went away.They laughed as they went.)孩子们笑着走开了。(行为方式) Knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage.(=Although they know all this...)他们尽管了解这一切，还是要我赔偿损失。 (3)分词作状语与主语的关系。 A. 现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。 例如：He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后将门随手关上。 Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。 B. 过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。 例如：Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。 Faced with difficulties,we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。 (4)分词作状语时前面可用连词。 when,while,once,if,unless,though等引导的状语从句，若其主语与主句主语相同时，可保留该副词连接词，其余部分则化简为分词短语。 例如：When (being) free，I’ll fetch you.有空时，我会来接你。 While walking along the street early in the morning,he saw her.一早在街上散步时，他看到了她。 If falling ill,I’ll see my doctor.如果生病我会去看医生。 Once completed,this power station supplies the nearby towns and villages with electricity.这个电站一旦建成，将向附近的城乡供电。 Even though given every opportunity,they would not try.即使给他们一切机会，他们也不肯试一试。 Though knowing the truth,he remained silent.虽然他知道实情，却保持沉默。 Unless (being) rich,I am not going abroad.除非有钱，要不然我是不会出国的。 (5)分词作状语时，要特别注意其逻辑主语须和谓语动词的主语一致，否则分词必须有自己的主语。这种带主语的分词结构称作分词的独立结构，或独立主格。