文艺复兴 英文 Renaissance
文艺复兴
核心
文艺复兴的心脏——佛罗伦萨人文主义精神，人文主义精神的核心是提出以人为中心而不是以神为中心，肯 定人的价值和尊严。主张人生的目的是追求现实生活中的幸福，倡导个性解放，反对愚昧迷信的神学思想，认为 人是现实生活的创造者和主人。
产生的根本原因 生产力的发展，新兴的资产阶级不满教会对精神世界的控制。 本质 新兴资产阶级在复兴希腊罗马古典文化的名义下发起的弘扬资产阶级思想文化的反封建的新文化运动。
但丁（Dante）（1265－1321）。文艺复兴的先驱，文艺复兴运动起源于意大利北部，一般认为第一个代表 人物是但丁，其代表作为《神曲》。
但丁被誉为中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人。他所创作的长诗《神曲》（全诗为三 部分）：《地狱Inferno》、《炼狱Purgatorio》和《天堂Paradise》，明确表达了自己对天主教会的厌恶，率 先对教会提出批评。
11世纪后，随着经济的复苏与发展、城市的兴起与生活水平的提高，人们逐渐改变了以往对现实生活的悲观 绝望态度，开始追求世俗人生的乐趣，而这些倾向是与天主教的主张相违背的。在14世纪城市经济繁荣的意大利， 最先出现了对天主教文化的反抗。当时意大利的市民和世俗知识分子，一方面极度厌恶天主教的神权地位及其虚 伪的禁欲主义，另一方面由于没有成熟的文化体系取代天主教文化，于是他们借助复兴古希腊、罗马文化的形式 来表达自己的文化主张。因此，文艺复兴着重表明了新文化以古典为师的一面，而并非单纯的古典复兴，实际上 是资产阶级反封建的新文化运动。
05Renaissance
1、文艺复兴三杰
1. Leanardo da Vinci（达· 芬奇）(1452-1519) painted (Mona Lisa), studied geology, chemistry and anatomy, designed buildings, canals and weapons, and sketched engines and flying machines.
波提切利（Botticelli， 1445～1510），立足 于佛罗伦萨的光辉与 颓废的危险矛盾中， 也是自然主义的变质， 倾向神秘主义。他以 曲线之优美，偏爱强 烈色彩，有节奏感， 及表现希腊神话为题 材而著名，著名作品 如《维纳斯的诞生》 （1480，佛罗伦萨乌 菲兹美术馆）、《春》 （1477～78，佛罗伦 萨乌菲兹美术馆）。
I. The Renaissance was the period that followed (brought Europe out of) the Middle Ages. It was a time of renewed interest in things of this world.
曼帖那（Mantegna， 1431～1506），向往古代 希腊罗马的艺术，他的人 物具有古典般的坚实和清 晰的形体，但形象显得庄 严冷峻，例如《前往受刑 的圣詹姆士》（约1455）。 又如《哀悼基督》（米兰 布雷拉绘画馆，约1465）， 大胆使用前人未用过的前 缩法透视，精确而真实地 表现了死后的基督，解剖 和衣纹如真物一般。
A.
The goal of education became making people well-rounded. Religion remained important, but the authority and some practices of the church began to be questioned.
英语专业 欧洲文化入门 chapter 5 名词解释 英文版
Renaissance 文艺复兴：The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, which encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures.Constantinople君士坦丁堡：Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantium, which was founded on the site of the ancient city of Byzantium.Lombard 伦巴族人：The term Lombard refers to members of or things related, directly or indirectly, to Lombardy, a region in northern Italy.Justinian Code《查士丁尼法典》：Justinian Code was a coherent body of law that was codified by all Roman laws and it was the preservation and systematization of a large number of existing Roman laws.Iconoclasm 反圣像运动：The Iconoclasm controversy concerned the use of icons as aids to worship. In 726, Emperor Leo Ⅲlaunched it to destroy and forbid icons.Sassanid 桑萨王朝: Sassanid was one of the two major powers divided by west Asua.Zoroastrianism 波斯拜火教: Zoroastrianism is an ancient Iranianreligion and a religious philosophy. It arose in the eastern region of the ancient Persian Empire, and it was the state religion of the Sassanid.Kaaba: K aaba is a sacred black meteorite. Arabs called it “the black stone that fell from the heaven in the days of Adam” and considered it the holiest shrine in the Arabia.Allah: Allah is the supreme deity of Arabs, and he is the creator and the giver of rain, the Arabic word for the only God in Islam.Medina 麦地那：“the city of prophet”Hegira: the migration of Muhammad and his followers to the city of Medina in 622 CEQur’an《古兰经》：the holy book of Islam. The word Qur’an means recitation, which Muslims believe to be the revelation from Allah.Ramadan 斋月: Muslims worldwide observe this as a month of fasting. This annual observance is regarded as one of the Five Pillars of Islam.Islamic Golden Age: an age of discovery and exploration for Arab traders and explorers from the mid-8th to the mid-13thFatalistic belief（宿命化信仰）: believe that nothing would happen unlessthe God actively willed itKnowledge of Truth: it is not just knowledge, rather, it is "epi - gnosis"（from the Internet and can not find a exact definition）Arab numeral system（阿拉伯数字体系）: a system that log with Latin numberArabian Nights（一千零一夜）: also called The Book of One Thousands and One Nights, mostly a compilation of earlier folk tales.Feudalism(封建制度): the social system that developed in Europe in the 8th century; vassals were protected by lords who they had to serve in war Charlemagne(查理曼大帝): (also called Charles the Great) the greatest Frankish king who established the vast Carolingian EmpireCarolus Magnus: the Latin version of Charlemagne’s nameVassal（封臣）: a person holding a fief; a person who owes allegiance and service to a feudal lordCounty（郡）: distinct similar to the Roman ProvinceCount（伯爵）: the administrator, judge and military leader of the county Clergy(什一税): 10% income taxDark Ages: the two centuries after Carolingian Empire collapsed which Western Europe being attached by non-Christian invadersTribute(贡金)：money that forced to pay to the invaders after being occupiedNormandy(诺曼底): (also called “land of Norse”) the part of the northern Frankish coastal region which under Norseman’s control in 911 Vassalage(采邑制，封臣制): the relationship between a vassal and his lordCrusader(十字军)：a warrior who engages in a holy warTreaty of Verdun(凡尔登条约): a treaty that divided the Carolingian Empire into three parts in 843, signed by Louis the PiousTreaty of Meerssen（莫尔森条约）: a treaty signed in 870 that ended the civil war between the East Franks and the West Franks。
Renaissance(文艺复兴)
（文艺复兴）
Background of the Period
1.New Monarchy(新君主制)
the Hundred Years’ War(1337-1453) the War of Roses(1455-1485) Tudor dynasty
2.The Religious Reformation（宗教改革）
The English Renaissance
The English Renaissance: (early16th—early17th ) a cultural&artistic movement. This era in English cultural history is sometimes referred to as
1.Known as”Elizabethan period” ; 2.the most important period in English literaryhistory; 3.witness the flowering of English literature; 4.England became “a nest of singing birds”: Marlowe ,Shakespeare,Ben Jonson and Spenser wrote their best works in this period.
the
the Roman Catholic Church Church of England
3.The Enclosure Movement（圈地运动）
the
12th—(1450-mercial Expansion（商业扩张） 5.The War with Spain（英西战争）
‘文艺复兴’ (Renaissance) 一词原意是指‘古典文学艺术的再生’这个
「文藝復興」(Renaissance) 一詞原意是指「古典文學藝術的再生」。
這個概念從文學藝術開始，然後推及科學、文化、經濟及至整個社會和人的思想觀念。
它開始於意大利，然後擴展至整個歐洲大陸。
多條經濟航道也經過意大利主要城市，令「文藝復興」在此萌芽。
(二)美學特徵:( 1 )以人文思想主:歐洲經歷中世紀以宗教為尚的思想意識，及至十五、十六世紀，以爭取個人在現實世界的地位為核心的思想湧現。
於是藝術家開始在自己的作品中反映人生，反映社會的現實面貌，努力把科學與藝術結合起來，使作品具有真實性和時代感。
( 2 )科學客觀的繪畫方法的應用:文藝復興畫家/藝術家採用理性的解剖學、透視學、明暗法等，使作品真有高度的客觀寫實效果。
Proportion of the human figure( 3 )油彩帆布作品的西洋繪畫模式正式建立:由於威尼斯治海通商頻仍，畫作要便於攜帶，藝術家逐採用帆布油彩取代木板祭壇式的繪畫方法。
(三)發展:( 1 )開端(十三世紀末一十四世紀上半葉)指意大利文藝復興從中世紀藝術向新時代的過渡。
藝術品主要受拜占庭藝術的影響，流行木板祭壇畫，也流行羅馬式建築中的壁畫，形象力求客觀寫實。
( i )喬托( Giotto di Bondone) 1266 – 1337喬托被視為西方繪畫的開創性大師，他把哥德式雕塑的寫實風格和拜占庭繪畫的明暗透視法結合起來，創造出一種接近寫實的表現風格。
他的作品雖然大多為宗教人物，但卻開始以自然景色為背景，代替中世紀金色或藍色作背景的舊習，使畫面增加一份現實生活的生氣。
喬托, 1304-1306 The Mourning of Christ( 2 )早期(十五世紀，佛羅倫薩及北意大利)在銀行家柯西莫。
美迪奇的支持下，佛羅倫薩的藝術得以繁榮發展。
其時大量古希臘、羅馬文化古跡的考古發掘;及希臘的哲學書籍的手抄本流入意大利，使藝術家意識到藝術與科學的結合。
研究人體的解剖結構、研究 科學的透視法和明暗法，探討各種造形藝術的技法理論，成為當時藝術的風尚。
文艺复兴英文资料
1RenaissanceThe Renaissance (UK/rɨˈneɪsəns/, US/ˈrɛnɨsɑːns/)[1] is a period in Europe, from the 14th to the 17th century, considered the bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age.The Renaissance's intellectual basis was humanism, derived from the rediscovery of classical Greek philosophy, such as that of Protagoras, who said, that "Man is the measure of all things." This new thinking became manifest in art, architecture, politics, science and literature. Early examples were the development of perspective in oil painting and the recycled knowledge of how to make concrete. Although the inventionof metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century, the changes of the Renaissance were not uniformly experienced across Europe.As a cultural movement, it encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures, beginning with the 14th century resurgence of learning based on classical sources, which contemporaries credited to Petrarch; the development oflinear perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting; and gradual but widespread educational reform. In politics, the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy, and in science to an increased reliance on observation and inductive reasoning. Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions ofsuch polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance man".[2][3]There is a consensus that the Renaissance began in Florence, in the 14thcentury.[4] Various theories have been proposed to account for its origins and characteristics, focusing on a variety of factors including the social and civic peculiarities of Florence at the time; its political structure; the patronage of its dominant family,the Medici;[5][6] and the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy following the Fall of Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman Turks.[7][8][9] Other major centres were northern Italian city-states such as Venice, Genoa, Bologna, Milan andfinally Rome during the Renaissance Papacy.The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography, and, in line with general scepticism of discrete periodizations, there has been much debate among historians reacting to the 19th-century glorification of the "Renaissance" and individual culture heroes as "Renaissance men", questioning the usefulness of Renaissance as a term andas a historical delineation.[10] The art historian Erwin Panofsky observed of this resistance to the concept of "Renaissance":It is perhaps no accident that the factuality of the Italian Renaissance has been most vigorously questioned by those who are not obliged to take a professional interest in the aesthetic aspects of civilization—historians of economic and social developments, political and religious situations, and, most particularly, natural science—but only exceptionally by students of literature and hardly ever by historians of Art.[11]Some observers have called into question whether the Renaissance was a cultural "advance" from the Middle Ages, instead seeing it as a period of pessimismand nostalgia for classical antiquity,[12] while social and economic historians, especially of the longue durée, have instead focused on the continuity between the two eras[13] which are linked, as Panofsky himself observed, "by a thousand ties".[14]The word Renaissance, literally meaning "Rebirth" in French, first appears in English in the 1830s.[15] The word occurs in Jules Michelet's 1855 work, Histoire de France. The word Renaissance has also been extended to other historical and cultural movements, such as the Carolingian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century.[16]2RepresentativesAlfred Tennyson, among many others. In addition, the first use of the interlockingthree-line rhyme scheme, or the terza rima, is attributed to him.Dante has been called "the Father of the Italian language".[2] In Italy, Dante is often referred to as il Sommo Poeta("the Supreme Poet") and il Poeta; he, Petrarch, and Boccaccio are also called "the three fountains" or "the three crowns".The Divine Comedy describes Dante's journeythrough Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio), and Paradise (Paradiso)Dante, like most Florentines of his day, was embroiled in the Guelph–Ghibelline conflict. He fought in the Battle of Campaldino (June 11, 1289), with the Florentine Guelphs against Arezzo Ghibellines; then in 1294 he was among the escorts of Charles Martel of Anjou (grandson of Charles I of Naples, more commonly called Charles of Anjou) while he was in Florence. To further his political career, he became a pharmacist. He did not intend to practice as one, but a law issued in 1295 required nobles aspiring to public office to be enrolled in one of the CorporazionidelleArti e deiMestieri, so Dante obtained admission to the Apothecaries' Guild. This profession was not inappropriate, since at that time books were sold from apothecaries' shops. As a politician he accomplished little, but held various offices over some years in a city rife with political unrest.After defeating the Ghibellines, the Guelphs divided into two factions: the White Guelphs (Guelfi Bianchi)—Dante's party, led by VierideiCerchi—and the Black Guelphs (GuelfiNeri), led by Corso Donati. Although the split was along family lines at first, ideological differences arose based on opposing views of the papal role in Florentine affairs, with the Blacks supporting the Pope and the Whites wanting more freedom from Rome. The Whites took power first and expelled the Blacks. In response, Pope Boniface VIII planned a military occupation of Florence. In 1301, Charles of Valois, brother ofKing Philip IV of France, was expected to visit Florence because the Pope had appointed him peacemaker for Tuscany. But the city's government had treated the Pope's ambassadors badly a few weeks before, seeking independence from papal influence. It was believed that Charles had received other unofficial instructions, so the council sent a delegation to Rome to ascertain the Pope's intentions. Dante was one of the delegates.2. Leonardo da Vinci。
复兴的英语单词
复兴的英语单词单词：renaissance1. 定义与释义1.1词性：名词1.2释义：复兴；复活；新生；文艺复兴（欧洲14 - 16世纪的思想与艺术运动）1.3英文解释：A revival or renewal, especially in art, literature, etc.; the period of European history between the 14th and 16th centuries when there was a new interest in ancient art, literature, and learning.1.4相关词汇：revival（复兴，复活），renewal（更新，复兴），rejuvenation（复原，恢复活力），resurgence（复活，再现）2. 起源与背景2.1词源：“renaissance”一词源于法语，法语又源于拉丁语“renascī”，意思是“重生，再生”。
2.2趣闻：文艺复兴时期涌现出了许多伟大的艺术家、文学家和科学家。
例如达·芬奇，他不仅是画家，还是发明家、科学家等多领域的天才人物。
他的画作《蒙娜丽莎》和《最后的晚餐》至今都是举世闻名的艺术瑰宝。
这个时期是人类思想和文化的一次巨大飞跃，就像“renaissance”这个词表达的一样，是一种在文化艺术等多方面的重生。
3. 常用搭配与短语3.1短语：(1) Renaissance art：文艺复兴时期的艺术例句：Renaissance art has had a profound influence on Western art history.翻译：文艺复兴时期的艺术对西方艺术史有着深远的影响。
(2) economic renaissance：经济复兴例句：The government is working hard to bring about an economic renaissance in this region.翻译：政府正在努力使这个地区实现经济复兴。
对文艺复兴的理解
对文艺复兴的理解文艺复兴是人文主义，它的核心内容是提倡人性，反对神性，主张人生的目的是追求现世的幸福，而不是教会强调的灭人欲，以便死后升入天堂；它倡导个性解放，反对盲从盲信的愚昧思想。
这场思想解放运动适应了资本主义发展的需要，为近代自然科学和各种学术的发展清除了思想障碍，同时它打破了中世纪神学对人们思想和文学艺术等创造的桎梏，掀起了一股思想解放大潮。
扩展资料文艺复兴（Renaissance）是指发生在14世纪到16世纪的一场反映新兴资产阶级要求的欧洲思想文化运动。
“文艺复兴”的概念在14-16世纪时已被意大利的人文主义作家和学者所使用。
当时的人们认为，文艺在希腊、罗马古典时代曾高度繁荣，但在中世纪“黑暗时代”却衰败湮没，直到14世纪后才获得“再生”与“复兴”，因此称为“文艺复兴”。
文艺复兴最先在意大利各城邦兴起，以后扩展到西欧各国，于16世纪达到顶峰，带来一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了近代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。
文艺复兴是西欧近代三大思想解放运动（文艺复兴、宗教改革与启蒙运动）之一。
11世纪后，随着经济的复苏与发展、城市的兴起与生活水平的提高，人们逐渐改变了以往对现实生活的悲观绝望态度，开始追求世俗人生的乐趣，而这些倾向是与天主教的主张相违背的。
在14世纪城市经济繁荣的意大利，最先出现了对天主教文化的反抗。
当时意大利的市民和世俗知识分子，一方面极度厌恶天主教的神权地位及其虚伪的禁欲主义，另一方面由于没有成熟的文化体系取代天主教文化，于是他们借助复兴古希腊、罗马文化的形式来表达自己的文化主张。
因此，文艺复兴着重表明了新文化以古典为师的一面，而并非单纯的古典复兴，实际上是资产阶级反封建的新文化运动。
内涵文艺复兴（英文：Renaissance 意大利文：Rinascimento，由ri-“重新”和nascere“出生”构成，法文：La Renaissance）是14世纪中叶至16世纪在欧洲发生的思想文化运动，它在近代早期深刻地影响了欧洲的知识生活。
文艺复兴运动
文艺复兴运动
艺复兴（Renaissance）是指发生在14世纪到16世纪的一场反映新兴资产阶级要求的欧洲思想文化运动。
“文艺复兴”的概念在14-16世纪时已被意大利的人文主义作家和学者所使用。
当时的人们认为，文艺在希腊、罗马古典时代曾高度繁荣，但在中世纪“黑暗时代”却衰败湮没，直到14世纪后才获得“再生”与“复兴”，因此称为“文艺复兴”。
文艺复兴最先在意大利各城邦兴起，以后扩展到西欧各国，于16世纪达到顶峰，带来一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了近代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。
文艺复兴是西欧近代三大思想解放运动（文艺复兴、宗教改革与启蒙运动）之一。
第一节文艺复兴时期文学概说
B、揭露、抨击封建社会的黑暗现实。
a、封建统治（司法机构等） b、反动神权（教会等）
小说艺术特色：
小说继承了法国中世纪民间文学夸张、幽 默、讽刺的传统，以粗俗的形式表达严肃、 崇高的思想主题； 小说开创了通俗小说的先河和散文体长篇 小说的新形式。
绘画：庞大固埃为将士们遮雨
绘图本《巨人传》
卡 冈 都 亚
时间 历程 代表国家
意大利 英国
主要内容
宣传人性 的解放
代表作
卜迦丘《十日谈》
14世纪初至15上半叶
16世纪下半叶至 衰落 17世纪初
法国
歌颂有知 识有力量 的巨人
揭示人性 的弱点
拉伯雷《巨人传》
英国 西班牙
莎士比亚四大悲 剧
（三）各国人文主义文学概貌
四、人文主义文学概况
人文主义文学是文艺复兴时期欧洲文学 的主潮流，是欧洲近代文学的开端，继古 希腊罗马文学之后欧洲文学的又一个高峰。
(一)人文主义文学的特征: 1、表现人文主义思想； 2、使用现实主义创作方法； 3、继承、发展了古代的各种文学体裁； 4、作品具有鲜明的民族特色。
（二）人文主义文学的发展
彼特拉克诗选
此刻万籁俱寂
此刻万籁俱寂，风儿平息， 野兽和鸟儿都沉沉入睡。 点点星光的夜幕低垂， 海洋静静躺着，没有一丝痕迹。 我观望，思索，燃烧，哭泣， 毁了我的人经常在我面前，给我甜蜜的伤悲； 战斗是我的本分，我又愤怒，又心碎， 只有想到她，心里才获得少许慰藉。 我只是从一个清冽而富有生气的源泉 彼特拉克画像 汲取养分，而生活又苦涩，又甜蜜，
我即使活五十万个春秋， 除了你，我的亲爱的女友， 不会有别人做我的恋人： 我必须另外装一些血管， 你的爱把我的血管塞满， 再也容不下更多的爱情。 钱春绮译
英美文化概论之名词解释大全
01. Humanism(人文主义)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance(文艺复兴)The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into westerm Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the english Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with william shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classism(古典主义)Classism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in france and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in england were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan swift.etc.06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.07. The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present, with death and graveyard as themes.2>thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.08. Romanticism(浪漫主义)In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to england.2>it was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead ,romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emtion, and natural beauty.3>in the histiry of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience.4> the english romantic period is an age of poetry. Which prevailed in england from 1798 to 1837. the major romantic poets include wordsworth, Byron, shelley.09. Byronic Hero(拜伦式英雄)Bronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2> with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3> Byron’s chief contributio n to english literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”10. Critical Realism(批判现实主义)Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.2> It means th tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism ofsociety and the examination of social issues.3> Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.4> charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.11. Aestheticism（美学主义）The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement--- “art for art’s sake” was set forth by a French poet,Theophile Gautier.the first englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater.2> aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. 3> According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style.4> This is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Vi ctorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’ssake.美学运动的基本原则”为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔.高缔尔提出,英国运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特.佩特.美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活,认为生活应模仿艺术,而不是艺术模仿生活.在美学主义看来,所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物.艺术不应受任何功利的影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺术才能成为不朽之作.他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题,艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美.这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的一种回应,也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战.12.The victorian period(维多利亚)In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to criticism of the society and the defense of the mass.2> although writing from different points of view andwith different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship and Utilitarianism, and the widespread misery, poverty and injustice.3>their truthful picture of people’s life and bitter and strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actual improvement of the society.4> Charles Dickens is the leading figure of the Victorian period.13. Modernism(现代主义)Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting,music and architecture.4> in england from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions.fresh ways of looking at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style.it is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.14. Stream of consciousness(意识流)(or interior monologue)In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness wri ting is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow,tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings.famous writers to employ this technique in the english language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。
10文艺复兴
佛罗伦萨 圣玛利 亚大教堂的穹窿 （The Dome of S. Mar del Fiore， 1420－1434年） 教堂始建于1296 年，以后曾经多 人修建，但正殿 的顶盖始终是个 悬而难决的问题。 1420年通过设计 竞赛选用了伯鲁 涅列斯基的方案， 并由他负责督建。 伯鲁涅列斯基在 设计中综合了古 罗马形式与哥特 结构并加以创新， 终于实现了这一 开拓新时代特征 的杰作。
威尼斯 圣马可广场（Piazza and Piazzetta san Marco， 14—16世纪）
威尼斯的中心广场，南濒亚德里亚海，是一由三个梯形平面的空间组成 的复合广场。
建筑物均建于不同时期，但既有各自的时代特色又能相互配合，联成一整体。
广场中心是圣马可教堂。主广场在教堂的正面，封闭式，长175米，两端宽度分 别为90米和56米，周围是下有券柱式迥廊的房屋，是该城的宗教、行政和商业中 心。次广场在教堂南面，开向亚德里亚海，南端的两根柱子划出了广场与海面的 界限，是该城的海外贸易中心。教堂北面的小广场是主广场的一个分支，常是市 民游息、约会与自由集合的场所。广场从中世纪自发形成后．经过不断的改建才 形成现存的样子。
罗马 坦比哀多（Tempietto in S.Pietroin Montorio，1502－1510年） 是一仿罗马神庙式的小教堂，建于 蒙多里亚圣彼得修道院的迥廊内院 中。建筑体量不大，园厅内直径只 有4.5米；但形体端庄、手法娴熟。 外面有一圈由16根多立克式柱子组 成的回廊，谵部上面是一有鼓座的 穹窿。建筑师是盛期的大师伯拉孟 特（Donato Bramante，1444—— 1514）。
文艺复兴建筑风格最初形成于15世纪意大利的佛罗伦萨；16世纪起传遍意大 利并以罗马为中心，同时开始传入欧洲其它国家。
The renaissance 文艺复兴运动
who are the three most famous artists in later period of the Renaissance?
列奥纳多·达·芬奇 列奥纳多 达 芬奇 Leonardo Da Vinci １４５２－ （１４５２－１５１９ )
3.Renaissance development process and the major achievements
（1）. Early Renaissance） The Early Three Masters of the Renaissance
（2） ）
. Renaissance heyday –
The spread of Renaissance
1. The Renaissance started in the United Kingdom (16th Century) 2. Outstanding Representative:William Shakespeare
Masterpieces:
“Othello”奥赛罗 “ King Lear”李尔王 奥赛罗 李尔王 “Macbeth”麦克白 “Hamlet”哈姆雷特 麦克白 哈姆雷特 “The Merchant of Venice” 威尼斯商人 “Midsummer Night‘s Dream”仲夏夜 仲夏夜 之梦 Shakespeare
Mona Lisa ,by Leonardo Da Vinci
The Last Supper, by Da vinci
米开朗基罗·博 米开朗基罗 博 那罗蒂 Michelangelo Bo that Rorty １４７５－ （１４７５－ １５６４）Michelangelo
艺术设计英语Renaissance-Art文艺复兴
Renaissance Art
Renaissance art , painting , sculpture , architecture , music , and literature produced during the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries in Europe under the combined influences of an increased awareness of nature, a revival of classical learning, and a more individualistic view of man.
拉斐尔· 桑西（Raphael Cenci）
以画基督教圣母著称的拉斐尔，有多幅圣母像传世。
The Sistine Madonna
《西斯廷圣母》
椅中圣母
《披纱巾的少女》
Renaissance Architecture
文艺复兴时期的建筑
Renaissance Architecture
During the Renaissance, architects were inspired by the symmetrical and well-balanced buildings of Greece and Rome[rəʊm]. Flat roofs, coffered(方格的） ceilings, Roman arches and capitals Reflected the return of interest in the great monuments of antiquity（古 代； 古迹）
画中，與耶稣同坐的十二使徒。头上没有光环的是 出卖耶稣的加略人犹大。光環的形象表示他們被視 為聖人，可在其肖像上以光環標記。
英语专业英国文学文艺复兴时期名词翻译
The Elizabethan time: refer to the period in English history fromcomposed plays that broke free of England's past style of theatre. It was an age of exploration and expansion abroad, while back at home,end of the period when England was a separate realm before its royal union with Scotland.Renaissance（文艺复兴）: The Renaissance Movement is a great revolution carried out in the fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century Europe. It marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world in Western Europe. It first started in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. T he word “Renaissance” means rebirth or revival. In essence, it is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the Roman Catholic Church authorities. Two features of renaissance: It is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. People learned to admire the Greek and Latin works asmodels of literary form. It is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.Humanism: A philosophy that places faith in the dignity of humankind and rejects the medieval perception of the individual as a weak, fallen creature. "Humanists" typically believe in the perfectibility of human nature and view reason and education as the means to that end.The English Reformation: was a series of events in 16thSonnet a lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length: iambic pentameters in English, alexandrines in French, hendecasyllables in ltalian. He rhyme schemes of the sonnet follow two basic patterns.①The Italian sonnet (also called the Petrarchan sonnet afterthe most influential of the Italian sonneteers) comprises an 8-line‘octave’of two quatrains, rhymed abbaabba, followed by a 6-line‘sestet’ usually rhymed cdecde or cdcdcd. The transition fromoctave to sestet usually coincides with a ‘turn’ ( ltalian, volta )inthe argument or mood of the poem. In a variant form used by the Englis h poet John Milton, however, the ‘turn’ is delayed to a laterposition around the tenth line. Some later poets----notablyWilliam Wordsworth----have employed this feature of the‘Miltonic sonnet’while relaxing the rhyme scheme of the octave to abbaacca . The Italian pattern has remained the most widely used in English and other languages.②The English sonnet (also called the Shakespearean sonnetafter its foremost practitioner) comprises three quatrains and afinal couplet, rhyming ababcdcdefefgg. An important variant ofthis is the Spenserian sonnet (introduced by the Elizabethan poetEdmund Spenser), which links the three quatrains by rhyme, in the sequence ababbabccdcdee. In either form, the ‘turn’comes withthe final couplet, which may sometimes achieve the neatness ofan epigram.Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞诗节）A nine-line stanza rhyming in an ababbcbcc pattern in which the first eight lines are iambic pentameter and the last line is an iambic hexameter line. The name Spenserian comes from the form’s most famous user, Spenser, who used it in The Fairie Queene. Other examples include Keat’s “Eve of Saint Agnes” and Shelley’s “Adonais.” The Spenserian stanza is probably the longest and most intricate stanza generally employed in narrative poetry.The Spenserian sonnet uses three quatrains and a couplet like the Shakespearean, but links their three rhyme schemes in this way: abab bcbc cdcd ee. The Spenserian sonnet develops its theme in two parts likethe Petrarchan, its final six lines resolving a problem, analyzing a narrative, or applying a proposition put forth in its first eight lines.iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格the basic line in English verse, with five feet in a line, usually an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙▪斯宾塞(莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人)：The poet’s poet of the period was ES who was buried beside Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. ES has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley, and Keats. ES is the first master to make that language the natural music of his poetic effusions(感情的流露). His sonnets in Amoretti, together with Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella and Shakespeare’s sonnets ,are the most famous sonnet sequences of the Elizabeth Age.【In 1579 he wrote The Shepherd’s Calendar《牧人日记》which marked the budding(萌芽) of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England. The faerie Queen 《仙后》is his greatest work which was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.】Francis Bacon: He is the founder of English materialist philosophy and the founder of modern science in England. His New Instrument is called the Inductive Method of reasoning. He is also the first English essayist. To give a few, “Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark..” “Studies serve for delight.” “Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.”Drama: The Miracle Play圣迹剧The Morality Play道德剧寓意剧The Interlude幕间节目Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛: The most gifted of the “university wits” was Christopher Marlowe. His best work include 3 of his plays, Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》(1587), The Jew of Malta《马耳岛的犹太人》(1592), and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》(1588). He was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist——Shakespeare——whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance. 【His plays show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable(不知足的) appetite for power won by military, might, knowledge, or gold. The theme of his plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law, and the conviction of the boundless possibility ofhuman efforts in conquering the universe. The heroes in his plays are merely individualists, their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.】William Shakespeare: Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. His dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation. Shakespeare long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse. He was especially at home with the blank verse. Shakespeare was a great master of the English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers over the world.①The great comedies: A Midsummer Might’s Dream, TheMerchant of Venice, As You Like It, Twelfth Night.②The great tragedies:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.。
艺术设计英语Renaissance-Art文艺复兴
文艺复兴美术三杰
❖ 米开朗基罗 Michelangelo ❖ 达·芬奇 Da Vinci ❖ 拉斐尔 Raphael ['reifl, 'ræ feil]
Painting of the Renaissance-Renaissance art 文艺复兴时期的绘画
米开朗基罗· 博那罗蒂(Michelangelo Bo that Rorty)
拉斐尔·桑西（Raphael Cenci） 以画基督教圣母著称的拉斐尔，有多幅圣母像传世。
The Sistine Madonna 《西斯廷圣母》
❖ 椅中圣母
《披纱巾的少女》
Renaissance Architecture 文艺复兴时期的建筑
Renaissance Architecture
During the Renaissance, architects were inspired by the symmetrical and wellbalanced buildings of Greece and Rome[rəʊm].
Listen to the passage twice and fill in the blanks.
Leonardo Da Vinci’s _______fapmorotruasit of the Mona Lisa has a mysterious smile. It will always remain a _______ , but it is possible to hear what her voice would have sounded like, thanks to a Japanese sound expert.
Renaissance Art Brief introduction
文艺复兴
文艺复兴文艺复兴是指13世纪末在意大利各城市兴起，以后扩展到西欧各国，于16世纪在欧洲盛行的一场思想文化运动，带来一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了近代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。
马克思主义史学家认为是封建主义时代和资本主义时代的分界。
13世纪末期，在意大利商业发达的城市，新兴的资产阶级中的一些先进的知识分子借助研究古希腊、古罗马艺术文化，通过文艺创作，宣传人文精神文艺复兴的心脏——佛罗伦萨文艺复兴（意大利语：Rinascimento，由ri-“重新”和nascere“出生”构成）是一场发生在14世纪至17世纪的文化运动，在中世纪晚期发源于佛罗伦萨，后扩展至欧洲各国。
“文艺复兴”一词亦可粗略地指代这一历史时期，但由于欧洲各地因其引发的变化并非完全一致，故“文艺复兴”只是对这一时期的通称。
详细资料英语：the Renaissance性质：是一场资产阶级在思想文化领域领导的反封建文化运动。
核心：人文主义精神，人文主义精神的核心是提倡人性，反对神性，主张人生的目的是追求现实生活中的幸福，倡导个性解放，反对愚昧迷信的神学思想。
产生的根本原因：生产力的发展，资本主义萌芽的出现。
本质：正在形成中的资产阶级在复兴希腊罗马古典文化的名义下发起的弘扬资产阶级思想和文化的运动。
产生于意大利的原因：①中世纪的欧洲，贸易中心集中在地中海沿岸，意大利最早产生资本主义的萌芽，资产阶级希望冲破教会神学的束缚。
②意大利保有大量古希腊、罗马文化典籍。
③14-17世纪（文艺复兴时期）意大利人才济济，汇集一处。
④意大利处于丝绸之路的重要路段，较早接受了东方文化。
（造纸术，印刷术）编辑本段历史背景西欧的中世纪是个特别“黑暗的时代”。
基督教教会成了当时封建社会的精神支柱，它建立了一套严格的等级制度，把上帝当做绝对的权威，什么文学、什么艺术、什么哲学，一切都得按照基督教的经典《圣经》的教义，谁都不可违背，否则，宗教法庭就要对他制裁，甚至处以死刑。
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What was the Renaissance?
The Renaissance was a cultural movement and a time of renewal (Europe was
recovering from the Dark Ages and the Black Death/Bubonic Plague)
of the 14th century, such as the plague, political instability, and a decline of Church power • Recovery went hand-in-hand with a rebirth of interest in ancient culture (e.g., ancient Greece and Rome) • A new view of human beings emerged as people in the Italian Renaissance began to emphasize individual ability
Do Now
What was one of the factors that contributed to the beginning of the Renaissance?
Lesson 2 Objectives
SWBAT discuss what the Renaissance was and where it began.
marked the beginning of the modern world)
Where did the Renaissance begin?
•Italy •Italian Cities
•Urban Societies •Major Trading Centers
•Secular Movement •People lost their faith in the church and began to put more focus on human beings and material possessions
a. identifying the economic foundations of the Italian Renaissance; b. sequencing events related to the rise of Italian city-states and their
political development, including Machiavelli’s theory of governing as described in The Prince; c. citing artistic, literary, and philosophical creativity, as contrasted with the medieval period, including Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Petrarch; d. comparing the Italian and the Northern Renaissance, and citing the contributions of writers.
When did the Renaissance Take P17th century
How did the Crusades contribute to the Renaissance?
Crusades (1095 – 1291) = Religiously sanctioned military campaigns waged by Roman Catholics against Muslims who had occupied the near east since the Rashidun Caliphate (founded after Muhammad’s death in 632, the Rashidun Caliphate was one of the largest empires of the time
Renaissance means “rebirth” of classical knowledge and “birth” of the modern
world (new intellectual and artistic ideas that developed during the Renaissance
Do Now
Write a definition for the word, ‘rebirth’
Lesson 1 Objectives
SWBAT identify factors that contributed to the beginning of the Renaissance
Factors that Contributed to the Beginning of the Renaissance
• Trade and commerce increased • Cities grew larger and wealthier • Newly wealthy merchants and bankers supported the
growth of the arts and learning • The Renaissance was an age of recovery from the disasters
SWBAT sequence events related to the rise of Italian city-states and their political
development, including Machiavelli’s theory of governing as
described in The Prince.
Renaissance
Special Thanks To Ms. Stewart for the PowerPoint
APS Standards
WHI.13 The student will demonstrate knowledge of developments leading to the Renaissance in Europe in terms of its impact on Western civilization by: