自考国际商务英语05844重点722
自学考试国际商务英语历年真题及答案
国2011年4月高等教育自学考试国际商务英语及答案课程代码：05844 Ⅰ. Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese. (10%) 1. in a detour 迂回 2. competitive devaluation 竞争性贬值 3. consignor 寄售人 4. customer mobility 客户流动性 5. escape clauses 豁免条款 6. share holders 股东 7. potential loss 潜在损失 8. carrying vessel 运载船只 9. negligent 粗心大意 10. specific duty 从量税 Ⅱ. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English. (10%) 11.债权国 The credit country 12.国际合同 International contract 13.定期付款/分阶段付款 Term payment 14.被保险人 The insured 15.人口计划 The population plan 16.特惠税 The preferential duty 17.基础设施项目 Infrastructure construction project 18.装箱单 Shipping list 19.破产 Disrupted 20.土地和劳动力 Land and labor forceⅢ. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right. (10%) 21. facilities( d )a. the price or cost of transportation 22. premises( g ) b. easily to go bad 23. middleman( f ) c. not to do something that has been arranged ordecided upon 24. perishable ( b ) d. something designed, built or installed to serve a specific function or perform a particular service 25. access( j ) e. the act of paying a bill, debt, charge, etc. 26. controversy( i ) f. trader through whom goods pass between the producer and the customer 27. carriage( a ) g. a tract of land including its buildings 28. settlement( e ) h. an official group of persons who direct or supervise some activities of a firm 29. board( h ) i. public argument about something which many people disagree with 30. cancel( c ) j. a way by which a place, esp. property can be reached or entered or used Ⅳ. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English. (10%)31. term draft 远期汇票A draft which requires to pay after sight or in a given period of timeafter representation of relevant documents.32. transferable credit 可转让信用证Credit which can be transferred to other parties during the transportation of goods.33. direct quote 直接报价A certain amount of foreign currency, usually one unit or one hundredunit, is marked with equivalent amount of home currency.34. acquisition 收购Buying existing facilities35. GATT 关税和贸易总协定The General Agreement of Tariff and Trade. V. Answer the following questions in English. (20%)36. What are the five major modes of the modern freight transportation system?Water, air, road, rail, pipeline37. What do “valued” policies mean?Valued policies mean that a country provide investors with preferential policies for insured return in order to attract foreign investment.38. What is the purpose to establish GSP(the Generalized System of Preference)?The purpose of GSP is to help development of developing countries by provide tariff concession to them.39. What is the relationship between MNEs and their host countries?The relationship of MNEs and their host countries is interdependable and interactive. Ⅵ. Translate the following into Chinese. (15%)40. The Bank for International Settlement (BIS) is a unique institution.Many of its operations are of types normally performed by a commercial bank, but it is owned principally by central banks, and managed by central banks and its principal customers are central banks. The objects of BIS are to promote the cooperation among central banks and to provide additional facilities for international operations.国际结算银行是一个独特的机构。
全国2009年4月高等教育自学考试 国际商务英语试题 课程代码05844
全国2009年4月高等教育自学考试国际商务英语试题课程代码：05844I. Translate the following words and expressions: (10%)(i) From English into Chinese:1. usance credit2. certificate of origin3. intermediate products4. compensation trade5. securities(ii) From Chinese into English:6.经济一体化7.母公司8.还盘9.保兑行10.充分就业II. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right: (5%)( )11. preference a. a limit placed by a government on the amount of imports orexports of a commodity( )12. mandate b. a practical advantage given to one over others( )13. quota c. social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of acontracting party( )14. affiliate d. authority given to perform a duty( )15. force majeure e. a business concern owned or controlled in whole or in part byanother concernIII. Make brief explanations of the following terms and give the full name of the abbreviation in English: (20%)16. gross domestic product (GDP)17. direct exchange rate18. bill of exchange19. insurable interest==============================专业收集精品文档=============================20. ICCIV. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word from the list (You can only chooseHistorically, counter trade was mainly conducted in the form of (21) ________, which is a direct exchange of goods of approximately (22)________ value between parties, with no (23) ________ involved. Such transactions were the very essence of business at times during which no money —that is, no common medium of (24)________ —existed or was available. Over time, money emerged as a convenient (25)________ that unlinked transactions from individual parties and their joint timing and (26)________ permitted greater flexibility in trading activities. Repeatedly, however, we can see returns to the barter system as a (27)________ of environment circumstances. Conditions that encourage such business activities are (28) of money, lack of value of or faith (29) ________ money, lack of acceptability of money as an exchange medium, or greater ease of transaction (30)________ using goods.V. Translate the following into English: (25%)31. 就出口商的利益而言，即期付款交单比远期付款交单有利。
2015年4月05844国际商务英语真题及答案
Ⅰ. Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese：本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。
1. primary commodities2. exchange rate fluctuation3. insurance policy4. economic conflict5. voluntary export restriction6. market floor7. counter-veiling measures8. consumption preference9. bulk goods10. European ParliamentⅡ. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English：本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。
11.预付现金12.报价13.唛头14.储备货币15.并购16.长期资本17.关税区18.双边贸易19.即期汇票20.工业化Ⅲ. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right：本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。
21. productive a. to draw special attention22. revenue b. becoming due23. highlight c. producing in high efficiency or in large quantity24. force majeure d. to keep fixed or unchanged25. remitting e. amount of money that may be taken off the full amount26. maturity f. happening every alternative year27. discount g. the sending of money28. peg h. best or most favorable29. biennial i. the total annual income of a state30. optimal j. social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting partyⅣ. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English：本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。
自考国际商务英语(05844)教材英文课文(2005年版)电子版
自考国际商务英语（05844）教材英文课文(2005年版)电子版LESSON 1 International BusinessTHE STRUCTURE OF THE ARTICLE:了解国际商务与内商务的区别，熟悉贸易、投资及其他际商务活动的含义、特点、运作方式等。
Major difference between international business and domestic business(A. differences in legal systemB. differences in currenciesC. differences in cultural backgroundD. differences in natural and economic conditionsMajor types of international business.A. tradea. commodity tradeb. service tradeB. investmenta. foreign direct investmentb. portfolio investmentC. other typesa. licensing and franchisingb. management contract and contract manufacturingc. turnkey project and BOTTEXT:International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export, such as business between Hong Kong and Taiwan.International business involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business. The followings are some major differences between the two:1(The countries involved often have different legal systems, and one or more parties will have to adjust themselves to operate in compliance with the foreign law.2(Different counties usually use different currencies and theparties concerned will have to decide which currency to use and do everything necessary as regards conversion etc. Uncertainties and even risks are often involved in the use of a foreign currency.3(Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc. Often constitute challenges and even traps for people engaged in international business.4(Countries vary in natural and economic conditions and may have different policies towards foreign trade and investment, making international business more complex than domestic business.With the development of economic globalisation, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Someknowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement. International business first took the form of commodity trade, i. e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one countryfor consumption or resale in another. This form of trade is also referred to as visible trade.Later a different kind of trade in the form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. gradually became more and more important. This type of trade is called invisible trade(无形贸易). Today, the contribution of service industries of thedeveloped countries constitutes over 60 ,of their gross domestic products and account for anincreasing proportion of world trade.Another important form of international business is supplyingcapital by residents of one country to another, known as international investment. Such investments can be classified into two categories. The first kind of investments, foreign direct investments or FDI for shortis made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country. The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates, while the country where the headquarters of the investor is located is called the home country. The second kind of investment, portfolio investment(证券投资) refers to purchases offoreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. Suchfinancial assets may be stocks , bonds or certificates of deposit. Stocks are also called capital stocks or bonds. Bonds are papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest. The maturity period of a bond is at least one year, often longer, for example five, or even ten years. Certificates of deposit generally involve large amounts, say 25 thousand US dollars.Besides trade and investment, international licensing andfranchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market. In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property (知识产权)to a firm in another country. Such intellectual property may be trademarks (商标), brand names (品牌), patents (专利), copyrights (版权) or technology. Firms choose licensingbecause they do not have to make cash payments to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty. Besides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management. The use of licensing is particularly encouraged by high customs duty and non-tariff barriers on the part of the host country. However it is not advisable to use licensing in countries with weak intellectual property protection since the licensor may have difficulty in enforcing licensing agreement.Franchising can be regarded as a special form of licensing. Under franchising, a firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in thename of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty. In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee.The franchiser can develop internationally and gain access to useful information about the local market with little risk and cost, and the franchisee can easily get into a business with established products or services. Franchising is fairly popular especially in hotel and restaurant business. Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume. Sometimes bonuses based on profitability or sales growth are also specialized in management contracts. Government policies often have a lot to do with management contracts. When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts may be a practical choiceenabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets.By contract manufacturing, a firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain, e. g. marketing, while contracting with foreign companies for the manufacture of their products. Such firms can reduce the amount of their resources devoted to manufacture and benefit from location advantages from production in host countries. However, loss of control over the production process may give rise to problems in respect of quality and time of delivery.For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. Such projects are often large and complex and take a long period to complete. Payment for a turnkey project may be made at fixed total price or on a cost plus basis. The latter way of payment shifts the burden of possible additional cost over the original budget onto the purchaser.BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for build, O for operate and T for transfer. For a BOT project, a firm operates a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project. Needless to say, the contractor has to bear the financial and other risks that may occur in the period of operation.2 income level and the world market——————————————————————————————————————————————掌握国内生产总值，国民生产总值，人均收入等概念的含义。
05844 国际商务英语 自考名词解释及课后问答题答案
05844 国际商务英语自考名词解释及课后问答题答案一、What does international business refer to? Please tell the difference between international business and domestic business.1. International business refers to transactions between parties from different countries.There are four major differences between international business and domestic business:1) differences in legal system2) differences in currencies3) differences in cultural background4) differences in natural and economic conditionsPlease explain the differences between visible trade and invisible trade. Which is becoming more and more important and accounts for an increasing proportion in international trade?2. Commodity trade, i.e exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country forconsumption or resale in another. This kind of trade is also referred to visible trade. Invisible trade is in the form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. Invisible trade is becoming more and more important and accounts for an increasing proportion in international trade.Can you cite some examples to illustrate cultural differences in international business?3. Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc.Please elaborate on the two categories of international investment. What is their major difference? 4. Foreign direct investments or FDI for short is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assetsinvested in in a host country.Portfolio investment refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. What is licensing? Why do firms sometimes choose it as means of entering a foreign market?5. In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country.Firms choose licensing because they do not want to make cash payments to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty. Besides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management.What is franchising? How is it different from licensing?6. Under franchising, a firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called thefranchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand name, logos, and operating techniques for royalty.In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee.What is a management contract? Under what conditions is it most applicable?7. Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to anotherwithin a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volum.When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts may be a practical choice enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets..What is an international turnkey project? In what way is its variant BOT different from it?8. For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all thedesigning, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion.For a BOT project, a firm operate a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company.Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project.Franchise: an arrangement by which a monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in certain area.Royalty: money paid to the owner of a copyright fr permission to publish copy right material and to the owner of a patent for permission to use a patented design, use, at an agreed percentage of the selling price of the product.Patent: a special right to an inventor to be the only person to make and sell, or to authorize others to make and sell a newly-invented machine or process.Non-tariff barries: all forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc.Portfolio: the entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling.Turnkey project: one in which one of the parties agrees to supply, at the contract price, a complete product ready for use, such as a new home, factory, ship, etc.Budget: an account of probable future income and expenditure during a stated, period, usu, a year used as a guide in making financial arrangements.Return: the gain from an investment, either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment.Expertise: expert knowledge or skill, esp. in a particular field; know-howLicensor: a person or company granting a license1.国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。
商务英语05844总复习资料
商务英语05844总复习资料月高等教育自学考试国际商务英语及答案年4全国2011课程代码：05844Ⅰ. Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese. (10%)1. in a detour 迂回竞争性贬值 2. competitive devaluation寄售人 3. consignor客户流动性 4. customer mobility豁免条款 5. escape clauses股东 6. share holders潜在损失7. potential loss运载船只8. carrying vessel粗心大意9. negligent从量税10. specific dutyⅡ. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English. (10%)11.债权国The credit countryInternational contract 国际合同12.Term payment /分阶段付款13.定期付款The insured 被保险人14.The population plan 15.人口计划The preferential duty16.特惠税Infrastructure construction project 17.基础设施项目Shipping list 18.装箱单Disrupted19.破产Land and labor force20.土地和劳动力Ⅲ. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right. (10%)21. facilities( d )a. the price or cost of transportation22. premises( g ) b. easily to go bad23. middleman( f ) c. not to do something that has been arranged or decided upon24. perishable ( b ) d. something designed, built or installed to serve a specificfunction or perform a particular service25. access( j ) e. the act of paying a bill, debt, charge, etc.26. controversy( i ) f. trader through whom goods pass between the producer andthe customer27. carriage( a ) g. a tract of land including its buildings28. settlement( e ) h. an official group of persons who direct or supervise someactivities of a firm29. board( h ) i. public argument about something which many peopledisagree with30. cancel( c ) j. a way by which a place, esp. property can be reached orentered or usedⅣ. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English. (10%)31. term draft 远期汇票A draft which requires to pay after sight or in a given period of time after representation of relevant documents.32. transferable credit可转让信用证Credit which can be transferred to other parties during the transportation of goods.33. direct quote直接报价A certain amount of foreign currency, usually oneunit or one hundred unit, is marked with equivalent amount of homecurrency.34. acquisition收购Buying existing facilities35. GATT关税和贸易总协定The General Agreement of Tariff and Trade.V. Answer the following questions in English. (20%)36. What are the five major modes of the modern freight transportation system?Water, air, road, rail, pipeline37. What do “valued”policies mean?Valued policies mean that a country provide investors with preferential policies for insured return in order to attract foreign investment.38. What is the purpose to establish GSP(the Generalized System of Preference)?The purpose of GSP is to help development of developing countries by provide tariff concession to them.39. What is the relationship between MNEs and their host countries?The relationship of MNEs and their host countries is interdependable and interactive.Ⅵ. Translate the following into Chinese. (15%)40. The Bank for International Settlement (BIS) is a unique institution. Many of its operations are of types normally performed by a commercial bank, but it is owned principally by central banks, and managed by central banks and its principal customers are central banks. The objects of BIS are to promote the cooperation among central banks and toprovide additional facilities for international operations.国际结算银行是一个独特的机构。
自考05844国际商务英语(真题-翻译)
1有形贸易 visible trade visible trade 2无形贸易 invisible tradeinvisible trade3证券投资 Portfolio Investment portfolio investment 4大额存单 Certificate of depositcertificate of deposit 5管理合同 management contract management contract 6价值链 value chainvalue chain7承包生产 contract manufacturing contract manufacturing 8交钥匙工程 turnkey project turnkey project 9国民收入 national income national income 10人均收入 per capita income per capita income 11基础设施 infra structureinfra structure1213收入分布 income distribution income distribution 14债权国 creditor countrycreditor country15经济一体化 economic integration economic integration 16自由贸易区 free trade area free trade area 17关税税率 tariff rates tariff rates 18关税同盟 custom union custom union 19关税联盟 customs union customs union 20共同市场 common market common market 21主权国家 sovereign state sovereign state 22政治实体 political entity political entity 23行政机构 executive bodyexecutive body24欧盟委员会 European commission European commission 25部长理事会 council of ministers council of ministers 26多极化 multi-polarization multi-polarization27双部长会议 dual-Ministerial meeting dual-Ministerial meeting 28分委员会 Sub-committeeSub-committee 2930技术进步 technical improvements technical improvements 31自然资源 natural resources natural resources 32初级产品 primary commodities primary commodities 33绝对利益 absolute advantage absolute advantage 34比较利益 comparative advantage comparative advantage 35进口关税 import duty import duty 36出口关税 export dutyexport duty 37混税,复合关税 compound dutycompound duty3839税率表,税则 tariff schedule tariff schedule 40关税壁垒 tariff barriertariff barrier41非关税壁垒 non-tariff barrier non-tariff barrier 42运输工具 means of transport means of transport43古迹 places of historical interest places of historical interest 44货仓 cargo compartment cargo compartment 45关税区 customs area customs area 46从价税 advalorem dutiesadvalorem duties独立国家联合体 commonwealth of independent 国际经济环境 international economic environment 最惠国待遇 most-favoured nation (MFN) treatment47贸易术语 trade terms trade terms48贸易惯例 trading practices trading practices49商品交易会 trade fairs trade fairs50长途电话 trunk call trunk call51有效期 validity period validity period52还盘 counter offer counter offer53销售合同 sales contract sales contract54销售确认书 sales (purchase) confirmation sales (purchase) confirmation55缔约方/合约各方 contracting parties contracting parties56不可抗力 force majeure force majeure57货号 article number article number58棉布 cotton piece goods cotton piece goods59棉纱 cotton yarns cotton yarns60对销贸易 counter trade counter trade61欧洲支付联盟 European payment union European payment union62竞争性贬值 competitive devaluation competitive devaluation63加工贸易 processing trade processing trade64清算系统 clearing system clearing system65实际头寸 net positions net positions66贸易信贷往来帐户 trade credit accounts trade credit accounts67反向购买 counter purchase counter purchase68回购交易 buyback buyback69租赁贸易 leasing trade leasing trade70财务状况 financial standing financial standing71资信可靠情况 credit worthiness credit worthiness72分阶段付款 periodic payments periodic payments73预付现金 cash in advance cash in advance74汇票 draft / bill of exchange draft/bill of exchange75远期汇票 usance draft usance draft76跟单汇票 documentary draft documentary draft77提单 bill of landing bill of landing78货物所有权 title to goods title to goods79保险单 insurance policy insurance policy80跟单托收 documentary collection documentary collection81付款交单 documents against payment (D/P)documents against payment (D/P) 82承兑交单 documents against acceptance (D/A)documents against acceptance (D/A) 83光票 clean draft clean draft84开证银行opening bank opening bank85往来行 correspondence bank correspondence bank86通知行 advising bank advising bank87保兑行 confirming bank confirming bank88分批装运 partial shipment partial shipment89保兑信用证 confirmed letter of credit confirmed letter of credit90价格条款 price term price term91光票信用证 clean credit clean credit92非贸易结算 non-trade settlement non-trade settlement93可撤销信用证 revocable credit revocable credit94不可撤销信用证 irrevocable credit irrevocable credit95双重保障 double assurance double assurance96即期信用证 sight credit sight credit97远期信用证 usance credit usance credit98面值 face value face value99可转让信用证 transferable credit transferable credit100不可转让信用证 non-transferable credit non-transferable credit101无汇票信用证 non-draft credit non-draft credit102推迟付款 deferred payment deferred payment103循环信用证 revolving credit revolving credit104唛头 shipping marks shipping marks105被通知人 notify party notify party106货运收据 cargo receipt cargo receipt107发运港 port of shipment port of shipment108海关发票 custom invoice custom invoice109领事发票 consular invoice consular invoice110装船通知 shipping advice shipping advice111产品自然领域 natural product provinces natural product provinces112公共承运人 common carrier common carrier113契约承运人 contract carrier contract carrier114自有承运人 private carrier private carrier115中间产品 intermediate product intermediate product116制成品 finished products finished products117最大诚信原则 utmost good faith utmost good faith118货物原产地港口 port of origin port of origin119交货费用 forwarding charges forwarding charges导致损失的直接原因 proximate cause of the loss120121汇率 exchange rate exchange rate122金本位制 gold standard gold standard123平价 par value par value124储备货币 reversed currency reversed currency125清洁浮动 clean float (free float-自由浮动)clean float 清洁浮动 (free float 自由浮动) 126肮脏浮动 dirt float (managed float-管理浮动)dirt float 肮脏浮动 (managed float 管理浮动) 127(汇率)直接标价 direct quote direct quote128(汇率)间接标价 indirect quote indirect quote129买入价 buying rate buying rate130卖出价 selling rate selling rate131中间价 medial rate medial rate132大萧条 Great Depression great depression133特别提款权 special drawing right special drawing right134国际收支赤字 BOP deficit BOP deficit135国际收支盈余 favorable balance of payment favorable balance of payment136贴现率 discount rate discount rate137外汇管制 foreign exchange control foreign exchange control138游资 idle funds (hot money)idle funds (hot money)139世界银行集团 word bank group word bank group140资本市场 capital market capital market141优惠期 grace period grace period142私营经济 private sector private sector143股权投资 equity investment equity investment144经济结构调整 economic restructuring economic restructuring145投票权 voting power voting power146黄金份额 gold tranche gold tranche147备用(信贷)安排 standby arrangement standby arrangement148客户流动 customer mobility customer mobility149免税期 tax holiday tax holiday150合资企业 joint venture joint venture151绿地战略 the greenfield strategy the greenfield strategy152战略联合 the strategic alliance the strategic alliance153知识产权 intellectual property intellectual property154常务委员会 standing committee standing committee155证券交易所 stock exchange stock exchange156长期资本 long-term capital long-term capital157二级资本市场 secondary capital market secondary capital market158交易场地 market floor (trading floor)market floor (trading floor)159挂牌证券交易市场 listed market listed market160所得税 income tax income tax161平衡帐目 balance the books balance the books 公共部门借贷需求 the public sector borrowing requirement162163金边证券 gilt-edged stocks / securities gilt-edged stocks/securities164事业机构投资商 institutional investors institutional investors165期权 options options166套期保值 hedge hedge167具体事场 particular market area particular market area168普惠制 generalized system of preferences generalized system of preferences 169关税减让 tariff concession tariff concession170制度力量 institutional strength institutional strength171反贴补措施 counter-veiling measures counter-veiling measures172反倾销 anti-dumping anti-dumping173国民待遇 national treatment national treatment174关税配额 tariff quota tariff quota175充分就业 full employment full employment176公平贸易 fair trade fair trade177贸易条款 term of trade term of trade178免责条款 escape clauses escape clauses179行动纲领 action programme action programme180联合国大会 united nations general assembly united nations general assembly 181较不发达国家 less-developed countries less-developed countries182无差别待遇 non-discrimination principle non-discrimination principle183差别待遇 differential treatment differential treatment184贸易条件 terms of trade terms of trade185186特惠税 preferential customs tariffs preferential customs tariffs 187技术转让 transfer of technology transfer of technology188金融市场 financial market financial market189中期贷款 extended fund facility extended fund facility190双边谈判 bilateral negotiation bilateral negotiation191特约条款 special clause special clause192董事会 board of directors board of directors193生产方式 production approach production approach194可保利益 insurable interest insurable interest195缓冲库存贷款 buffer stock financing facility buffer stock financing facility 196跨国公司母公司 parent MNC parent MNC197记帐交易 open credit open credit198滚装滚卸范畴运输 roll-on and roll-off traffic roll-on and roll-off traffic199规模经济 economies of scale economies of scale200有价保单 valued policy valued policy201从量税 specific duty specific duty202业务范围 business line business line203基础设施 capital infrastructure capital infrastructure204布雷顿森林会议 the Bretton woods convention the Bretton woods convention 205保证金 margin margin206统一关税制度 uniform tariff system uniform tariff system207208209210211212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224电子数据交换EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)国内生产总值GDP (Gross Domestic Product)国民生产总值GNP (Gross National Product)购买力平价PPP (Purchasing Power Parity)增值税VAT (value added tax)国际经济新秩序 new international economic order石油输出国组织OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)东南亚国家联盟ASEAN (Association of SouthEast Asian Nations)北美自由贸易协定NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)多边投资担保机构MIGA (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency)经济及社会理事会ECOSOC (economic social council)国际开发协会IDA (International Development Association)国际货币基金组织IMF (International Monetary Fund)经济合作与发展组织OECD (Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development)零库存 just-in-time delivery (JIT)自动出口限制VER (Voluntary Export Restriction)投资交易所RIE (Recognized Investment Exchange)国际复兴开发银行IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development)国际金融公司IFC (International Finance Corporation)。
4月全国自考国际商务英语试题及答案解析
全国2018年4月自学考试国际商务英语试题课程代码：05844Ⅰ. Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese （10%）1. customs area2. roll on-roll off traffic3. amendment4. gold standard5. gilt-edged stocks6. compound duties7. discount rate8. certificate of quality9. national treatment10. cost economiesⅡ. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English（10%）11．世界银行12. 互利贸易13. 保兑信用证14. 装船通知15. 增值税16. 追溯到17. 原产地港口18. 货物保险19. 商品交易会20. 目的地Ⅲ. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right（10%）21. integration a. the act of putting money to use in something offering profitable returns22. voluntary offer b. connecting with the sea or navigation123. draft c. producing optimum results for the expenditure24. viability d. combining into a whole25. investment e. a person or an organization etc. that receives something26. export earnings f. the amount paid by an insured for coverage under the contract27. maritime g. an offer made on the initiative of the offerer28. premium h. money earned on the sale of goods to other countries29. cost-effective i. ability to succeed in operation30. recipient j. an unconditional order to someone to pay a sum of moneyⅣ. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English （10%）31. absolute advantage32. irrevocable credit33. indemnity34. green field strategy35. APECⅤ. Answer the following questions in English（20%）36. Why is it necessary to revise Incoterms in 1990?37. Why was the Special Drawing Right created?38. What contents should be included in a firm offer?39. What does international business refer to?Ⅵ. Translate the following into Chinese （15%）40. In insurance of all risks, the insurer is responsible for total or partial loss or damage to the insured goods arising from natural elements or from sea perils, including all losses caused by accidents to the carrying vessels or craft or by any external causes. But it does not, as its name suggests, really cover all risks.41. The term Triad refers to the three richest regions of the world, the United States, the European Union and Japan that offer the most important business opportunities. Any international enterprise must bear Triad in mind if they want to be successful in the increasingly competitive world market.Ⅶ. Translate the following into English（25%）242.在正常的市场交易中，由于使用货币及市场手段，货物的买与卖是分别进行的。
自考国际商务英语05844重点7-22
E: EXW F: FCA, FAS, FOB C: CFR, CIF, CPT, CIP D: DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU, DDP
What are the four different categories of terms in Incoterms 2000? In Incoterms 2000, the terms have been grouped in four basically different categories: Group E (departure), Group F (Main carriage unpaid), Group C (Main carriage paid) and Group D (Arrival).
The settling of a contract合同的构成 The title The contract proper
The name and address of the buyer and the seller The details of the commodity transaction The terms and conditions mutually agreed
The reasons for the 2000 revision of Incoterms
Spread of customs-free zones无关税区的发
展 Changes in transportation practices运输方式 的变化 Increased use of electronic communication 电子通讯使用的增加
Lesson 9 modes of trade
自考05844国际商务英语(真题-词组解释)
International business: refer to transaction between parties from different countriesVisible trade:exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in anotherInternational investment: supplying capital by residents of one country to anotherFDI(foreign direct investments)is made of returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.Portfolio investment refers to purchase of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit.Franchising,a firm called the franchisee,is allowed to operate in the name of another,called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks,brand names,logos,and operating techniques for royalty.Turnkey project,a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion.BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for build,O for operate and T for transfer.For a BOT project,a firm operate a facility for a period of time after bulding it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company.Customs union:A customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations is called a customs unionTrade terms are terms used in international trade to describe the general information about the trade, such as the unit price, port of shipment, port of destination and the kind of currency.Protectionism is a trade barrier to international trade for the purpose of protecting a nation’s own domestic market and industries. It includes tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.A multinational enterprise is a business organization which owns,controls and manages assets,in more than one country, through its member companies incorporated.Per capita GNP refers to the total value of the goods and services per man provided by all kinds of sectors during a certain period ( a year, a quarter, etc )Force majeure is a default of the contract which is given rise to not because of the contracting parties’default,but of the uncontrollable causes.One type of the cause is the natural force and the other is social cause.Drawer: The person who draws the bill of exchange is called the drawer.Proximate cause of loss:When an insurance policy is made out to cover a certain risk,a claim becomes payable only if the risk occurred as the proximate cause of the loss suffered.The proximate cause is the direct cause of the loss.Shortfall means the shortage of amount or values of certain goods.Tariff concession list:It refers to the list of commodities on which the deduced tariff rate is stipulatedCompound duty:a type of tariff levied according both the amounts and the prices of the commodities.Customs cleance:as to customs clearance,for ordinary imported goods,the customs will sign on the shipping documents to release the goods.But for some particular duty–free goods or bonded goods,the customs still have control over it after the consignee acknowledged the receipt of shipmentInsurance is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provide a payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism. Those who transfer risk are called insured. Those who assume risk are called insurers.Standby arrangements:That’s the standby credit arrangement given by IMF to its member countries.Escape clause:It’s a clause of contemporary canceling of the preferential tariff when some domestic industries are damaged because in bilateral and multilateral negotiations and agreements there are excessive importing commodities that enjoy the deduction of tariff and other trade allowance for the contracting parties.Non-trade settlement mainly means the settlement which occurs not because of trade between the trading parties, but of the other reasons such as the government agreement.Intermediate products are products which are not the same as the raw materials or as the finished goods. They can called semi-finished products.Counter trade is the generic terms to describe a set of cross border contracts which link a seller’s exports to imports from the buyer.Intra-MNE transfer refers to the transfer among the different units within the range and under the control of MNCFair trade refers to the trade conducted by two parties on the equal treatment.Beneficiary: The exporter in whose favour the credit is openedConsular visa is a visa signed by one country’s consul in another country when the visaed subject is about to go through the customs between these two countries.Incoterms are short for the international rules for interpretation of trade terms,the purpose of it is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade.Thus,the uncertainties of different interpretation of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.Contribution:A person can not be allowed to insure twice for the same risk,and claim compensation from both insurers.If two policies do cover the same event the insurance companies contribute pro rata to the loss, and the insured is only restored to the indemnity position.The most favoured nation clause:It is most effective method to avoid the damage by bilateral talks to the world trade.Countries can automatically enjoy the favorable tariffs given by the relevant countries to the other countries.Consignment trade is a kind of trade in which the seller ships his goods abroad,and his agent in that country will sell the goods for him,and the title to the goods still belongs to the seller before the goods are sold.Productivity is a ratio figure which indicates how much inputs should be needed to produce the goods. It is a sensitive index to measure the economic growth of one industry or of one nationInsurable interest:No one may insure anything unless he has an interest in it,which means that if the thing insured is preserved he will derive a benefit from its preservationGroup of77:It’s a group initiated by some countries in Asia,Africa and Latin America in order to maintain their interests and protest the deprivation of the imperialist countries.At present,the group of 77 countries has expanded to include more than 100 countries and regionsIDA refers to the international Development association established in1960to provide financial assistance primarily in the poorer developing countries and on terms that would bear less heavily on their balance of payments.Documents against payment at sight requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documentsTransportation deregulation has removed the shackles of control,both shippers and carriers are free to negotiate the best rate and service packages to meet the needs of both parties.Clearing system is a government agreement where the trade balance is finalized by accounting and offsetting the debts and credits between two countriesComparative advantage:Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.Clean credit,credits that only require clean draft,i.e.draft not accompanied with shipping documents for payment are clean credit.Known premium is the cost the insured should have to pay the insurance company for the insured goods.Hyperinflation is a kind of inflation in which the market prices are soaring quickly.The devaluation rate of the currency is astronomical.The normal economic activities are out of the order,and finally lead to the collapse of the whole monetary system.Parent MNC is the original investing multinational corporation.It is also the international headquarters of the MNE.Letter of credit is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.Legal holder is an owner of a property who is entitled to it by lawTrading practices are widely-acknowledged customary deeds experienced from actual trade. Secondary capital market is the market where the issued securites are traded,it includes the stock exchange and the over-the –counter market.World Bank group,it is a complex institutions composed of IBRD,IDA,IFC and MIGA,with the main purpose of helping raise standards of living in developing countries by channeling financial resources to them from developed countries.Opening bank: the bank that issues the letter of credit is called the opening bank.Freight transportation is defined as the economic movement of commodities and products and the effect of such movement as the development and advancement of businessClaims are activities for the insured to get compensation from the insurer according to the insurance policy for the insured, also damaged subject.Balance of payments:it is a statement of the total payments to the total receipts from foreitn countriesTransfer technology:it means the activity that technology suppliers transfer the technologies of production, management and marketing to the receivers in any proper way. The pure export of goods is not within this range.。
自学考试_全国2018年4月高等教育自学考试国际商务英语试题(05844)
绝密★考试结束前全国2018年4月高等教育自学考试国际商务英语试题课程代码:05844 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案写在答题纸上㊂注意事项: 1.答题前,考生务必将自己的考试课程名称㊁姓名㊁准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上㊂ 2.用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上,不能答在试题卷上㊂Ⅰ.Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)1.turnkey project2.EDIpound duties4.CPT5.trade credit accounts6.partial shipment7.cargo receipt8.port of origin9.buying rate10.tariff quotaⅡ.Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)11.债权国12.董事会13.关税联盟14.缔约方15.分阶段付款16.资金周转17.产品自然领域18.股权投资19.增值税20.技术转让Ⅲ.Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)21.spur a.unable to pay debts22.welfare b.ability to succeed in operation23.remittance c.to urge or encourage24.business line d.to repay or pay off25.drawee e.a person or thing that closely resembles another in position or function26.insolvent f.a person to whom a draft is drawn27.viability g.a person engaged in the practice of a profession or occupation28.redeem h.money sent by post29.practitioner i.goods dealt in by a company30.counterpart j.well⁃beingⅣ.Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English(本大题共5小题,每小题2分,共10分)31.invoice32.credit⁃worthiness33.revenue34.exchange rate35.FCAⅤ.Answer the following questions in English(本大题共4小题,每小题5分,共20分)36.Explain briefly how a member borrows from the International Monetary Fund.37.What is a joint venture?How are the proportions of ownership determined?38.What are the differences between visible trade and invisible trade?Give a few examples of invisible trade.39.What are the nature and objectives of OPEC?Ⅵ.Translate the following into Chinese(本大题共2小题,第40小题7分,第41小题8分,共15分)40.Sending goods from one country to another,as part of a commercial transaction,can be a risky business.If they are lost or damaged,or if delivery does not take place for some other reason, the climate of confidence between parties may degenerate to the point where a law suit is brought.41.In a broad sense,transportation is defined as the movement of freight and passengers from one location to another.The important common element in any definition of transportation,however, is movement:changing the physical location of freight or passengers.Products must be moved to the locations where they are needed and wanted,such as groceries moved to a supermarket.5分,共25分)Ⅶ.Translate the following into English(本大题共5小题,每小题㊂42.对外直接投资是国际投资的主要方式,而控制成本则是企业对外投㊂43.口头业务协商指的是面对面的直接谈判或通过㊂44.许多人欢呼经济全球化带来的好处,但同时也有强烈的反对声音㊂45.许多国际交易是通过汇票支付的,汇票是对银行或顾客的支付命,即在一国生产或制造商品而46.国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现㊂进行消费或转售。
自考国际商务英语(05844)教材英文课文(2005年版)电子版
自考国际商务英语（05844）教材英文课文(2005年版)电子版LESSON 1 International BusinessTHE STRUCTURE OF THE ARTICLE:了解国际商务与内商务的区别，熟悉贸易、投资及其他际商务活动的含义、特点、运作方式等。
Major difference between international business and domestic business(A. differences in legal systemB. differences in currenciesC. differences in cultural backgroundD. differences in natural and economic conditionsMajor types of international business.A. tradea. commodity tradeb. service tradeB. investmenta. foreign direct investmentb. portfolio investmentC. other typesa. licensing and franchisingb. management contract and contract manufacturingc. turnkey project and BOTTEXT:International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export, such as business between Hong Kong and Taiwan.International business involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business. The followings are some major differences between the two:1(The countries involved often have different legal systems, and one or more parties will have to adjust themselves to operate in compliance with the foreign law.2(Different counties usually use different currencies and theparties concerned will have to decide which currency to use and do everything necessary as regards conversion etc. Uncertainties and even risks are often involved in the use of a foreign currency.3(Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc. Often constitute challenges and even traps for people engaged in international business.4(Countries vary in natural and economic conditions and may have different policies towards foreign trade and investment, making international business more complex than domestic business.With the development of economic globalisation, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Someknowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement. International business first took the form of commodity trade, i. e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one countryfor consumption or resale in another. This form of trade is also referred to as visible trade.Later a different kind of trade in the form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. gradually became more and more important. This type of trade is called invisible trade(无形贸易). Today, the contribution of service industries of thedeveloped countries constitutes over 60 ,of their gross domestic products and account for anincreasing proportion of world trade.Another important form of international business is supplyingcapital by residents of one country to another, known as international investment. Such investments can be classified into two categories. The first kind of investments, foreign direct investments or FDI for shortis made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country. The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates, while the country where the headquarters of the investor is located is called the home country. The second kind of investment, portfolio investment(证券投资) refers to purchases offoreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. Suchfinancial assets may be stocks , bonds or certificates of deposit. Stocks are also called capital stocks or bonds. Bonds are papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest. The maturity period of a bond is at least one year, often longer, for example five, or even ten years. Certificates of deposit generally involve large amounts, say 25 thousand US dollars.Besides trade and investment, international licensing andfranchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market. In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property (知识产权)to a firm in another country. Such intellectual property may be trademarks (商标), brand names (品牌), patents (专利), copyrights (版权) or technology. Firms choose licensingbecause they do not have to make cash payments to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty. Besides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management. The use of licensing is particularly encouraged by high customs duty and non-tariff barriers on the part of the host country. However it is not advisable to use licensing in countries with weak intellectual property protection since the licensor may have difficulty in enforcing licensing agreement.Franchising can be regarded as a special form of licensing. Under franchising, a firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in thename of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty. In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee.The franchiser can develop internationally and gain access to useful information about the local market with little risk and cost, and the franchisee can easily get into a business with established products or services. Franchising is fairly popular especially in hotel and restaurant business. Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume. Sometimes bonuses based on profitability or sales growth are also specialized in management contracts. Government policies often have a lot to do with management contracts. When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts may be a practical choiceenabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets.By contract manufacturing, a firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain, e. g. marketing, while contracting with foreign companies for the manufacture of their products. Such firms can reduce the amount of their resources devoted to manufacture and benefit from location advantages from production in host countries. However, loss of control over the production process may give rise to problems in respect of quality and time of delivery.For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. Such projects are often large and complex and take a long period to complete. Payment for a turnkey project may be made at fixed total price or on a cost plus basis. The latter way of payment shifts the burden of possible additional cost over the original budget onto the purchaser.BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for build, O for operate and T for transfer. For a BOT project, a firm operates a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project. Needless to say, the contractor has to bear the financial and other risks that may occur in the period of operation.2 income level and the world market——————————————————————————————————————————————掌握国内生产总值，国民生产总值，人均收入等概念的含义。
全国2014年4月自学考试国际商务英语试题及其答案
Ⅳ. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English（10%）
31. gold standard
32. insurable interest
33. revolving credit
34. soft loans
35. VER
Ⅴ. Answer the following questions a letter of credit?
37. What are common carriers?
38. What is documentary collection?
11．货号
12.初级产品
13.销售合同
14.混合关税
15.货舱
16.汇款
17.红利
18.仲裁
国际商务英语试题+答案
广东外语外贸大学公开学院辅导资料国际商务英语试卷（一）课程代码：05844I. Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese （10%）1.International business2.GDP3.Free trade area4.Multinational corporation5.Specialization6.specific duty7.roll on roll off8.EDI9.article number10.auctionⅡ. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English （10%）11.返倾销12.最惠国条款13.贴现14.充分就业15.保兑信用证16.零库存17.代位，取代18.保护主义19.免除条款（豁免条款）20.证券交易所Ⅲ.Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right （10%）21.contracting party a. amount above what is estimated as necessary22.gilts b. a business concern owned or controlled in wholeor in part by another concern23.cyclical c. recurring in cycles24.affiliate d. stocks issued by government25.legal action e. an action taken against some one in accordancewith the law.26.margin f. a country or firm that signs a legal agreement27.pooling g. a trace of land including its buildings28.verified data h. a set of international rules for the interpretation oftrade terms29.Incoterms i. authentic materials30.premises j. a combination of funds formed for common advantageⅣ. Make brief explanations of the following terms in English（10%）31.MFN32. Invisible trade33.firm offer34.open account35.L/CⅤ. Answer the following questions in English（20%）36. Was China a low -income country a few years ago? How about now?37. Can you explain the word “negotiable” in the p hrase “negotiable transport? document” ?38. What is the most common form of non-tariff barriers? Explain it in a few words.39. What is economy of scale? What is the relation between economy of scale and trade?Ⅵ.Translate the following into Chinese（15%）40. Documentary collection is a means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.The exporter sends the bill of exchange and the shipping documents to his bank, which forwards them to a bank in the customer’s country. This bank, or the exporter’s agents in the country concerned, takes the documents to the customer. If it is a sight bill the customer pays the amount directly. If it is a time bill he signs the bill, which means he has “accepted” it for payment within a certain specified time. In return for either payment or acceptance of payment, the customer is handed the shipping documents which give title to the goods.Ⅶ. Translate the following into English（25%）41. 在国际贸易中进出口双方都面临风险，因为总存在对方不履约的可能42. 对于一笔具体交易来说，信用证不一定是最理想的付款方式。
全国2015年4月自考国际商务英语试题及答案05844
1.primary commodit初级货物2.外汇汇率波动3.保险单4.经济矛盾5.自愿出口限制6.场内交易市场7.对策,防范措施8.消费偏好9.松散材料10.欧洲议会中译英：11.cash advance12.offer 13.Marks 14.Reserve currency 15.Mergers and acquisitions 16.Long-term capital 17.The customs 18.bilateral trade 19.Draft at sight 20.industrialization21c. 22b,23a;24j;25g,26d,27e,28i,29f,30h40.在跟单托收,出口发送和船务文件草案中，代表货物所有权的银行,将它们转发到另一个银行在进口商的国家,进而联系客户。
在承兑交单的情况下,文件将交给进口商在他接受汇票的出口国。
41.经济一体化的最高形式就是所谓的经济联盟，其特点是集成其成员的国内政策对经济、金融等的优势。
此外还有“没有贸易壁垒,共同对外政策的实践和生产要素自由流动”等优势。
经济联盟的成员不仅需要协调税收,政府支出,产业政策等,而且使用相同的货币。
42.To assess the potential of a market,People always tend to analyze its income level,Because it provides clues to residents purchasing power level.43.If the insured risk is not the direct cause of the loss, the insurance company will not to compensation.44.Buyback deal trade is one of the important difference between counter purchase is that buyback deal usually stretches over a longer time than a counter purchase .parative advantage is not a static concept,a country can through their own actions to develop a particular comparative advantage45.Low-income areas’ economic prosperity will actually benefit the developed countries, because it will increase their exports to these areas.。