choice of _diction翻译中的选词
词义的选择引申和褒贬
2、将带有特征性形象的词译 成该形象所代表的属性的词。
整理ppt
1) Rich and powerful, he always goosesteps on the street.
整理ppt
1) Goosestep的原义是从名词 “鹅步、正步” 转化而来的动 词，根据上下文引申，译成： “他有钱有势，在街上总是耀 武扬威，横行霸道。”
整理ppt
2）He is in critical condition, see-sawing between life and death.
整理ppt
2） See-saw原义是“跷跷 板”，这里引申译为：他的病 况危急，时好时坏，在生死之 间徘徊。
整理ppt
（二）具体化引申
整理ppt
语时一般作具体化引申。
整理ppt
2）He is a Shylock!
整理ppt
2） Shylock是莎士比亚笔下 的人物，其人刻薄歹毒，故该 句引申译为：他凶险狡诈。
整理ppt
Every life has its roses and thorns.
整理ppt
这里把玫瑰和刺引申，译为： “每个人的生活有苦有甜。”
整理ppt
整理ppt
２）他的学位成了他进入那家 公司获得高薪的敲门砖。
整理ppt
2． 英语中有些词在特定的上 下文中，含义是清楚的，但译 成汉语时还必须作具体化引申， 否则就不够清楚。
整理ppt
1） The car in front of me broke down and I missed the green.
整理ppt
She is a good Christian, a good parent, a good wife, a good daughter and a good teacher.
英汉翻译(5) 英汉词义对比与选词
helicopter 直升飞机 manliness 男子气 incense coil 盘香 aside 旁白
b. inclusion（涵盖关系）
Mainly including those words whose meanings have extensive and narrow separations. Examples: marriage 嫁、娶 gun 枪、炮 sister 姐、妹 morning 早晨、上午
B. refractive（折射式） indirect reflection of objects e.g. bird C. integrative（整合式） combination of the meaning of two words. E.g. flexitime” （弹性工作制，始于英国） 铁饭碗 （a secured job）
1. a round post 一根圆柱 2. The wheels go round rapidly. 车轮飞转。 3 . The night watchman makes his rounds every hour. 夜班人员每小时巡视一次。
1 . The students stood round the teacher. 学生围站在老师的周围。 2. We rounded the Cape of Good Hope. 我们饶过了好望角。
II. According to context and collocation
1.It was a girl with good manners. 这是一位举止得体的姑娘。 2.These were all labeled as good eggs. 这些都被标为新鲜的鸡蛋。 3.Dogs are often regarded as man’s good friends. 狗经常被认为是人类的忠实朋友。
Unit2文献阅读与翻译第二章
Eg.1:Tension is building up.
形势紧张起来。 张力在增大。 电压在增加。 压力在增强。 ……
Eg.2: the English word of story
This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. (事件) It is quite another story now, for the leadership has changed. (情况) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story. (内情) A young man came to a police officer’s office with a story.
(3)Judging from the Context and Collocation
翻译中的选词法共38页文档
• Chinese, or vice versa. For instance, “pretty” and“handsome” are rendered into “漂亮的” and “英俊的” respectively.It is perfectly all right to say “a handsome car” but “英俊的车子” would be totally unacceptable to the Chinese reader. Thus in E-C translation, a translator must ensure that the version is idiomatic or collocatively acceptable in the target language. E.g.build
•
Affective meanings refers to what is
communicated of the feelings and
attitudes of the writer towards the reader. You may address somebody as an “idiot”
翻译中的选词法(diction)
• I. 选择语法意义(choice of grammatical meanings)----语法结构分析
• The same word, when used as different parts of speech and playing different roles in a sentence, has different meanings.
选词方法
4.Choice of collocative meanings
• 练习 Heavy A heavy rain; a heavy load; a heavy crop; Heavy news; a heavy vote; a heavy schedule; Heavy advertising; heavy casualties; A heavy sea; a heavy buyer; a heavy demand Heavy sorrow; a heavy thinker; a heavy politician; A heavy play; This book is heavy reading.
Choice of contextual meanings
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Show me the complain book. Milton’s Paradise Lost consists of twelve books. books. That’s all I remember,sir, on the Book. Book. He claims to have been graduated from this college,but his name is not on the books. books. He is always painstaking at his books. The music was fine,but the book was very poor. How many names are there on your books? books? He went out to the village to pay trademen’s books.
Choice of grammatical meanings
Chapter 2 Diction
❖ 4. Equivalents Interwoven with One Another say, speak, talk, tell 说、讲、谈、诉
❖ 5. Words Without Corresponding Equivalents teenager: 13至19岁的青少年 cyberslacker: 利用工作时间在公司上网、做与工作 无关的事情的雇员
❖ The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy. ❖ 他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的。
❖ I always considered him calculating and mercenary and did my best to avoid him.
❖ 我一向认为他这个人工于心计又唯利是图，所以总 是尽力设法避开他。
❖ propaganda ： false or partly false information used by a government or political party to make people agree with them.
❖ Publicize: If you publicize a fact or event, you make it widely known to the public.
❖ 词语的选择是指在翻译过程中，基于对源语文 本的精确理解，在目的语中选择恰当的词语或 表达法，使之符合译文语境的表达需要。
Diction (Choice of Words)
❖ “The meaning of a word is its use in the language.” ❖ “Each word, when used in a new context, is a new
翻译技巧
Techniques in Translation●Fawcett(1997:34-41), 8 skills: borrowing, calque仿词法, literal translation, transposition调换法,modulation, reformulation, adaptation, compensation●钟述孔(1980:50-111)《英汉翻译手册》, 8种：subordination分清主从, diction选词用字, amplification增益法, omission省略法, conversion转换法, inversion词序调整, negation正说反译、反说正译, division拆译法。
●许渊冲（1990）《外国语》，11种：加词、减词、换词、移词、分译、合译、深化（具体化）、浅化（抽象化、等化（灵活对等）、一分为四、合四为一。
●侯国金（1998：144-149），9类：linear translation顺译法, literal translation直译法, conversion词类转译法, amplification增译法，repetition重复法，omission省译法，positive-negative switch正说反译法，division 分句译法，combination合句译法。
●许建平（2003）《英汉互译实践与技巧》，8类：diction选词用字（词汇翻译8法：deduction, transplant,extension, substitution, explanation, combination, transliteration, pictographic translation）, amplification增益法, omission省略法, conversion转换法, restructuring, active-passive voice, affirmative & negative肯定与否定, long sentences (embedding, cutting, reversing, splitting, inserting, recasting)●张培基等(1980)《英汉翻译教程》，13类：词义的选择、引申和褒贬，词类转译法，增词法，重复法，省略法，正反、反正表达法，分句、合句法，被动句的译法，从句的译法（名词从句、定语从句、状语从句），长句的译法，习语的译法，拟声词译法，外来词语吸收法。
第2章 常用翻译技巧
译文: 我们认识到，自由贸易并非一种损人利 己的“零和值”游戏。 （语义性增译）
例5．(?)信笔写来，(?)竟然差不多都是写我 自己的回忆，这(?)就说明了这本散文集的魅 力。 While writing at will, I find all I’ve done is just something of my own recollection, which shows how charming this collection of essays is! (结构增译)
例7．有市场、有效益的速度，才是真正的发 展，才是硬道理。 Sound economic growth must be based on strong market demand and good economic returns. This is a fundamental principle.
中国人的生活中充满了一系 列“名牌”、“上品”之 类的东西：筵席上的茅台属 中国八大名酒之一，杭州西 湖属中国九大名胜之一,就 连一些公司也要自称是全国 500强企业之一。 （语义性增译）
例3．Venice invites idleness and strolling. Its silence is restful and its sundials are inscribed with the words: Horas non mumero nisi serenas (I count only the happy hours). “邀请悠闲和散步， 安宁是静止的”？
例8．“一要吃饭，二要建设”是指导我国经 济工作的基本原则。 A basic principle guiding our economic work is “subsistence first and development second”.
英译汉教程3_翻译中措辞的选择
Choice of collocative meaning
Some words have the same basic meaning, but differ in collocation. (搭配) eg. mother tongue (acceptable) mother language (unacceptable) a man of sense (acceptable) a man of meaning (unacceptable)
Assignments
Comparison of translated sentences. (P77) Comparison of translated texts. (P85) Translate the sentences. (P84)
Choice of exact meaning
To weigh the meaning before choosing a suitable word for translation （斟酌、权衡词 义） Do not lap up a word or an expression without digesting it （勿囫囵吞枣） Do not extend the meaning beyond its limits （勿引申过度） Do not rigidly adhere to letter or form（勿拘 泥字面
燥乏味。
Translate the following sentences.
1. On display was merchandise attractive in quality and price. 2. They captured fifty enemy soldiers and many weapons. 3. In order to get a large amount of waterpower, we need a large pressure and a large current.
第一章╲t翻译中词义的选择、引申和褒贬
第一章╲t翻译中词义的选择、引申和褒贬第二部分英汉互译常用方法和技巧第一章词义的选择、引申和褒贬导入材料情学生翻译以下的短语和句子，并讨论英语和汉语的词义是否对等？翻译时是否可以简单地凭词语的释义选择对应的词语。
1）做人误译：do person正译：be a man2）The child was in his birthday suit and ran about the yard.误译：那个孩子穿着生日服装在院子里到处跑。
正译：那个孩子光着身子在院子里到处跑。
解析：“in his birthday suit”是一种戏谑的说法，意为“光着身子”。
3）His father is forty something.误译：他父亲有40件事缠身。
正译：他父亲40多岁。
解析：基数词＋something表示“××多……”，“××几……”。
上例适用于表示年龄，下例用来表示时刻和金额。
e.g. Annie didn’t catch the six som ething train.David spent fifty something on a new pair of glasses.4）Every tom, Dick and Harry danced in the hall then.误译：当时，汤姆，迪克和哈里三人都在大厅里跳舞。
正译：当时，人人都在大厅里跳舞。
解析：在英美国家，Tom, Dick 和Harry等人名是很普通的，就像中国的“张三，李四，王五”那样，因此，every T om, Dick and Harry (口语)意为“人人”，“一般人”，“不管张三李四什么人”等。
5）This car is in repair.误译：这辆车在修理中。
正译：这辆车情况良好。
解析：in repair 意为“完好”，“修好”，“情况良好”。
“This car is under repair.”才表示“这辆车在维修中”。
基本的翻译技巧一般包括
基本的翻译技巧一般包括1).Diction(选词用字); 2).Amplification(增益); 3).Omission(省略);4).Repetiton(重复); 5).Conversion(转换); 6).Restructuring(词序调整); 7).Negation(正说反译，反说正译); 8).Division(长句拆译).遣词用字是任何翻译工作者自始至终需面临的一个现实问题。
由于英汉分属不同的语系，所以在翻译时源语与译语之间往往没用相对固定的词义对应关系。
本期用对比的方式归纳了英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况：1.完全对等，2.多词同义，3.一词多义，4.词义交织，5.无对等词语。
词义辨析是遣词用字的前提。
本期从四个角度探讨了如何判断某一英语词语的准确含义，即1.根据构词法辨别词义；2.根据指代关系辨别词义；3.根据上下文或词的搭配辨别词义；4.根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义。
在词义辨析的基础上，本期归纳了英语词语翻译的8种常用技巧：1.推演法，2.移植法，3.引伸法，4.替代法，5.释义法，6.合并法，7. 图形法和8.音译法。
1. Correspondence Between English and Chinese at Word Level----英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况In most cases there is no existing pattern for sentence translation, nor are there fixed rules for word transfor mation. Generally speaking, the correspondence between English and Chinese at word level may be categori zed as follows:1) Word-for-word CorrespondenceThis is most evidently shown in proper nouns and technical terms.For example: Marxism = 马克思主义Aspirin ＝阿斯匹林2) One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same MeaningThis is a common case in translation.For example:犬：dog, hound, spaniel, mastiff, pointer, setter, retriever, terrier……3) One Word with Several Equivalents of Different MeaningThis is also very common in translation. For example:carry: 搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧…..走：walk, saunter, amble, stride, trudge, trapes, shamble, prance, scamper, clump, tiptoe ….羊： sheep, goat, ram, ewe, lamb……4) Equivalents Interwoven with One Another5) Words Without EquivalentsIn this case, an explanation is given instead of an equivalent.For example:clock-watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人阴： (in Chinese thought) the soft inactive female principle or force in the world阳： (in Chinese thought) the strong active male principle or force in the world（目不识）丁: (not know one's) ABC2. Methods to Discriminate the Original Meaning of an English Word-----词义辨析Since English words are prone to various meanings, it is of vital importance for a translator to discern the rig ht meaning of a given word. And the following are the major methods of discriminating word meaning sugge sted by some linguists.1) Judging from the Word FormationIn order to discriminate the original meaning of an English word, it is necessary for us to have a knowledge of English lexicology, and specifically, a knowledge of word formation, such as compounding, derivation, af fixation, blending, acronym, clipping, etc. A good command of them will help to shed light on the correct me aning of some difficult words.For example, the word ""parabiospheric"", which consists of para-(outside) +bio-(biologic) +spheric (havingthe form of a sphere). After a brief analysis, we may safely put it into ""外生物层的"". Another more complicated instance, pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. This extremely lon g word seems appallingly complicated. However, an anatomic study of its composition enables us to get a cl ear understanding of its meaning: pneumono- (of lung) +ultra- (beyond) + micro (very small) + scopic- (of vi ewing or observing) + silico- (of silicon)+ volcano + coni- ( koni, of dust) + osis (forming the name of a dise ase). Even if we are not sure of the equivalent of this medical term, we may roughly get the right meaning of the long word: a kind of lung disease caused by extremely small silicon particles. And a look into some dicti onary leads us to the definite answer: 硅酸盐沉着病，肺尘病（一种矿工易染的病）。
diction
dictionDiction (选词法)What is diction?In order to make an accurate and smooth translation, a translator should consider how to find a word or words by which the original idea may be most aptly expressed. Diction, the choice of words and phrases to express meaning, is therefore one of the basic techniques. Diction must be based on the accurate comprehension of the original. The meaning of a word is its use in the language, not only its definitions in the dictionary. A dictionary does not require or forbid a particular sense of a word but records the uses that have beeen found for it. Now and then a word is in the process of acquiring a new sense or somewhat altering its usual one. The dictionary definiton is for the most part a record of the denotation of a word and often cannot give its connotation. Lexicograghers or dictionary compilers agree that in many cases two corresponding words of different language do not always convey exactly the same idea. Words do not have meanings; people have meanings for words. Each word when used in a new context is a new word. Beginners often rigidly adhere to the verbal consistency of words in two languages, while neglecting their contextural consistency. Care should therefore be taken in translating to determine from the context the exact shade of meaning of a word or an expression in the source text and the choice of an appropriate one to express the meaning in the target version.Choice of affective meanings(选择情感意义)Choice of grammatical meaning (选择语法意义)Choice of contextual meaning （选择语境意义）Choice of collocative meaning (选择搭配意义)Choice of stylistic meaning （选择⽂体意义）Choice of extended meaning (选择引申意义)1.Choice of affective meanings(选择情感意义)Affective meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the writer towards the reader. There are basically there types of affective meanings: positive（褒义）, neutral （中性）, and derogatory(贬义).1. Aggressive nations threathen world peace.侵略成性的国家威胁世界和平。
第四讲正确选择词义
• 每一个词语在新的语境就具有不同的
词性和意义。
• E.g.. run ---Webster’s New World
session broke the story. (4) He’ll be very happy if that story holds up. (5) The girl’s story is one of the saddest. (6) A young man came to Scotti’s office with a
6
3) 根据上下文的语境或词的搭配辨别词义
• 语境分析(contextual analysis)是翻译的重要手
段，没有一定的上下文(context)，翻译就无从着 手。
• 如下面一例：
Tension is building up. 根据不同上下文的具体情况，可分别将其译作： (1) 形势紧张起来。 (2) 张力在增大。 (3) 电压在增加。 (4) 压力在增强。 (5) 血压在增高。 (6) ……......
Dictionary of the American Language (the 2nd College Edition)
12
Run
v. intr.（不及物动词）
1. To move swiftly on foot so that both feet leave the ground during each stride.跑，奔
5
2) 根据指代关系辨别词义
• 根据人称代词、物主代词、指示代词等来辨析词义；
连淑能《英汉译教程》配套题库 (Lexical Translation词法翻译)【圣才出品】
Chapter 1 Lexical Translation（词法翻译）1.1 Diction（选词法）Ⅰ. Choice of Affective Meanings1. In our Second Address on the war, five days after the advent of those men, we told you what they were.【译文】在这伙人上台五天以后，我们在关于前次战争的第二篇宣言中已经向你们说明他们究竟是些什么货色了。
2. Many of the old Orleanist stagers had merged into the Bonapartist lot.【译文】很多奥尔良的老角色也与波拿巴派同流合污了。
3. As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employees.【译文】他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。
【解析】“demanding”本身属于中性词，但根据句意而翻成贬义词。
4. It is my comfort and my sincere conviction that you are going to try the life for which you are best fitted. I think it freedom and wildness more suited to you than any experiment in a study of office would ever have been, and without that training, you could have followed no other suitable occupation.【译文1】你将体验的生活是最适合你的，这是我的安慰，也是我诚挚的信念。
English Writing ---Diction 选词
在英语国家本身，还有许多英语方言，例 如英国的伦敦方言（Cockney）和利物浦 方言（Scouse）；加拿大的纽芬兰方言 （Newfoundland）；美国的黑人英语 （African American Vernacular English） 和南方英语（Southern American English） 等。
Diction ---the choice of words
1.Types of words 2. The meaning of words 3. General and specific words 4. Basic rules of choosing words
1.Types of words (from a stylistic point of view)
3. General and specific words
3.1 Comparatively speaking, some words are more general or more specific than other words. 3.1 General words give a general picture of sth. and are usually used to express main ideas. 3.2 Specific word make writing clear, vivid and striking, and give detailed picture of sth. or to impress the readers. They can be used to provide details. 3.3 Although both general and specific words are useful, we should make an effort to master and use specific words wherever possible or necessary in our writing, since specific word help to make writing clear, concrete, exact, vivid, and striking.
翻译中的选词法
• III. 选择情感意义(choice of afffective meanings)-----语义分析（情感）
• 1.lexical ambiguity(词汇歧义)
• The multiple meanings of the utterance depends on the meaning of the single word. E.g.
• ⑴ She cannot bear children.
• ①She cannot give birth to children because she is sterile.
翻译中的选词法(diction)
• I. 选择语法意义(choice of grammatical meanings)----语法结构分析
• The same word, when used as different parts of speech and playing different roles in a sentence, has different meanings.
• 1.Take the cart back to the back yard and back it into the shed at the back of the stable.
• 2.He had no stomach to follow us.
• I can’t stomach this job any longer.
Diction(选词法)
Diction（选词法）Choice of Affective Meanings（选择情感意义）Affective meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the writer towards the reader. You may address somebody as an “idiot” to convey your despise, or describe something as “marvelous” to express your positive evaluation. There are basically three types of affective meanings: positive (褒义), neutral (中性), and derogatory (贬义).Some words when used in different contexts may have different affective meanings. In translating, it is significant to determine the implications of these words according to the context.1. individualism: ① feeling or behaviour of a person who likes to do things his/her own way,regardless of what other people do; ② theory that favours free action and complete liberty of belief for each individual person (contrasted with the theory that favours the supremacy of the state); (OALD 2002:758) ③ the idea that the rights and freedom of the individual are the most important rights in a society (LDCE 1998:776).个人主义: 一切从个人出发，把个人利益放在集体利益之上，只顾自己，不顾别人的错误思想。
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选词的简洁
准确是简洁的前提, 简洁也是准确的保障。英国散文创作 方面的权威都认同“言贵简洁”, 并奉之为圭臬。在 Williams trunk, Jr. 和E. B. White 的The elements of style 一 书中提到: Vigorous writings concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that drawings have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. 也就 是说任何单词只要不能给句子的内容增添任何新的意义, 就应该被删掉。
cousin堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、 堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、 堂兄 表妹、 表妹、卿…… president总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、 总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、 总统 社长、校长…… 社长、校长 carry搬、运、送、提洪、挑，担、抬、背，扛、搂、 搬 提洪、 抱、端、举、夹、捧…… walk, saunter, amble, stride, trudge, shamble, prance, tiptoe ...走 走 machine, engine, plane, aircraft...机 机 sheep, goat, ram, ewe, lamb...羊 羊
Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it. 凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。 Relive 需要用贬义来表达。
词义引申
真正的英语词义都来自于语境，而不仅是任何词典。 因此常会遇到一些词在词典中找不到适当的词义，如 任意硬套或逐词死译，会使译文生硬晦涩，语不达意， 甚至造成误解。这时就应该根据上下文和逻辑关系， 从该词的根本含义出发，加以引伸，选择比较恰当的 汉语词来表达。英语中，特别在现代英语中，常常用 这种属性，一个事物或一种概念。翻译这类词时，一 般可将其词义作抽象化的引伸，译文才能流畅，自然。 让我们来看将表明具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的 属性的词。
例: 阿Q 将衣服摔在地上, 吐一口唾沫, 说:“这毛虫! ” 例: 他们唯鼓吹心论, 我们弘扬唯物论。 译文:Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground, spat, and swore, “Hairy worm ! ” 译文:They preach idealism whereas we advocate materialism. 此译通过选用带贬义的preach (鼓吹) 和带褒义的 advocate (弘扬) 反映了双方的不同立场和观点。
wife：妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、 ：妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、 堂客、内人…… 堂客、内人 potato：马铃薯、洋芋、土豆、山药蛋…… ：马铃薯、洋芋、土豆、山药蛋
3) One Word with Several Equivalents of the Different Meanings
英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词 来表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般 可作具体化引伸。例如：
例1：A gentleman is，rather than does. ： ，
【译文】绅士是天生的，不是做出来的。 译文】绅士是天生的 不是做出来的 天生 做出来
The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green 。 我前头的那辆车停住了，我错过了绿灯。
词义的范围和侧重不同
agriculture 指农业科学、农业技术、整个农业 生产过程，包括的范围最广 farming 指农业的实践
cultivation 指农作物的栽培技术 agronomy 的实践 指把科学原理运用到农业耕作中去
模拟动作情状不同
Walk 走 Saunter 悠然自得地走 Amble 从容不迫地走 Stride 大踏步地走 Trudge 步履艰难地走 Traipse 懒散疲乏地走 Shamble 蹒跚地走 Prance 昂首阔步地走 Scamper 蹦蹦跳地走 Clump 拖着沉重的脚步走
4) Equivalents Interwoven with One Another
Say Speak Talk Tell
说 讲 谈 诉
这可说不得。 这可说不得。 我代他向你说话。 我代他向你说话。 他说他很忙。 他说他很忙。 他说英语。 他说英语。 别胡说。 别胡说。 我说不好。 我说不好。
It must not be mentioned. I appeal to you on his behalf. He says he is busy. He speaks English. Don’t talk nonsense. I am unable to express myself.
例: 缘溪行, 忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林！ 译文一:One day as he sailed on and on up the stream, he was not aware how far he had gone. And also without his knowing , he came to a whole grove of peach trees. 译文二: One day he was fishing up streaming his boat, heedless of how far he had gone, when suddenly he came upon a forest of peach trees. 此处对于“忽”这个副词的翻译, 译文一中用 了一个介词加动名词, 而前一句话已提到not aware, 这 里再用also without his knowing, 不仅在语义上重复, 句式上也会显得更加拖沓。译文二中仅仅用了连词when 和副词suddenly就足以在时间上表达出“忽”一词,when 作连词时本身就具备了“届时”“在那时”“当时”的意 思。
1) Word-for-word Correspondence
This is most evidently shown in proper nouns and technical terms. Marxism Aspirin Laser Leukemia 马克思主义 阿斯匹灵 激光 白血病
2) One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same Meaning
英语中有些词义是中性的，本来不表示 褒义或贬义，但在一定的上下文中可能 带有褒或贬的意味，汉译时应该用其相 应的词来表达，
例如：We all like to work with a resolute man but we don like to work with a stubborn one . 译：我们都喜欢与坚定的人一道工作而 不喜欢与执拗的人共事。
选词的准确
在选词准确的同时, 还要注意选词贴切, 这是对准 确选词的进一步要求。要做到既准确又贴切地选词, 必 须注意词语的基本意义(denotation) 和引申意义 (connotation)。词的基本意义指该词语的本身, 或客观 的固有含义; 引申意义指该词语在一定的搭配或上下文 中出现的其他意义, 往往比较含蓄, 带有词语使用者的 主观态度或感情色彩。 选词的准确还表现在区分表示大体、抽象含义 (abstract) 的词语和表示具体、特定含义(concrete) 的词 语上, 需要根据不同的使用场合做出正确的选择。
1．Tom is a new teacher , he is still green at the job 。 译：汤姆是个新老师，对教学正没什经验。 这里把green (绿色)这个具体的词引但为它所 代表的属性：“缺乏经验”、“知识浅薄”。
He is as brave as a lion 译：他勇猛如虎。 把lion 这个具体的词引伸为它所代表的 属性“威武勇猛”。
By group one
1. Diction
By “diction” we mean the proper choice of words and phrases in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.
选词的生动
翻译时所选的词不仅与上下文和谐, 还要有美感。这是选 词标准的画龙点睛之笔。不过生动必须建立在准确和简洁 的基础上, 否则片面追求辞藻华丽反而令人有堆砌之感。 试举英国作家培根的小品文 Of Studies 中的前两句和王佐 良教授脍炙人口的译文为例:
例: Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privations and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. 译文: 读书足以怡情, 足以博彩, 足以长才。其怡 情 也, 最见于独处幽居之时; 其博彩也, 最
在我国, 自古以来就有无数文人墨客恪守此训, 唐代大诗人杜甫“为人性僻耽佳句, 语不惊人死不 休”和贾岛因“推敲”二字的斟酌而被传为佳话。 翻译家们也务求词语选择的精练和准确, 朱生豪 “每译一段, 必先自拟为读者, 察阅译文中有无暧 昧不明之处。又必自拟为舞台上之演员, 审辨语调 之否顺口, 音节之否调和。一字一句之未惬, 往往 苦思累日。”傅雷则说:“《老实人》的译文前后 改过八道。”