研究生英语阅读教程基础级第三版翻译(6-10)
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级3版)课文答案翻译
Lesson 1II. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语造成了凯尔特语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语等语言的消亡。
这些岛上的分地区依然还有很多社区的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。
然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。
所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。
英语对仅存的三种凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，人们一定认为它们遥远的未来是岌岌可危的。
2. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguisticism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（与种族歧视、性别歧视等类似）的偏见密切相关。
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级3版)课文答案翻译
Lesson 1II. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语造成了凯尔特语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语等语言的消亡。
这些岛上的分地区依然还有很多社区的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。
然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。
所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。
英语对仅存的三种凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，人们一定认为它们遥远的未来是岌岌可危的。
2. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguisticism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（与种族歧视、性别歧视等类似）的偏见密切相关。
研究生英语阅读教程基础级第三版
Main Idea
replaced by part time or contract workers for less pay. Some government agencies have downsized, some from funding cuts. Now graduates need to learn how to fit into this new work world.
2) n [u] the ideas, feelings, or opinions that are most important to a particular group of people or have the greatest influence on them at a particular time
●这家餐馆有酒类销售执照。 This restaurant is licensed to sell alclhol.
●药剂师获准开处方配药。 The pharmacist is licensed to dispense drugs.
Language Points
2. pulse n [c] singular 1) the regular beat that can be felt, for example at your wrist, as your heart pumps blood around your body ; heartbeat
7. query n （line 2, para.5） 1) a question, especially one asking for information or
expressing a doubt about sth
● 我们的助理很乐意回答诸位的疑问。 Our assistants will be happy to answer your queries.
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级3版)课文复习资料翻译1-12单元完整版
1..1.a . , , . . ,a , , , ... ... .因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。
在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。
然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。
所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。
英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。
2. a (a ). , "" , ( ) —— , a .同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。
在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界，最重要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播。
这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。
3. , , . ,a .总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。
在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做也没有太大的风险，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么威胁。
4. a . , a , a , a .然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。
在此，我暂且不谈任何世界语言所具有的明显优势，例如广泛的通信网，强大的文化传媒体系，及强有力的文化教育机构。
5. , , , .讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言，在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。
6. 's .这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处,同时尽能避免招来灾难。
21 . I , I .苹果公司发生的这些事情丝毫的没有改变这一点。
我被驱逐了,但是我仍然钟爱我所做的事情。
2 a , ..因为，作为一个成功者的负重感被作为一个创业者的轻松感觉所重新代替, 没有比这更确定的事情了。
这让我觉得如此自由, 进入了我生命中最有创造力的一个阶段。
3 (可怕的好可怕糟糕的 ) i . a . 't . 这个良药的味道实在是太苦了,但是我想病人需要它。
研究生英语阅读教程基础第三版课后翻译+单选
1. 国际地位和影响力2. 生态文明建设3. 中国武术4. 中文热词5. 丝绸之路6. 读书之道7. 民生问题8. 中国梦Translation:1.近年来，我国国际地位和影响力显著提高。
我们在国际事务中发挥重要的建设性作用，有力维护国家主权、安全和发展利益，全方位外交取得重大进展。
我们成功举办北京奥运会、上海世博会，实现了中华民族的百年梦想。
这些辉煌成就，充分显示了中国特色社会主义的优越性，展现了改革开放的伟大力量，极大增强了全国各族人民的自信心和自豪感，增强了中华民族的凝聚力，激励我们奋勇前进。
——选自西南交通大学出版社即将出版的《大学英语六级汉译英16字真经》In recent years, China's international prestige and influence grew significantly. We played an important and constructive role in international affairs; effectively safeguarded our national sovereignty, security and development interests. We made major progress in our all-around diplomacy. We successfully hosted the Beijing Olympics and Shanghai World Expo, thus fulfilling dreams the Chinese nation had cherished for a century. These brilliant achievements clearly show the advantages of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the great power of reform and opening up. They greatly increased the confidence and pride of our people of all ethnic groups, strengthened the cohesiveness of the Chinese nation, and inspired us to forge ahead.2. 生态文明建设关系人民生活，关乎民族未来。
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级3版)课文复习资料翻译1-12单元完整版
1..1.a . , , . . ,a , , , ... ... .因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。
在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。
然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。
所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。
英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。
2. a (a ). , "" , ( ) —— , a .同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。
在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界，最重要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播。
这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。
3. , , . ,a .总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。
在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做也没有太大的风险，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么威胁。
4. a . , a , a , a .然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。
在此，我暂且不谈任何世界语言所具有的明显优势，例如广泛的通信网，强大的文化传媒体系，及强有力的文化教育机构。
5. , , , .讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言，在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。
6. 's .这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处,同时尽能避免招来灾难。
21 . I , I .苹果公司发生的这些事情丝毫的没有改变这一点。
我被驱逐了,但是我仍然钟爱我所做的事情。
2 a , ..因为，作为一个成功者的负重感被作为一个创业者的轻松感觉所重新代替, 没有比这更确定的事情了。
这让我觉得如此自由, 进入了我生命中最有创造力的一个阶段。
3 (可怕的好可怕糟糕的 ) i . a . 't . 这个良药的味道实在是太苦了,但是我想病人需要它。
研究生英语阅读教程第三版(基础级)翻译答案Lesson1_6
1.For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。
在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。
然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。
所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。
英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。
2.He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguisticism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。
《研究生英语阅读教程》(基础级)第三版课文译文
研究生英语阅读教程（基础级）第三次修订版课文参考译文第一课A世界英语：是福是祸？汤姆•麦克阿瑟（1）2000 年，语言学家、威尔士人格兰维尔•普莱斯，在他编辑的《英国与爱尔兰的语言》中发表了如下的观点：因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语，导致坎伯兰语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语灭亡。
在那些岛屿的部分地区，还有较大规模的群体讲比英语更古老的当地语言。
但是，现在日常生活中，英语无处不在，人人—或者说—几乎人人都懂英语。
英语威胁到那三种遗留的凯尔特语：爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语和威尔士语，……所以必须意识到，从长远来看，这三种语言的未来……十分危险。
（第141 页）在此几年前，1992 年，英国学者罗伯特．菲利普森（他如今在丹麦工作）在牛津大学出版了一本书，名为《语言领域的帝国主义》。
在书中，他指出，主要的英语国家、世界范围内英语教学产业，尤其是英国文化委员会，实施的是语言扩张政策。
他还把这种政策和他所称的“语言歧视”（这个情况类似于“种族歧视”、“性别歧视”）联系在一起。
在菲利普森看来，以“白人”为主的英语世界中，起主导作用的机构和个人，鼓励或者至少容忍英语大肆扩张，他们当然不反对英语的扩张。
英语的扩张开始于大约三个世纪以前，最初表现形式是经济与殖民扩张。
（2）菲利普森本人为英国文化委员会工作过几年。
和他一样，还有一些母语为英语的学者，也试图强调英语作为世界语言的危险。
在过去几十年里，人们从三个群体的角度，就英语的国际化进行了广泛的讨论。
第一个群体是ENL 国家，英语是母语（这个群体也叫“内部圈”）；第二个群体是ESL 国家，英语是第二语言（“外部圈”）；第三个群体是EFL 国家，英语是外语（“扩展圈”）。
二十世纪八十年代，这些词语开始流行。
从那时起，这第三圈实际上已扩展到全球范围。
（3）从来没有像英语这样?语言，这既有利也有弊。
曾经有许多“世界语言”，例如：阿拉伯语、汉语、希腊语、拉丁语和梵语。
总的来说，我们现在认为这些语言比较好，经常以赞美、感激的语气谈论与它们相关的文化以及它们给世界带来的变化。
研究生英语精读教程(第三版_上)第6单元英文原文及翻译和课后答案
Unit SixTwo Truths to Live ByHold fast, and let go:understand this paradox*, and you standat thevery gate of wisdomAlexander M. Schindler[ 1 ] The art of living is to know when to hold fast and when to let go. For life is a paradox: it enjoins* us to cling to* its many gifts even while it ordains* their eventual relinquishment*The rabbis* of old put it this way: "A man comes to this world with his fist clenched*, but when he dies, his hand is open."[1] 生活的秘诀在于懂得何时抓紧，何时放松。
因为人生就是一对矛盾：它既令我们抓紧人生的多种赐与，同时它又要我们到头来把这些赐与放弃。
老一辈犹太学者是这样说的：“ 一个人握紧拳头来到这个世界，但他却是松开手掌离开这世界的。
”[ 2 ] Surely we ought to hold fast to life, for it is wondrous*, and full of a beauty that breaks through* every pore* of God's own earth. We know that this is so, but all too often we recognize this truth only in our backward glance when we remember what it was and then suddenly realize that it is no more.[2] 毫无疑问，我们应该牢牢抓住生命，因为它奇妙，它有一种在上帝创造的世界里无孔不入、无处不在的美。
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级)第三次修订版课文参考译文之令狐采学创编
研究生英语阅读教程令狐采学（基础级）第三次修订版课文参考译文第一课 A世界英语：是福是祸？汤姆• 麦克阿瑟（1）2000 年，语言学家、威尔士人格兰维尔• 普莱斯，在他编辑的《英国与爱尔兰的语言》中发表了如下的观点：因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语，导致坎伯兰语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语灭亡。
在那些岛屿的部分地区，还有较大规模的群体讲比英语更古老的当地语言。
但是，现在日常生活中，英语无处不在，人人—或者说—几乎人人都懂英语。
英语威胁到那三种遗留的凯尔特语：爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语和威尔士语，……所以必须意识到，从长远来看，这三种语言的未来……十分危险。
（第 141 页）在此几年前，1992 年，英国学者罗伯特．菲利普森（他如今在丹麦工作）在牛津大学出版了一本书，名为《语言领域的帝国主义》。
在书中，他指出，主要的英语国家、世界范围内英语教学产业，尤其是英国文化委员会，实施的是语言扩张政策。
他还把这种政策和他所称的“语言歧视”（这个情况类似于“种族歧视”、“性别歧视”）联系在一起。
在菲利普森看来，以“白人”为主的英语世界中，起主导作用的机构和个人，或故意或无意，鼓励或者至少容忍英语大肆扩张，他们当然不反对英语的扩张。
英语的扩张开始于大约三个世纪以前，最初表现形式是经济与殖民扩张。
（2）菲利普森本人为英国文化委员会工作过几年。
和他一样，还有一些母语为英语的学者，也试图强调英语作为世界语言的危险。
在过去几十年里，人们从三个群体的角度，就英语的国际化进行了广泛的讨论。
第一个群体是ENL 国家，英语是母语（这个群体也叫“内部圈”）；第二个群体是ESL 国家，英语是第二语言（“外部圈”）；第三个群体是EFL 国家，英语是外语（“扩展圈”）。
二十世纪八十年代，这些词语开始流行。
从那时起，这第三圈实际上已扩展到全球范围。
（3）从来没有像英语这样?语言，这既有利也有弊。
曾经有许多“世界语言”，例如：阿拉伯语、汉语、希腊语、拉丁语和梵语。
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级)第三版 课后习题答案 Lesson 6
1. I advocate a holistic recognition that biology and culture interpenetrate in an inextricable manner.A. complicated（复杂的；难懂的）B. unavoidable（不可避免的）C. customary（迷人的）D. incomprehensible（难以理解的）译文：我主张应全面认识到，生物学和文化以一种不可分割的方式相互渗透。
2. The romantic painting movement introduced a taste for the mysterious as well as a love of the picturesque and sublime nature.A. immense（巨大的）B. fascinating（吸引人的）C. magnificent（壮丽的，华丽的）D. enchanting（迷人的；妩媚的）译文：浪漫主义的绘画运动带来了对神秘的品味，以及对风景如画和崇高自然的热爱。
3. One important feature of the period was the growth of Buddhism. Its adherents honored the Buddha in order to be reborn in his paradise.A. sponsors（赞助者）B. supporters（支持者）C. advocators（倡导者）D. advisors（建议者）译文：这一时期的一个重要特征是佛教的发展。
它的信徒尊敬佛陀是为了在他的天堂重生。
4. As censorship was extremely strict in that period, little authentic news came out ofthe country.A. negative（消极的）B. disastrous（灾难性的）C. official（官方的）D. reliable（可靠的；可信赖的）译文：由于当时的审查制度极其严格，几乎没有真正的新闻流出中国。
研究生 英语阅读教程 第三版 课文 Lesson 6
A Beautiful MindSylvia Nasar[1]John Forbes Nash, Jr. —mathematical genius, inventor of a theory of rational behavior, visionary of the thinking machine —had been sitting with his visitor, also a mathematician, for nearly half an hour. It was late on a weekday afternoon in the spring of 1959, and, though it was only May, uncomfortably warm. Nash was slumped in an armchair in one corner of the hospital lounge, carelessly dressed in a nylon shirt that hung limply over his unbelted trousers. His powerful frame was slack as a rag doll’s, his finely molded features expressionless. He had been staring dully at a spot immediately in front of the left foot of Harvard professor George Mackey, hardly moving except to brush his long dark hair away from his forehead in a fitful, repetitive motion. His visitor sat upright, oppressed by the silence, acutely conscious that the doors to the room were locked. Mackey finally could contain himself no longer. His voice was slightly querulous, but he strained to be gentle. “How could you,” began Mackey, “how could you, a mathematician, a man devoted to reason and logical proof... how could you believe that extraterrestrials are sending you messages? How could you believe that you are being recruited by aliens from outer space to save the world? How could you ...?”[2]Nash looked up at last and fixed Mackey with an unblinking stare as cool and dispassionate as that of any bird or snake. “Because,” Nash said slowly in his soft, reasonable southern drawl, as if talking to himself, “the ideas I had about supernatural beings came to me the same way that my mathematical ideas did. So I took them seriously.”[3]The young genius from Bluefield, West Virginia—handsome, arrogant, and highly eccentric—burst onto the mathematical scene in 1948. Over the next decade, a decade as notable for its supreme faith in human rationality as for its dark anxieties about mankind's survival, Nash proved himself, in the words of the eminent geometer Mikhail Gromov, “the most remarkable mathematician of the second half of the century.” Games of strategy, economic rivalry, computer architecture, the shape of the universe, the geometry of imaginary spaces, the mystery of prime numbers—all engaged his wide-ranging imagination. His ideas were of the deep and wholly unanticipated kind that pushes scientific thinking in new directions.[4]Geniuses, the mathematician Paul Halmos wrote, “are of two kinds: the ones who are just like all of us, but very much more so, and the ones who, apparently, have an extra human spark. We can all run, and some of us can run the mile in less than 4 minutes; but there is nothing that most of us can do that compares with the creation of the Great G-minor Fugue.” Nash’s genius was of that mysterious variety more often associated with music and art than with the oldest of all sciences. It wasn’t merely that his mind worked faster, that his memory was more retentive, or that his power of concentration was greater. The flashes of intuition were nonrational. Like other great mathematical intuitionists —Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann, Jules Henri Poincare, Srinivasa Ramanujan—Nash saw the vision first, constructing the laborious proofs long afterward. But even after he’d try to explain some astonishing result, the actual route he had taken remained a mystery to others who tried to follow his reasoning. Donald Newman, a mathematician who knew Nash at MIT in the 1950s, used to say about him that “everyone else would climb a peak by looking for a pathsomewhere on the mountain. Nash would climb another mountain altogether and from that distant peak would shine a searchlight back onto the first peak”.[5]No one was more obsessed with originality, more disdainful of authority, or more jealous of his independence. As a young man he was surrounded by the high priests of twentieth-century science—Albert Einstein, John von Neumann, and Norbert Wiener—he joined no school, became no one's disciple, got along largely without guides or followers. In almost everything he did—from game theory to geometry—he thumbed his nose at the received wisdom, current fashions, established methods. He almost always worked alone, in his head, usually walking, often whistling Bach. Nash acquired his knowledge of mathematics not mainly from studying what other mathematicians had discovered, but by rediscovering their truths for himself. Eager to astound, he was always on the lookout for the really big problems. When he focused on some new puzzle, he saw dimensions that people who really knew the subject (he never did) initially dismissed as naive or wrongheaded. Even as a student, his indifference to others' skepticism, doubt, and ridicule was awesome.[6]Nash’s faith in rationality and the power of pure thought was extreme, even for a very young mathematician and even for the new age of computers, space travel, and nuclear weapons. Einstein once chided him for wishing to amend relativity theory without studying physics. His heroes were solitary thinkers and supermen like Newton and Nietzsche. Computers and science fiction were his passions. He considered “thinking machines”, as he called them, superior in some ways to human beings. At one point, he became fascinated by the possibility that drugs could heighten physical and intellectual performancedd9 He was beguiled by the idea of alien races of hyper-rational beings who had taught themselves to disregard all emotion. 10 Compulsively rational, he wished to turn life’s decisions—whether to take the first elevator or wait for the next one, where to bank his money, what job to accept, whether to marry—into calculations of advantage and disadvantage, algorithms or mathematical rules divorced from emotion, convention, and tradition. Even the small act of saying an automatic hello to Nash in a hallway could elicit a furious “Why are you saying hello to me?”[7]His contemporaries, on the whole, found him immensely strange. They described him as “aloof ”, “haughty”, “without affect”, “detached”, “spooky”, “isolated” and “queer”, Nash mingled rather than mixed with his peers. Preoccupied with his own private reality, he seemed not to share their mundane concerns. His manner—slightly cold, a bit superior, somewhat secretive—suggested something “mysterious and unnatural”. His remoteness was punctuated by flights of grrulousness about outer space and geopolitical trends, childish pranks, and unpredictable eruptions of anger. But these outbursts were, more often than not, as enigmatic as his silences. “He is not one of us” was a constant refrain. A mathematician at the Institute for Advanced Study remembers meeting Nash for the first time at a crowded student party at Princeton:I noticed him very definitely among a lot of other people who were there. He was sitting on the floor in a half-circle discussing something. He made me feel uneasy. He gave me a peculiar feeling. I had a feeling of a certain strangeness. He was different in some way. I was not aware of the extent of his talent. I had no idea he would contribute as much as he really did.[8]But he did contribute, in a big way. The marvelous paradox was that the ideas themselves were not obscure. In 1958, Fortune singled Nash out for his achievements in game theory, algebraic geometry, and nonlinear theory, calling him the most brilliant of the younger generation of new ambidextrous mathematicians who worked in both pure and applied mathematics. Nash's insight into the dynamics of human rivalry —his theory of rational conflict and cooperation —was to become one of the most influential ideas of the twentieth century, transforming the young science of economics the way that Mendel’s ideas of genetic transmission, Darwin’s model of natural selection, and Newton’s celestial mechanics reshaped biology and physics in their day.。
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级3版)课文答案翻译1-12单元完整版
Lesson 1II. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。
在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。
然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。
所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。
英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。
2. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguisticism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。
研究生英语阅读教程基础级6-10课练习答案
Lesson 8
5.但是一些批评人士质疑说，把花在太空 上的钱用来资助地球上的新发现不是更好 呢？似乎地球上正进行着多么有趣的新项 目，太空研究不在那么必要了。
Lesson 9
II. Vocabulary A. 1-5 ABACD 6-10 BAABD B. 1.morality 2.scary 3.withstand 4.prevalent 5.salute 6.confessioin 7.snapped up 8.took on 9.reconciled to 10.eternity
Lesson 8
II. Vocabulary A. 1-5DAABB 6-10CCDAB B.
1.At your fingertips 3.decode promise 7,toxic 9.predisposed to hered in 4.wreaked havoc 6.malfunction 8.discriminated 10.customized
III Cloze
1.fueled 2.legislation 3. approximately 4.polled 5.had been considered 6.ethnic 7.die of 8. experienced pared with 10. end up
Keys to I. B
Arguments for banning tobacco 1. The arguments that there are too many smoker, too many tobacco farmers also hold for drugs such as heroin and cocaine. There is no reason that heroine and cocaine are banned while tobacco should not.
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级)第三次修订版课文参考译文
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级）第三次修订版课文参考译文第一课Ａ世界英语:就是福就是祸？汤姆•麦克阿瑟(1）２000 年,语言学家、威尔士人格兰维尔•普莱斯,在她编辑得《英国与爱尔兰得语言》中发表了如下得观点：因为英语就是个杀手。
正就是英语,导致坎伯兰语、康沃尔语、诺恩语与马恩语灭亡。
在那些岛屿得部分地区，还有较大规模得群体讲比英语更古老得当地语言。
但就是,现在日常生活中，英语无处不在，人人—或者说—几乎人人都懂英语。
英语威胁到那三种遗留得凯尔特语:爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语与威尔士语,……所以必须意识到,从长远来瞧，这三种语言得未来……十分危险。
（第１4１页)在此几年前,1992 年，英国学者罗伯特.菲利普森（她如今在丹麦工作)在牛津大学出版了一本书,名为《语言领域得帝国主义》。
在书中，她指出,主要得英语国家、世界范围内英语教学产业,尤其就是英国文化委员会,实施得就是语言扩张政策。
她还把这种政策与她所称得“语言歧视”(这个情况类似于“种族歧视”、“性别歧视”)联系在一起。
在菲利普森瞧来,以“白人”为主得英语世界中,起主导作用得机构与个人,或故意或无意,鼓励或者至少容忍英语大肆扩张,她们当然不反对英语得扩张。
英语得扩张开始于大约三个世纪以前，最初表现形式就是经济与殖民扩张。
（２)菲利普森本人为英国文化委员会工作过几年。
与她一样，还有一些母语为英语得学者,也试图强调英语作为世界语言得危险。
在过去几十年里，人们从三个群体得角度，就英语得国际化进行了广泛得讨论。
第一个群体就是EＮＬ国家，英语就是母语(这个群体也叫“内部圈”);第二个群体就是EＳL 国家，英语就是第二语言（“外部圈”）;第三个群体就是EF Ｌ国家,英语就是外语（“扩展圈”)。
二十世纪八十年代,这些词语开始流行。
从那时起,这第三圈实际上已扩展到全球范围。
(3)从来没有像英语这样？语言，这既有利也有弊。
曾经有许多“世界语言”,例如：阿拉伯语、汉语、希腊语、拉丁语与梵语。
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6.1Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, who coined the term flow, which adherents of positive psychology would use to describe the job-induced highs, says that distinction is a false one. "Anything can be enjoyable if the elements of flow are present," he writes in his book Good Business. "Within that framework, doing a seemingly boring job can be a source of greater fulfillment than one ever thought possible."米哈里·奇凯因特米哈里认为这种区分是错误的。
他发明了“强感受” (flow)这个说法, 信奉正面心理学的人常用此词来描述由工作而引发的兴奋状态。
在《称心如意的工作》一书中他写道: “只要存在强感受因素, 任何事情都能给我们带来愉悦。
根据这一观点, 从事一份表面看上去枯燥的工作却会给人们带来想象不到的更大的成就感。
”6.2But neither the late 1990s boom nor the subsequent bust had much impact in either direction, indicating that the state of worker happiness goes much deeper than the swings of the economy.但是20世纪90年代后期的经济繁荣和随之而来的经济萧条都没有对员工的两种工作态度产生多大影啊, 这表明工人在工作中是否能获得快乐感有比经济形势更深层的原因。
6.3Martina Radix, 41, traded a high-pressure job as an executive assistant at a company where she liked her colleagues for a less taxing position as a clerical worker in a law firm six years ago. She has more time and flexibility but feels stifled by her co-workers and unappreciated by her boss. "I am a misfit in that department," she says. "No matter how good your personal life is, if you go in to a bad atmosphere at work, it takes away from it."41岁的马丁娜·蕾迪克斯原是一家公司的经理助理, 虽然工作压力大, 但她和同事相处都很好;6年前她换了工作, 到一家律师事务所成了一名职位相对清闲的办事员。
如今她时间多了, 自由度也大了, 但她感觉和这里的同事共事太压抑, 也得不到老板的赏识。
她说: “我不适应这个部门。
不管你个人生活多惬意, 如果工作单位氛围不好, 个人生活就会大受影响。
”6.4In fact, engagement at work is less a function of your personality than is happiness in general. Harter estimates that individual disposition accounts for only about 30% of the difference between employees who are highly engaged and those who are not. The rest of it is shaped by the hundreds of interactions that employees have every day with co-workers, supervisors and customers.事实上, 对工作的投入与其说是人的个性使然, 不如说是源于人们在工作中总体上感到的快乐。
哈特认为, 对工作高度投入与并不投入的员工之间之所以存在差异, 员工的个性只起30%的作用, 其他的取决于员工每天与同事、主管以及客户的频繁交往。
6.5. Until recently, businesspeople would dismiss employee well-being as "outside their domain and kind of fringe-ish”, says Thomas Wright, a professor of organizational behavior at the University of Nevada, Reno.内华达大学里诺分校的组织行为学教授托马斯·赖特说, 直到不久前, 企业家们还不愿考虑员工是否工作心情舒畅的问题, 认为这“不属于他们关心的范围, 和他们的职责范围相去甚远”6.6But later studies that looked at job-satisfaction ratings were inconsistent. Broader measures of happiness, it turns out, are better predictors of productivity.但后来对工作满意度的许多研究结果却前后矛盾。
现在看来, 用更广泛的衡量标准来评估快乐感受, 能更有效地预测生产率。
6.7But at the very least, businesses could do better just by paying attention to what their employees want and need. Then more of us could find a measure of fulfillment in what we do. And once in a while, we might hope to transcend it all. It can happen on the basketball court, in front of a roaring crowd, or in a classroom, in front of just one grateful student.但通过关心员工的需求, 至少企业可能发展得更好。
那样, 我们更多的人就会在工作中找到一定程度的满足感。
而且偶尔我们可能还希望获得最大程度的满足。
这种情况可能发生在篮球场上喧闹欢呼的人群前, 也可能发生在教室里, 在仅仅一个充满感激的学生面前。
7.1Big surprise, I thought, tossing the balled-up clipping over my shoulder. That's up there with "money eases stress", "liars make good writers" and "philanderers make even better liars". 大惊喜,我以为,棉布将里头的卷成球的剪裁在我的肩膀上,与“金钱减轻压力”,“骗子好作家”和“花花公子做更好的骗子”。
7.2Last year, she sadly got her wish, far too soon, living just over half as long as the woman who bore her.去年,她不幸的是她的愿望,太很快,生活超过一半,只要生了她的女人。
7.3His main character, Enid Lambert, suffers from a depression that acts as a kind of invisible force field, unconsciously repelling everyone away from her fragile core. Enid complains and sulks, manipulates and cajoles, in order to assuage her fundamental dissatisfaction.他的主要人物,伊妮德兰伯特,患上了抑郁症,作为一种无形的力场,无意识地排斥每个人都远离她脆弱的核心。
伊妮德抱怨和摔东西、操纵和劝诱,为了减轻她基本的不满。
7.4She remains intact because her depression protects her from ever truly suffering, the way those around her must. What doesn't kill you, it seems, moves on to more stubborn quarry.她仍保持完整,因为抑郁症保护真正的痛苦,她周围的人必须的方式。
什么不杀了你,看来,移动更顽固的采石场。
7.5So, hit the snooze, the bottle or the skids. Resume bitching, chin down, carry the hatchet, under rug nothing. Life is hard and then you... sigh. Heavily.睡,瓶子或打滑。
简历牢骚,下巴,把短柄小斧,在地毯。
生活是困难的,然后你……叹气。
8.1Every war has had its songs that whipped up patriotic fervor or, in the case of the Vietnam War that encouraged protest against it.每场战争都有自己的歌曲来唤起人们的爱国热情或者如在越南战争中鼓励人们反战。
8.2The idea is to take a song that people like or that has particular meaning or emotional association for them and use it with new words, hoping that some of the liking, meaning, or emotional associations will transfer to the new ideas being communicated. And it often works.改词是把一首人们喜爱或者对他们具有特殊意义或感情色彩的歌曲填上新词，希望把这种喜爱、意义或感情色彩带到正在传播的新观念中。