常见的八种逻辑关系级翻译技巧

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英语六级写作逻辑关系与过渡词整理

英语六级写作逻辑关系与过渡词整理

英语六级写作逻辑关系与过渡词整理在英语写作中,良好的逻辑关系和合适的过渡词语在文章的连贯性和可读性方面起着至关重要的作用。

下面是一些常用的逻辑关系和过渡词,帮助你提升写作表达的质量和连贯性。

1. 添加逻辑关系:用于向观点中添加附加信息,或列举一系列类似的观点。

- Additionally(此外)- Furthermore(而且)- Moreover(此外)- In addition(除此之外)- Also(还有)- Besides(此外)- Similarly(同样地)- Likewise(同样地)- Equally important(同样重要的是)- Not only... but also(不仅...而且)例如,Additionally, the government should invest more in renewable energy sources to combat climate change.(此外,政府应该在可再生能源方面投资更多来应对气候变化。

)2. 强调逻辑关系:用于强调或突出某一观点或事实。

- Indeed(的确)- Undoubtedly(无疑地)- Certainly(当然)- Absolutely(绝对地)- In fact(事实上)- It is worth noting that...(值得注意的是...)- It is important to emphasize that...(重要的是要强调...)- Crucially(极其重要的是)例如,Indeed, the results of the study confirm the hypothesis that social media has a significant impact on mental health.(的确,这项研究的结果证实了社交媒体对心理健康有重大影响的假设。

)3. 对比逻辑关系:用于比较或对照不同观点、事实或情况。

英语口译翻译技巧:句群逻辑关系

英语口译翻译技巧:句群逻辑关系

英语口译翻译技巧:句群逻辑关系句群,简单地说就是由两个或者几个意义上前后谢姐连贯额句子按一定规则组成的表示一个中心意思的的语法单位,下面就和大家分享英语口译翻译技巧:句群逻辑关系,希望能够帮助到大家,来欣赏一下吧。

英语口译翻译技巧:句群逻辑关系汉译英中的疑点就是处理句群关系,从逻辑上区分通常有六种:a) 表示原因关系“因为…所以”,“因此…”,“由于…”b) 表示转折关系“虽然…但是…”,“然而(不过)…”c) 表示条件关系“如果…”,“假如…”,“只要…就…”,“一旦…”d) 表示让步关系“尽管…”,“就算…也…”,“即使…也…”e) 表示时间先后关系“…之后”,“接着…”f) 表示结果关系“从而…”,“导致…”经过二十多年的快速发展,中国西部地区已奠定了一定的物质技术基础,社会保持稳定,市场经济体制正在逐步建立和完善,为西部经济持续快速增长创造了有利的市场环境。

Thanks to the rapid development in the past 20-plus years, a relatively solid foundation in terms of material wealth and technology has been laid in the western region of china.The rapid development in the past 20-plus years witnesses a relatively solid foundation in terms of material wealth and technology in the western region of china中国将致力于建设国家创新体系,通过营造良好的环境,推进知识创新、技术创新和体制创新,这是中国实现跨世纪发展的必由之路。

Through creating a favorable background, china will be devoted to building a national system for innovation to promote the innovation in knowledge, technology and system, which is the only path/indispensable/essential for china to achievecross-century/trans-century/century-crossing/turn-of-the-century development.如果大家对翻译中的句群逻辑还不是很懂的话,可以把上面的几段话多多看一下,多多揣摩,一句一句的分析他们之间的关系。

常见的八种逻辑关系级翻译技巧

常见的八种逻辑关系级翻译技巧

常见的八种逻辑关系1,并列关系:and, and also, or, neither…nor, either…or, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, thatis to say, as well as, same…as2,递进关系:then, also, besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more3,因果关系:becaus e, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so(such) … that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, in response to, with, for this reason, lead to, too…to4,转折关系:but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of5,让步关系:although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of6,列举关系:first—second—last of all, first—then, to begin with—to continue/next, on one hand—onthe other hand, for one thing—for another thing, one—another, some—others—still others7,举例关系:such as, for example, for instance, of these/those/them, among these/those/them, to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically speaking, namely8,总结关系:in all, in brief, in short, in a word, in conclusion, altogether, to sum up, to summarize, to conclude, to generalize, to put it in one word翻译技巧技巧之一:“定语从句”的翻译总的原则: ”长后短前” (和主句比)类定语从句:1)、限定性(没逗号);2)、非限定性(有逗号).1)、限定性定语从句:A. 较短--- 直译为前置定语, 并加”的”;e.g. It is the book which interets me.这是一本我感兴趣(的)书.B. 较长--- 译为另一个分句, 重复先行词;e.g. They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.他们正在为实现一个理想而努力, 这个理想是每个中国人所珍惜的, 在过去, 许多中国人曾为这个理想牺牲了自己的生命.(重复先行词”理想”)2) 非限定性定语从句:A. 较短--- 直译为前置定语, 加”的”;e.g. But Miggle's laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence.但是米格尔富有感染力的笑声打破了静默.B. 较长--- 译为并列分句, 重复先行词或用代词替代.e.g. I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.我把这件事告诉了约翰, 约翰(他)又告诉了他的弟弟.(重复先行词约翰或用代词”他”替代)技巧之二:“同位语从句”的翻译四种翻译方法:1)、译为独立的句子;2)、“名转动, 从变宾”;3)、“这、那复指”;4)、主谓词组作定语.1)、译为独立的句子:适用条件: 同位语较长, 或以插入语形式出现,或同时满足以上两者.解决办法: 把同位语从句译为独立的句子, 用”认为……”, “就是……”, “即……”, 冒号, 破折号或括号等引出.e.g. My grandfather was obviously wrong in his opinion that a woman`s place was in the home. 我祖父的观点, 即所谓女人的位置应该在家里, 很明显是错误的.2)、“名转动, 从变宾”:适用条件: 先行词在主句中作宾语.解决办法: 把同位语从句修饰的名词转译为动词, 而把同位语从句译成宾语.e.g. He expressed the hope that he could visit our city again.他希望他能再次访问我们的城市.3)、“这、那复指”:适用条件: 先行词在主句中作主语.解决办法: 先把同位语从句的内容翻译出来,在后面用”这”或”那”等代词复指同位语从句的内容, 使其与句子主体连接起来.e.g. The dictum that the style is the man is known to most of us.文如其人, 这句名言为我们大多数人所熟悉.4)、主谓词组作定语:适用条件: 先行词在主句中作主语.解决办法: 把同位语从句翻译成主谓词组, 放在先行词前面充当定语.e.g. Yet, from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored.然而, 从一开始, 我仍然活着的事实就被忽略了.技巧之三“定语转译”1) 定语转译为谓语(动词):e.g. Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton.中子的质量(是)略大于质子的质量.2) 定语转译为状语:适用条件: 定语所修饰的名词或名词性词组在主句中作为动词或介词的宾语出现.e.g. Scientists in that country are now supplied with necessary books, equipment and assistant that will ensure success in their scientific research.两种译法:1) 定语从句”长后短前”译法(重复先行词):现在已给该国科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手, 这些将保证科研工作的成功.2) “定语转译”译法(转译为目的状语):现在已给该国科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手, 以保证科研工作的成功.技巧之四:“后置定语的翻译”总的原则: “英语定语多后置, 汉语定语多前置” 最常见的两种长后置定语的翻译方法:1) 介宾形式的长后置定语;2) 非谓语动词形式的长后置定语.1) 介宾形式的长后置定语:适用条件: 由多个介宾短语并列构成, 通常为了符合英文的行文习惯, 介宾短语表示的范围一般为由小到大.解决方法: 按照汉语的行文习惯, 变换顺序为由大到小.e.g.1 In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp (of the basic features) (of the Canadian Constitution) can do a competent job on political stories. (2007年, 49题)e.g.2 But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration (of rules) (of conduct) (in business).(2006年, 49题)e.g.3 But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding (of the established conventions and special responsibilities) (of the news media.) (2007年, 48题)2) 非谓语动词形式的长后置定语:适用条件: 由非谓语构成的短语结构, 其逻辑上的主语就是被修饰的名词性结构.解决方法: 将其单独译为一个分句, doing表示主动/正在, done表示被动/完成,to do表示意愿/将来. e.g.4 On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge (made by some of his critics) that,while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.(2008年, 48题)技巧之五:“宾语从句的翻译”总的原则: 英文中的谓语动词、非谓语动词和介词都可以带宾语, 也都可以带宾语从句.最常见的两种宾语从句类型:1) 普通宾语从句;2) it作形式宾语的宾语从句.1) 普通宾语从句:一般不改变原句顺序, 即采用“顺译法”.e.g.1 I don`t know how he swam across the river.我不知道他是怎么游过那条河的.e.g.2 They believe that they will surely win the game.他们相信他们肯定会赢得这场比赛.e.g.3 He would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others. 他再三提醒大家, 决定这件事的不只是他一个人, 还有其他许多人.2) it作形式宾语的从句:翻译时it一般不必译出, 而真正的宾语从句一般可按原文顺序译出, 即采用“顺译法”.e.g.4 I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o`clock in the morning.我向他们讲得很清楚, 他们必须在上午十点之前提交论文.但有时候, 考虑到汉语的表达习惯, 译文中需要将真实宾语提前:e.g.5 I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.被选中参加会议, 我感到很荣幸.采用此种译法时, 有时需要用“这”, “它”等对真实宾语进行重复.e.g.6 We consider it absolutely necessary that we should open our door to the outside world.打开国门, 实行开放, 我们认为这是绝对必要的. (it翻译为“这”)技巧之六:“表语从句的翻译”总的原则: 名词性从句的一种, 既可顺译, 也可逆译, 既可以与主句译为一个共同的简单句,也可以单独译为一个分句, 要根据具体语境判断.1) 与主句合译为一个简单句:e.g. Time factor is what we have to take into consideration.时间因素是我们不得不考虑的.2) 单独译为一个分句:e.g. The question which worries everyone today is how long will these fuels last.今天人人都担心的问题是: 这些燃料能用多久.几种常见表语从句类型:1) that (this) is why…:解决方法:a) 如果采用顺译法, 可译为“这就是为什么… (的缘故)”;b) 如果采用逆译法, 可译为“…的原因就在这里”, “…的理由就在于此”.e.g.1 That is why practice is the criterion of truth and why the standard of practice should be first and fundamental in the theory of knowledge.所谓“实践是检验真理的标准”, 以及所谓“实践的标准应该是认识论首要的和基本的观点”,(这两种观点的理由)就在于此.2) this (it) is because:解决方法:此句型一般采用“顺译法”, 可译为“这是因为…(的缘故)”.e.g. This is because the direct current flows in a wire always in one direction.这是由于直流电在导线中总沿着一个方向流动的缘故.3) this is what:解决方法:a) 如果采用“顺译法”, 通常译为“这就是… (的内容)”;b) 如果采用“逆译法”, 通常译为“…就是这个道理”.e.g. This is what we have discussed today.这就是今天我们讨论的内容.4) this (that) is where:解决方法:a) 如果采用“顺译法”, 通常译为“这就是…的地方”;b) 如果采用“逆译法”, 可译为“…的地方就在于此”.e.g. This is where I disagree with you.这就是我不同意你的地方.技巧之七:“同位语+ 后置修饰结构”总的原则: 此结构中同位语一般为一个单词, 而后置修饰语的结构一般都比较复杂, 可以是定语从句, 也可以是分词或不定式结构.(05年, 47题, 48题).解决方法:将这种结构译为一个独立的分句, 同位语在分句中作主语或宾语.e.g.1 You might say that this is a problem of their own making, one that they could avoid simply changing their habits and hunting by day.也许你会说这是他们自己造成的问题, 通过改变生活习性在白天出来捕食, 它们可以轻松解决这一问题.e.g.2 And yet most of us have had the experience of having to adjust to sleeping in the mountains or the country-side because it was initially “too quiet”, an experience that suggests that humans are capable of adapting to a wide range of noise levels.我们大多数人都有过这样的经历: 如果在深山或者乡村睡觉, 必须作一些调整才能睡得着, 因为这些地方起初“太安静”了. 这一例子说明人类有能力去适应各种不同程度的噪音.技巧之八:“名词转译为动词”总的原则: 英语多用名词少用动词;汉语多用动词少用名词.1) 英语中由动词派生的名词和具有动作意义的名词, 很多时候可以转译为汉语中的动词:e.g.1 Rocket have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已经用来探索宇宙.e.g.2 The sight and sound of our jet plane filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机, 听见隆隆的机声, 我感到特别神往.2) 英语中有些表示职业的名词(通常后缀为-er), 有时在句中并不表示身份和职业, 而是含有较强的动作意味或说明具有某种品质, 在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时, 往往可译为汉语中的动词.e.g.1 As a successful career woman, she is also a good cook.身为一名成功的职业女性, 她做菜也做得很好.e.g.2 Some of my classmates are good singers.我同学中有些人唱歌唱得很好.技巧之九:“状语的翻译”总的原则: 状语两大类: “从句类” ; “非从句类”最常见的两种非从句类型:1) 副词作状语;2) 短语作状语(介宾, 不定式).总的处理原则:1) 副词作状语(较短):直接译为汉语中的状语.2) 短语作状语(较长):将其译为一个分句.e.g.1 With a slight gesture she summons the Indian boy standing behind her chair, and whispers to him.她向站在她座位后面的印度男仆微微作了个手势, 示意他过来, 对他耳语一番.e.g.2 Flooded with calls, the company is maximizing profits by handling in city runs.叫车的人太多了, 公司便只接来往于市内的生意, 这样可以使利润最大化.技巧之十:“状语从句的翻译”总的原则: 状语从句分为两大类:“while型”和“非while型”.while引导的让步状语从句:(状语从句翻译中的难点)(2007, 50题; 2009, 48题; 2008, 48题;)难点: 判断while的不同含义.While I admit I did it, I didn`t intend to.尽管我承认是我做的这件事, 但我并不是有意的.“非while型”的两种基本翻译方法:1) 顺译法;2) 逆译法.1) 顺译法:e.g.1 When the storm had passed, we continued our way.暴风雨过后, 我们继续赶路.e.g.2 We can chop and change till we get someone who suits.我们可以变来变去, 直到我们找到一个合适的人.2) 逆译法:起因: “英语状语多后置, 中文状语多前置”.方法: “颠倒顺序(为了符合中文习惯)”e.g. The students stood up before the teacher had come in.老师还没进来学生就站起来了.技巧之十一:“非谓语动词作状语”总的原则: 非谓语动词包括不定式, 动名词和分词, 非谓语结构在句中可作除谓语之外的多种句子成分. 其中非谓语动词作状语时, 其功能相当于状语从句, 修饰谓语动词.解决方法:与状语从句一样, 非谓语结构也可以用来表示时间, 原因, 结果, 条件, 让步, 方式等. 翻译时可译为一个分句, 并可增译相应连词来表明其与主句之间的逻辑关系.e.g.1 Coming from Iran, I have a keen interest in Middle Eastern science.因为我来自伊朗, 所以对中东的科技有浓厚的兴趣.e.g.2 Managed badly, email can be a waste of valuable time.如果管理不当, 电子邮件会浪费我们的宝贵时间.技巧之十二“被动语态的翻译”总的原则: 英语多被动, 汉语少被动.最常见的两种翻译方法:1)直译为汉语的被动句;2)转译为汉语的主动句.1) 直译为汉语的被动句:适用条件: 着重表达被动含义的英语被动句.解决方法: 直接翻译为汉语中的被动句, 汉语中表达被动意义的语言工具主要有”被, 受, 遭, 让, 给, 由, 把, 得到,受到, 加以, 得以, 为…所, 由…来”等e.g.1 The minister was found to have appropriated government money.部长被发现挪用公款.(部长挪用公款被发现.)e.g.2 He was praised by his teacher.他得到了老师的表扬.(他被老师表扬了.)e.g.3 Problems should be resolved in good time.问题应及时加以解决.(问题应得到及时解决.) (问题应被及时解决.)2) 转译为汉语的主动句(六种译法):A. 保存原句主语;B. 原文主语转译为宾语;C. 增译主语;D. 译成汉语”无主句”;E. 译成汉语”判断句”;F. 被动句型”It + 被动语态+ that”的翻译.A. 保存原句主语:适用条件: 主语为无生命的名词, 且句中不出现由by引导的行为主体.解决方法: 被动句主语直接变为主动句主语.e.g.1 Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid.水能从液体变成固体.B. 原文主语转译为宾语:适用条件1): 句中由by引出动作的施动者.适用条件2): 介词短语构成的状语引出施动者.解决方法: 施动者变主语, 原主语变宾语.e.g.2 Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change.这种化学反应能放出热和光.e.g.3 Communication satellites have already been used for living transmission in our country. 我国已将通讯卫星用于实况直播.C. 增译主语:适用条件: 句中未出现表示行为的主体.解决方法: 适当增添一些泛指性的主语, 如”人们”、”有人”、”大家”、’’我们”等.e.g.4 The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored.人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索.D. 译成汉语”无主句”:适用条件: 有些被动句不需要或者无法说出行为的主体.解决方法: 翻译成汉语中的”无主语句型”, 原句中的主语译成宾语.e.g.5 Measurements have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading.已经采取了措施防止这种流行病的蔓延.E. 译成汉语”判断句”:适用条件: 有些被动句不突出强调被动动作,而着重对事物的状态、过程和性质等加以描述, 其作用与”主系表”结构类似.解决方法: 翻译成汉语中的”判断句”, 经常采用”是…的”句式.e.g.6 Printing was introduced into Europe from China.印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的.F. 被动句型”It + 被动语态+ that”的翻译:适用条件: It作形式主语, that引导的从句是真正主语.解决方法: 1) 增译泛指性主语, 如“我们”, “人们”, “大家”, “有人”等等.2) 译成无主语的汉语句子.e.g.7 It is stressed that the field of science may be divided into two major areas: natural science and social science.有人强调说, 科学的范畴可以分成两个主要领域: 自然科学和社会科学.e.g.8 It should be pointed out that this process is oxidation.应该指出, 这一过程就是氧化.技巧之十三:“形式主语”的翻译总体原则:先译真实主语, 后译形式主语. (“先真后假”)三种方法:1) 按原句顺序翻译;2) 增译主语;3) 调整语序.1) 按原句顺序翻译:两种情况:A. 真实主语是”不定式短语(to do)”或”动名词短语(doing sth.)”, 整句可译成无主语的句子.e.g. It is no exaggeration to say she is the best mother in the world.可以毫不夸张地说她是世上最好的母亲.B. 真实主语为一个从句, 可将形式主语和谓语译为一个短语, 而将主语从句译为句子的主干.e.g. It goes without saying that these waves travel at the speed of light.显然, 这些波是以光速传播.2) 增译主语:适用条件: 形式主语部分为被动句.解决办法: 根据句意或上下文增译出主语, 或增译泛指性主语”我们”、”人们”、”大家”、”有人”等等.e.g. It was incorrectly believed that current flowed from positive to negative.人们错误的认为电流是由正极流向负极的.3) 调整语序:适用条件: 真实主语为主语从句或其他较长的结构时.解决办法:A. 将真实主语恢复到主语位置.e.g. It was rather hard to bring up the child on her own.她独自一人抚养孩子十分不容易.B. 有时为了说明强调并使汉语句子通顺, 可对主语进行重复.e.g. It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash. 驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后竟然还活着, 这简直难以置信.技巧之十四:“比较结构”的翻译总体原则: 比较结构多英式思维, 很难字面翻译.解决方法:熟记含义的前提下灵活运用.more than:1) more than + 名词/动名词/名词性从句:译法: "不仅仅, 超过, 不同于"e.g. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.刻意练习不仅仅是简单的重复一项任务.2) more than + 动词:译法: "不仅仅, 岂止是, 极大地, 十分的"e.g. They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries.他们可以教得很好, 而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水.3) more than + 形容词/副词:译法: "非常, 不止于"e.g. I am more than willingly to go out with you.我非常愿意和你一起出去.4) more than + 从句:译法: "并非, 不是"e.g.1 At least you enjoy yourself, which is more than I did.至少你玩儿得很开心, 但是我却没有.e.g.2 The beauty of Chengdu is more than words can describe.成都的美是语言不能形容的.。

记住英语中24种逻辑关系词,你会发现英语学起来,痛快多了!

记住英语中24种逻辑关系词,你会发现英语学起来,痛快多了!

记住英语中24种逻辑关系词,你会发现英语学起来,痛快多了!大多数人在阅读过程中很少考虑逻辑关系词的作用,导致在阅读过程中对文章的理解效率比较低。

实际上,英文学术文章中有很多逻辑关系词,这些关系词对我们的文章理解有着直接或间接的帮助作用。

阅读中常见的逻辑关系有并列关系、递进关系、转折关系、让步关系、比较关系、因果关系等。

从语言学角度来讲,英语属于形合语言,逻辑关系词的主要在于让句子成分之间、句子与句子之间、以及段落与段落之间实现自然衔接。

若用一词概括,即为起承转合,“起”是起因,文章的开头;“承”是事件的过程;“转”是结果是转折;“合”是对该事件的议论,是结尾。

而逻辑连词正是文章的扭结。

理顺连词打通扭结,你会发现英语学起来,痛快多了。

1 表递进moreover 而且in addition 此外what is more 更furthermore 此外also 还then 然后besides 除了what's worse 更糟的是and 以及 too 以及 as well as 也additionally 另外again 又likewise 同样not only...but also... 不但……而且2 表转折however 但nevertheless 虽然on the other hand 另一方面on the contrary 反之rather than 而不是instead of 而不是but 但是yet 但是unfortunately 不幸的是whereas 而although 虽然though 虽然otherwise 否则by contrast 反之,通过对比at the same time 与此同时despite 尽管even so 即便如此in contrast 相比较even though 即使所有for all that 所有not with standing 尽管如此in spite of 尽管last but not least 最后但并非最不重要instead 代替thus 从而what is more 更;而且not only...but also 不但……而且……still 仍然in contrast to 相比较regardless 无论;不管while 而different from 不同的是for all that 尽管,虽然如此or 要不;否则;或者notwithstanding 虽然even though 即使despite 尽管after all 毕竟except (for) 除了of course 固然;尽管;当然some...others 一些、另外的on the other hand 另一方面once 以前now 现在the first...whereas the second 第一……而第二then...now 然后……现在the former...the latter 前者……后者finally 最后;最终here...there 这里……那里so 因此3 表层次on the one hand 一方面on the other hand 另一方面first 首先 second 其次finally 最后firstly 首先secondly 其次then 然后to begin with 首先further 进一步and…equally important 和同样重要in addition 此外in the first place 首先still 仍然furthermore 此外what is more 更;而且last but not least 最后但并非最不重要secondly 其次and then 进而next 接着to start with 开始besides 除了moreover 而且finally 最后4 表强调in fact 其实indeed 的确actually 其实as a matter of fact 事实上apparently 显然emphasis 强调chiefly 主要是primarily 主要in particular 尤其是surely 一定n any case 不管怎么样especially 特别是clearly 显然without any doubt 毫无疑问to repeat 重复no doubt 毫无疑问needless to say 不用说undoubtedly 无疑absolutely 绝对still 仍oddly enough 奇怪的是of course 当然after all 毕竟significantly 显著interestingly 有趣的是also 也above all 首先certainly 当然anyway 无论如何obviously 明显necessarily 要紧;一定truly 真正most important 最重要的是particularly 尤其most important of all 最重要的是5 表结果和原因evidently 明显地first of all 首先undoubtedly 无疑without any shadow of doubt 毫无疑问thus 从而hence 故;从此so 因此therefore 因此accordingly 因此;所以;从而consequently 所以since = now that 自从as 因为for the reason 由于;因为so that 以便as consequence 所以as a result 结果;因此on this / that account 于是such that 如此in this way 这样because 因为since 自从otherwise 否则Cause and effect) for 由于because of = thanks to= due to = owing to 由于for this reason 为此on account of 考虑到as a consequence 结果for as a consequence 后果6 表结尾therefore 因此then 然后;因此;那么accordingly 从而because (of) 由于or 因为thanks to 由于hence 因此as a result of 结果consequently 所以thus 因而since 自从owing to 由于for the reason that 因为7 表举例in a word 总之therefore 因此sum up 总之such as 例如to begin with 首先besides 此外for one thing 首先;一方面in conclusion 总之;最后in short 总之;简而言之as a case in point 作为一个很好的例子first of all 首先furthermore 此外in addition 此外for another 另外8 表比较similarly 同样likewise 同样like 像……一样equally 一样compared 相比…in a like manner 以类似的方式just as 正如however 可是in the same way 以同样的方式in the same manner 以同样的方式in comparison 相比较in contrast 与此相反in comparison 相比较just like 就像similar to 类似the same as 同…一样9 表对比by contrast 通过对比on the contrary 反之while 而whereas 而unlike 不像instead 代替but 但conversely 反过来different from 不同的是however 但in a sharp contrast 鲜明对比的是in contrast 相比较;相对于even though 即使,即便如此on the other hand 另外on the one hand 一方面otherwise 否则as opposed to 相对于while 而yet 但by comparison 通过比较similarly 同样nevertheless 虽然still 仍然in spite of 尽管10 表举例for example 例如for instance 例如in other words 换句话说in this case 在这种情况下as an example 作为一个例子take… for example 例如say namely 比如after all 毕竟except (for) 除了like… 就比如…,正如…to illustrate as an illustration 作为一个例子来说明by way of illustration 以说明的方式to illustrate 说明to name a few 仅举几例11 表时间later 后来lately 终于next 接着then 然后soon 不久immediately 立刻;随即meanwhile 与此同时finally 最后at last 最后 eventually 终于since 自从lately 最近afterward 之后temporarily 暂时earlier 最初 now 现在first 首先again 又also 也before 以前besides 除了formerly 以前further 进一步furthermore 此外last 最后simultaneously 同时shortly 不久still 仍然subsequently 随后thereafter 此后until 直到 recently 最近after 以后gradually 慢慢的;逐渐till 直到when 当……时nowadays 目前now presently 目前during 在……期间now and then 偶尔in the meanwhile 同时in the meantime 在此期间in the end 到底in addition 此外in the first place 首先in the past 在过去in a few days 几天之内after a while 稍后after a few days 几天以后at that time 当时as long as 只要as soon as 一……就at present 目前at the same time 同时at length 最后at first 起初from now on 今后from then on 从那时起so far 到目前为止for the time being 暂时;眼下when now 当下and then 进而to begin with/ to start with 首先at that moment 在那一刻suddenly = all of a sudden 突然until now 直到现在after that 之后not…until 不…直到while 一会儿12 表顺序first 首先second 其次then 其次,然后finally 最后last 最终,最后next 接着after 以后afterwards 之后earlier 最初later 后来behind 后面beside 旁边beyond 外面above 以上below 以下to begin with 首先first of all 首先in the first place 首先above all 首先in the end 到底at last 最后first and most important 首先且最重要的last but not the least 最后但并非最不重要near(to) 靠近far(from)远离in front of 前面in the middle 中间to the right (left)到右(左)边on the other side 另一面opposite 反面13 表可能presumably 想必probably 大概perhaps 也许therefore 因此so 所以as a result(of) 作为结果accordingly 因而otherwise 否则maybe 可能14 表解释in other words 换句话说in fact 其实in simpler terms 简单地说in this case 在这种情况下 in addition 此外in fact/ as a matter of fact / actually 其实another way 另一种方式to tell you the truth 实话告诉你as a matter off act 事实上that is 就是说for example 例如for instance 例如frankly speaking 坦白的说now 既然namely 即,意即actually 实际上to put it differently 换句话说that is to say 也就是说15 表让步admittedly 诚然whatever 无论hence 因此nevertheless 然而as 虽然though 虽然 although 尽管despite 尽管in spite of... 尽管even though 尽管even if 即使even so 即便如此granted 就算如此 naturally 自然however 无论如何still 仍然provided 假如or 或者whenever 无论何时 whoever 无论谁wherever 无论哪里whether 不论;或者whichever 无论哪一个after all 毕竟while it is true 虽然这是事实no matter how (who, what, which, where) 无论多么(谁,什么,哪一个,哪里)all the same 仍然 of course 当然16 表总结accordingly 因此therefore 因此thus 因此altogether to conclude 完全可以说general 一般specially 特别finally 终于namely 也就是indeed 的确in other words 换句话说thus 因此altogether 总而言之all in all 总之in consequence 结果in sum 总之consequently 因此hence 因此so 因此the point is 关键是obviously 显然of course 当然differently 不同的是as a result 结果as for me 依我之见to some extent 在某种程度上on the whole 大体上in conclusion 总之in a word 一句话in brief 简言之in summary 总之in general 一般来说in short 简而言之in other word 也就是in my opinion 在我看来in a word 总的来说in all 总的来说in fact 事实上in simpler terms 简单地说in my view 在我看来in particular 特别是it is true 事实上at last 最后as I have shown 正如我所表明的as has been stated generally speaking 正如所说as has been said 如上所述as far as I am concerned 就我而言as what has been mentioned 正如已经提到的to sum up 总之to summarize 简而言之to conclude 总而言之to put it differently 换句话说17 其他类型连接词mostly 通常occasionally 偶尔currently 一般naturally 自然mainly 主要exactly 完全in this case 在这种情况下frankly 坦率地说commonly 通常for this purpose 为此to a large extent 在很大程度上for most of us 对于我们大多数人evidently 显然in many cases 在许多情况下18 表示时间与频率的词汇every 每一some 一些after 以后usually 通常almost 几乎frequently 经常mainly 主要finally 最后rarely 难得;很少;几乎不before 之前on the whole 大体上at other times 平时in most cases 在大多数情况下in general 一般来说as a rule 一般说来meanwhile 与此同时always 总是often 经常19 表示附加的词additionally 此外as well as 以及just as 正如again 再次along with 连同also 并且besides 除此之外further 进一步furthermore 此外in the same manner 同样地in the same way 同样地in addition to 除…之外20 表示增加的过渡词also 也so that 为了;目的是and 以及and then 于是in addition 除了another 另一个again 再次on top of 另外moreover 此外first 首先furthermore 此外second 其次too 也third 再次21 表示目的的过渡词lest 唯恐for this reason 为此furthermore 此外for this purpose 为了这个目的again 再次so as to 以便also 也so that 所以besides 除了in order that 为了similarly 同样in addition 此外moreover 此外what’s more 不仅如此next 接着finally 最后22 表示并列关系or, and, also, too 也not only … but also… 不但……而且as well as 以及so…that 太…以至于both… and… 既……又either …or… 或者…或者neither…nor… 既不……也不23 表示并列补充关系what is more 而且;此外also 还besides 除了as well 也;此外moreover 此外furthermore 此外in addition 此外24 表示条件关系as (so) long as 只要if 假如 unless 除非eventually 终于presently 目前somewhat 有点;稍微as if 仿佛by the way of 通过这种方式on condition that 如果on the condition 只要or else 要不然in the meantime 与此同时from then on 从那时起after an interval 一段时间后all of a sudden 一下子on the contrary 相反在会议的商务人士。

翻译常用的八种技巧

翻译常用的八种技巧

翻译常用的八种技巧翻译常用的八种技巧1.重译法(repetition)2.增译法(amplification)3.减译法(omission)4.词类转移法(conversion)5.词序调整法(inversion)6.分译法(division)7.正说反译、反说正译法(negation)8.语态变换法(the change of the voices)第一节重译法(repetition)在翻译中,有时为了忠实于原文,不得不重复某些词语,否则就不能忠实地表达原文的意思。

这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。

重译法实际上也是一种增词法,只不过所增加的是上文出现的词。

重译法有三个作用:一是为了明确;而是为了强调;三是为了生动。

一、为了明确,有时需要重复宾语。

在英语中,一句话里两个动词共用一个宾语,宾语只在第二个动词之后出现一次。

而在汉语中,这样的宾语要在每个动词后分别出现。

定语后的名词亦是如此。

如:1.We have to analyse and solve problems. 我们要分析问题,解决问题。

2.I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I can not keep.我想吃什么就吃什么,想喝什么就和什么,眼睛睁不开了就睡觉。

3.人类利用自然科学去了解自然、改造自然。

People use naturalscience to understand and change nature.4.Aristocratic and democratic tendencies in a nation oftenshowthemselves in its speech.民族的贵族倾向和民族倾向常在其言语中表现出来。

5.我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。

Let’s revise our safety andsanitary regulations.二、英语常用省略,但为了明确,也为了强调某些内容,在汉语中常常要将省去的部分重译出来。

考研英语中常见逻辑关系词的分类及使用方法

考研英语中常见逻辑关系词的分类及使用方法

考研英语中常见逻辑关系词的分类及使用方法在如今的社会中,考研英语已经成为了许多人选择的一条途径。

然而,对于许多英语非母语的考生来说,英语中的逻辑关系词可能会使他们感到困惑。

因此,本文将会对考研英语中常见的逻辑关系词进行分类,并提供一些使用方法,帮助考生顺利通过英语考试。

一、表示并列关系的逻辑关系词并列关系指的是两个相互独立的要素之间的关系,如and、or、but、not only...but also…等。

其中,and是最常见的并列关系词,如"The government invests heavily in education, and it will continue to do so.",其表示的是两个相互独立的事件。

Or的意义为“或者”,通常在两个或多个选项中使用。

例如:"Do you prefer coffee or tea?"。

而but表达的是相互对立或者相反的意思。

在文中可以用来表达转折、对比、前后衔接等意思,如"He is a great player, but he needs to work harder."。

Not only...but also…表示的是数量的增加或者加强,如"China has not only a rich culture but also a strong economy."。

二、表示因果关系/条件关系的逻辑关系词因果关系指的是两个事件之间的因果关系,如because、so、thus、therefore、as a result、result in等。

例如:"He failed the exam because he didn't study hard enough."。

而条件关系表示的是某一事件/条件下引起的结果,如if、unless、provided that、in case等。

英文写作中的逻辑关系词

英文写作中的逻辑关系词

英语连接词连接词的意义分类表递进moreover, in addition, what is more ,furthermore, also, then, besides, etc.表转折however, nevertheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, etc.表层次on the one hand, … on the other hand; first, … second, … finally;表强调firstly, … secondly, … finally …; first, … then … etc.表强调in fact, indeed, actually, as a matter of fact, obviously, apparently,表结果evidently, first of all, undoubtedly, without any shadow of doubt, etc.表结尾therefore, as a result, then, consequently, accordingly, thus, etc.表例举in a word, in conclusion, therefore, in short, to sum up, etc.表强调still, Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also, above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially. Obviously, clearly.表比较like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally.表对比by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, unlike, yet, in contrast.表列举for example, for instance, such as, take …for example. Except (for), to illustrate.表时间later, next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, during, nowadays, since, lately, as soon as, afterwards, temporarily, earlier, now, after a while. first after a few days eventually at that time in the meantime meanwhile afterward from then on表顺序first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, last, next, above all, last but not the least, first and most important.表可能presumably, probably, perhaps.表解释in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms.表递进What is more, in addition, and, besides, also, furthermore, too, moreover, furthermore, as well as, additionally, again.表让步although, after all, in spite of…, despite, even if, even thou gh, though, admittedly, whatever may happen.表转折however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on the other hand, unfortunately. whereas表原因for this reason, due to, thanks to, because, because of, as, since, owing to.表结果as a result, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence.表总结on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, to sum up, in brief, in summary, to conclude, tosummarize, in short.其他类型连接词Mostly, occasionally, currently, naturally, mainly, exactly, evidently,commonly, for this purpose, to a large extent, for most of us, in many cases, in this case,表空间near to far from in the front of beside behind to the right to the left on theother side of表举例for example to name a few, say , such as表递进in addition furthermore what ’ s more what ’ s worse表对比whereas while as opposed to by contrast by comparison表示时间与频率的词汇:in general, every, some, after, on the whole, usually, most,at other times, in most cases, frequently, main, finally, as a rule, rarely, before, meanwhile.表示附加的词:additionally, as well as, just as, again, along with, also, further, furthermore, likewise, in the same manner, in the same way, in addition to,引出例子:for example, namely, for instance, as an example, that is表示转折:although, instead, rather than, but, nevertheless, though, however, on the other hand, otherwise得出结论:all in all, in consequence, in brief, as a result, the point is, in conclusion, therefore, hence, in sum.表示增加的过渡词:also ,and ,and then ,too ,in addition ,furthermore ,moreover ,again ,on top of that ,another ,first second third 等。

英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧

英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧

英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧推荐首先是英文理解难,这是学习.使用英文的人的共同感觉,由于两国历史.文化.风俗习惯的不同,所以一句英文在英美人看来顺理成章,而在中国人看来却是颠颠倒倒.断断续续,极为别扭.二是中文表达难,英译汉有时为了要找到一个合适的对等词汇,往往被弄得头昏眼花,好像在脑子里摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙,却没有.另外,英译汉时对掌握各种文化知识的要求很高,因为我们所翻译的文章,其内容可能涉及到极为广博的知识领域,而这些知识领域多半是我们不大熟悉的外国的事情,如果不具备相应的文化知识难免不出现一些翻译中的差错或笑话.正是因为英译汉时会遇到这么多的困难,所以,我们必须通过翻译实践,对英汉两种不同语言的特点加以对比.概况和总结,以找出一般的表达规律来,避免出现一些不该出现的翻译错误,而这些表达的规律就是我们所说的翻译技巧.一.词义的选择和引伸技巧英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象.一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类,具有几个不同的意义;一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义.在英译汉的过程中,我们在弄清原句结构后,就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧,以使所译语句自然流畅,完全符合汉语习惯的说法;选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手:1.根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义They are as like as two peas .他们相似极了. (形容词)He likes mathematics more than physics .他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理. (动词)Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals .小麦.燕麦等等皆系谷类. (名词) 2.根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义.He is the last man to come .他是最后来的.He is the last person for such a job .他最不配干这个工作.He should be the last man to blame.怎么也不该怪他.This is the last place where I e_pected to meet you .我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你.词义引伸是我们英译汉时常用的技巧之一.翻译时,有时会遇到某些词在英语辞典上找不到适当的词义,如果任意硬套或逐词死译,就会使译文生硬晦涩,不能确切表达原意,甚至会造成误解.这时就应根据上下文和逻辑关系,从该词的根本含义出发,进一步加以引伸,引伸时,往往可以从三个方面来加以考虑.1.词义转译.当我们遇到一些无法直译或不宜直译的词或词组时,应根据上下文和逻辑关系,引伸转译.The energy of the sun comes to the earth mainly as light and heat.太阳能主要以光和热的形式传到地球.2.词义具体化.根据汉语的表达习惯,把原文中某些词义较笼统的词引伸为词义较具体的词.The last stage went higher and took the Apollo into orbit round theearth.最后一级火箭升得更高,把〝阿波罗号〞送进围绕地球运行的轨道.3.词义抽象化.根据汉语的表达习惯,把原文中某些词义较具体的词引伸为词义较抽象的词,或把词义较形象的词引伸为词义较一般的词.Every life has its roses and thorns .每个人的生活都有甜有苦.二.词类转译技巧在英译汉过程中,有些句子可以逐词对译,有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同,就不能逐词对译,只能将词类进行转译之后,方可使译文显得通顺.自然;对词类转译技巧的运用须从四个方面加以注意.1.转译成动词.英语中的某些名词.介词.副词,翻译时可转译成汉语中的动词. The lack of any special e_cretory system is e_plained in a similar way.植物没有专门的排泄系统,可用同样的方式加以说明. (名词转译)As he ran out ,he forgot to have his shoes on .他跑出去时,忘记了穿鞋子.2.转译成名词.英语中的某些动词.形容词,翻译时可转换成汉语中的名词.The earth on which we live is shaped a ball.我们居住的地球,形状像一个大球. (动词转译)The tor did his best to cure the sick and the wounded .医生尽了最大的努力来治疗病号和伤员. (形容词转换)3.转译成形容词.英语中有些作表语或宾语的抽象名词,以及某些形容词派生的名词,往往可转译成汉语中的形容词.另外,当英语动词转译成汉语名词时,原来修饰该动词的副词也往往随之转译成汉语中的形容词.It is no use employing radar to detect objects in water.使用雷达探测水下目标是没有用的. (作表语的名词转译)The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man .太阳对人的身体和精神都有极大的影响. (副词转译)4.转译成副词.英语中的某些名词.形容词,翻译时可转译成汉语中的副词.When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to winhim over with charm and humor .只要一发现有可能反对他的人,他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这些人争取过来. (名词转译)三.汉译的增词技巧英译汉时,按意义上.修辞上或句法上的需要加一些词,使译文更加忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容;但是,增加的并不是无中生有,而是要增加原文中虽无其词却有其意的一些词,这是英译汉中常用的的技巧之一.增词技巧一般分作两种情况.1.根据意义上或修辞上的需要,可增加下列七类词.Flowers bloom all over the yard .朵朵鲜花满院盛开. (增加表示名词复数的词)After the banquets ,the concerts and the table tennis e_hibitor ,he wenthome tiredly .在参加宴会.出席音乐会.观看乒乓球表演之后,他疲倦地回到了家里. (增加动词)He sank down with his face in his hands .他两手蒙着脸,一屁股坐了下去. (增加副词)I had known two great social systems .那是以前,他就经历过两大社会制度. (增加表达时态的词)As for me ,I didn’t agree from the very beginning .我呢,从一开始就不赞成.(增加语气助词)The article summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers,artificial satellites and rockets .本文总结了电子计算机.人造卫星和火箭这三方面的新成就. (增加概括词)2.根据句法上的需要增补一此词汇.Reading makes a full man ;conference a ready man ;writing an e_act man.读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,写作使人准确.(增补原文句子中所省略的动词) All bodies on the earth are known to possess weight.大家都知道地球上的一切物质都肯有重量. (增补被动句中泛指性的词)四.正反.反正汉译技巧正反.反正汉译技巧是指翻译时突破原文的形式,采用变换语气的办法处理词句,把肯定的译成否定的,把否定的译成肯定的.运用这种技巧可以使译文更加合乎汉语规范或修辞要求,且不失原意.这种技巧可分五个方面加以陈述.1.肯定译否定The above facts insist on the following conclusions .上述事实使人们不能不得出以下结论.2.否定译肯定She won’t go away until you promise to help her .她要等你答应帮助以后才肯走.3.双否定译肯定There can be no sunshine without shadow有阳光就有阴影.但是,如果翻译时保留英语原来的〝否定之否定〞的形式并不影响中文的流畅时,则应保留的目的还可突出原文中婉转的语气.如He is not unequalto the duty .他并非不称职.4.正反移位I don’t think he will come .我认为他不会来了.5.译为部分否定Not all minerals come from mines .并非所有矿物都来自矿山.Both of the substances do not dissolve in water.不是两种物质都溶于水.五.汉译的重复技巧重复技巧是英译汉中的一种必不可少的翻译技巧.由于英译汉时往往需要重复原文中的某些词才能使译文表达明确具体;又由于英汉语言结构不同,重复的手段和作用也往往不尽相同,大致可分为三种.1.为了明确I had e_perienced o_ygen and /or engine trouble.我曾碰到过,不是氧气设备了故障,就是引擎出故障,或两者都出故障(重复名词)Under ordinary conditions of pressure ,water becomes ice at C and steamat100C.在常压下,水在摄氏零度时变成冰,在摄氏一百度时变成蒸汽. (重复动词)A locality has its own over-all interest ,a nation has another and theearth get another.一个地方有一个地方的全局,一个国家有一个国家的全局,一个地球有一个地球的全局(重复谓语部分)2.为了强调He wandered along the street ,thinking and thinking brooding andbrooding.他在街头游来荡去,想了又想,盘算了又盘算.3.为了生动While stars and nebulae look like specks or small patches of light . theyare really enormous bodies.星星和星云看起来只是斑点点,或者是小片的光,但它们确实是巨大的天体.六.倒译技巧英汉词句组成和排列的顺序千差万别,因此英译汉时作些调整,颠倒一下顺序,则是一种极为常见的翻译技巧,这种翻译技巧共分五种类型.1.复合句倒译技巧.复合句倒译可分为部分倒译和完全倒译两种技巧.This university 6 newly _established faculties ,namely .Electronic Computer,High Energy Physics ,Laser ,Geo-physics ,Remote Sensing, and GeneticEngineering.这所大学现在有电子计算机.高能物理.激光.地球.物理.遥感技术.遗传工程等六个新建的专业. (部分倒译)Many laws of nature actually e_ist in nature though they have not yet beendiscovered.虽然许多自然规律还没被发现,但是它们确实在自然界中存在. (完全倒译)2.被动句倒译的技巧.被动句倒译时,有时可将被动句倒译成主动句,有时可将状语倒译成主语.The structure of an atom can be accurately described though we cannot seeit.虽然我们看不见原子结构,但能准确地描述它. (被动句倒译成主动句)Table tennis is played all over China .中国到处都打乒乓球. (状语倒译成主语)3.以否定型副词或条件副词开头的句子的部分倒译技巧.能引起这种倒译的副词有no ,never ,hardly ,no longer . in noway ,not until ,not even ,only等.Never before have I read such an interesting book .我从来没有读过这样有趣的书.4.带有介词短语句子的部分倒译技巧These date will be of some value in our research work .这些资料对于我们的研究工作有些价值.5.习语的倒译技巧.习语的倒译可分为按照汉语的固定顺序倒译和从轻重上加以区分进行倒译以及逆时间顺序进行倒译三种技巧.For its last 600 miles the Yellow River flows eastwards through the flat ,fertile ,North China Plain ,which is densely populated.黄河最后的六百英里,向东流过平坦肥沃.人口密集的华北平原. (按照汉语的固定顺序倒译)Heal the wounded ,rescue the dying ,practice revolutionaryhumanitarianism.救死扶伤,实行革命的人道主义. (以轻重上区分进行倒译)We have to be quick of eye and deft of hand .我们必须眼疾手快. (逆时间顺序倒译)七.句子成份的转译技巧英汉两种语言,由于表达方式不尽相同,在具体英译汉时,有时往往需要转换一下句子成分,才能使译达到逻辑正确.通顺流畅.重点突出等目的.句子成分转译作为翻译的一种技巧,其内容和形式都比较丰富,运用范围也相当广泛,共包括五个方面的内容.1.主语转译技巧,可以将句子的主语转译成汉语中的定语.宾语.状语等.The wings are responsible for keeping the sir plane in the air.机翼的用途是使飞机在空中保持不坠. (转译成定语)To get all the stages off the ground ,a first big push is needed.为了使火箭各级全部离开地面,需要有一个巨大的第一次推力. (转译成宾语) Machinery has made the products of manufactories very much cheaper thanformerly.因为机械的缘故,工厂里出的产品比起以前来,价格便宜多了. (转译成状语)2.谓语转译技巧.可以将谓语转译成定语.Radar works in very much the same way as the flashlight.雷达的工作原理和手电筒极为相同.3.宾语转译技巧.可以将宾语转译成主语.Automatic lathes perform basically similar functions but apper in avaritety of forms.各种自动车床的作用基本相同,但形式不同4.定语转译技巧.定语可以转译成谓语和状语.Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton.中子的质量略大于质子的质量. (转译成谓语)Scientists in that county are now supplied with necessarybooks ,epuipmentand assistant ,that will ensure success in their scientific research.现在已给该县科学家提供了必要的图书.仪器和助手,以保证科研工作的成功. (转译成状语)5.状语转译技巧.状语转译一般指的是状语从句的转译.它可分作把时间状语从句转译成条件状语从句,把地点状语从转译成条件状语从句和把原因状语从句转译成困果偏正复句中的主语等三种形式.These three colors ,red ,green ,and violet ,when combined ,produced white.红色.绿色和紫色这三种颜色如果合在一起就变成白色. (时间状语从句转译成条件状语从句)Where there is nothing in the path of beam of light ,nothing is seen.如果光束通道上没有东西,就什么也看不到. (地点状语从句转译成条件状语从句)Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to hisopinion.他深信这件事正确可靠,因此坚持已见. (原因状语从句转译成因果偏正复合句中的主句)八.分句.合句汉译技巧英译汉时,由于两种语言的句子结构大不相同而往往需要改变一下句子结构以适应于汉语的表达习惯.采用分句.合句进行翻译的作法正是为了达到这种目的而运用的一种重要技巧.所谓分句,就是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子;所谓合名,就是指把原文的两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句译成一个单句.运用这种分句.合句的汉译技巧可以使译文层次分明,更合乎于汉语的表达习惯.分句流译的技巧共分五种类型,合句汉译的技巧共分三种类型.先谈谈分句汉译技巧的五种类型.1.主语分句汉译技巧.A man spending twelve days on the moon would find ,on returning to theearth ,that a year had passed by already.一个人如果在月亮上度过了十二天,回到地球以后就会发现一年已经过去了.2.谓语分句汉译技巧.It goes without saying that o_ygen is the most active element in theatmosphere.不言而喻,氧气是大气中最活泼的元素.3.定语分句汉译技巧He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to twopounds each.他居然种出了二百个奇迹般的西红柿,每个重达两磅.4.状语分句汉译技巧Sunrays filtered in wherever they could ,driving out darkness and chokingthe shadows.阳光射入了它所能透过的地方,赶走了黑暗,驱散了幽影.5.同位语分句汉译技巧.Mary normally a timid girl ,argued heated with them about it.玛丽平常是个腼腆的姑娘,现在也热烈地和他们辩论起来._年翻译资格考试三级口译模拟题1. The average age of people in the countryside is increasing, while thatof the cities is falling. More old people stay in the countryside than youngpeople and the opposite is true in the cities.译文:农村人口的平均年龄正处于上升趋势,而在城市却正好相反.原因是在农村老年人要比年轻人多,城市正好相反.解析:本句难度适中,只需要按照句子的逻辑顺序将句子信息陈列出来即可.此外,本句无明显生词.2. One important reason for the move to cities has to do with quality oflife issues: comfort and convenience. For e_ample, most of us would like ourchildren to receive the better education, and cities often offer betterschools.译文:〝进城热〞与生活水平问题息息相关.人们向往城市舒适方便的生活.就像我们大部分人都想子女能够接收到更好的教育,而城市通常就有教育质量更好的学校.解析:在做本句翻译时需要注意在前半句适当地增译一些信息,如在comfort and convenience 处需要加上move to thecities的主语〝人们〞.后半句难度不大,直译即可.3. Most burglars are opportunist, looking for an easier break-in. So don’tmake things simply for them. Don’t advertise the fact that you are out or away,or be careless about security.译文:大部分的窃贼都是投机分子,他们会寻找最方便快捷的〝翻.墙入室〞的机会.所以不要给他们可乘之机.不要嚷嚷着让别人都知道你不在家,也不要太精选大意而忽略了安全问题.解析:本句句型不复杂,需要注意几个词语的译法,如opportunist本来是〝机会主义者〞,在这里用于形容burglars身上,需要相应地翻译成贬义词〝投机分子〞;此外,don’tmake things simply for them可以用成语〝可乘之机〞概括,这些需要同学平时多做翻译练习积累,在会在临考时马上反应出来.4. Researchers from the University of Copenhagen and the University ofIceland said ash particles from the early part of the volcanic eruption areespecially abrasive, posing a possible threat to aircraft engines.译文:来自哥本哈根大学和冰岛大学的研究者们表示早些时候火山爆发遗留的火山灰摩擦度非常高.这可能对飞机的引擎产生威胁.解析:本句句型简单,但生词较多,需要考生抓注意些重点词汇理解.如:volcanic eruption 是表示〝火山爆发〞, abrasive表示〝磨损的〞.考生在遇到不会的单词时也不用过于慌张,一般句子中包含大量专业词汇句意都比较简单,可凭上下文进行推测.5. Lack of sanitation leads to wide spread of contamination of drinkingwater. Recent statistics say water-associated infectious diseases claim up to3.2million lives each year, appro_imately 6 percent all death globally.译文:不注意环境卫生会导致饮用水大规模受污染.近期的数据显示与饮用水有关的可传染性疾病每年可导致320万人失去生命,这个数字接近每年全球死亡人数的6%.解析:本句的主题是高口中常考的环境问题,全句无复杂结构,考生需要保证数字听译的准确性.本句中有出现两处数字,要求考生掌握数字速记的方法.contamination :污染infectious :传染的,有传染性的appro_imately :大约_年翻译资格考试三级口译模拟题The term 〝American dream〞 is widely used today. But what e_actly does thisconcept mean? Where does the term come from? Has the meaning of the term changedover time? Questions like these can complicate a seemingly simple term and leadus to an even more important question: is the American dream a myth or a realitytoday?The term 〝American dream〞 began to be widely used in _67. The term wasused in a famous novel written by Horatio Alger. The novel, Ragged Dick, was a〝rags to riches〞 story about a little boy who was orphaned and lived in NewYork. The boy saved all his pennies, worked very hard, and eventually becamerich. The novel sent the message to the American public that anyone couldsucceed in America if they were honest, worked hard, and showed determination tosucceed. No matter what your background, no matter where you were from, nomatter if you had no money or no family, hard work and perseverance would alwayslead to success.Today, the message from Alger’s novel is still a prevalent one in thiscountry. It is still used to define the American dream. A very basic definitionof the American dream is that it is the hope of the American people to have abetter quality of life and a higher standard of living than their parents. Thiscan mean that each generation hopes for better jobs, or more financial security,or ownership of land or a home.However, new versions and variations of the American dream have surfacedsince Alger’s novel was published. For one thing, the basic definitionI stateda moment ago —the idea that Americans are always seeking to improve theirlifestyle — also suggests that each generation wants more than the previousgeneration had. Some people would argue that this ever-increasing desire toimprove the quality of one’s life may have started out on a smaller scale in thepast, but today has led to an out-of-control consumerism and materialism. Another more benign view of the American dream is that it is about thedesire to create opportunities for ourselves, usually through hard work.Ahallmark of the American dream, some would argue, is the classic〝self-starter,〞the person who starts out with very little in life—little money, few friends,few opportunities—and works hard to make his or her way in the world. A classice_ample of this type of American dreamer would be former president AbrahamLincoln, who was born in a log cabin, was largely self-educated, and yet workedhis way up in the world to eventually become a United States president. This view of the American dream has also been associated with immigrantsand their quests for a better life in a new country. Americans have long beenfascinated by immigrant stories, and many feel great pride about their ownfamilies who may have come from other countries, worked very hard, and created abetter life for future generations.The American dream has also, historically, been associated with westwarde_pansion in this country. Throughout most of the _00s, the notion of thefrontier—a vast e_panse of largely unclaimed land in the West—symbolized newopportunities and a fresh start to people. Many a dreamer set off for the Westin search of land, jobs, gold, or other opportunities, often with ne_t tonothing in his pocket. Unfortunately, this idea of new opportunities in the Westhad a negative side.The American West was not unpopulated; Native American Indians already lived there, along with other immigrant groups, and these people were oftendisplaced — or met with violence — if they interfered with the visions or ideasof westward-migrating Americans.A more recent interpretation of the American dream has to do with equality.Civil rights activists such as Dr. Martin Luther King Junior, used some of therhetoric associated with the American dream to urge people to work for equalopportunities for all Americans, not just some Americans. A harsh reality wasbecoming clear to some people, especially in the _60s and _70s: not everyone had the same opportunities. If people were denied jobs, education, or otheropportunities because of their race, ethnic background, or gender, was the American dream only a myth?英语翻译。

判断句中英文逻辑关系 举例

判断句中英文逻辑关系 举例

判断句中英文逻辑关系举例在英语中,句子间的逻辑关系主要通过连词、副词或特定的句型来表达。

下面举例说明:1.并列逻辑关系:o"She likes reading books, and she also enjoys painting."(她喜欢阅读书籍,并且也热爱绘画。

)o这里的"and"就表明了前后两个动作是并列的关系,两者都描述了主语的兴趣爱好。

2.转折逻辑关系:o"He is intelligent, but he lacks motivation."(他很聪明,但是他缺乏动力。

)o"but"在此处用来表示前后两个分句之间的对比和转折,尽管他有智力优势,但在行动力方面却有所欠缺。

3.因果逻辑关系:o"Because it rained heavily, the football match was postponed."(由于雨下得很大,足球比赛被推迟了。

)o"because"引导原因状语从句,揭示了前后句子间的原因和结果关系。

4.条件逻辑关系:o"If you study hard, you will pass the exam."(如果你努力学习,你就能通过考试。

)o"if"在这里构建了一个条件句,明确了前提条件与可能结果之间的逻辑关联。

5.递进逻辑关系:o"Not only does she speak English fluently, but she also writes poetry in English."(她不仅英语说得很流利,还用英语写诗。

)o"not only...but also..."结构体现了递进关系,强调了主语的能力层次更为深入。

这些例子展示了英文句子中常见的逻辑关系类型,理解并熟练运用这些逻辑连接词对于准确理解和表述复杂的观点非常重要。

英语逻辑关系要清晰

英语逻辑关系要清晰

英语逻辑关系要清晰:一.并列关系coordinating relationAnd : conj. 和,与;就;而且;但是;然后granted, et, but, yet, onlyOr: conj. 或,或者;还是either, ossiaAnd also:Neither ….nor:Either…or:Not only….but also:Along with: 沿(顺)着;连同…一起;与…一道;随同…一起Thai is to say:As well as: 也;和…一样;不但…而且as well as除……之外;既as well as.除as well as everything以及一切in the same way: 同样地;以同样的方式二.递进关系Also: adv. 也;而且;同样conj. 并且;另外Than: conj. 比(用于形容词、副词的比较级之后);除…外(用于other等之后);与其…(用于rather等之后);一…就(用于no sooner等之后)prep. 比;超过Additionally: adv. 此外;又,加之In addition: 另外,此外Furthermore: adv. 此外;而且and furthermore而且furthermore-而且Moreover furthermore而且moreover-furthermore进一步说furthermore ad. 而且moreover而且;此外furthermore ad. 而且,进一步说moreover, furthermore且moreover adv. 而且;此外what is more而且what is even more甚至更多what is more important更重要的是and what is more而且indeed adv. 的确;实在;真正地;甚至int. 真的(表示惊讶、怀疑、讽刺等)...accordingly 于是indeed 的确surely 无疑...Apart from远离,除…之外;且不说;缺少besides adv. 此外;而且prep. 除…之外And besides更何况aside from除…以外Aside from除Aside from hands除手以外apart/aside from除了三、引出新对象About:prep. 关于;大约adj. 在附近的;四处走动的;在起作用的adv. 大约;周围;到处n. 大致;粗枝大叶;不拘小节的人concerning prep. 关于;就…而言v. 涉及;使关心(concern的ing形式);忧虑regarding prep. 关于,至于就…….而言with regard to adv. 关于;至于as for关于,至于as to至于,关于;就……而论in terms of依据;按照;在…方面;以…措词四,因果关系Because of adv. 因为;由于Since conj. 因为;由于;既然;自…以来;自…以后prep. 自…以来;自…以后adv. 后来For prep. 为,为了;因为;给;对于;至于;适合于conj. 因为As ad. 同样地,像prep. 当做conj. 当...之时,像...一样,因为Thus adv. 因此;从而;这样;如此conj. 因此So ad. 如此,如是,如...那样conj. 所以,因此,所以Hence adv.此;今后Therefore adv. 因此;所以Consequently adv. 因此;结果;所以Accordingly adv. 因此,于是;相应地;照著due to adv. 由于;应归于thanks to 由于,幸亏in the light of 根据,按照;当作However, in the light of the new development, we have reinforced our security systems in all our airports, ".in response to响应;回答;对…有反应Allergies are abnormal reactions of the immune system in response to otherwise harmless substanceson account of由于;因为;为了…的缘故"...on account of the number of pine trees that grow in the gorge of the mountain in which it is situated.Given adj. 赠予的;沉溺的prep. 考虑到v. 给予(give的过去分词)given that假定;只要是;已知;考虑到Considering prep. 考虑到;就...而论conj. 考虑到v. 考虑到(consider的ing形式)Seeing that鉴于,由于;因为"People are now seeing that they can actually make a business from supplying this vaccine and getting out to the very rural areas where there is a market for this."In that因为;由于;既然in respect that因为in group that以便in order that以便;为了;目的在于A United Nations report says water availability in that area is the second lowest in the world, after Africa.Now that既然;由于The F.C.C.chairman also wants to extend all six principles to wireless carriers now that their phones access the Internet.As a result of adv. 因此,由于;作为…的结果For the reason由于;因为Owing to由于,因为…It's a supposition that whatever the object of theory might be, - theory itself must-- owing to whatever intellectual constraints one can imagine-- be of such and such a form.In view of adv. 鉴于;考虑到in the view of…根据……的观点By(in) virtue of 由于,凭借On grounds of 以…为理由;根据…The supreme court later overturned the ruling on grounds of mistaken identity.as a consequence 因此,结果I think all those goals are still possible, but I think that as a consequence to the war on Iraq, we took our eye off the ball.as a consequence of因此;由于…的结果We have got an enormous amount of work to do, and people down in the Gulf, particularly businesses, are still suffering as a consequence of this disaster."五、转折关系But conj. 但是;而是;然而adv. 仅仅,只prep. 除…以外however adv. 无论如何;不管怎样conj. 然而;可是yet adv. 还;但是;已经conj. 但是;然而instead of 代替;不是…而是…rather than 而不是;宁可…也不愿on the contrary反之by contrast相比之下;与之相比unfortunately adv. 不幸地六.让步Although conj. 虽然,尽管Though adv. 可是,虽然;不过;然而conj. 虽然;尽管prep. 但Even though虽然,即使even if though纵然even if / though即使;尽管even though/if即使;尽管Nevertheless adv. 然而,不过;虽然如此conj. 然而,不过Despite prep. 尽管,不管n. 轻视;憎恨;侮辱In spite of 尽管;不管,不顾Anyway adv. 无论如何,不管怎样;总之Notwithstanding adv. 尽管,仍然prep. 尽管,虽然conj. 虽然"How can we empower our president and the Congress and the government to start to move the country forward, notwithstanding the differences we have, "as conj. 因为;随着;虽然;依照;当…时prep. 如同;当作;以…的身份adv. 同样地;和…一样的while conj. 虽然;然而;当……的时候n. 一会儿;一段时间vt. 消磨;轻松地度过七.比较关系Like vt. 喜欢;想;愿意vi. 喜欢;希望prep. 像;如同adj. 同样的;相似的n. 爱好;同样的人或物adv. 可能conj. 好像Unlike adj. 不同的,不相似的prep. 和…不同,不像By prep. 通过;被;依据;经由;在附近;在……之前adv. 通过;经过;附近;白俄罗斯In contrast与此相反;比较起来Whereas conj. 然而;鉴于;反之八.表时间关系When wheneverBefore prep. 在…之前,先于adv. 以前;在前conj. 在…以前;在…之前After adv. 后来,以后prep. 在……之后conj. 在……之后adj. 以后的after all 毕竟;终究go after 追求,追逐ever after 从此以后一直after hours adv. 下班;工作完毕后subsequentlyprep.在……之后in theback ofadj.以后的succeedingsince conj. 因为;由于;既然;自…以来;自…以后prep. 自…以来;自…以后adv. 后来meanwhile conj. 因为;由于;既然;自…以来;自…以后prep. 自…以来;自…以后adv. 后来in the meantime 在此期间;于此际九、条件If conj. (表条件)如果;即使;是否;(表假设)假如n. 条件;设想Only if只要……就;只是在……的时候If only只要;要是…多好In case of万一;如果发生;假设unlessconj. 除非,如果不prep. 除…之外as long as 只要;和…一样长suppose that假如supposing that conj. 假如;不妨去…吧v. 假使;让;猜想(suppose的ing形式)but for conj. 要不是;如果没有failing n. 失败;缺点,过失;弱点prep. 如果没有…adj. 失败的v. 失败;不及格(fail的ing形式)十、例Such as 比如;诸如For examplen. 例子;榜样vt. 作为…的例子;为…做出榜样vi. 举例For instancen. 实例;情况;建议vt. 举...为例Of these 这些Amongprep. 在…中间;在…之中To illustrate 说明显示Like to take an example to take sth for example Speaking namely 说话即十一、总结构On the whole基本上,大体上;就全体而论In short总之;简言之In a word总之;简言之All in all 总而言之;头等重要的东西In conclusion 总之最后In summary总之概括起来In general总之,通常;一般而言十二、表强调Above all 首先尤其是In effect实际上;生效In fact 事实上,实际上In any case 无论如何十三、顺序关系Last of all 最后finally 最后。

汉译英的8种翻译技巧,高分来得就是这么直接~~

汉译英的8种翻译技巧,高分来得就是这么直接~~

汉译英的8种翻译技巧,⾼分来得就是这么直接~~毫⽆疑问,翻译讲究扎实的基本功,但肯定是有技巧的,汉译英当然也是!都有哪些呢?增译减译(省译)重复转译语序(词序/句序)调整(倒置)拆句与合并正说反译, 反说正译语态变换…………学会了,你就666了!⼀.增译法——指根据英汉两种语⾔不同的思维⽅式、语⾔习惯和表达⽅式,在翻译时增添⼀些词、短句或句⼦,以便更准确地表达出原⽂所包含的意义。

这种⽅式多半⽤在汉译英⾥。

汉语⽆主句较多,⽽英语句⼦⼀般都要有主语,所以在翻译汉语⽆主句的时候,除了少数可⽤英语⽆主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外,⼀般都要根据语境补出主语,使句⼦完整。

英语中代词使⽤频率较⾼,凡说到⼈的器官和归某⼈所有的或与某⼈有关的事物时,必须在前⾯加上物主代词。

因此,在汉译英时需要增补物主代词,⽽在英译汉时⼜需要根据情况适当地删减。

英语词与词、词组与词组以及句⼦与句⼦的逻辑关系⼀般⽤连词来表⽰,⽽汉语则往往通过上下⽂和语序来表⽰这种关系。

因此,在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。

英语句⼦离不开介词和冠词。

另外,汉译英时还要注意增补⼀些原⽂中暗含⽽没有明⾔的词语和⼀些概括性、注释性的词语,以确保译⽂意思完整。

总之,通过增译,⼀是保证译⽂语法结构的完整,⼆是保证译⽂意思的明确。

例1.读史使⼈明智,读诗使⼈灵秀,数学使⼈周密,科学使⼈深刻,伦理使⼈庄重,逻辑修辞之学使⼈善辩。

Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematicssubtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.例2 没有调查研究就没有发⾔权。

He who makes no investigation and study has noright to speak. (No investigation, no right to speak.)例3. 虚⼼使⼈进步, 骄傲使⼈落后。

英语常见的八种逻辑关系

英语常见的八种逻辑关系

英语常见的八种逻辑关系The eight common logical relationships in English are addition, contrast, cause and effect, condition, time, comparison, exemplification, and emphasis. These relationships help to connect ideas and create coherent, logical flow in written and spoken discourse.Firstly addition is used to join together similar or related ideas. Words and phrases like "and," "also," "in addition," "furthermore," and "moreover" indicate an additive relationship between concepts. For example, "She enjoys hiking and camping in the mountains." The two activities of hiking and camping are added together to describe the person's interests.Secondly contrast is used to highlight differences between ideas. Contrastive words and phrases like "but," "however," "on the other hand," "in contrast," and "instead" signal that the following information will contrast with or oppose what came before. For instance, "She enjoys hiking in the mountains, but she prefers to camp by the ocean." The contrast is between hiking in the mountainsand camping by the ocean.Thirdly cause and effect is used to indicate that one idea or event leads to or results in another. Causal language like "because," "since," "due to," "as a result," and "consequently" demonstrate this logical connection. An example would be "She enjoys hiking because it allows her to explore nature." The cause is her enjoyment of hiking, and the effect is being able to explore nature.Fourthly condition is used to express a situation that must be met in order for something else to occur. Conditional words and phrases like "if," "unless," "provided that," "in the event that," and "only if" set up these types of relationships. For example, "If the weather is nice, she will go hiking in the mountains." The condition is the nice weather, and the result is her going hiking.Fifthly time is used to indicate when an idea or event takes place in relation to others. Temporal words and phrases like "first," "next," "then," "after," "before," "while," and "whenever" establish chronological connections. A sentence using time could be "First she goes hiking, then she sets up her tent to go camping."Sixthly comparison is used to highlight similarities or differences between ideas. Comparative language like "like," "as," "similarly," "in the same way," "different from," and "unlike" draw these types ofconnections. An example comparing two activities would be "Hiking is similar to camping in that they both involve spending time outdoors."Seventhly exemplification is used to provide specific examples that support or illustrate a more general idea. Words and phrases like "for example," "for instance," "to illustrate," and "in particular" signal that examples are coming. For instance, "Outdoor activities like hiking and camping are great ways to enjoy nature for example going on a scenic trail or pitching a tent by a lake."Finally emphasis is used to highlight or underline important information. Emphasizing words and phrases include "in fact," "indeed," "above all," "especially," and "to emphasize." A sentence using emphasis could be "Above all she enjoys the peacefulness and tranquility she experiences while hiking and camping in nature."These eight logical relationships play a crucial role in creating coherent and persuasive written and spoken English. By using appropriate transitional words and phrases writers and speakers can effectively connect ideas, clarify relationships, and guide the audience through their message. Mastering these logical connectors is an important part of developing strong English communication skills.。

常见的八种逻辑关系级翻译技巧

常见的八种逻辑关系级翻译技巧

常见的八种逻辑关系1,并列关系:and, and also, or, neither…nor, either…or, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, thatis to say, as well as, same…as2,递进关系:then, also, besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more3,因果关系:becaus e, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so(such) … that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, in response to, with, for this reason, lead to, too…to4,转折关系:but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of5,让步关系:although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of6,列举关系:first—second—last of all, first—then, to begin with—to continue/next, on one hand—onthe other hand, for one thing—for another thing, one—another, some—others—still others7,举例关系:such as, for example, for instance, of these/those/them, among these/those/them, to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically speaking, namely8,总结关系:in all, in brief, in short, in a word, in conclusion, altogether, to sum up, to summarize, to conclude, to generalize, to put it in one word翻译技巧技巧之一:“定语从句”的翻译总的原则: ”长后短前” (和主句比)类定语从句:1)、限定性(没逗号);2)、非限定性(有逗号).1)、限定性定语从句:A. 较短--- 直译为前置定语, 并加”的”;e.g. It is the book which interets me.这是一本我感兴趣(的)书.B. 较长--- 译为另一个分句, 重复先行词;e.g. They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.他们正在为实现一个理想而努力, 这个理想是每个中国人所珍惜的, 在过去, 许多中国人曾为这个理想牺牲了自己的生命.(重复先行词”理想”)2) 非限定性定语从句:A. 较短--- 直译为前置定语, 加”的”;e.g. But Miggle's laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence.但是米格尔富有感染力的笑声打破了静默.B. 较长--- 译为并列分句, 重复先行词或用代词替代.e.g. I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.我把这件事告诉了约翰, 约翰(他)又告诉了他的弟弟.(重复先行词约翰或用代词”他”替代)技巧之二:“同位语从句”的翻译四种翻译方法:1)、译为独立的句子;2)、“名转动, 从变宾”;3)、“这、那复指”;4)、主谓词组作定语.1)、译为独立的句子:适用条件: 同位语较长, 或以插入语形式出现,或同时满足以上两者.解决办法: 把同位语从句译为独立的句子, 用”认为……”, “就是……”, “即……”, 冒号, 破折号或括号等引出.e.g. My grandfather was obviously wrong in his opinion that a woman`s place was in the home. 我祖父的观点, 即所谓女人的位置应该在家里, 很明显是错误的.2)、“名转动, 从变宾”:适用条件: 先行词在主句中作宾语.解决办法: 把同位语从句修饰的名词转译为动词, 而把同位语从句译成宾语.e.g. He expressed the hope that he could visit our city again.他希望他能再次访问我们的城市.3)、“这、那复指”:适用条件: 先行词在主句中作主语.解决办法: 先把同位语从句的内容翻译出来,在后面用”这”或”那”等代词复指同位语从句的内容, 使其与句子主体连接起来.e.g. The dictum that the style is the man is known to most of us.文如其人, 这句名言为我们大多数人所熟悉.4)、主谓词组作定语:适用条件: 先行词在主句中作主语.解决办法: 把同位语从句翻译成主谓词组, 放在先行词前面充当定语.e.g. Yet, from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored.然而, 从一开始, 我仍然活着的事实就被忽略了.技巧之三“定语转译”1) 定语转译为谓语(动词):e.g. Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton.中子的质量(是)略大于质子的质量.2) 定语转译为状语:适用条件: 定语所修饰的名词或名词性词组在主句中作为动词或介词的宾语出现.e.g. Scientists in that country are now supplied with necessary books, equipment and assistant that will ensure success in their scientific research.两种译法:1) 定语从句”长后短前”译法(重复先行词):现在已给该国科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手, 这些将保证科研工作的成功.2) “定语转译”译法(转译为目的状语):现在已给该国科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手, 以保证科研工作的成功.技巧之四:“后置定语的翻译”总的原则: “英语定语多后置, 汉语定语多前置” 最常见的两种长后置定语的翻译方法:1) 介宾形式的长后置定语;2) 非谓语动词形式的长后置定语.1) 介宾形式的长后置定语:适用条件: 由多个介宾短语并列构成, 通常为了符合英文的行文习惯, 介宾短语表示的范围一般为由小到大.解决方法: 按照汉语的行文习惯, 变换顺序为由大到小.e.g.1 In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp (of the basic features) (of the Canadian Constitution) can do a competent job on political stories. (2007年, 49题)e.g.2 But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration (of rules) (of conduct) (in business).(2006年, 49题)e.g.3 But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding (of the established conventions and special responsibilities) (of the news media.) (2007年, 48题)2) 非谓语动词形式的长后置定语:适用条件: 由非谓语构成的短语结构, 其逻辑上的主语就是被修饰的名词性结构.解决方法: 将其单独译为一个分句, doing表示主动/正在, done表示被动/完成,to do表示意愿/将来. e.g.4 On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge (made by some of his critics) that,while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.(2008年, 48题)技巧之五:“宾语从句的翻译”总的原则: 英文中的谓语动词、非谓语动词和介词都可以带宾语, 也都可以带宾语从句.最常见的两种宾语从句类型:1) 普通宾语从句;2) it作形式宾语的宾语从句.1) 普通宾语从句:一般不改变原句顺序, 即采用“顺译法”.e.g.1 I don`t know how he swam across the river.我不知道他是怎么游过那条河的.e.g.2 They believe that they will surely win the game.他们相信他们肯定会赢得这场比赛.e.g.3 He would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others. 他再三提醒大家, 决定这件事的不只是他一个人, 还有其他许多人.2) it作形式宾语的从句:翻译时it一般不必译出, 而真正的宾语从句一般可按原文顺序译出, 即采用“顺译法”.e.g.4 I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o`clock in the morning.我向他们讲得很清楚, 他们必须在上午十点之前提交论文.但有时候, 考虑到汉语的表达习惯, 译文中需要将真实宾语提前:e.g.5 I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.被选中参加会议, 我感到很荣幸.采用此种译法时, 有时需要用“这”, “它”等对真实宾语进行重复.e.g.6 We consider it absolutely necessary that we should open our door to the outside world.打开国门, 实行开放, 我们认为这是绝对必要的. (it翻译为“这”)技巧之六:“表语从句的翻译”总的原则: 名词性从句的一种, 既可顺译, 也可逆译, 既可以与主句译为一个共同的简单句,也可以单独译为一个分句, 要根据具体语境判断.1) 与主句合译为一个简单句:e.g. Time factor is what we have to take into consideration.时间因素是我们不得不考虑的.2) 单独译为一个分句:e.g. The question which worries everyone today is how long will these fuels last.今天人人都担心的问题是: 这些燃料能用多久.几种常见表语从句类型:1) that (this) is why…:解决方法:a) 如果采用顺译法, 可译为“这就是为什么… (的缘故)”;b) 如果采用逆译法, 可译为“…的原因就在这里”, “…的理由就在于此”.e.g.1 That is why practice is the criterion of truth and why the standard of practice should be first and fundamental in the theory of knowledge.所谓“实践是检验真理的标准”, 以及所谓“实践的标准应该是认识论首要的和基本的观点”,(这两种观点的理由)就在于此.2) this (it) is because:解决方法:此句型一般采用“顺译法”, 可译为“这是因为…(的缘故)”.e.g. This is because the direct current flows in a wire always in one direction.这是由于直流电在导线中总沿着一个方向流动的缘故.3) this is what:解决方法:a) 如果采用“顺译法”, 通常译为“这就是… (的内容)”;b) 如果采用“逆译法”, 通常译为“…就是这个道理”.e.g. This is what we have discussed today.这就是今天我们讨论的内容.4) this (that) is where:解决方法:a) 如果采用“顺译法”, 通常译为“这就是…的地方”;b) 如果采用“逆译法”, 可译为“…的地方就在于此”.e.g. This is where I disagree with you.这就是我不同意你的地方.技巧之七:“同位语+ 后置修饰结构”总的原则: 此结构中同位语一般为一个单词, 而后置修饰语的结构一般都比较复杂, 可以是定语从句, 也可以是分词或不定式结构.(05年, 47题, 48题).解决方法:将这种结构译为一个独立的分句, 同位语在分句中作主语或宾语.e.g.1 You might say that this is a problem of their own making, one that they could avoid simply changing their habits and hunting by day.也许你会说这是他们自己造成的问题, 通过改变生活习性在白天出来捕食, 它们可以轻松解决这一问题.e.g.2 And yet most of us have had the experience of having to adjust to sleeping in the mountains or the country-side because it was initially “too quiet”, an experience that suggests that humans are capable of adapting to a wide range of noise levels.我们大多数人都有过这样的经历: 如果在深山或者乡村睡觉, 必须作一些调整才能睡得着, 因为这些地方起初“太安静”了. 这一例子说明人类有能力去适应各种不同程度的噪音.技巧之八:“名词转译为动词”总的原则: 英语多用名词少用动词;汉语多用动词少用名词.1) 英语中由动词派生的名词和具有动作意义的名词, 很多时候可以转译为汉语中的动词:e.g.1 Rocket have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已经用来探索宇宙.e.g.2 The sight and sound of our jet plane filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机, 听见隆隆的机声, 我感到特别神往.2) 英语中有些表示职业的名词(通常后缀为-er), 有时在句中并不表示身份和职业, 而是含有较强的动作意味或说明具有某种品质, 在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时, 往往可译为汉语中的动词.e.g.1 As a successful career woman, she is also a good cook.身为一名成功的职业女性, 她做菜也做得很好.e.g.2 Some of my classmates are good singers.我同学中有些人唱歌唱得很好.技巧之九:“状语的翻译”总的原则: 状语两大类: “从句类” ; “非从句类”最常见的两种非从句类型:1) 副词作状语;2) 短语作状语(介宾, 不定式).总的处理原则:1) 副词作状语(较短):直接译为汉语中的状语.2) 短语作状语(较长):将其译为一个分句.e.g.1 With a slight gesture she summons the Indian boy standing behind her chair, and whispers to him.她向站在她座位后面的印度男仆微微作了个手势, 示意他过来, 对他耳语一番.e.g.2 Flooded with calls, the company is maximizing profits by handling in city runs.叫车的人太多了, 公司便只接来往于市内的生意, 这样可以使利润最大化.技巧之十:“状语从句的翻译”总的原则: 状语从句分为两大类:“while型”和“非while型”.while引导的让步状语从句:(状语从句翻译中的难点)(2007, 50题; 2009, 48题; 2008, 48题;)难点: 判断while的不同含义.While I admit I did it, I didn`t intend to.尽管我承认是我做的这件事, 但我并不是有意的.“非while型”的两种基本翻译方法:1) 顺译法;2) 逆译法.1) 顺译法:e.g.1 When the storm had passed, we continued our way.暴风雨过后, 我们继续赶路.e.g.2 We can chop and change till we get someone who suits.我们可以变来变去, 直到我们找到一个合适的人.2) 逆译法:起因: “英语状语多后置, 中文状语多前置”.方法: “颠倒顺序(为了符合中文习惯)”e.g. The students stood up before the teacher had come in.老师还没进来学生就站起来了.技巧之十一:“非谓语动词作状语”总的原则: 非谓语动词包括不定式, 动名词和分词, 非谓语结构在句中可作除谓语之外的多种句子成分. 其中非谓语动词作状语时, 其功能相当于状语从句, 修饰谓语动词.解决方法:与状语从句一样, 非谓语结构也可以用来表示时间, 原因, 结果, 条件, 让步, 方式等. 翻译时可译为一个分句, 并可增译相应连词来表明其与主句之间的逻辑关系.e.g.1 Coming from Iran, I have a keen interest in Middle Eastern science.因为我来自伊朗, 所以对中东的科技有浓厚的兴趣.e.g.2 Managed badly, email can be a waste of valuable time.如果管理不当, 电子邮件会浪费我们的宝贵时间.技巧之十二“被动语态的翻译”总的原则: 英语多被动, 汉语少被动.最常见的两种翻译方法:1)直译为汉语的被动句;2)转译为汉语的主动句.1) 直译为汉语的被动句:适用条件: 着重表达被动含义的英语被动句.解决方法: 直接翻译为汉语中的被动句, 汉语中表达被动意义的语言工具主要有”被, 受, 遭, 让, 给, 由, 把, 得到,受到, 加以, 得以, 为…所, 由…来”等e.g.1 The minister was found to have appropriated government money.部长被发现挪用公款.(部长挪用公款被发现.)e.g.2 He was praised by his teacher.他得到了老师的表扬.(他被老师表扬了.)e.g.3 Problems should be resolved in good time.问题应及时加以解决.(问题应得到及时解决.) (问题应被及时解决.)2) 转译为汉语的主动句(六种译法):A. 保存原句主语;B. 原文主语转译为宾语;C. 增译主语;D. 译成汉语”无主句”;E. 译成汉语”判断句”;F. 被动句型”It + 被动语态+ that”的翻译.A. 保存原句主语:适用条件: 主语为无生命的名词, 且句中不出现由by引导的行为主体.解决方法: 被动句主语直接变为主动句主语.e.g.1 Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid.水能从液体变成固体.B. 原文主语转译为宾语:适用条件1): 句中由by引出动作的施动者.适用条件2): 介词短语构成的状语引出施动者.解决方法: 施动者变主语, 原主语变宾语.e.g.2 Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change.这种化学反应能放出热和光.e.g.3 Communication satellites have already been used for living transmission in our country. 我国已将通讯卫星用于实况直播.C. 增译主语:适用条件: 句中未出现表示行为的主体.解决方法: 适当增添一些泛指性的主语, 如”人们”、”有人”、”大家”、’’我们”等.e.g.4 The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored.人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索.D. 译成汉语”无主句”:适用条件: 有些被动句不需要或者无法说出行为的主体.解决方法: 翻译成汉语中的”无主语句型”, 原句中的主语译成宾语.e.g.5 Measurements have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading.已经采取了措施防止这种流行病的蔓延.E. 译成汉语”判断句”:适用条件: 有些被动句不突出强调被动动作,而着重对事物的状态、过程和性质等加以描述, 其作用与”主系表”结构类似.解决方法: 翻译成汉语中的”判断句”, 经常采用”是…的”句式.e.g.6 Printing was introduced into Europe from China.印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的.F. 被动句型”It + 被动语态+ that”的翻译:适用条件: It作形式主语, that引导的从句是真正主语.解决方法: 1) 增译泛指性主语, 如“我们”, “人们”, “大家”, “有人”等等.2) 译成无主语的汉语句子.e.g.7 It is stressed that the field of science may be divided into two major areas: natural science and social science.有人强调说, 科学的范畴可以分成两个主要领域: 自然科学和社会科学.e.g.8 It should be pointed out that this process is oxidation.应该指出, 这一过程就是氧化.技巧之十三:“形式主语”的翻译总体原则:先译真实主语, 后译形式主语. (“先真后假”)三种方法:1) 按原句顺序翻译;2) 增译主语;3) 调整语序.1) 按原句顺序翻译:两种情况:A. 真实主语是”不定式短语(to do)”或”动名词短语(doing sth.)”, 整句可译成无主语的句子.e.g. It is no exaggeration to say she is the best mother in the world.可以毫不夸张地说她是世上最好的母亲.B. 真实主语为一个从句, 可将形式主语和谓语译为一个短语, 而将主语从句译为句子的主干.e.g. It goes without saying that these waves travel at the speed of light.显然, 这些波是以光速传播.2) 增译主语:适用条件: 形式主语部分为被动句.解决办法: 根据句意或上下文增译出主语, 或增译泛指性主语”我们”、”人们”、”大家”、”有人”等等.e.g. It was incorrectly believed that current flowed from positive to negative.人们错误的认为电流是由正极流向负极的.3) 调整语序:适用条件: 真实主语为主语从句或其他较长的结构时.解决办法:A. 将真实主语恢复到主语位置.e.g. It was rather hard to bring up the child on her own.她独自一人抚养孩子十分不容易.B. 有时为了说明强调并使汉语句子通顺, 可对主语进行重复.e.g. It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash. 驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后竟然还活着, 这简直难以置信.技巧之十四:“比较结构”的翻译总体原则: 比较结构多英式思维, 很难字面翻译.解决方法:熟记含义的前提下灵活运用.more than:1) more than + 名词/动名词/名词性从句:译法: "不仅仅, 超过, 不同于"e.g. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.刻意练习不仅仅是简单的重复一项任务.2) more than + 动词:译法: "不仅仅, 岂止是, 极大地, 十分的"e.g. They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries.他们可以教得很好, 而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水.3) more than + 形容词/副词:译法: "非常, 不止于"e.g. I am more than willingly to go out with you.我非常愿意和你一起出去.4) more than + 从句:译法: "并非, 不是"e.g.1 At least you enjoy yourself, which is more than I did.至少你玩儿得很开心, 但是我却没有.e.g.2 The beauty of Chengdu is more than words can describe.成都的美是语言不能形容的.。

高译青少培优—英语中常出现的逻辑关系

高译青少培优—英语中常出现的逻辑关系

•三、顺序关系
• 顺序关系,即多条信息间的先后联系,常见 一些提纲式填空题。若迅速找到文中引出一 个环节的连词,也许会引出下一个步骤等, 那么与题干表述对应的顺序点,常常就是答 案所在。
•四、因果关系
• 因果关系,往往体现信息间的归因或者总述 。 因果关系,主要先找到因果关系连接词,针 对上文的描述进行归因或得出结论,最后形 成的归纳或结论即答案所在。
• 比如:because, for, due to......
谢 谢 !
英语常出现的逻辑关系
一、对比关系
对比关系的语句信息,要点在于通过连接词,在 前后两条信息中突出其中之一,而被突出的信息 往往就是答案。 所以, 应当熟悉雅思此类型常见的连接词,比方, 在听力过程中听到某一单词,便可以迅速找到确 定答案的位置。
二、并列关系
并列关系,体现 信息间相似、相近性。 重点即要点,在于通过并列连词的提示பைடு நூலகம்由已知信息推断 出 缺失信息,而此缺失信息即答案所在位置。同理,应熟 悉雅思典型的并列连词,听力考试过程中,一旦听到连词, 就能迅速据前后信息的位置找到答案句。

逻辑关系词总结

逻辑关系词总结

逻辑关系词总结第一篇:逻辑关系词总结特殊定位词:大写、数字、特殊符号、长相怪异的词(吸引眼球)普通定位词:不易变、同义少;n.(实义、身份、学科)>v.(be/become)>adj./adv.*抽象词汇概括性强,较少用逻辑关系词:并列/递进、因果/目的、转折/对比、比较、否定同义替换:对原文精确改写 1.含义对应:同义词/同义的短语词性转换上下义词替换对原文的归纳总结2.结构对应:并列/递进、因果/目的、转折/对比、比较、否定一、并列和递进并列:and, as well as, or, nor, also, too, either...or, neither...nor 递进:moreover, furthermore, in addition to, additionally, not only…but also 顺序:one, another / first, second.../ first, then...1.并列无重点,并列的双方地位平等2.并列前后结构对称,感情色彩一致,通常含义相似二、对比和转折但是,然而:however, but, nevertheless, yet, while(句中), nonetheless 虽然:while(句首), whereas, although, instead, despite, in spite of 对比:on the contrary, instead/instead of, on the other hand, in contrast with, by contrast, conversly 1.转折前后含义相反,前面肯定后面则否定,前面否定后面则肯定2.转折关系有时候也可以推出否定关系3.转折以后是作者要表达的重点,多数答案在转折以后出现三、原因-结果因为、由于:because, as, since, as a result of, due to, given, result from, originate from, stem from, spring from, derive from,owing to, given that 所以,因此:so, therefore, thus, hence, as a result, consequently, as a consequence 导致:cause, lead to, result in,contribute to, induce to, cause, so...that, give rise to, be responsible for 影响:effect, impact, influence, affect 原因、因素:reason, factor B为原因:link A to B和associate A with B 生产类词表示微弱因果关系:produce, make, generate, breed 与趋势词相似的:develop, promote, improve, boost;accelerate;facilitate;encourage 其他:cue, trigger, ignite 目的:不定式 to/in order to, aim to, focus on, so that四、否定N系列:no, not, never, none, neither, nor, nothing, nobody 几乎不:little, few, hardly, scarely, seldom 与out有关的:without / out of / out of the question=impossible 词缀:im-, in-, un-, dis-,-less, anti-, il-, ir-动词:deny, lack, ignore, refute, resist, reject, refuse, miss, avoid, prevent, eliminate, get around, refrain from, fail 其他:too...太(表示不合适), rather than五、比较比较级 as...as...not as(so)asthe same as be similar to equal to equally+adj....than...time/fold倍数像,相似:similar, like, resemble, compare A to B, liken A to b 最高级:extreme, limit, maximum, minimum 上下趋势的词:上升:grow, rise, increase, climb, build up, ascend, lift, enlarge 下降:decline, decrease, drop, descend, fall 发展变化的词:变好:develop, promote, advance, progress, improve, boost;accelerate;facilitate;encourage, evolve 中性的变化:change, shift, modify 变差,变少:diminish, deteriorate, erode, worsen, exacerbate, cut down, lessen 列举两组以上数据进行比较第二篇:英语逻辑关系词转折关系but, however, yet(然而), on the contrary, contrary to, contrarily, by(in)contrast(to), whereas, rather than, instead of, unlike, in fact(effect), actually弱转, conversely 1.contrary只做adj.形容词。

英语口译翻译技巧:句群逻辑关系

英语口译翻译技巧:句群逻辑关系

句群,简单地说就是由两个或者几个意义上前后谢姐连贯额句子按一定规则组成的表示一个中心意思的的语法单位, 下面小编就和大家分享英语口译翻译技巧:句群逻辑关系,希望能够帮助到大家,来欣赏一下吧。

英语口译翻译技巧:句群逻辑关系汉译英中的疑点就是处理句群关系,从逻辑上区分通常有六种:a) 表示原因关系“因为…所以”,“因此…”,“由于…”b) 表示转折关系“虽然…但是…”,“然而(不过)…”c) 表示条件关系“如果…”,“假如…”,“只要…就…”,“一旦…”d) 表示让步关系“尽管…”,“就算…也…”,“即使…也…”e) 表示时间先后关系“…之后”,“接着…”f) 表示结果关系“从而…”,“导致…”经过二十多年的快速发展,中国西部地区已奠定了一定的物质技术基础,社会保持稳定,市场经济体制正在逐步建立和完善,为西部经济持续快速增长创造了有利的市场环境。

Thanks to the rapid development in the past 20-plus years, a relatively solid foundation in terms of material wealth and technology has been laid in the western region of rapid development in the past 20-plus years witnesses a relatively solid foundation in terms of material wealth and technology in the western region of china中国将致力于建设国家创新体系,通过营造良好的环境,推进知识创新、技术创新和体制创新,这是中国实现跨世纪发展的必由之路。

Through creating a favorable background, china will be devoted to building a national system for innovation to promote the innovation in knowledge, technology and system, which is the onlypath/indispensable/essential for china to achieve cross-century/trans-century/century-crossing/turn-of-the-century development.如果大家对翻译中的句群逻辑还不是很懂的话,可以把上面的几段话多多看一下,多多揣摩,一句一句的分析他们之间的关系。

英语口译句群逻辑关系翻译技巧

英语口译句群逻辑关系翻译技巧

英语口译句群逻辑关系翻译技巧英语口译句群逻辑关系翻译技巧句群,简单地说就是由两个或者几个意义上前后谢姐连贯额句子按一定规则组成的表示一个中心意思的的语法单位。

逻辑,指语言的`因果关系严密,论据能够支撑论点,言之成理。

翻译中,我们要遵循说话的逻辑。

汉译英中的疑点就是处理句群关系,从逻辑上区分通常有六种:a) 表示原因关系“因为…所以”,“因此…”,“由于…”b) 表示转折关系“虽然…但是…”,“然而(不过)…”c) 表示条件关系“如果…”,“假如…”,“只要…就…”,“一旦…”d) 表示让步关系“尽管…”,“就算…也…”,“即使…也…”e) 表示时间先后关系“…之后”,“接着…”f) 表示结果关系“从而…”,“导致…”经过二十多年的快速发展,中国西部地区已奠定了一定的物质技术基础,社会保持稳定,市场经济体制正在逐步建立和完善,为西部经济持续快速增长创造了有利的市场环境。

Thanks to the rapid development in the past 20-plus years, a relatively solid foundation in terms of material wealth and technology has been laid in the western region of china.The rapid development in the past 20-plus years witnesses a relatively solid foundation in terms of material wealth and technology in the western region of china中国将致力于建设国家创新体系,通过营造良好的环境,推进知识创新、技术创新和体制创新,这是中国实现跨世纪发展的必由之路。

Through creating a favorable background, china will be devoted to building a national system for innovation to promote the innovation in knowledge, technology and system, which is the only path/indispensable/essential for china to achieve cross-century/trans-century/century-crossing/turn-of-the-century development.如果大家对翻译中的句群逻辑还不是很懂的话,可以把上面的几段话多多看一下,多多揣摩,一句一句的分析他们之间的关系。

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常见的八种逻辑关系1,并列关系:and, and also, or, neither…nor, either…or, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, thatis to say, as well as, same…as2,递进关系:then, also, besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more 3,因果关系:because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so(such) …that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, in response to, with, for this reason, lead to, too…to4,转折关系:but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while,whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of5,让步关系:although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of6,列举关系:first—second—last of all, first—then, to begin with—to continue/next, on one hand—onthe other hand, for one thing—for another thing, one—another, some—others—still others7,举例关系:such as, for example, for instance, of these/those/them, among these/those/them, toillustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically speaking, namely8,总结关系:in all, in brief, in short, in a word, in conclusion, altogether, to sum up, to summarize, toconclude, to generalize, to put it in one word翻译技巧技巧之一:“定语从句”的翻译总的原则: ”长后短前” (和主句比)类定语从句:1)、限定性 (没逗号);2)、非限定性 (有逗号).1)、限定性定语从句:A. 较短 --- 直译为前置定语, 并加”的”;e.g. It is the book which interets me.这是一本我感兴趣(的)书.B. 较长 --- 译为另一个分句, 重复先行词;e.g. They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.他们正在为实现一个理想而努力, 这个理想是每个中国人所珍惜的, 在过去, 许多中国人曾为这个理想牺牲了自己的生命.(重复先行词”理想”)2) 非限定性定语从句:A. 较短 --- 直译为前置定语, 加”的”;e.g. But Miggle's laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence.但是米格尔富有感染力的笑声打破了静默.B. 较长 --- 译为并列分句, 重复先行词或用代词替代.e.g. I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.我把这件事告诉了约翰, 约翰(他)又告诉了他的弟弟.(重复先行词约翰或用代词”他”替代)技巧之二:“同位语从句”的翻译四种翻译方法:1)、译为独立的句子;2)、“名转动, 从变宾”;3)、“这、那复指”;4)、主谓词组作定语.1)、译为独立的句子:适用条件: 同位语较长, 或以插入语形式出现,或同时满足以上两者.解决办法: 把同位语从句译为独立的句子, 用”认为……”, “就是……”, “即……”, 冒号, 破折号或括号等引出.e.g. My grandfather was obviously wrong in his opinion that a woman`s place was in the home.我祖父的观点, 即所谓女人的位置应该在家里, 很明显是错误的.2)、“名转动, 从变宾”:适用条件: 先行词在主句中作宾语.解决办法: 把同位语从句修饰的名词转译为动词, 而把同位语从句译成宾语.e.g. He expressed the hope that he could visit our city again.他希望他能再次访问我们的城市.3)、“这、那复指”:适用条件: 先行词在主句中作主语.解决办法: 先把同位语从句的内容翻译出来,在后面用”这”或”那”等代词复指同位语从句的内容, 使其与句子主体连接起来.e.g. The dictum that the style is the man is known to most of us.文如其人, 这句名言为我们大多数人所熟悉.4)、主谓词组作定语:适用条件: 先行词在主句中作主语.解决办法: 把同位语从句翻译成主谓词组, 放在先行词前面充当定语.e.g. Yet, from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored.然而, 从一开始, 我仍然活着的事实就被忽略了.技巧之三“定语转译”1) 定语转译为谓语(动词):e.g. Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton.中子的质量(是)略大于质子的质量.2) 定语转译为状语:适用条件: 定语所修饰的名词或名词性词组在主句中作为动词或介词的宾语出现.e.g. Scientists in that country are now supplied with necessary books, equipment and assistant that will ensure success in their scientific research.两种译法:1) 定语从句”长后短前”译法(重复先行词):现在已给该国科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手, 这些将保证科研工作的成功.2) “定语转译”译法(转译为目的状语):现在已给该国科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手, 以保证科研工作的成功.技巧之四:“后置定语的翻译”总的原则: “英语定语多后置, 汉语定语多前置”最常见的两种长后置定语的翻译方法:1) 介宾形式的长后置定语;2) 非谓语动词形式的长后置定语.1) 介宾形式的长后置定语:适用条件: 由多个介宾短语并列构成, 通常为了符合英文的行文习惯, 介宾短语表示的范围一般为由小到大.解决方法: 按照汉语的行文习惯, 变换顺序为由大到小.e.g.1 In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp (of the basic features) (of the Canadian Constitution) can do a competent job on political stories. (2007年, 49题)e.g.2 But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration (of rules) (of conduct) (in business).(2006年, 49题)e.g.3 But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding (of the established conventions and special responsibilities) (of the news media.) (2007年, 48题)2) 非谓语动词形式的长后置定语:适用条件: 由非谓语构成的短语结构, 其逻辑上的主语就是被修饰的名词性结构.解决方法: 将其单独译为一个分句, doing表示主动/正在, done表示被动/完成,to do表示意愿/将来.e.g.4 On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge (made by some of his critics) that,while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.(2008年, 48题)技巧之五:“宾语从句的翻译”总的原则: 英文中的谓语动词、非谓语动词和介词都可以带宾语, 也都可以带宾语从句.最常见的两种宾语从句类型:1) 普通宾语从句;2) it作形式宾语的宾语从句.1) 普通宾语从句:一般不改变原句顺序, 即采用“顺译法”.e.g.1 I don`t know how he swam across the river.我不知道他是怎么游过那条河的. e.g.2 They believe that they will surely win the game.他们相信他们肯定会赢得这场比赛.e.g.3 He would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others.他再三提醒大家, 决定这件事的不只是他一个人, 还有其他许多人.2) it作形式宾语的从句:翻译时it一般不必译出, 而真正的宾语从句一般可按原文顺序译出, 即采用“顺译法”.e.g.4 I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o`clock in the morning.我向他们讲得很清楚, 他们必须在上午十点之前提交论文.但有时候, 考虑到汉语的表达习惯, 译文中需要将真实宾语提前:e.g.5 I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.被选中参加会议, 我感到很荣幸.采用此种译法时, 有时需要用“这”, “它”等对真实宾语进行重复.e.g.6 We consider it absolutely necessary that we should open our door to the outside world.打开国门, 实行开放, 我们认为这是绝对必要的. (it翻译为“这”)技巧之六:“表语从句的翻译”总的原则: 名词性从句的一种, 既可顺译, 也可逆译, 既可以与主句译为一个共同的简单句, 也可以单独译为一个分句, 要根据具体语境判断.1) 与主句合译为一个简单句:e.g. Time factor is what we have to take into consideration.时间因素是我们不得不考虑的.2) 单独译为一个分句:e.g. The question which worries everyone today is how long will these fuels last. 今天人人都担心的问题是: 这些燃料能用多久.几种常见表语从句类型:1) that (this) is why…:解决方法:a) 如果采用顺译法, 可译为“这就是为什么… (的缘故)”;b) 如果采用逆译法, 可译为“…的原因就在这里”, “…的理由就在于此”.e.g.1 That is why practice is the criterion of truth and why the standard of practice should be first and fundamental in the theory of knowledge.所谓“实践是检验真理的标准”, 以及所谓“实践的标准应该是认识论首要的和基本的观点”,(这两种观点的理由)就在于此.2) this (it) is because:解决方法:此句型一般采用“顺译法”, 可译为“这是因为…(的缘故)”.e.g. This is because the direct current flows in a wire always in one direction. 这是由于直流电在导线中总沿着一个方向流动的缘故.3) this is what:解决方法:a) 如果采用“顺译法”, 通常译为“这就是… (的内容)”;b) 如果采用“逆译法”, 通常译为“…就是这个道理”.e.g. This is what we have discussed today.这就是今天我们讨论的内容.4) this (that) is where:解决方法:a) 如果采用“顺译法”, 通常译为“这就是…的地方”;b) 如果采用“逆译法”, 可译为“…的地方就在于此”.e.g. This is where I disagree with you.这就是我不同意你的地方.技巧之七:“同位语 + 后置修饰结构”总的原则: 此结构中同位语一般为一个单词, 而后置修饰语的结构一般都比较复杂, 可以是定语从句, 也可以是分词或不定式结构.(05年, 47题, 48题).解决方法:将这种结构译为一个独立的分句, 同位语在分句中作主语或宾语.e.g.1 You might say that this is a problem of their own making, one that they could avoid simply changing their habits and hunting by day.也许你会说这是他们自己造成的问题, 通过改变生活习性在白天出来捕食, 它们可以轻松解决这一问题.e.g.2 And yet most of us have had the experience of having to adjust to sleeping in the mountains or the country-side because it was initially “too quiet”, an experience that suggests that humans are capable of adapting to a wide range of noise levels.我们大多数人都有过这样的经历: 如果在深山或者乡村睡觉, 必须作一些调整才能睡得着, 因为这些地方起初“太安静”了. 这一例子说明人类有能力去适应各种不同程度的噪音.技巧之八:“名词转译为动词”总的原则: 英语多用名词少用动词;汉语多用动词少用名词.1) 英语中由动词派生的名词和具有动作意义的名词, 很多时候可以转译为汉语中的动词:e.g.1 Rocket have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已经用来探索宇宙.e.g.2 The sight and sound of our jet plane filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机, 听见隆隆的机声, 我感到特别神往.2) 英语中有些表示职业的名词(通常后缀为-er), 有时在句中并不表示身份和职业, 而是含有较强的动作意味或说明具有某种品质, 在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时, 往往可译为汉语中的动词.e.g.1 As a successful career woman, she is also a good cook.身为一名成功的职业女性, 她做菜也做得很好.e.g.2 Some of my classmates are good singers.我同学中有些人唱歌唱得很好. 技巧之九:“状语的翻译”总的原则: 状语两大类: “从句类” ; “非从句类”最常见的两种非从句类型:1) 副词作状语;2) 短语作状语 (介宾, 不定式).总的处理原则:1) 副词作状语 (较短):直接译为汉语中的状语.2) 短语作状语 (较长):将其译为一个分句.e.g.1 With a slight gesture she summons the Indian boy standing behind her chair, and whispers to him.她向站在她座位后面的印度男仆微微作了个手势, 示意他过来, 对他耳语一番.e.g.2 Flooded with calls, the company is maximizing profits by handling in city runs. 叫车的人太多了, 公司便只接来往于市内的生意, 这样可以使利润最大化.技巧之十:“状语从句的翻译”总的原则: 状语从句分为两大类:“while型”和“非while型”.while引导的让步状语从句:(状语从句翻译中的难点)(2007, 50题; 2009, 48题; 2008, 48题;)难点: 判断while的不同含义.While I admit I did it, I didn`t intend to.尽管我承认是我做的这件事, 但我并不是有意的.“非while型”的两种基本翻译方法:1) 顺译法;2) 逆译法.1) 顺译法:e.g.1 When the storm had passed, we continued our way.暴风雨过后, 我们继续赶路.e.g.2 We can chop and change till we get someone who suits.我们可以变来变去, 直到我们找到一个合适的人.2) 逆译法:起因: “英语状语多后置, 中文状语多前置”.方法: “颠倒顺序(为了符合中文习惯)”e.g. The students stood up before the teacher had come in.老师还没进来学生就站起来了.技巧之十一:“非谓语动词作状语”总的原则: 非谓语动词包括不定式, 动名词和分词, 非谓语结构在句中可作除谓语之外的多种句子成分. 其中非谓语动词作状语时, 其功能相当于状语从句, 修饰谓语动词.解决方法:与状语从句一样, 非谓语结构也可以用来表示时间, 原因, 结果, 条件, 让步, 方式等. 翻译时可译为一个分句, 并可增译相应连词来表明其与主句之间的逻辑关系.e.g.1 Coming from Iran, I have a keen interest in Middle Eastern science.因为我来自伊朗, 所以对中东的科技有浓厚的兴趣.e.g.2 Managed badly, email can be a waste of valuable time.如果管理不当, 电子邮件会浪费我们的宝贵时间.技巧之十二“被动语态的翻译”总的原则: 英语多被动, 汉语少被动.最常见的两种翻译方法:1)直译为汉语的被动句;2)转译为汉语的主动句.1) 直译为汉语的被动句:适用条件: 着重表达被动含义的英语被动句.解决方法: 直接翻译为汉语中的被动句, 汉语中表达被动意义的语言工具主要有”被, 受, 遭, 让, 给, 由, 把, 得到,受到, 加以, 得以, 为…所, 由…来”等e.g.1 The minister was found to have appropriated government money.部长被发现挪用公款.(部长挪用公款被发现.)e.g.2 He was praised by his teacher.他得到了老师的表扬.(他被老师表扬了.)e.g.3 Problems should be resolved in good time.问题应及时加以解决.(问题应得到及时解决.) (问题应被及时解决.)2) 转译为汉语的主动句 (六种译法):A. 保存原句主语;B. 原文主语转译为宾语;C. 增译主语;D. 译成汉语”无主句”;E. 译成汉语”判断句”;F. 被动句型”It + 被动语态 + that”的翻译.A. 保存原句主语:适用条件: 主语为无生命的名词, 且句中不出现由by引导的行为主体.解决方法: 被动句主语直接变为主动句主语.e.g.1 Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid.水能从液体变成固体.B. 原文主语转译为宾语:适用条件1): 句中由by引出动作的施动者.适用条件2): 介词短语构成的状语引出施动者.解决方法: 施动者变主语, 原主语变宾语.e.g.2 Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change.这种化学反应能放出热和光.e.g.3 Communication satellites have already been used for living transmission in our country.我国已将通讯卫星用于实况直播.C. 增译主语:适用条件: 句中未出现表示行为的主体.解决方法: 适当增添一些泛指性的主语, 如”人们”、”有人”、”大家”、’’我们”等.e.g.4 The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored.人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索.D. 译成汉语”无主句”:适用条件: 有些被动句不需要或者无法说出行为的主体.解决方法: 翻译成汉语中的”无主语句型”, 原句中的主语译成宾语.e.g.5 Measurements have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading.已经采取了措施防止这种流行病的蔓延.E. 译成汉语”判断句”:适用条件: 有些被动句不突出强调被动动作,而着重对事物的状态、过程和性质等加以描述, 其作用与”主系表”结构类似.解决方法: 翻译成汉语中的”判断句”, 经常采用”是…的”句式.e.g.6 Printing was introduced into Europe from China.印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的.F. 被动句型”It + 被动语态 + that”的翻译:适用条件: It作形式主语, that引导的从句是真正主语.解决方法: 1) 增译泛指性主语, 如“我们”, “人们”, “大家”, “有人”等等.2) 译成无主语的汉语句子.e.g.7 It is stressed that the field of science may be divided into two major areas: natural science and social science.有人强调说, 科学的范畴可以分成两个主要领域: 自然科学和社会科学.e.g.8 It should be pointed out that this process is oxidation.应该指出, 这一过程就是氧化.技巧之十三:“形式主语”的翻译总体原则:先译真实主语, 后译形式主语. (“先真后假”)三种方法:1) 按原句顺序翻译;2) 增译主语;3) 调整语序.1) 按原句顺序翻译:两种情况:A. 真实主语是”不定式短语(to do)”或”动名词短语(doing sth.)”, 整句可译成无主语的句子.e.g. It is no exaggeration to say she is the best mother in the world.可以毫不夸张地说她是世上最好的母亲.B. 真实主语为一个从句, 可将形式主语和谓语译为一个短语, 而将主语从句译为句子的主干.e.g. It goes without saying that these waves travel at the speed of light.显然, 这些波是以光速传播.2) 增译主语:适用条件: 形式主语部分为被动句.解决办法: 根据句意或上下文增译出主语, 或增译泛指性主语”我们”、”人们”、”大家”、”有人”等等.e.g. It was incorrectly believed that current flowed from positive to negative. 人们错误的认为电流是由正极流向负极的.3) 调整语序:适用条件: 真实主语为主语从句或其他较长的结构时.解决办法:A. 将真实主语恢复到主语位置.e.g. It was rather hard to bring up the child on her own.她独自一人抚养孩子十分不容易.B. 有时为了说明强调并使汉语句子通顺, 可对主语进行重复.e.g. It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash.驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后竟然还活着, 这简直难以置信.技巧之十四:“比较结构”的翻译总体原则: 比较结构多英式思维, 很难字面翻译.解决方法:熟记含义的前提下灵活运用.more than:1) more than + 名词/动名词/名词性从句:译法: "不仅仅, 超过, 不同于"e.g. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.刻意练习不仅仅是简单的重复一项任务.2) more than + 动词:译法: "不仅仅, 岂止是, 极大地, 十分的"e.g. They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries.他们可以教得很好, 而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水.3) more than + 形容词/副词:译法: "非常, 不止于"e.g. I am more than willingly to go out with you.我非常愿意和你一起出去.4) more than + 从句:译法: "并非, 不是"e.g.1 At least you enjoy yourself, which is more than I did.至少你玩儿得很开心, 但是我却没有.e.g.2 The beauty of Chengdu is more than words can describe. 成都的美是语言不能形容的.。

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