英国文学史上-The 18th Century：Enlightenment

The 18th Century：Enlightenment

（启蒙运动同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。）

1) A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracy.

2) The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance (促进、成长) of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)

3) The 18th century in English literature is an age of prose.

4) 小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised. Realistic novel现实主义小说；Gothic novel哥特式小说—mystery, horror, castles (from middle part to the end of century)

Daniel Defoe丹尼尔•笛福1660~1731 P148

（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。）

He is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial (白话通俗的) and mostly vernacular（方言的）, and he is the founder of realistic novel.

Works: √鲁宾逊•克鲁索P149

(Full name: The Life and Strange Surprising Adventure of Robinson Crusoe)

It praise the fortitude (不屈不挠、勇气) of the human labor and the Puritan. Robinson grew from a naive and artless (天真朴实的) youth into a shrewd and hardened (坚定的) man, tempered（磨练）by numerous trials（考验）in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. The story may come straight from a sailor’s logbook.

Figures and things mentioned:

Alexander Selkirk 塞尔扣克（the story based upon his experience）Cannibals 食人者Friday (Robinson names the man Friday to commemorate the day of his rescue)

Savage 野人Captive 俘虏

Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745 P161

Reference: Jonathan Swift is a master satirist in the 18th century who criticized the new bourgeois-aristocratic (资本家-贵族)society of his age.

Works：1）√格列佛游记(fictional work) Doctor Lemuel Gulliver P163

①Lilliput小人国厘厘普特(船出事而冒险，后跟商船回英国)

②Brobdingnag大人国勃罗白丁拉格（He is a pygmy侏儒there.）（船出事而冒险，后跟船回英国）

③Flying Island (Laputa)拉普特飞岛(虚无缥缈的发明→It’s a bitter parody拙劣的模仿on scholastics and projectors.) （遇到海盗而冒险）

④Houyhnhnm马岛(Good→Houyhnhnm 骏马胡已姆bad→Yahoo, they possess every conceivable evil.)

2) 一个小小的建议P181(This is made to English government to relive the poverty of Irish people )

Joseph Addison约瑟夫·艾迪生1672-1719 P192

(英国散文家、诗人、剧作家以及政治家。艾迪生的名字在文学史上常常与他的好朋友理查德·斯蒂尔（Richard Steele）一起被提起，两人最重要的贡献是创办两份著名的杂志《闲谈者》（Tattler）与《旁观者》（Spectator）)

Works:Sir Roger at Church P196 Sir Roger at the Assizes P199 法庭上的罗杰乡绅

Henry Fielding亨利•菲尔丁1707~1754 P203

（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父”）

He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a“Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.

Works:弃婴汤姆•琼斯的故事P205

Thomas Gray 托马斯•格雷1716~1771 P212

Works: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 墓园挽歌P213

Oliver Goldsmith 奥利弗•哥尔德斯密斯1728~1774 P220

Works: The Vicar of Wakefield 威克菲尔德的牧师P221

Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德•布林斯利•谢里丹1751~1816 P225

Works: 造谣学校P226

William Blake威廉•布莱克1757~1827

Reference: Romantic poet

Works: 1）天真之歌（A happy and innocent world from children’s eyes.

2）经验之歌（A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy(忧伤的)tone from men eyes. Include: 扫烟囱的孩子P247伦敦P244 √老虎P245—Lamb is

a symbol of peace and purity , tyger is a symbol of dread（恐惧）and violence.(《老虎》

中的手法：ellipsis省略, metaphor)

3）天堂与地狱的婚姻(satire, fable)

Definitions of important literary terms:

Symbol: Literally, something that stands for something else. In literature, any word, object, action, or character that embodies and evokes an range of additional meaning and significance.

Robert Burns罗伯特•彭斯1759~1796 P248

The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.

Works Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect:

1）My Heart’s in the Highlands 我的心呀在高原P250 (patriotic one)

2）John Anderson, My Jo 约翰•安徒生，我爱P251

√3）A Red, Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰P252 (hypobole, metaphor)

4) To a Mouse 致小鼠P253(belongs to Poems Chiefly in Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗，其中还包括→The Cotter’s Saturday Night农民星期六晚上, To a Mountain Daisy致山中雏菊, Man Was Made to Mourn悲哀的人, Address to the Devil魔鬼誓言等)

5) Auld Lang Syne 友谊地久天长P255

Definitions of important literary terms: