英语文体学ppt课件
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英语的四种文体的区别PPT课件
n begins to warm the earth. Farmers begin to work hard in the fields, but my cousin is riding on his brown, furry water buffalo. He is playing his flute cheerfully.
The cool evening is quiet and peaceful on the farm. The crickets chirp secret messages back and forth. The frogs croak deeply. The beauty of nature and these mysterious sounds gently lull me to sleep every night on the farm.
The still morning calm is broken by the rooster’s crow. Shortly after that all the creatures on the farm are hungrily awake.
The birds are singing delightfully, flying from tree to tree. The little chicks hurry around with their mother hen looking for food.
1. Narration（叙述文）: writing about
events, actions, or incidents
In chronological order
The first person or the third person
The cool evening is quiet and peaceful on the farm. The crickets chirp secret messages back and forth. The frogs croak deeply. The beauty of nature and these mysterious sounds gently lull me to sleep every night on the farm.
The still morning calm is broken by the rooster’s crow. Shortly after that all the creatures on the farm are hungrily awake.
The birds are singing delightfully, flying from tree to tree. The little chicks hurry around with their mother hen looking for food.
1. Narration（叙述文）: writing about
events, actions, or incidents
In chronological order
The first person or the third person
英语文体学Chapter1Introduction
❖Plato: Rhetoric is "the art of winning the soul by discourse."
❖Aristotle: Rhetoric is "the faculty of discovering in any particular case all of the available means of persuasion."
(Qian Yuan)
第十三页，共43页。
1.2 Emergence of Stylistics as an Interdisciplinary Field of Study
❖English Stylistics is often regarded as a discipline that is “both old and young”.
第十五页，共43页。
1.2 Emergence of Stylistics as an Interdisciplinary Field of Study
❖Dating back to 5 B.C., Greek orators and sophists regarded rhetoric as oratory.
❖The second revolution is the one in literary criticism.
❖Ivor Armstrong Richards ❖Practical Criticism ❖He called for a more objective
approach to literary texts, and established an approach to poetry which depended on close reading of the text.
❖Aristotle: Rhetoric is "the faculty of discovering in any particular case all of the available means of persuasion."
(Qian Yuan)
第十三页，共43页。
1.2 Emergence of Stylistics as an Interdisciplinary Field of Study
❖English Stylistics is often regarded as a discipline that is “both old and young”.
第十五页，共43页。
1.2 Emergence of Stylistics as an Interdisciplinary Field of Study
❖Dating back to 5 B.C., Greek orators and sophists regarded rhetoric as oratory.
❖The second revolution is the one in literary criticism.
❖Ivor Armstrong Richards ❖Practical Criticism ❖He called for a more objective
approach to literary texts, and established an approach to poetry which depended on close reading of the text.
文体学3(3)PPT课件
.
8
Metaphor
➢ A metaphor, like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.
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Feminine:
➢ Nature—Mother Nature
➢ Earth--- Mother Earth
➢ morning– Aurora; daughter of the dawn;
➢ evening– the pale child, Eve
.
15
➢ night– empress of silence, and the queen sleep; leading her mother
arms: part of the body; weapons.
row: to row a boat; a row of houses
.
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➢ There are also words which have more than one basic meaning, or have developed figurative meanings:
We stuck, nor breath nor
motion;
As idle as a painted ship
Upon a painted ocean.
.
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➢ And then the whining schoolboy, with his satchel and shining morning face, creeping like snail unwillingly to school… (W. Shakespeare: As You Like It)
文体学Chapter 2 LexicologyPPT精品文档61页
3
Lexicology 1. the composition of words– morphemic
devices 2. the meaning of words ---lexical devices
• 2.1 Morphemic devices
Morpheme is the smallest meaningful language unit, which cannot be devided into smaller unit without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.
---- Lexicology is concerned with the study of the meaning of words the composition of words. (Zhang Delu, 2019)
The purpose of lexicological study in relation to stylistics
• Deviation变异: linguistic features which depart from the norm or from the common core.
• Stylistic effects can be achieved by two major ways: P15
• ---by violating the existing norm, rules, principles and conventions
Introduction
Definition of Lexicology ---- Lexicology studies the choice of specific
Lexicology 1. the composition of words– morphemic
devices 2. the meaning of words ---lexical devices
• 2.1 Morphemic devices
Morpheme is the smallest meaningful language unit, which cannot be devided into smaller unit without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.
---- Lexicology is concerned with the study of the meaning of words the composition of words. (Zhang Delu, 2019)
The purpose of lexicological study in relation to stylistics
• Deviation变异: linguistic features which depart from the norm or from the common core.
• Stylistic effects can be achieved by two major ways: P15
• ---by violating the existing norm, rules, principles and conventions
Introduction
Definition of Lexicology ---- Lexicology studies the choice of specific
文体学课件
Thank you for listening!
Using questions or commands to involve hearers. Hearers will have corresponding reactions in the way of laughter or applause etc.
Example
Dialogue
A: Oh my gosh, Jason, is that you? B: Andrew! Hey! What's up! A: I am thrilled to see you here! What a surprise!
A written text More careful than speaking. Having a clear subject (or clue). Making logical arrangement of their thought. Otherwise, the author cannot write a exquisite coherent essay.
A:--I er-er- that er- I want you possibly… to do me a favor. B:--What？ A:--er- can you lend me 200 dollars? B:--er- er(created by myself and used between two Chinese.)
Part3,Differences in preparedness
Speech Spontaneous Do not concentrate only on one subject, they can talk about whatever they want to.( random shift of topics) There is phenomenon of “normal nonfluency” in conversational language.
英语文体学Chapter-3-Surface-Structure-Deviation
meaning.
3.2 Graphological Deviation
Example 6
L(a le af fa ll s) one l iness
The visual effect of this poem is obvious. The lines of poetry imitate the falling of a leaf in late autumn, which is suggestive of the meaning of ‘loneliness’.
3.1 Phonological Deviation
❖3.1.2 Mispronunciation & Sub-Standard Pronunciation
❖E.g. T. Dreiser, Sister Carrie An old Irish woman ye → you murthering → murdering divil → devil thafe → thief
❖The use of mispronunciation and substandard pronunciation may help to vividly describe a character. And substandard language is perceived as more forceful, more direct in expression for standard language is perceived as more civilized, more educated than the substandard one, and sometimes more indirect.
the
Apocope
3.2 Graphological Deviation
Example 6
L(a le af fa ll s) one l iness
The visual effect of this poem is obvious. The lines of poetry imitate the falling of a leaf in late autumn, which is suggestive of the meaning of ‘loneliness’.
3.1 Phonological Deviation
❖3.1.2 Mispronunciation & Sub-Standard Pronunciation
❖E.g. T. Dreiser, Sister Carrie An old Irish woman ye → you murthering → murdering divil → devil thafe → thief
❖The use of mispronunciation and substandard pronunciation may help to vividly describe a character. And substandard language is perceived as more forceful, more direct in expression for standard language is perceived as more civilized, more educated than the substandard one, and sometimes more indirect.
the
Apocope
英语文体学 PPT
General stylistics: concentrating on the general features of various types of language use, including literary discourses and other practical styles
General stylistics
Some Senses of style
1) A man's style is his mind's voice. (Ralph Waldo Emerson)
2) Proper words in proper places makes the true definition of a style. (Jonathan Swift)
Introduction to Stylistics
I. Introduction
What is stylistics? Modern Stylistics:
General Stylistics, Literary Stylistics
The Scope of Studies
Literary stylistics: concentrating on the unique features of various literary works, such as poem, novel, prose, drama…
Some Senses of style
5) Style is a shell surrounding a preexisting core of thought. It is regarded as an addition to a central core of thought or expression. (Nils Erik Enkvist)）
General stylistics
Some Senses of style
1) A man's style is his mind's voice. (Ralph Waldo Emerson)
2) Proper words in proper places makes the true definition of a style. (Jonathan Swift)
Introduction to Stylistics
I. Introduction
What is stylistics? Modern Stylistics:
General Stylistics, Literary Stylistics
The Scope of Studies
Literary stylistics: concentrating on the unique features of various literary works, such as poem, novel, prose, drama…
Some Senses of style
5) Style is a shell surrounding a preexisting core of thought. It is regarded as an addition to a central core of thought or expression. (Nils Erik Enkvist)）
英语文体学ppt-Varieties in relation to attitude
politeness
Politeness refers to
How languages expressed the social distance between the speakers and their different role-relationships;
How face-work,that is,the attempt to establish,maintain,and save face during conversation,is carried out in a speech community
The consultative style
①Excuse me, how can I get to the nearest metro station?
②A: What can I do for you? B: I’d like to buy some primary taste yogurt .
In English,degrees of politeness are indicated by intonation patterns address forms and some other markers. A rising tone or a falling-rising tone used in commands,invitations,greetings or farewells,often indicates politeness. Excuse me? Thank you! It is very kind of you!
Chapter 6
Varieties in relation to attitude
Degrees of formality
英语文体学案例分析概要1幻灯片PPT
2. formal terms: there are also formal terms to mark the high degree of formality and objectivity of the news, e.g:design, jointly launched by … the website , the Ministry of Public Security.
3.concrete figures are given to make the news clear in meaning and easy to understand, e.g. The youngest child am实o用文n档g the six went missing
Graphological Features
"The parents of the missing children authorized us to
post their information on our products in July. So far we
have produced 500,000 bottles, most of which are being
The campaຫໍສະໝຸດ gn, which is being jointly launched by the water company and Baobeihuijia , China's best-known online platform for finding missing children, is outfitting water bottles with the photos and 实p用e文r档sonal information of six
3.concrete figures are given to make the news clear in meaning and easy to understand, e.g. The youngest child am实o用文n档g the six went missing
Graphological Features
"The parents of the missing children authorized us to
post their information on our products in July. So far we
have produced 500,000 bottles, most of which are being
The campaຫໍສະໝຸດ gn, which is being jointly launched by the water company and Baobeihuijia , China's best-known online platform for finding missing children, is outfitting water bottles with the photos and 实p用e文r档sonal information of six
高中英语阅读理解文体分析ppt课件
其中一种；
完整版PPT课件
4
• [3]、说明文。 • 英语说明文的总体结构通常为三部份，说明对象、
说明过程和归纳总结。常见的说明方法： • 1，定义与诠释说明； • 2，举例与引用说明； • 3，分类与图表说明；、 • 4，比较与比喻说明； • 5，分析与综合说明；
完整版PPT课件
5
• [3]、说明文。
1）具有...性质的（通常为贬义）
bookish书呆子气的 辨析：childish, childly, childlike
manish, manly, manlike 2）稍微的 coldish微冷的, yellowish偏黄的 3）语言 English, Finish, Spanish
2. 动词
establish, diminish使缩小，vanish消失, flourish使
• 描写手法大多按时间跨度、空间顺序、上下顺序来 展开。
• 阅读记叙文体应采取掠读和扫读的方法，快速抓住 文中描写的主要内容，从整体上去把握文章的连贯 性，进而大体上揣测出作者的写作意图及情感主线。 高考阅读就记叙文设题大多以细节理解为主。
完整版PPT课件
2
• [2]、议论文。
• 英语议论文通常为三段式，即“论点、论据、结论” 三部份组成。首先借助某一现象引出论点，然后通过 一定论据从各个层面上加以推理论证，最后得出结论。 议论文体主要考查学生对论点及论据的把握。因此， 遇到议论文体时，应采取抓主题句的方法来把握文章 主旨，弄清作者的观点。一般来说，作者的论点通常 在文章首段被引出，接着是对这一论点的逻辑推理和 论证，最后为结论。还应注意的是：在对论点论证的 过程中，每一段的首句都是该段的主题句。把握全文 论点、弄清论证各段的主题句、理解文章层次、找出
完整版PPT课件
4
• [3]、说明文。 • 英语说明文的总体结构通常为三部份，说明对象、
说明过程和归纳总结。常见的说明方法： • 1，定义与诠释说明； • 2，举例与引用说明； • 3，分类与图表说明；、 • 4，比较与比喻说明； • 5，分析与综合说明；
完整版PPT课件
5
• [3]、说明文。
1）具有...性质的（通常为贬义）
bookish书呆子气的 辨析：childish, childly, childlike
manish, manly, manlike 2）稍微的 coldish微冷的, yellowish偏黄的 3）语言 English, Finish, Spanish
2. 动词
establish, diminish使缩小，vanish消失, flourish使
• 描写手法大多按时间跨度、空间顺序、上下顺序来 展开。
• 阅读记叙文体应采取掠读和扫读的方法，快速抓住 文中描写的主要内容，从整体上去把握文章的连贯 性，进而大体上揣测出作者的写作意图及情感主线。 高考阅读就记叙文设题大多以细节理解为主。
完整版PPT课件
2
• [2]、议论文。
• 英语议论文通常为三段式，即“论点、论据、结论” 三部份组成。首先借助某一现象引出论点，然后通过 一定论据从各个层面上加以推理论证，最后得出结论。 议论文体主要考查学生对论点及论据的把握。因此， 遇到议论文体时，应采取抓主题句的方法来把握文章 主旨，弄清作者的观点。一般来说，作者的论点通常 在文章首段被引出，接着是对这一论点的逻辑推理和 论证，最后为结论。还应注意的是：在对论点论证的 过程中，每一段的首句都是该段的主题句。把握全文 论点、弄清论证各段的主题句、理解文章层次、找出
英语文体学ppt课件
精选ppt课件2021
8
Components
Description +interpretation +evaluation The most important thing is to remember there is actually no rigid and fixed procedure of stylistic analysis of literary work. Linguistic observation and literary insight proceeds from each other and enhances each other and they form a cyclic motion.
精选ppt课件2021
2
Course description:
Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which applies the theory and methodology of modern linguistics to the study of style. In a much broader sense, it deals with the study of all kinds of writing/varieties of English.
精选ppt课件2021
4
❖ Major topics to be discussed:
1. What is stylistics? What is stylistics meant to do? What is style? 2. Phonological stylistic markers 3. Lexical stylistic markers 4. Grammatical stylistic markers 5. Norm and deviation 6. Varieties of English 7. Practical style
advertising文体学PPT课件
The English of Advertising
王洁 20113571
王巍 20113572
吴晓芬 20113573
严言格 2- 0113575
1
The English of Advertising
I. Introduction of Advertising English II.Advertising English as a Variety III.Newspaper Advertising IV.Radio Advertising V.Television Advertising
• With your fingertips, pat a small amount of blush onto the apple of your cheeks. Use feathery strokes to blend gently from your cheekbones to your temples. To build color intensity, apply more blush.
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①②Prominent use of pictures
pictures
advertised procuct potential customer service being offered
half or even two-thirds of the space
attractive
in the sample:charming lady(two functions)
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美宝莲
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10
品牌故事
美宝莲（Maybeline）的起源浪漫唯美。1915年，托马斯·威廉 （Thomas L. Williams）发现自己的妹妹梅布尔（Mabel）对已 有女朋友的切特（Chet）心生爱慕。不忍妹妹苦受单相思的煎 熬，这位当时年仅19岁的哥哥，便立誓要让妹妹的感情找到美 好的归宿。于是，他以一种碳粉加在凡士林中涂于妹妹的睫毛
王洁 20113571
王巍 20113572
吴晓芬 20113573
严言格 2- 0113575
1
The English of Advertising
I. Introduction of Advertising English II.Advertising English as a Variety III.Newspaper Advertising IV.Radio Advertising V.Television Advertising
• With your fingertips, pat a small amount of blush onto the apple of your cheeks. Use feathery strokes to blend gently from your cheekbones to your temples. To build color intensity, apply more blush.
-
14
①②Prominent use of pictures
pictures
advertised procuct potential customer service being offered
half or even two-thirds of the space
attractive
in the sample:charming lady(two functions)
-
9
美宝莲
-
10
品牌故事
美宝莲（Maybeline）的起源浪漫唯美。1915年，托马斯·威廉 （Thomas L. Williams）发现自己的妹妹梅布尔（Mabel）对已 有女朋友的切特（Chet）心生爱慕。不忍妹妹苦受单相思的煎 熬，这位当时年仅19岁的哥哥，便立誓要让妹妹的感情找到美 好的归宿。于是，他以一种碳粉加在凡士林中涂于妹妹的睫毛
英语文体学-Chapter-3-Varieties-of-LanguagePPT课件
Middle Eng.(1100~1500)— The Canterbury Tales
Modern Eng. (1500~now)— W. Shakespeare; Samuel Johnson
.
7
3.2 Dialects
3.2.3 Regional dialect
Different speech patterns in different places
Accent (伦敦小伙儿模仿全球24种英语口音) English— British Eng.
American Eng. Differences: phonology, graphology,
vocabulary, grammar (p.27-28)
.
8
3.2 Dialects
3.2.4 Social dialect
and dialect
5
Social meaning of language
varieties
.
2
3.1 Two kinds of varieties
Language is used in a context
Language in use is determined by a variety of situations
discourse
.
5
3.2 Dialects
3.2.1 Individual dialect — Idiolect
One’s own features of speech/writing habits Voice quality Pitch & stress patterns Lexical items Grammatical structures ---- xx’s language/style
Modern Eng. (1500~now)— W. Shakespeare; Samuel Johnson
.
7
3.2 Dialects
3.2.3 Regional dialect
Different speech patterns in different places
Accent (伦敦小伙儿模仿全球24种英语口音) English— British Eng.
American Eng. Differences: phonology, graphology,
vocabulary, grammar (p.27-28)
.
8
3.2 Dialects
3.2.4 Social dialect
and dialect
5
Social meaning of language
varieties
.
2
3.1 Two kinds of varieties
Language is used in a context
Language in use is determined by a variety of situations
discourse
.
5
3.2 Dialects
3.2.1 Individual dialect — Idiolect
One’s own features of speech/writing habits Voice quality Pitch & stress patterns Lexical items Grammatical structures ---- xx’s language/style
文体学 Varieties.ppt
as significant for people in deciding whether they
and others belong to a particular class.
b) Ethnic Varieties
Hispanic English
Affected by first language
the language of Shakespeare)
Authoritarian English (1650-1800)
Mature Modern English (1800-1920)
Late Modern English (1920-present)
3) Regional Dialect BrE / AmE (PP. 27-28) AmE
Differences between male and female
speech (Ten features of women's
language use)(Lakoff,1975):
1. hedge (sort of, kind of);
2. use (super) polite forms, indirect (would you please?
6. use hypercorrect grammar and pronunciation (including ungrammatical forms, like between you and I [standard syntax = between you and me]);
7. are poor at recounting jokes ;
Also
General American (Standard American)
文体学第三课PPT课件
Making sure of the denotative meaning of a word sometimes must depend on the context.
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e.g. : “It is your boy, my Lord.”
“是伺候你的小伙计， 大人”
“ It is your Lord, my boy”
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Contextualization requires proper words in proper situation and the texts of different styles demand different words which in their long time use acquire stylistic coloring.
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Connotation is much more complicated than denotation.
sun------ warm and bright
flower ------ beautiful
Connotation of a word is not fixed , but undergoes changes with the passage of time.
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e.g.
Hiroshima My spoon was lifted when the bomb came down That left no face, no hand , no spoon to hold. Two hundred thousand died in my home town. This came to pass before my soup was cold.
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e.g. : “It is your boy, my Lord.”
“是伺候你的小伙计， 大人”
“ It is your Lord, my boy”
-
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Contextualization requires proper words in proper situation and the texts of different styles demand different words which in their long time use acquire stylistic coloring.
-
16
Connotation is much more complicated than denotation.
sun------ warm and bright
flower ------ beautiful
Connotation of a word is not fixed , but undergoes changes with the passage of time.
-
9
e.g.
Hiroshima My spoon was lifted when the bomb came down That left no face, no hand , no spoon to hold. Two hundred thousand died in my home town. This came to pass before my soup was cold.
英语文体学教学PPT课件
e.g., the participant, time, place, topic, etc. of the communicative event, from very formal to very informal
.
16
Definition of style
2. The register语域, which refers to the special variety of language used by a particular social group that may have a common profession, e.g., doctors, lawyers, teachers, or the same interests, e.g., football fans, etc
Language and Literature, Routledge, 2000.
.
5
侯维瑞， 《文学文体学》，上海：上海外语教育出版社 ，2008。
胡壮麟，《理论文体学》，
北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999。
胡壮麟、刘世生，《西方文体学辞典》，
北京：清华大学出版社，2004。
刘世生，《西方文体学论纲》，
.
17
Definition of style
3. The set of linguistic features that seem to be characteristic of a text, e.g., the style of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, or of an author, e.g., Miltonic style
.
14
What is your definition of style?
.
16
Definition of style
2. The register语域, which refers to the special variety of language used by a particular social group that may have a common profession, e.g., doctors, lawyers, teachers, or the same interests, e.g., football fans, etc
Language and Literature, Routledge, 2000.
.
5
侯维瑞， 《文学文体学》，上海：上海外语教育出版社 ，2008。
胡壮麟，《理论文体学》，
北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999。
胡壮麟、刘世生，《西方文体学辞典》，
北京：清华大学出版社，2004。
刘世生，《西方文体学论纲》，
.
17
Definition of style
3. The set of linguistic features that seem to be characteristic of a text, e.g., the style of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, or of an author, e.g., Miltonic style
.
14
What is your definition of style?
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.
In a narrower sense, it is an interdisciplinary subject. It is a study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation, that is, from a linguistic point of view (literary stylistics). Therefore, it differs from linguistics and literary criticism in that it essentially links these two.
.
Components
Description +interpretation +evaluation The most important thing is to remember there is actually no rigid and fixed procedure of stylistic analysis of literary work. Linguistic observation and literary insight proceeds from each other and enhances each other and they form a cyclic motion.
.
Course description:
Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which applies the theory and methodology of modern linguistics to the study of style. In a much broader sense, it deals with the study of all kinds of writing/varieties of English.
Introduction to English Stylistics
.
Course requirements: Class attendance is required, not optional.
Course evaluation: At the end of the course, each student is to submit a term paper related to stylistics.
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❖ Major topics to be discussed:
1. What is stylistics? What is stylistics meant to do? What is style? 2. Phonological stylistic markers 3. Lexical stylistic markers 4. Grammatical stylistic markers 5. Norm and deviation 6. Varieties of English 7. Practical style
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The goals, components, and procedure of stylistic inquiry
Goals The first goal of stylistics is to help readers understand a text better. In other words, it provides insights into the meaning of the text. The second goal is to explain why and how one text is better than another one. That is to say, stylistics is more directly concerned with interpretatis: 《英语文体学引论》，王佐良，外研社。 《英语文体学教程》，徐有志，高等教育出版社。 《英语文体学教程》，张德禄，高等教育出版社。 《英语语体学》，裴文，安徽大学出版社。 《实用英语文体学》，钱瑗，外研社。
《文体学概论》，秦秀白，湖南教育出版社。
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Patterns in Language: Stylistics for Students of Language and Literature---Thomborrow, J., 1998. Style in Language---Sebeok, T. A. (ed.), 1960. The Five Clocks--- Joos, M. , 1962. Linguistics and Style---Enkvist, N.E. & Spencer, 1964. Investigating English Style---Crystal, D & D. Davy, 1969. Stylistics—Turner, G. W., 1973. Style in Fiction--- Leech, G. & M. Short, 1981. The Stylistics of Fiction---Toolan, M., 1990.
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Procedure: Analytic phase +interpretative phase
The nature of stylistic analysis Generally, the stylistic analysis is mainly concerned with the uniqueness of the language use in a given text. That is to show what is peculiar to the language in a text. This is determined by the nature of style itself. This naturally involves comparison between the language used in the text under investigation and the language used in a conventional way. So essentially speaking, stylistic study is essentially comparative in nature.
In a narrower sense, it is an interdisciplinary subject. It is a study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation, that is, from a linguistic point of view (literary stylistics). Therefore, it differs from linguistics and literary criticism in that it essentially links these two.
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Components
Description +interpretation +evaluation The most important thing is to remember there is actually no rigid and fixed procedure of stylistic analysis of literary work. Linguistic observation and literary insight proceeds from each other and enhances each other and they form a cyclic motion.
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Course description:
Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which applies the theory and methodology of modern linguistics to the study of style. In a much broader sense, it deals with the study of all kinds of writing/varieties of English.
Introduction to English Stylistics
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Course requirements: Class attendance is required, not optional.
Course evaluation: At the end of the course, each student is to submit a term paper related to stylistics.
.
❖ Major topics to be discussed:
1. What is stylistics? What is stylistics meant to do? What is style? 2. Phonological stylistic markers 3. Lexical stylistic markers 4. Grammatical stylistic markers 5. Norm and deviation 6. Varieties of English 7. Practical style
.
The goals, components, and procedure of stylistic inquiry
Goals The first goal of stylistics is to help readers understand a text better. In other words, it provides insights into the meaning of the text. The second goal is to explain why and how one text is better than another one. That is to say, stylistics is more directly concerned with interpretatis: 《英语文体学引论》，王佐良，外研社。 《英语文体学教程》，徐有志，高等教育出版社。 《英语文体学教程》，张德禄，高等教育出版社。 《英语语体学》，裴文，安徽大学出版社。 《实用英语文体学》，钱瑗，外研社。
《文体学概论》，秦秀白，湖南教育出版社。
.
Patterns in Language: Stylistics for Students of Language and Literature---Thomborrow, J., 1998. Style in Language---Sebeok, T. A. (ed.), 1960. The Five Clocks--- Joos, M. , 1962. Linguistics and Style---Enkvist, N.E. & Spencer, 1964. Investigating English Style---Crystal, D & D. Davy, 1969. Stylistics—Turner, G. W., 1973. Style in Fiction--- Leech, G. & M. Short, 1981. The Stylistics of Fiction---Toolan, M., 1990.
.
Procedure: Analytic phase +interpretative phase
The nature of stylistic analysis Generally, the stylistic analysis is mainly concerned with the uniqueness of the language use in a given text. That is to show what is peculiar to the language in a text. This is determined by the nature of style itself. This naturally involves comparison between the language used in the text under investigation and the language used in a conventional way. So essentially speaking, stylistic study is essentially comparative in nature.