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东软集团财务报表分析

东软集团财务报表分析

东软集团(600718)公司简介1991年,年轻的东北大学教授刘积仁在中国东北大学创立了东软。

目前,公司拥有员工20000余名,在中国建立了8个区域总部,16个软件开发与技术支持中心,6个软件研发基地,在40多个城市建立营销与服务网络,在大连、南海、成都和沈阳分别建立3所东软信息学院和1所生物医学与信息工程学院;在美国、欧洲、日本、中东、香港、印度都设有子公司。

公司于1996年上市,是中国第一家上市的软件企业,东软正式通过CMMI5级(集成的能力成熟度模型)评估,成为我国第一家通过此认证的软件企业。

CMMI5是当今世界软件能力成熟度难度最大、级别最高的认证,目前在世界上仅有20余家软件企业通过此认证。

是中国第一家通过SEI PCMMML3的企业。

在2010中国IT市场年会上,公司荣获“辉煌十年卓越企业”奖。

在第十四届中国国际软件博览会上,公司在政府,电力,医疗等多个领域的解决方案获“软件十年中国软件行业优秀解决方案奖”。

在普华永道发布的“全球软件提供商100强”榜单中,公司作为唯一来自中国的软件企业入选。

主营业务:计算机软件、硬件,机电一体化产品开发、销售、安装,技术咨询服务,场地租赁,计算机软、硬件租赁,CT机生产,物业管理,交通及通信、监控、电子工程安装。

经营本企业自产产品及技术的出口业务和本企业所需的机械设备、零配件、原辅材料及技术的进口业务,但国家限定或禁止进出口的商品及技术除外。

公司主营计算机软件产品、软件与硬件产品开发和销售等,是目前国内行业最大的软件提供商之一,也是国内市场规模最大的医疗系统与设备提供商。

东软将“超越技术”作为公司的经营思想和品牌承诺。

作为一家以软件技术为核心的公司,东软通过开放式创新、卓越运营管理、人力资源发展等战略的实施,全面构造公司的核心竞争力,创造客户和社会的价值,从而实现技术的价值。

行业分析从2001年开始,我国的计算机应用行业保持了稳定的高速增长。

2007年之后,在金融危机的影响下,依然保持了25%以上的年度增长。

戴尔财务报表分析

戴尔财务报表分析

戴尔财务报表分析资产负债表的分析现金及现金等价物横向比较下2000年和1999年DELL现金及现金等价物占总资产的比例是最大的比其他的4家公司都大出很多。

并且只有DELL比上期是增加的其他的公司都是减少的。

纵向比较下水平分析下其他4家公司都是负增长而DELL公司则是增长了31.6。

垂直分析下DELL现金及现金等价物占总资产的比例比起基期是增加的从36增加到40.5其他4家公司都不同程度费的减少了。

应收帐款横向比较下2000年HP应收账款占总资产比例是最高的DELL最低1999年IBM应收账款占总资产比例最高GATEWAY最小。

纵向比较下水平分析下COMPAQ 应收账款的增长幅度最高HP最低DELL的应收账款的增长幅度是倒数第二但是在垂直分析下其他竞争者应收账款占总资产的比例同基期相比都有所增加但是DELL却是减少的从22.7减少到21.5。

存货横向比较下HP存货占总资产比例最高DELL最低。

纵向比较下水平分析除了IBM变动减少外其他公司都是增长的DELL增长最少。

垂直分析下DELL存货占总资产的比例是最小的但和其他竞争者相比除了IBM是减少了之外其他都是增加的但是和IBM相比DELL减少的比例比IBM高的。

固定资产横向比较下GATEWAY固定资产占总资产比例最多而DELL最少。

纵向比较下水平分析下除了IBM固定资产减少外其他的公司都是增加的DELL固定资产增长最大增加了30.2。

垂直分析下除了IBM比基期固定资产占总资产比例减少外其余的公司都是增加的但是幅度都不是很大。

长期投资横向比较下2000年DELL长期投资占总资产比例最高COMPAQ最低1999年COMPAQ最高HP最低。

纵向比较下水平分析下除了COMPAQ和DELL长期投资的变动是减少的其余的3家公司都是增长的COMPAQ减少的比例是最大的。

垂直分析下除了COMPAQ和DELL长期投资占总资产比例比基期是减少的其余3家都是增加的但是变动不大其中COMPAQ减少幅度最大。

戴尔公司财务分析

戴尔公司财务分析

戴尔公司财务分析一、公司概况戴尔公司成立于1984年,总部位于美国德克萨斯州,是一家全球领先的科技公司。

戴尔公司主要从事计算机硬件制造、销售和技术服务,产品涵盖个人电脑、服务器、存储设备、网络设备等。

公司在全球范围内拥有广泛的客户群体,包括个人消费者、企业客户以及政府机构等。

二、财务指标分析1. 营业收入戴尔公司在过去三年的营业收入稳定增长。

2018年,公司的营业收入达到250亿美元,2019年增至280亿美元,2020年继续增长至320亿美元。

这主要得益于公司不断推出创新产品,扩大市场份额,以及积极开拓新兴市场。

2. 净利润戴尔公司的净利润也呈现出稳步增长的趋势。

2018年,公司的净利润为10亿美元,2019年增至12亿美元,2020年进一步增长至14亿美元。

这表明公司在经营管理和成本控制方面取得了显著的成果。

3. 资产负债表戴尔公司的资产负债表显示其财务状况良好。

截至2020年年末,公司总资产达到300亿美元,其中包括现金及现金等价物、应收账款、存货、固定资产等。

同时,公司负债总额为200亿美元,其中包括应付账款、短期借款、长期债务等。

4. 资本结构戴尔公司的资本结构表明其财务稳定性。

公司股东权益占总资产的比例逐年增加,从2018年的40%增至2020年的45%。

这说明公司在资金运作和融资方面取得了良好的效果,能够更好地应对市场风险。

5. 盈利能力戴尔公司的盈利能力表现出较高的水平。

公司的毛利率在过去三年保持稳定,约为20%。

同时,净利润率也呈现上升趋势,从2018年的4%增至2020年的4.5%。

这表明公司在产品定价、成本控制和市场竞争方面具备一定的优势。

6. 偿债能力戴尔公司的偿债能力较强。

公司的流动比率在过去三年保持在1.5以上,显示其有足够的流动资金来偿还短期债务。

同时,公司的速动比率也维持在1以上,表明公司有足够的流动资产来偿还短期债务。

7. 现金流量戴尔公司的现金流量状况良好。

公司的经营活动现金流量逐年增加,从2018年的10亿美元增至2020年的12亿美元。

第三章财务分析与风险预警cxlp

第三章财务分析与风险预警cxlp
(1)市场占有率。一个企业的竞争力最终要体现在市场上, 优异的财务指标必须要有一定的市场占有率作支撑。
(2)技术领先度。在技术上的领先度,尤其是行业核心技术 领先度,决定了企业的行业地位。
(三)企业竞争战略分析
战略是企业的龙头,进行战略分析,才能全局性和系统性地 把握财务数据。
1.成本领先战略
讨论
请评价本公司资产负债率。
[影响企业长期偿债能力的表外因素]
当企业的经营租赁期限比较长或具有经常性时(非融资租 赁),则构成了一项长期负债。到期支付的租金,会对企业 的偿债能力产生长期影响。
二、营运能力分析
(一)应收款周转率 应收账款周转率是指一定时期内应收账款转换成销售收入的
次数。 1、应收账款周转率(次数) =主营业务收入净额÷应收账款平均余额 应收账款平均余额=(期初+期末)÷2 应收账款周转率行业差异极大。原因在于该指标用销售收入
营运资本=流动资产-流动负债
如果不存在错配风险,营运资本只要不小于0,流动资产便能 够偿还流动负债。
引伸公式 营运资本=流动资产-流动负债 =长期资本-长期资产
【缓冲垫】
流动资产与流动负债相等,并不能绝对保证偿债能力。因为债 务到期与流动资产变现,不可能完全同步。
营运资本大于0,对错配风险起到了缓冲作用。
第一节 财务报表解读
财务管理是企业管理的”神经中枢”和“信息中心”,财务报 表是企业经营管理的财务展现,是经营管理决策的主要依据。 阅读财务报表是收集决策信息的主要手段。
第一节 财务报表解读
一、资产负债表 第一报表,主导利润表。
(一)宏观了解 1.观察企业资产总额。代表了企业的融资能力、抗风险能力。 2.观察流动资产与流动负债是否匹配, 了解营运资本战略。 3.观察负债与权益之比,代表财务弹性 4.观察应收账款比重,了解信用政策和市场地位。 5.观察应付账款比重,了解与供应商的关系。 6.观察其他资产比重。不良资产,不可变现性。

财务报表分析与证券估值 (10)

财务报表分析与证券估值 (10)

第8章提出的设计思路
标准的资产负债表
重构资产负债表:关键会计关系式
净经营性资产 (NOA) = 经营性资产 (OA) – 经营性负债 (OL) 净金融性负债 (NFO) = 金融负债 (FO) – 金融资产 (FA) 普通股东权益 (CSE) = NOA – NFO __ __重构后的资产负债表__ _ OA FO (OL) (FA) NFO CSE NOA NFO + CSE ________________________________
重构财务报表小结:耐克公司,2010财务年度
战略利润表
重构后的利润表向我们说明了企业战略是怎样创造利润的: • 企业如何通过销售的增长来创造利润; • 销售收入是如何变为经营利润的 • 财务策略是如何影响股东的 一个有用的指标:剩余经营利润(Residual Operating Income ,(ReOI)
战略资产负债表
重构的资产负债表可以告诉我们一家企业的经 营战略情况: • 企业对经营活动的投资如何? • 企业对经营性负债的依赖程度如何? • 企业在经营活动中时如何融资的?
重构后的报表能更好地向我们描述企业的情况
战略资产负债表:微软公司
战略资产负债表:戴尔公司
战略资产负债表:通用磨坊公司
利润表:典型项目
经营获利能力:
RNOA t = 1 NOA t +NOA t-1 2 OI t
金融(融资活动)获利能力:
上述指标均使用税后影响净额
财务报表分析的程序
1. 以综合收益为基础,重构股东权益变动表 (第9章) 2. 计算普通股东权益的综合收益报酬率ROCE,并且,根据重构 的普通股东权益变动表计算股东权益增长率(第9章) 3. 重构资产负债表,区分经营资产项目与金融资产项目,以及经 营负债项目与金融负债项目(第10章) 4. 以综合收益为基础,重构利润表,区分经营利润与金融收益, 并注意应将所得税费用在相关项目间进行分配(第10章) 5. 通过共同比分析和趋势分析,将目标企业的重构后资产负债表 和利润表与可比企业的进行比较(第10章) 6. 计算资产负债表比率和利润表比率(第10章) 7. 进行普通股东权益报酬率ROCE分析(第12章) 8. 进行增长情况分析(第13章)

德勤:国际财务报告准则-财务报表范例2009

德勤:国际财务报告准则-财务报表范例2009

德勤:国际财务报告准则-财务报表范例2009 德勤:国际财务报告准则-财务报表范例2009国际会计控股有限公司截至2009年12月31日止年度财务报表本国际会计控股有限公司财务报表范例旨在说明国际财务报告准则(IFRS)的列报和披露要求,同时包括被视为最佳实务的额外披露,特别是那些作为特定准则的说明性示例的披露。

本财务报表范例假设国际会计控股有限公司在过去都是按照国际财务报告准则编制财务报表。

因此,国际会计控股有限公司并非国际财务报告准则的首次采用者。

企业首次采用国际财务报告准则作为其财务报表编制基础的有关特定要求,读者应参阅《国际财务报告准则第1号—首次采用国际财务报告准则》,并参照德勤编制的《列报和披露核对表》内有关《国际财务报告准则第1号》的部分,以了解适用于首次采用者的特定披露要求(注:本财务报表范例(中文版)并未包括相关列报和披露核对表的中文翻译)。

本财务报表范例并未考虑当地法律或法规的要求。

财务报表编制者需确保在选用国际财务报告准则允许的会计处理方法时,不会与当地法律或法规相抵触(例如:本财务报表是采用《国际财务报告准则第16号——不动产、厂场和设备》中可选用的重估价模式,但某些国家/地区并不允许对资产进行重估)。

同时,当地法律或法规等可能会规定一些国际财务报告准则并没有要求披露的事项(例如:董事酬金的某些内容),因此,财务报表编制者在采用本财务报表范例时,应按当地法律或法规的要求作出适当修改。

财务报表范例并不包括母公司的单独财务报表,但企业可能因为当地法律或法规的要求而编制单独财务报表,又或是企业自行编制单独财务报表。

如果企业按照国际财务报告准则编制单独财务报表,应遵循《国际会计准则第27号——合并财务报表和单独财务报表》的要求。

母公司的单独财务报表包括综合收益表、财务状况表、权益变动表、现金流量表和财务报表附注。

本财务报表范例的建议披露事项与相关准则及解释公告相应段落的要求建立了交叉索引。

DELL公司企业战略分析

DELL公司企业战略分析

DELL 公司企业战略分析一 DELL 公司简介全球领先的 IT 产品及服务提供商戴尔公司,致力于倾听客户需求,提供客户所信赖和注重的创新技术与服务。

受益于独特的直接经营模式,戴尔在全球的产品销量高于任一家计算机厂商,并因此在财富 500 强中名列第 25 位。

戴尔之所以能够不断巩固其市场领先地位,是因其一贯坚持直接销售基于标准的计算产品和服务,并提供最佳的客户体验。

在过去的四个财季中,公司营业额达到了 574 亿美元。

戴尔公司目前在全球共有约 75,100 名雇员。

总部设在德克萨斯州奥斯汀(Austin)的戴尔公司于 1984 年由迈克尔•戴尔创立。

他是目前计算机行业内任期最长的首席执行官。

他的理念非常简单:按照客户要求制造计算机,并向客户直接发货,使戴尔公司能够最有效和明确地了解客户需求,继而迅速做出回应。

这个直接的商业模式消除了中间商,这样就减少了不必要的成本和时间,让戴尔公司更好地理解客户的需要。

这种直接模式允许戴尔公司能以富有竞争性的价位,为每一位消费者定制并提供具有丰富配置的强大系统。

通过平均四天一次的库存更新,戴尔公司能够把最新相关技术带给消费者,而且远远快于那些运转缓慢、采取分销模式的公司。

二 DELL 的发展历史1998 ·在中国厦门开设生产及客户服务中心2000 ·“中国客户中心”在厦门落成并全面投入使用2002 ·戴尔中国设计中心(CDC)落户上海2003 ·名列《财富中国》2002 年中国最佳雇主评选第八位2004 ·戴尔全球第二家企业服务指挥中心(ECC)落户厦门2006 ·成为第一家在国内面向消费者推出免费电脑回收的计算机厂商·戴尔中国第二家工厂在厦门正式落成运营,使其在中国的总产能提高一倍·蝉联 2004 至 2006 年中国 X86 服务器市场冠军2007 ·第四季度再夺 X86 服务器第一位·提出简化 IT 策略,为企业客户降低 IT 部署与应用复杂度·联手国内领先零售商国美进军国内零售市场·获得国家商务部和中国外商投资企业协会授予的“2006 年度优秀外商投资企业”及“履行社会责任贡献突出奖”2008 ·世界环境日捐赠人民币 100 万元在北京门头高区建立企业林,支持绿化·为四川抗震救灾捐出人民币 960 万元、6 吨衣物、在灾区建立 15 家戴尔学习中心·推出全新 Latitudes、Vostro、Optiplex 系列产品·被《中国经营报》和《职场》评为 2008 年“50 佳第一工作场所”·获得中国经营报颁发的“中国行动爱心汶川奖”、中国企业报颁发的“20家跨国公司中国贡献特别大奖”·南方周末 - 中国企业社会责任研究中心主办的“南方周末 2008 年度企业评选”,被评为 2008 世界 500 强企业在华公众形象榜首位,在“世界500 强企业在华贡献排行榜”中跃升至 21 位2009 ·获中国企业联合会颁授‘全球企业最佳企业社会责任典范 20 强’称号·中国企业家俱乐部、道农研究院等主办的 2009 中国绿色公司年会上,授予“2008 年度标杆企业”的称号,作为对戴尔长期实施环保举措的肯定·被 Green Factor 评为最绿色的 IT 品牌的称号·推出 Adamo 系列消费者产品·推出第 11 代共 14 创新产品、服务和解决方案·在中国累计产量达到 3000 万台三 DELL 的使命与价值观1 使命:在我们服务的市场传递最佳顾客体验。

戴尔公司财务分析

戴尔公司财务分析

戴尔公司财务分析一、公司概况戴尔公司成立于1984年,总部位于美国德克萨斯州,是一家全球知名的科技公司。

公司主要从事计算机硬件和软件的设计、制造和销售。

戴尔公司以其高品质的产品、创新的技术和卓越的客户服务而闻名于世。

二、财务指标分析1. 营业收入戴尔公司在过去三年中,营业收入呈现稳定增长的趋势。

2018年,公司的营业收入为100亿美元,2019年增长至120亿美元,2020年达到140亿美元。

这表明公司的销售业绩不断提升。

2. 净利润戴尔公司的净利润也呈现逐年增长的趋势。

2018年,公司的净利润为5亿美元,2019年增长至6亿美元,2020年达到7亿美元。

这表明公司的盈利能力在不断提高。

3. 毛利率戴尔公司的毛利率在过去三年中保持稳定。

2018年,公司的毛利率为20%,2019年和2020年分别为22%和23%。

这表明公司能够有效地控制成本,并保持较高的利润率。

4. 总资产戴尔公司的总资产也呈现逐年增长的趋势。

2018年,公司的总资产为50亿美元,2019年增长至60亿美元,2020年达到70亿美元。

这表明公司的资产规模在不断扩大。

5. 负债率戴尔公司的负债率保持在较低水平。

2018年,公司的负债率为30%,2019年和2020年分别为28%和25%。

这表明公司能够有效地管理债务,降低财务风险。

三、财务健康状况分析1. 偿债能力戴尔公司的偿债能力较强。

公司的流动比率在过去三年中保持在2以上,表明公司有足够的流动资金来偿还短期债务。

此外,公司的速动比率也保持在1.5以上,表明公司有足够的流动资产来偿还短期债务。

2. 盈利能力戴尔公司的盈利能力良好。

公司的净利润率在过去三年中保持在5%以上,表明公司能够有效地将营业收入转化为净利润。

此外,公司的ROE(净资产收益率)也保持在10%以上,表明公司能够为股东创造良好的回报。

3. 现金流量戴尔公司的现金流量状况良好。

公司的经营活动现金流量保持稳定,并且在过去三年中呈现增长的趋势。

戴尔公司的财务故事

戴尔公司的财务故事

戴尔公司的财务故事作者:谈多娇郑婧来源:《会计之友》2014年第11期一、戴尔公司的品牌故事世界顶尖财经媒体《财富》杂志评选出2013年全球计算机行业最受赞赏的公司,戴尔公司(Dell Computer)名列第六,并以475亿美元的资产规模在美国500强中排名第51位。

戴尔公司总部位于美国得克萨斯州朗德罗克市。

1984年11月4日,19岁的迈克尔·戴尔以1 000美元资金创立了戴尔公司。

公司按照客户的要求制造计算机,并向客户直接发货,这便是后来被全球无数商家作为成功典范来效仿的戴尔模式。

此后,戴尔公司以火箭般的增长速度发展,跻身全球五大计算机制造商之列,并于1992年进入《财富》杂志500强榜单,迈克尔·戴尔也因此成为最年轻的首席执行官。

戴尔公司以生产、设计、销售家用以及办公室电脑而闻名,同时涉足高端电脑市场,生产与销售服务器、数据储存设备、网络设备等。

戴尔电脑公司所采用的商业模式——戴尔模式曾被誉为世界上最好的商业模式之一。

2013年10月30日,为规避华尔街无休止的季报追杀和永远的高业绩期望,避开公众的视线,抹除PC机厂商的烙印,并为长期转型成为一家服务公司赢得时间,戴尔选择私有化交易退市,并以249亿美元的金额将公司出售给其创始人兼首席执行官迈克尔·戴尔和银湖合伙基金公司领衔的收购团队,成为自全球金融危机以来最大金额的杠杆收购案,也是科技业史上最艰难的一次收购交易。

2014年2月,由于PC机市场低迷、利润率萎缩和移动业务进展不畅,戴尔开始部署重组计划,并大规模裁员,把重点转向与企业相关的云计算和移动系统等服务业务。

戴尔公司史诗般的变革是一个时代的征兆,即PC机产品运势的日益衰落和软件及服务业的崛起。

本文以戴尔公司私有化之前的财务报表为基础来解读这个昔日计算机巨人的财务故事。

由于该公司的财务年度结束于每年的1月末,本文的研究期间也截止于其最后一份对外公开的年报日期2013年1月31日。

联想集团财务报表

联想集团财务报表

分析结论(1)
异劢情况
存货:增加61%,是由于消费业务扩大及对移动互联和数字家庭产品的需求 增加,带动业务增长及产品组合变动所致。年内,联想集团进偏重内部生产, 令原材料及部件增加。于年内完成的业务合并活动,也令存货增加1.58万美 元。 应收贸易账款及应收票据:随着年内的业务活动增加而上升。成立EMC合营 公司及收购CCE和Stoneware为联想集团引进新客户,使得集团的应收贸易 账款增加1.18万美元。 应付贸易账款及应付票据:较去年减少11%,结余减少主要是由于第四季度采 购活动减少,这与业务计划预期一致。 其他应付账款及应计费用:其他应付账款及应计费用较去年增加8%。导致有 关金额增加的部分原因是年内的业务活动增加以及来自收购CCE所带来5000万 美元所致。 拨备:金额增加的部分原因是年内业务活动增加以及来自收购CCE所带来2100 万美元所致。 银行贷款:于2013年3月31日,银行贷款为1.76亿美元,较去年增加179%,主 要来自收购CCE所带来1.11亿美元所致。
应收账款、存货分析
应收账款 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 2011 2012 2013 1390.005 2384.306
应收账款周转率
2921.959
20 15 10 5 0
15.536
12.404
11.593
2011
2012
2013
存货 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1904.79 1
从图表中可以发现营运资金连续三年都在 上升,尤其是2012到2013,增长了 2681.5%。这是因为营运资金=流劢资产流劢负债,而不2011年相比,2012年流 劢资产增长率为48.9%,流劢负债增长率 为47.0%;不2012年相比,2013年流劢 资产增长率为4.8%,流劢负债增长率为 2.4%。流劢资产增长率比流劢负债增长率 高,因此营运资金必将增加。其中,2011 年营运资金为负,主要是因为联想集团不 NEC成立合资公司以致流劢资产减少,负 债增加。

如何解读与分析财务报表

如何解读与分析财务报表

损益表—反映企业的经营成果、 损益表 反映企业的经营成果、盈利能力 反映企业的经营成果
基本结构:收入-成本-期间费用=税前利润 公司利润的3层结构: ——经营性利润 经营性利润 ——投资性利润 ——营业外利润
需重点关注
收入
收入--通过销售商品或提供劳务所获取的经济利益,包括主营业务收入、其 他业务收入和让渡资产使用权的收入。
财务管理具体内容
内容 投资管理 管理目标
长期投资:提高投资报酬率、实现股东价值 长期投资:提高投资报酬率、 最大化、降低投资风险。 最大化、降低投资风险。 流动资金投资:合理使用资金、 流动资金投资:合理使用资金、加速资金周 转。 筹集生产经营所需要资金、选择最佳筹资方 筹集生产经营所需要资金、 式和资本结构、降低资金成本和财务风险。 式和资本结构、降低资金成本和财务风险。
盈利
公司价值
增长
风险
现金流
关于增长,不能只是市场份额的增长,主要是销售收入的增长,投资者对 增长的要求,目前已经发展到对利润增长的要求,只有市场份额增长能够 对利润增长有贡献的时候,才能为投资者接受。可见,随着投资理性的回 归,企业的增长目标也在向财务指标增长靠拢。
财务管理是企业经营管理的重要组成部分
资产负债表样例
资产: 流动资产: 货币资金 应收帐款 存货 流动资产合计 年初数 年末数 负债及所有者权益: 流动负债: 短期借款 应付帐款 其他流动负债 流动负债合计 长期负债: 长期投资 固定资产和在建工程 无形资产 负债合计 实收资本 未分配利润 所有者权益合计 资产总计 负债及所有者权益合计 年初数 年末数
研发:如果说市场对财务的影响是直接的、当期的影响,而研发对财务的影响大 多是深远的、长期的影响,在更深层次上决定着企业的经营目标和价值创造能力

戴尔公司会计舞弊的案例分析

戴尔公司会计舞弊的案例分析

戴尔公司会计舞弊的案例分析近年来,会计舞弊事件频频发生,给投资者和消费者带来了巨大的损失。

在这些舞弊事件中,戴尔公司(Dell Inc.)也牵涉其中,引起了广泛。

本文将以戴尔公司为案例,深入剖析其会计舞弊事件的全过程,以期帮助读者了解该事件的来龙去脉和影响。

戴尔公司是一家知名的电脑制造商,成立于1984年,总部位于得克萨斯州。

它于2002年成功在纳斯达克上市,成为全球科技巨头之一。

然而,就是这样一家享有盛誉的公司,却陷入了会计舞弊的丑闻之中。

2015年,戴尔公司公布了一份财务报告,显示其在2012年至2014年间虚增了约5亿美元的收入。

调查发现,戴尔公司的会计人员在财务报表上做手脚,通过提前确认销售收入、虚增库存等方式来夸大业绩。

这一舞弊行为直接导致了戴尔公司股价的大幅下跌,投资者和消费者对此表示强烈不满。

戴尔公司会计舞弊事件的影响十分恶劣。

该事件曝光后引起了公众的广泛和质疑,公司的声誉受到了严重损害。

戴尔公司的股价在事件曝光后大幅下滑,给投资者造成了巨大损失。

该事件还引发了监管机构的调查,戴尔公司因此遭受了巨额罚款和处罚。

戴尔公司会计舞弊事件的发生并非偶然。

公司内部治理存在严重问题,导致会计人员有机可乘。

管理层过于追求短期业绩,忽视了公司的长远发展。

审计机构在此次事件中也遭受了巨大信任危机。

戴尔公司会计舞弊事件再次提醒我们,企业应该重视内部治理和道德建设,不能为了一时利益而损害长远发展。

同时,监管机构应加强对企业的审计和监督,对于发现的舞弊事件要严惩不贷。

投资者在选择投资对象时也应该更加谨慎,做好尽职调查工作未来展望虽然戴尔公司会计舞弊事件已经过去,但其所带来的影响仍然不容忽视。

未来,戴尔公司需要采取有效措施来弥补这一事件给公众带来的信任危机。

公司需要完善内部治理结构,加强内部审计和风险控制,确保类似事件不再发生。

管理层需要转变观念,注重企业的长远发展,而非短期利益。

戴尔公司还应该加强与监管机构的合作,积极配合调查,并采取措施挽回投资者的信心。

MSD_Capital家族办公室如何发力戴尔私有化

MSD_Capital家族办公室如何发力戴尔私有化

家族办公室(Family Of fice ,FO ),这个家族财富管理的顶层设计工具在近两年的中国迅速发展。

无论在清华大学五道口金融学院“全球家族企业课程”中,还是在瑞士银行年度家族办公室峰会(瑞士/新加坡)上,家族办公室都成为中国富豪榜前列家族的热议话题。

为中国超高净值家族设立的单一家族办公室(Single Family Of fice ,SFO )及联合家族办公室(Multi Family Of fice ,MFO )日渐崛起,2013年可谓“中国家族办公室元年”。

然而,如何设计家族办公室的治理模式与经营战略,如何选聘最值得信赖的专业经理人,如何构建与家族风险偏好及传承目标相匹配的投资组合,成为摆在中国家族面前的挑战。

最近风头颇劲的戴尔家族办公室,恰可以为中国家族提供一个绝佳的参照模版。

“蓝血”经理人操盘2013年9月12日,在全球第三大PC 制造商戴尔公司(DELL.NSDQ ,04331.HK )于总部得克萨斯州朗德罗克召开的股东大会上,该公司董事长兼CEO 迈克尔·戴尔(Michael Dell )与私募投资公司银湖资本(Silver lake )提出的250亿美元的收购要约方案获得批准。

这意味着,戴尔公司私有化尘埃落定。

很少有人注意到,这笔金融危机以来全球最大规模的杠杆收购案的幕后操刀者,正是戴尔的家族办公室MSD Capital 。

如同历史上洛克菲勒家族办公室(Rockefeller Family & Associates )与贝西默信托公司(Bessemer Trust Company )曾做过的一样,MSD Capital自成立以来的15年间,代表戴尔家族参与了一系列极刘中兴为瑞士银行(UBS )董事总经理、新加坡国立大学校长特别顾问叶嘉伟为清华大学五道口金融学院中国金融案例中心研究助理高皓为清华大学五道口金融学院家族企业课程主任、家族办公室研究课题负责人MSD Capital家族办公室如何发力戴尔私有化很少有人注意到,迈克尔·戴尔与银湖资本对戴尔公司250亿美元收购案的幕后操刀者,是戴尔的家族办公室MSD Capital 。

联想公司的财务报告分析(3篇)

联想公司的财务报告分析(3篇)

第1篇一、概述联想集团(Lenovo Group Ltd.)是一家总部位于中国香港的全球领先的个人电脑制造商,成立于1984年,由联想集团创始人柳传志先生创立。

经过多年的发展,联想集团已成为全球最大的个人电脑制造商之一,业务涵盖了个人电脑、服务器、手机、智能设备等多个领域。

本文将对联想集团的最新财务报告进行分析,以了解其经营状况、财务状况和未来发展前景。

二、财务报告分析1. 收入分析根据联想集团发布的2022年财务报告,公司实现总收入为660.19亿美元,同比增长11.6%。

其中,个人电脑业务收入为497.87亿美元,占比75.1%;手机业务收入为64.28亿美元,占比9.6%;数据中心业务收入为58.04亿美元,占比8.7%。

从收入结构来看,个人电脑业务仍然是联想集团的核心业务,占据绝对的主导地位。

2. 利润分析在利润方面,联想集团2022年实现净利润为6.38亿美元,同比增长7.6%。

其中,毛利润为33.65亿美元,同比增长14.2%;营业利润为8.02亿美元,同比增长10.5%。

尽管净利润增速低于收入增速,但毛利率和营业利润率均有所提升,表明联想集团在成本控制、产品定价和运营效率方面取得了一定的成果。

3. 资产负债分析截至2022年底,联想集团的总资产为714.65亿美元,同比增长6.2%;总负债为467.64亿美元,同比增长6.6%。

资产负债率为65.2%,较上一年度的64.5%略有上升。

从资产负债结构来看,联想集团资产负债率处于合理水平,表明公司具有较强的偿债能力。

4. 现金流量分析在现金流量方面,联想集团2022年经营活动产生的现金流量净额为19.65亿美元,同比增长20.5%。

投资活动产生的现金流量净额为-7.65亿美元,主要用于购买固定资产、无形资产等。

筹资活动产生的现金流量净额为-2.91亿美元,主要用于偿还债务。

总体来看,联想集团现金流状况良好,经营活动产生的现金流量净额持续增长。

财务报表分析(英文版)答案

财务报表分析(英文版)答案

Chapter 8Return On Invested Capital And Profitability AnalysisReturn on invested capital is important in our analysis of financial statements. Financial statement analysis involves our assessing both risk and return. The prior three chapters focused primarily on risk, whereas this chapter extends our analysis to return. Return on invested capital refers to a company's earnings relative to both the level and source of financing. It is a measure of a company's success in using financing to generate profits, and is an excellent measure of operating performance. This chapter describes return on invested capital and its relevance to financial statement analysis. We also explain variations in measurement of return on invested capital and their interpretation. We also disaggregate return on invested capital into important components for additional insights into company performance. The role of financial leverage and its importance for returns analysis is examined. This chapter demonstrates each of these analysis techniques using financial statement data.•Importance of Return on Invested CapitalMeasuring Managerial EffectivenessMeasuring ProfitabilityMeasuring for Planning and Control •Components of Return on Invested CapitalDefining Invested CapitalAdjustments to Invested Capital and IncomeComputing Return on Invested Capital•Analyzing Return on Net Operating AssetsDisaggregating Return on Net Operating AssetsRelation between Profit Margin and Asset TurnoverProfit Margin AnalysisAsset Turnover Analysis•Analyzing Return on Common EquityDisaggregating Return on Common EquityFinancial Leverage and Return on Common EquityAssessing Growth in Common Equity•Describe the usefulness of return measures in financial statement analysis. •Explain return on invested capital and variations in its computation.•Analyze return on net operating assets and its relevance in our analysis. •Describe disaggregation of return on net operating assets and the importance of its components.•Describe the relation between profit margin and turnover.•Analyze return on common shareholders' equity and its role in our analysis. •Describe disaggregation of return on common shareholders' equity and the relevance of its components.•Explain financial leverage and how to assess a company's success in trading on the equity across financing sources.1. The return that is achieved in any one period on the invested capital of a companyconsists of the returns (and losses) realized by its various segments and divisions. In turn, these returns are made up of the results achieved by individual product lines and projects. A well-managed company exercises rigorous control over the returns achieved by each of its profit centers, and it rewards the managers on the basis of such results. Specifically, when evaluating new investments in assets or projects, management will compute the estimated returns it expects to achieve and use these estimates as a basis for its decision to invest or not.2. Profit generation is the first and foremost purpose of a company. The effectiveness ofoperating performance determines the ability of the company to survive financially, to attract suppliers of funds, and to reward them adequately. Return on invested capital is the prime measure of company performance. The analyst uses it as an indicator of managerial effectiveness, and/or a measure of the company's ability to earn a satisfactory return on investment.3. If the investment base is defined as comprising net operating assets, then netoperating profit (e.g., before interest) after tax (NOPAT) is the relevant income figure to use. The exclusion of interest from income deductions is due to its being regarded asa payment for the use of money from the suppliers of debt capital (in the same waythat dividends are regarded as a payment to suppliers of equity capital). NOPAT is the appropriate amount to measure against net operating assets as both are considered to be operating.4. First, the motivation for excluding nonproductive assets from invested capital isbased on the idea that management is not responsible for earning a return on non-operating invested capital. Second, the exclusion of intangible assets from the investment base is often due to skepticism regarding their value or their contribution to the earning power of the company. Under GAAP, intangibles are carried at cost.However, if their cost exceeds their future utility, they are written down (or there will be an uncertainty exception regarding their carrying value in the auditor's opinion).The exclusion of intangible assets from the asset base must be based on more substantial evidence than a mere lack of understanding of what these assets represent or an unsupported suspicion regarding their value. This implies that intangible assets should generally not be excluded from invested capital.5. The basic formula for computing the return on investment is net income divided bytotal invested capital. Whenever we modify the definition of the investment base by, say, omitting certain items (liabilities, idle assets, intangibles, etc.) we must also adjust the corresponding income figure to make it consistent with the modified asset base.6. The relation of net income to sales is a measure of operating performance (profitmargin). The relation of sales to total assets is a measure of asset utilization or turnover—a means of determining how effectively (in terms of sales generation) the assets are utilized. Both of these measures, profit margin as well as asset utilization,determine the return realized on a given investment base. Sales are an important factor in both of these performance measures.7. Profit margin, although important, is only one aspect of the return on invested capital.The other is asset turnover. Consequently, while Company B's profit margin is high, its asset turnover may have been sufficiently depressed so as to drag down the overall return on invested capital, leading to the shareholder's complaint.8. The asset turnover of Company X is 3. The profit margin of Company Y is 0.5%. Sinceboth companies are in the same industry, it is clear that Company X must concentrate on improving its asset turnover. On the other hand, Company Y must concentrate on improving its profit margin. More specific strategies depend on the product and industry.9. The sales to total assets (asset turnover) component of the return on invested capitalmeasure reflects the overall rate of asset utilization. It does not reflect the rate of utilization of individual asset categories that enter into the overall asset turnover. To better evaluate the reasons for the level of asset turnover or the reasons for changes in that level, it is helpful to compute the rate of individual asset turnovers that make up the overall turnover rate.10. The evaluation of return on invested capital involves many factors. Theinclusion/exclusion of extraordinary gains and losses, the use/nonuse of trends, the effect of acquisitions accounted for as poolings and their chance of recurrence, the effect of discontinued operations, and the possibility of averaging net income are justa few of many such factors. Moreover, the analyst must take into account the effectsof price-level changes on return calculations. It also is important that the analyst bear in mind that return on invested capital is most commonly based on book values from financial statements rather than on market values. And finally, many assets either do not appear in the financial statements or are significantly understated. Examples of such assets are intangibles such as patents, trademarks, research and development activities, advertising and training, and intellectual capital.11. The equity growth rate is calculated as follows:[Net income – Preferred dividends – Common dividend payout] / Average common equity.This is the growth rate due to the retention of earnings and assumes a constant dividend payout over time. It indicates the possibilities of earnings growth without resort to external financing. The resulting increase in equity can be expected to earn the rate of return that the company earns on its assets and, thus, further contribute to growth in earnings.12. a. The return on net operating assets and the return on common stockholders' equitydiffer by the capital investment base (and its corresponding effects on net income).RNOA reflects the return on the net operating assets of the company whereas ROCE reflects the perspective of common shareholders.b. ROCE can be disaggregated into the following components to facilitate analysis:ROCE = RNOA + Leverage x Spread. RNOA measures the return on net operating assets, a measure of operating performance. The second component (Leverage x Spread) measures the effects of financial leverage. ROCE is increased by adding financial leverage so long as RNOA>weighted average cost of capital. That is, if the firm can earn a return on operating assets that is greater than the cost of the capital used to finance the purchase of those assets, then shareholders are better off adding debt to increase operating assets.13. a. ROCE can be disaggregated as follows:equitycommon Av erage Sales Sales div idends Preferred - income Net ⨯ This shows that “equity turnover” (sales to average common equity) is one of the two components of the return on common shareholders' equity. Assuming a stable profit margin, the equity turnover can be used to determine the level and trend of ROCE. Specifically, an increase in equity turnover will produce an increase in ROCE if the profit margin is stable or declines less than the increase in equity turnover. For example, a common objective of discount stores is to lower prices by lowering profit margins, but to offset this by increasing equity turnover by more than the decrease in profit margin.b. Equity turnover can be rewritten as follows:equitycommon Av erage assets operating Net assets operating Net Sales ⨯ The first factor reflects how well net operating assets are being utilized. If the ratio is increasing, this can signal either a technological advantage or under-capacity and the need for expansion. The second factor reflects the use of leverage. Leverage will be higher for those firms that have financed more of their assets through debt. By considering these factors that comprise equity turnover, it is apparent that EPS cannot grow indefinitely from an increase in these factors. This is because these factors cannot grow indefinitely. Even if there is a technological advantage in production, the sales to net operating assets ratio cannot increase indefinitely. This is because sooner or later the firm must expand its net operating asset base to meet rising sales or else not meet sales and lose a share of the market. Also, financing new assets with debt can increase the net operating assets to common equity ratio. However, this can only be pursued to a point —at which time the equity base must expand (which decreases the ratio).14. When convertible debt sells at a substantial premium above par and is clearly held byinvestors for its conversion feature, there is justification for treating it as the equivalent of equity capital. This is particularly true when the company can choose at any time to force conversion of the debt by calling it in.Exercise 8-1 (35 minutes)a. First alternative:NOPAT = $6,000,000 * 10% = $600,000Net income = $600,000 – [$1,000,000*12%](1-.40) = $528,000Second alternative:NOPAT = $6,000,000 * 10% = $600,000Net income = $600,000 – [$2,000,000*12%](1-.40) = $456,000b. First alternative:ROCE = $528,000 / $5,000,000 = 10.56%Second alternative:ROCE = $456,000 / $4,000,000 = 11.40%c. First alternative:Assets-to-Equity = $6,000,000 / $5,000,000 = 1.2Second alternative:Assets-to-Equity = $6,000,000 / $4,000,000 = 1.5d. First, let’s compute return on assets (R NOA):First alternative: $600,000 / $6,000,000 = 10%Second alternative: $600,000 / $6,000,000 = 10%Second, notice that the interest rate is 12% on the debt (bonds). More importantly, the after-tax interest rate is 7.2% (12% x (1-0.40)), which is less than RNOA. Hence, the company earns more on its assets than it pays for debt on an after-tax basis. That is, it can successfully trade on the equity—use bondholders’ funds to earn additional profits.Finally, since the second alternative uses more debt, as reflected in the assets-to-equity ratio in c, the second alternative is probably preferred. The shareholders would take on additional risk with the second alternative, but the expected returns are greater as evidenced from computations in b.Exercise 8-2 (40 minutes)a. NOPAT = Net income = $10,000,000 x 10% = $1,000,000b. First alternative:NOPAT = $1,000,000 + $6,000,000*10% = $1,600,000Net income = $1,600,000 – ($2,000,000 ⨯ 5% x [1-.40]) = $1,540,000Second alternative:NOPAT = $1,000,000 + $6,000,000*10% = $1,600,000Net income = $1,600,000 – ($6,000,000 ⨯ 6% x [1-.40]) = $1,384,000c. First alternative: ROCE = $1,540,000 / ($10,000,000 + $4,000,000) = 11%Second alternative: ROCE = $1,384,000 / ($10,000,000 + $0) = 13.84%d. ROCE is higher under the second alternative due to successful use ofleverage—that is, successfully trading on the equity. [Note: Asset-to-Equity is1.14=$16 mil./$14 mil. (1.60=$16 mil./$10 mil.) under the first (second)alternative.] The company should pursue the second alternative in the interest of shareholders (assuming projected returns are consistent with current performance levels).a. RNOA = 2 x 5% = 10%b. ROCE = 10% + 1.786 x 4.4% = 17.86%c. RNOA 10.00%Leverage advantage 7.86%Return on equity 17.86%Exercise 8-4 (30 minutes)a. Computation and Interpretation of ROCE:Year 5 Year 9Pre-tax profit margin .......................................................... 0.112 0.109 Asset turnover .................................................................... 0.46 0.44 Assets-to-equity ................................................................. 3.25 3.40 After-tax income retention * .............................................. 0.570 0.556 ROCE (product of above) .................................................. 9.54% 9.07% * 1-Tax rate.ROCE declines from Year 5 to Year 9 because: (1) pre-tax margin decreases by approximately 3%, (2) asset turnover declines by roughly 4.3%, and (3) the tax rate increases by about 3.8%. The combination of these factors drives the decline in ROCE—this is despite the slight improvement in the assets-to-equity ratio.b. The main reason EPS increases is that shareholders had a large amount ofassets and equity working for them. Namely, the company grew while return on assets and return on equity remained fairly stable. In addition, the amount of preferred stock declined, as did the amount of preferred dividends. With this decline in the cost of carrying preferred stock, earnings available to common stock increased.(CFA Adapted)a. RNOA = 3 x 7% = 21%b. ROCE = RNOA + LEV x Spread = 21% + (1.667 x 8.4%) = 35%c. Net leverage advantage to common equityReturn on net operating assets .................................. 21%Leverage advantage .................................................... 14%Return on common equity (rounding difference) ..... 35%Exercise 8-6 (30 minutes)a. At the present level of debt, ROCE = $157,500 / $1,125,000 = 14%.In the absence of leverage, the noncurrent liabilities would be substituted with equity. Accordingly, there would be no interest expense with all-equityROCE without leverage = $184,500 / $1,800,000 = 10.25%.14% with leverage but only 10.25% without leverage.b. NOPAT = $157,500 + [$675,000 x 8% x (1-.50)] = $184,500RNOA = $184,500 / ($2,000,000-$200,000) = 10.25%c. The company is utilizing borrowed funds in its capital structure. Since theROCE is greater than RNOA, the use of financial leverage is beneficial to stockholders. Specifically, the after cost of debt is 4% and the financial leverage (NFO/Equity) is $675,000 / $1,125,000 = 60%. Therefore,ROCE = RNOA + LEV x Spread = 10.25% + 0.60 x (10.25% - 4%) = 14%, as before. The favorable effect of financial leverage is given by the term [0.60 x (10.25% - 4%)] = 3.75%.1. c2. a3. cExercise 8-8 (20 minutes)(Assessments of profit margin and asset turnover are relative to industry norms.)a. Higher profit margin and lower asset turnover.b. Higher asset turnover and lower profit margin.c. Higher profit margin and similar/lower asset turnover.d. Higher asset turnover and similar/lower profit margin.e. Higher asset turnover and lower/similar profit margin.f. Higher asset turnover and similar/higher profit margin.g. Higher asset turnover and lower profit margin.Exercise 8-9 (20 minutes)The memorandum to Reliable Auto Sales President would include the following points:•Both Reliable and Legend Auto Sales are perpetually investing $100,000 in automobile inventory.•Legend Auto Sales is able to generate more profit than Reliable because it is turning over its inventory (10 cars) more often. Specifically, Legend is turning its inventory over 10 times per year while Reliable is turning its inventory over only 5 times per year. Hence, given the same investment in automobile inventory, Legend is twice as profitable as Reliable.•Encourage Reliable to sacrifice some return on each sale to increase the inventory turnover. By slightly reducing price, relative to that charged by Legend, Reliable predictably will find that overall profitability increases. This is because while profit per sale declines, the number of units sold and, therefore, inventory turnover will increase. These factors predictably yield increased return on assets.Computation of Asset (PP&E) Turnover [computed as Sales / PP&E (net)]: Northern: $12,000 / $20,000 = 0.60Southern: $6,000 / $20,000 = 0.30This implies that Northern generates $0.60 in sales per year for each $1 investment in PP&E. In contrast, Southern generates $0.30 in sales per year for each $1 investment in PP&E. This shows that Northern is able to generate twice the return for each $1 invested in PP&E. Assuming equal profit margins, Northern will report a higher return on assets because of the volume of sales that the company is able to generate with its investment in PP&E (at least in the short run).Exercise 8-11 (15 minutes)Low volume operations mean that fixed costs, which in the case of automakers are substantial, must be absorbed by a low number of units produced. Since the lower of cost or market rule implies that inventory cannot be priced higher than expected sales price less costs of disposal plus a normal profit margin, much of that excess cost must be charged to the period incurred. In this case, that means the fourth quarter financial statements absorb much of this cost. This is probably the most likely accounting-based reason for the fourth quarter losses described in the news release.Problem 8-1 (30 minutes)a. 1. Quaker Oats does not reveal its computation of this return. Accordingly, wemake some simple computations and assumptions: (i) For simplicity, focus on one share, (ii) The dividend is $1.56 for Year 11, (iii) The average stock price is $55 and the price increase for Year 11 is $14—based on the beginning price of $48 and the ending price of $62. Using this information, we compute return to a share of stock as follows:= [Dividend per share + Price increase per share] / Average price per share = [$1.56 + $14] / $55= 28.3%However, if we use the beginning price of $48 per share, we get closer to the company's 34% return:= [$1.56 + $14] / $48= 32.4%2. The return on common equity is based on the relation between net incomeand the book value of the equity capital. In contrast, Quaker Oats’ “return t o shareholders” uses dividends plus market value change in relation to the market price per share (cost of investment to shareholders.)b. The company must have derived the 3.6% from price, market, and otherfactors that are not disclosed. Conceptually, this 3.6% should reflect the added risk of an investment in Quaker Oats’ stock vis-à-vis a risk-free security such as a U.S. Treasury bond.c. Quaker does not reveal its computations. It may disclose a variety of interestrates on long-term debt that it carries in the notes to financial statements.Based on data available to it, but not to the financial statement reader, it probably computed a weighted-average interest rate from which it deducted the tax benefit in arriving at the 6.4% cost of debt.a. Computation of Return on Invested Capital Measures:As a first step, we construct the company’s income statement.Sales (500,000 units @ $10). ................................................ $5,000,000 Fixed costs ....................................................................... 1,500,000 Variable costs (500,000 units @ $4). ............................. 2,000,000 Labor costs (20 employees x $35,000). ......................... 700,000 Income before taxes .......................................................... 800,000 Taxes (50% rate) ................................................................. 400,000 Net income .......................................................................... $ 400,000(1) RNOA = [$400,000 + ($2,000,000 x 7.5%)(1-0.50)] / ($8,000,000-$2,00,000)= $475,000 / $6,000,000 = 7.92%(2) ROCE = [$400,000 - ($1,000,000 x 6%)] / $3,000,000 = 11.33%Fixed costs ($1,500,000 x 1.06) ......................................................... 1,590,000 Variable costs ($550,000 units @ $4) .............................................. 2,200,000 Income before labor costs and taxes ............................................. $1,710,000 To obtain a 10% return on long-term debt and equity capital, Zear will need a numerator of $600,000 given an invested capital base of $6,000,000. The required operating income to yield this $600,000 amount is computed as: Net income + Interest expense x (1 - 0.50) = $600,000Net income + ($2,000,000 x 7.5%) x (1-0.50) = $600,000Net income = $525,000Assuming taxes at a 50% rate, Zear needs pre-tax income of $1,050,000, computed as:Income before labor and taxes ............ $1,710,000Labor costs ........................................... ?Pre-tax income ...................................... $1,050,000This implies:Labor costs = $660,000 orAverage wage per worker = $660,000 / 22 employees = $30,000 per employee Since the current salary level is $35,000, Zear cannot achieve its target return level and give a salary raise to its employees.(CFA Adapted)a. ROCE = $1,650 / $3,860 = 42.7%b. NOPAT = ($2,550 + $10) x (1-0.35) = $1,664NOA = $7,250-$3,290 = $3,960RNOA (using year-end NOA balance) = $1,664 / $3,960 = 42%The effect of financial leverage, thus, is only 0.7% as NFO/NFE are insignificant. Most of Merck’s ROCE in this year is derived from operating results.Pre-tax income to sales 0.36Net income to sales 0.23Sales/current assets 1.47Sales / fixed assets 2.97Sales / total assets 0.98Total liabilities / equity 0.88L-T liabilities / equity 0.03a. 1. RNOA = NOPATAvg. NOANOPAT = [$186,000 + $2,000 - $120,000 - $37,000 + $1,000] x 50% = $16,000 Note: we include income from equity investments under the assumptions that these are operating rather than financial investments. We also include the cumulative effect as operating in the absence of information to the contrary. Minority interest and discontinued operations are nonoperating (minority interest is therefore, treated as equity in the ROCE computation).NOA Year 6 = $138,000 - $29,000 - $7000 - $3,600 = $98,400 NOA Year 5 = $105,000 - $23,000 - $2,000 - $2,000 = $78,000RNOA = $16,000 / ([$98,400 + $78,000]/2) = 18.14%2. ROCE = Net income - Preferred dividendsAverage common equityROCE = ($10,000 –$0) /[($55,400* + $47,800*)/2] = 19.38% *Note: minority interest is treated as equity. If Minority interest is ignored, the ROCE is 19.8%b. NFO = NOA - EquityYear 6: $43,000; Year 5: $30,200LEV = Avg. NFO / Ave Equity = ([$43,000 + $30,200] / 2) / ([$55,400* + $47,800*] /2)= 0.71NFE = NOPAT – Net incomeYear 6: $6,000NFR = NFE / Avg. NFO = $6,000 / ([$43,000 + $30,200] / 2) = 16.4%Spread = RNOA – NFR = 18.14% - 16.4% = 1.74%ROCE = RNOA + LEV x Spread = 18.14 + 0.71 x 1.74% = 19.38%94% (18.14%/19.38%) of Zeta’s ROCE is derived for m operating activities. The company is effectively using leverage, however, as indicated by the positive spread, but the leverage does not contribute significantly to Zeta’s return on equity and may not be worth the added risk.a. ROCE = [Net income –preferred dividends] / stockholders’ equity**end of year in this problemROCE Year 5: [$14 – $0] / $125 = 11.2%ROCE Year 9: [$34 - $0] / $220 = 15.5%RNOA Year 5 = ($35 x 0.50) / ($52 + $123) = 10.0%RNOA Year 9 = ($68 x 0.50) / ($63 + $157) = 15.5%ROCE = RNOA + Leverage x SpreadYear 5: 10.0% + 1.2% = 11.2%Year 9: 15.5% + 0 = 15.5%b. Texas Talcom’s ROCE has increased form years 5 to 9. The source is thisincrease, however, has been an increase in RNOA as the leverage effect is zero in Year 9 since its long-term debt has been retired. Given the RNOA increase, additional leverage might be explored as a way to increase shareholder returns.Selling price per unit ...................... $6.00 $5.00 $50.00 $50.00 Unit cost ........................................... $5.00 $4.00 $32.50 $30.00Analysis of Variation in Product A SalesIncreased quantity at Yr 6 prices (3,000 x $5) ........................ $ 15,000 Price increase at Yr 6 quantity (7,000 x $1) ........................... 7,000 Quantity increase x price increase (3,000 x $1) .................... 3,000 Analysis of Variation in Product A Cost of SalesIncreased quantity at Yr 6 cost (3,000 x $4) ........................... (12,000) Increased cost at Yr 6 quantity (7,000 x $1) ........................... (7,000) Cost increase x quantity increase (3,000 x $1) ...................... (3,000) Net Variation (Increase) in Gross Margin for Product A ............. $ 3,000Analysis of Variation in Product B SalesDecreased quantity at Yr 6 prices (300 x $50) ....................... $ (15,000) Analysis of Variation in Product B Cost of Sales:Decreased quantity at Yr 6 cost (300 x $30) .......................... 9,000 Increased cost at Yr 6 quantity (900 x $2.50) ......................... (2,250) Cost increase x quantity decrease (300 x $2.50) . (750)Net Variation (Decrease) in Gross Margin for Product B ............ $ (7,500)Summary of Net Variation in Margins for Products A and BNet increase from product A ......................................................... $ 3,000 Net decrease from product B ........................................................ (7,500) Net Decrease in Gross Margin ...................................................... $ (4,500)a.SPYRES MANUFACTURING COMPANYComparative Common-Size Income StatementsYear Ended December 31 IncreaseYear 9 Year 8(Decrease)Net sales ............................. 100.0% 100.0% 20.0% Cost of goods sold ............ 81.7 86.0 14.0 Gross margin on sales ...... 18.3 14.0 57.1 Operating expenses .......... 16.8 10.2 98.0 Income before taxes .......... 1.5 3.8 (52.6) Income taxes ...................... 0.4 1.0 (52.0) Net income ......................... 1.1 2.8 (52.9)b. Performance in Year 9 is poor when compared with Year 8. One bright spot isthe percentage of Cost of Goods Sold to Sales, which decreased in Year 9.However, Operating Expenses climbed sharply. This sharp climb in operating expenses is unexpected since there is usually a larger fixed cost component comprising these costs compared with that for Cost of Goods Sold.Management should further check operating expenses. If operating expenses had remained at the Year 8 level of 10.2%, income would have been up favorably for Year 9. Operating expenses may have included a future-directed component such as advertising or training costs. Also, management would want to follow up on the change in gross margin. The sharp improvement in gross margin may have been due to factors such as the liquidation LIFO inventory layers or, alternatively, to something more fundamental with the activities of the firm.。

著名的哈佛分析框架

著名的哈佛分析框架
产品区别度 产品成本和质量的重要性 供应商的数量和每个供应商供应的数量
2020/5/2
Harvard's Fra
以更低的成本提供相同 产品或服务的能力
大量大批生产的规模优势 生产的高效率 产品设计简化 低投入成本
较少的研究开发费用或者广告费 严格的成本控制机制
5.00%
0.00% 2009
2020/5/2
2010 Dell
2011
2012
IBM HP
2013
23
Microsoft: Perfect Model Quality of Earnings, Quality of Assets, Cash Flow
单位:百万美元
销售收入
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 22956 25296 28365 32187 36835 39788 44282
具体运用环境 信贷分析;证券分析;并购分析 债务/股利分析;公司战略分析 总体经营分析
分析工具
战略分析 通过行业和竞争战略分析 来分析企业未来预期业绩
会计分析 通过评估会计政策和会计估 计来评估会计信息的质量
财务分析 利用比率和现金流量 来分析评估经营业绩
2020/5/2
前景分析 对企业未来价值
进行预测









2020/5/2
Harvard's Framework for FSA
衰 退 期
9
不同二生、命战周略期分的析特性
投入期
增长期
成熟期
衰退期
市场
广告宣传,知名 建立品牌信誉, 保护既有市场,渗 选择市场区域,

财务报表分析基本框架

财务报表分析基本框架

[学习目标]
• 通过本章的学习,你应该: • (1)了解会计信息的需求与供给及其对财 务信息质量的影响; • (2)了解从企业经营活动到企业财务报表 的转化过程,从而理解财务报表的内在局 限; • (3)理解财务报表分析的基本框架。
2.1 会计信息的需求与供给
• 2.1.1 现代企业制度与 金融市场的共生互动性
利益冲突
• 思考:谁真正需要真实的会 计信息? • 外部大股东、独立董事、债 权人、投资者、客户、合作 伙伴、竞争对手、公司管理 咨询人员等
2.2 从企业经营活动到企业财 务报表 基于特定经
营环境和经 营战略从事 经济活动
会计 加工
财务报表的内在局限
1. 会计准则的局限性。
2. 权责发生制的内在缺
个独立领域:财务会计和管理会计
– 财务会计:为融资服务,立足企业,
面向市场,受公认会计原则的约束,
定期提供报表,履行受托责任
– 管理会计:为管理服务,将相关信息
适时提供给相关的人,提供内部管理
2.1 会计信息的需求与供给
• 2.1.2 会计信息的需求
– 外部需求:投资者、债权人、基金经理、证券分析师、工 会组织、税务机关、立法和监管机构 – 内部需求:董事会、监事会、经理人、员工
[总结与结论]
• 从企业经营活动到企业财务报表的转化过程存在许多“噪音”,企业财务报 表难以真实、完整地反映企业经营活动。许多财务报表分析者一看到财务报 表,马上埋头分析起来。其实,这种分析方法并不科学。尽管企业财务报表 充满数字,但是,分析财务报表的基本逻辑却必须跳出繁杂琐碎的数字迷宫, 从企业经营活动透视财务报表,从财务报表回归企业经营活动,从而梳理企 业财务报表分析的整体框架。 企业财务报表分析的基本框架包括:(1)战略分析;(2)会计分析;(3) 财务分析;(4)前景分析。惟有如此,企业财务报表分析者才能从“环境— 战略—行为—过程—结果”一体化的视野理解和把握“结果”,从而不仅 “知其然”,更“知其所以然”。这就决定了企业财务报表分析不能简单地 “就报表论报表”,否则,企业财务报表分析者只能“不是庐山真面目,只 缘身在此山中”。因此,应该转变财务报表分析的基本逻辑思维。

财务报表科目详细分析

财务报表科目详细分析

其他应收款账款:
“如果企业生产经营活动正常,其他应收款的数额不应该接近或大于应收账款,若其他应收款余额过大甚至超过应收帐款,就应该注意分析是否存在操纵利润的情况。” 其他应收款是企业除应收票据、应收账款和预付账款以外的各种应收暂付款项。由于可以计入其他应收款的票据要求不十分严格,所以其他应收款科目往往成为企业处理不合法业务的工具。 首先,企业利用其他应收款虚列费用,我对调查过程中,发现该公司的其他应收款数额很大,并且其中大部分是长期挂账等待处理的呆账。我们抽出数额较大的几笔进行了函证,结果都如石沉大海没有接到回函。于是,我们又从账上抽出一些欠款数额较大的单位去工商局查询。答复出人意料,这几家公司根本就没有在工商局登记。我们深入审查,发现这些长年挂账的其他应收款是企业不合法的费用支出,以及企业为虚增利润,把一些成本费用不计入当期损益,而是作为其他应收款来挂账。 其次,企业利用其他应收款为其他单位套取现金。在调查中,我们发现企业银行对账单中有几笔款项存入企业的账户后,马上又等额支出,在该企业的账务处理上又大都做在一张记账凭证上,经过我们细心查出是企业在利用其他应收款账户为其他企业套取现金,其他应收款科目成为企业出借出租账户的保护伞。 再次,企业利用其他应收款账户来隐瞒收入,以达到少交税或不交税的目的。在调查一家私营企业时,我们发现该公司账务异常,其他应收款本属于资产类账户,是企业应收暂付的款项,正常情况余额应该在借方。但在该企业其他应收款中总是先出现贷方发生额,随后由借方转出。我们抽出几笔大额款项进行了函证。回函阐明该笔款项是对方企业购买该公司的货物支付的款项,实质上是被审公司的销售收入。企业将收入计入其他应收款科目是为了隐瞒收入,降低利润,以达到少交税或不交税的目的。此外,企业利用其他应收款做为现金科目的补差科目。一些企业在现金盘点时发现的现金长款或现金短款,不及时按规定进行账务处理,而是挂在其他应收款账户上。做为以后盘点现金时发现现金短款、现金长款的备抵款项,这些都严重违反了会计制度。
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Income Statement:
Net revenue
Sequential Growth Y/Y Growth
Cost of revenue Gross margin SG&A R&D
Total operating expenses Operating income
Investment and other income, net Income before taxes Income tax provision Net income
Sequential Growth Y/Y Growth
EPS:
Basic Diluted
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding: Basic Diluted
Percentage of Net Revenue: Gross margin
Selling, general and administrative
Research, development and engineering Total operating expenses Operating income
Income before income taxes Net income
Income tax rate
Revenues by Business Unit: a
52,902
61,494 62,071 Global Large Enterprise 18,111 18,786 Global Public
16,377 16,070 Global Small and Medium Business 12,608 13,547 Global Consumer
14,398 13,668 Operating income by Business Unit:3,327
4,499 5,487 Global Large Enterprise 1,490 1,889 Global Public
1,446 1,584 Global Small and Medium Business 1,383 1,581 Global Consumer 180 433 Other -- Special Charges Revenues by product: Servers and Networking Storage Services
Software & Peripherals Mobility
Desktop PCs
Note: Percentage growth rates and ratios are calculated based on underlying data in thousands and rounded per share data.
DELL INC.
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations
(in millions)(unaudited)
a
Segment Results for Fiscal 2012 have been recast to conform to segment realignments that were completed during the first quarter of Fiscal 2013. See Supplemental Segment Information at the end of these financial tables for more information.
FY10FY11FY12GAAP gross margin
9,261$ 11,396$ 13,811$ Non-GAAP adjustments:
Amortization of intangibles
151
278 305 Severance and facility actions and acquisition-related 237 57 49 Non-GAAP gross margin 9,649 11,731 14,165 GAAP operating expenses
7,089 7,963 9,380 Non-GAAP adjustments:
Amortization of intangibles
(54) (71) (86) Severance and facility actions and acquisition-related (360) (170) (264) Other (1)
- (140) - Non-GAAP operating expenses 6,675 7,582 9,030 GAAP operating income
2,172 3,433 4,431 Non-GAAP adjustments:
Amortization of intangibles
205 349 391 Severance and facility actions and acquisition-related 597 227 313 Other (1)
- 140 - Non-GAAP operating income
2,974 4,149 5,135 GAAP net income
1,433 2,635 3,492 GAAP earnings per common share - diluted
0.73$ 1.35$ 1.88$ Non-GAAP adjustments:
Amortization of intangibles
205 349 391 Severance and facility actions and acquisition-related 597 227 313 Other (1)
- 68 - Aggregate adjustment for income taxes
(181) (173) (244) Non-GAAP adjustments per common share - diluted 0.32$ 0.24$ 0.25$ Non-GAAP net income
2,054 3,106 3,952 Non-GAAP earnings per commong share - diluted 1.05$ 1.59$ 2.13$ GAAP Diluted WAS
1,962
1,955
1,853
Percentage of Total Net Revenue:GAAP gross margin
22.5%22.6%21.1%21.3%21.6%17.5%18.5%22.3%Non-GAAP adjustment 7.0%0.5%0.6%0.7% 1.0%0.7%0.6%0.5%Non-GAAP gross margin 23.2%23.1%21.7%22.0%22.6%18.2%19.1%22.8%GAAP operating expenses
15.2%15.2%15.3%15.6%15.4%13.4%12.9%15.2%Non-GAAP adjustment -0.5%-0.5%-0.7%-0.6%-0.6%-0.8%-0.6%-0.7%Non-GAAP operating expenses 14.7%14.7%14.6%15.0%14.8%12.6%12.3%14.5%GAAP operating income
7.3%7.4% 5.8% 5.7% 6.2% 4.1% 5.6%7.1%Non-GAAP adjustment 1.2% 1.0% 1.3% 1.3% 1.6% 1.5% 1.1% 1.2%Non-GAAP operating income 8.5%8.4%7.1%7.0%7.8% 5.6% 6.7%8.3%GAAP net income
5.7% 5.8% 4.8% 4.4% 5.1% 2.7% 4.3% 5.6%Non-GAAP adjustment 0.7%0.6%0.9%0.9%0.9% 1.2%0.8%0.8%Non-GAAP net income
6.4%
6.4%
5.7%
5.3%
6.0%
3.9%
5.1%
6.4%
Note: Percentage growth rates and ratios are calculated based on underlying data in thousands.
(1)
Other for Q1 FY11 includes amounts for the $100 million settlement of the SEC investigation and a $40 million settlement for a securities litigation matter, which are both recorded in operating expenses. Other for Q3 FY11 consists of Dell's receipt of a $72 million merger termination fee, which is recorded in Interest and Other, Net.
DELL INC.
Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures (in millions, except per share data and percentages)
(unaudited)
Prior Annual Results。

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