金融工程(2版)周复之课后习题答案
金融工程教材习题答案
金融工程教材习题答案金融工程教材习题答案是一份非常重要的学习资料，可以帮助学生更好地理解课程内容，掌握相关知识和技能。
下面是一份金融工程教材习题的答案，供参考。
1. 什么是金融工程？金融工程是一门交叉学科，将金融学、数学、统计学和计算机科学等知识与技术相结合，通过建立和应用数学和统计方法，设计和分析金融工具、产品和策略，以实现风险管理、投资组合优化、金融市场分析和衍生品定价等目标。
2. 金融工程的主要应用领域有哪些？金融工程的主要应用领域包括风险管理、投资组合管理、金融市场分析和衍生品定价等。
在风险管理方面，金融工程可以帮助机构和个人识别、量化和管理各种金融风险，如市场风险、信用风险和操作风险等。
在投资组合管理方面，金融工程可以帮助投资者优化投资组合配置，平衡风险和收益。
在金融市场分析方面，金融工程可以帮助分析师和交易员进行市场趋势分析、风险评估和交易决策。
在衍生品定价方面，金融工程可以通过建立数学模型和运用统计方法，对期权、期货等衍生品的定价进行分析和计算。
3. 金融工程的核心概念有哪些？金融工程的核心概念包括金融市场、金融工具、金融风险和金融工程技术等。
金融市场是金融工程的基础，是金融资产买卖和交易的场所，如股票市场、债券市场和外汇市场等。
金融工具是金融市场上的交易工具，如股票、债券、期权和期货等。
金融风险是金融工程关注的重点，包括市场风险、信用风险和操作风险等。
金融工程技术是金融工程实践中的工具和方法，包括数学建模、统计分析和计算机模拟等。
4. 金融工程中常用的数学方法有哪些？金融工程中常用的数学方法包括概率论、随机过程、偏微分方程和优化方法等。
概率论是研究随机事件和概率分布的数学工具，用于描述和分析金融市场的不确定性。
随机过程是研究随机变量随时间变化的数学工具，用于建立金融市场的动态模型。
偏微分方程是研究函数的变化率和变化趋势的数学工具，用于解决金融工程中的定价和风险管理问题。
优化方法是研究如何寻找最优解的数学工具，用于优化投资组合和衍生品定价等问题。
《金融学(第二版)》讲义大纲及课后习题答案详解 第四章
CHAPTER 4THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY AND DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW ANALYSISObjectives•To explain the concepts of compounding and discounting, future value and present value.•To show how these concepts are applied to making financial decisions.Outline4.1 Compounding4.2 The Frequency of Compounding4.3 Present Value and Discounting4.4 Alternative Discounted Cash Flow Decision Rules4.5 Multiple Cash Flows4.6 Annuities4.7 Perpetual Annuities4.8 Loan Amortization4.9 Exchange Rates and Time Value of Money4.10 Inflation and Discounted Cash Flow Analysis4.11 Taxes and Investment DecisionsSummary•Compounding is the process of going from present value (PV) to future value (FV). The future value of $1 earning interest at rate i per period for n periods is (1+i)n.•Discounting is finding the present value of some future amount. The present value of $1 discounted at rate i per period for n periods is 1/(1+i)n.•One can make financial decisions by comparing the present values of streams of expected future cash flows resulting from alternative courses of action. The present value of cash inflows less the present value of cash outflows is called net present value (NPV). If a course of action has a positive NPV, it is worth undertaking. •In any time value of money calculation, the cash flows and the interest rate must be denominated in the same currency.•Never use a nominal interest rate when discounting real cash flows or a real interest rate when discounting nominal cash flows.How to Do TVM Calculations in MS ExcelAssume you have the following cash flows set up in a spreadsheet:Move the cursor to cell B6 in the spreadsheet. Click the function wizard f x in the tool bar and when a menu appears, select financial and then NPV. Then follow the instructions for inputting the discount rate and cash flows. You can input the column of cash flows by selecting and moving it with your mouse. Ultimately cell B6should contain the following:=NPV(0.1,B3:B5)+B2The first variable in parenthesis is the discount rate. Make sure to input the discount rate as a decimal fraction (i.e., 10% is .1). Note that the NPV function in Excel treats the cash flows as occurring at the end of each period, and therefore the initial cash flow of 100 in cell B2 is added after the closing parenthesis. When you hit the ENTER key, the result should be $47.63.Now move the cursor to cell B7to compute IRR. This time select IRR from the list of financial functions appearing in the menu. Ultimately cell B7 should contain the following:=IRR(B2:B5)When you hit the ENTER key, the result should be 34%.Your spreadsheet should look like this when you have finished:Solutions to Problems at End of Chapter1. If you invest $1000 today at an interest rate of 10% per year, how much will you have 20 years from now,assuming no withdrawals in the interim?2. a. If you invest $100 every year for the next 20 years, starting one year from today and you earninterest of 10% per year, how much will you have at the end of the 20 years?b. How much must you invest each year if you want to have $50,000 at the end of the 20 years?3. What is the present value of the following cash flows at an interest rate of 10% per year?a. $100 received five years from now.b. $100 received 60 years from now.c. $100 received each year beginning one year from now and ending 10 years from now.d. $100 received each year for 10 years beginning now.e. $100 each year beginning one year from now and continuing forever.e. PV = $100 = $1,000.104. You want to establish a “wasting” fund which will provide you with $1000 per year for four years, at which time the fund will be exhausted. How much must you put in the fund now if you can earn 10% interest per year?SOLUTION:5. You take a one-year installment loan of $1000 at an interest rate of 12% per year (1% per month) to be repaid in 12 equal monthly payments.a. What is the monthly payment?b. What is the total amount of interest paid over the 12-month term of the loan?SOLUTION:b. 12 x $88.85 - $1,000 = $66.206. You are taking out a $100,000 mortgage loan to be repaid over 25 years in 300 monthly payments.a.If the interest rate is 16% per year what is the amount of the monthly payment?b.If you can only afford to pay $1000 per month, how large a loan could you take?c.If you can afford to pay $1500 per month and need to borrow $100,000, how many months would it taketo pay off the mortgage?d.If you can pay $1500 per month, need to borrow $100,000, and want a 25 year mortgage, what is thehighest interest rate you can pay?SOLUTION:a.Note: Do not round off the interest rate when computing the monthly rate or you will not get the same answerreported here. Divide 16 by 12 and then press the i key.b.Note: You must input PMT and PV with opposite signs.c.Note: You must input PMT and PV with opposite signs.7. In 1626 Peter Minuit purchased Manhattan Island from the Native Americans for about $24 worth of trinkets. If the tribe had taken cash instead and invested it to earn 6% per year compounded annually, how much would the Indians have had in 1986, 360 years later?SOLUTION:8. You win a $1 million lottery which pays you $50,000 per year for 20 years, beginning one year from now. How much is your prize really worth assuming an interest rate of 8% per year?SOLUTION:9. Your great-aunt left you $20,000 when she died. You can invest the money to earn 12% per year. If you spend $3,540 per year out of this inheritance, how long will the money last?SOLUTION:10. You borrow $100,000 from a bank for 30 years at an APR of 10.5%. What is the monthly payment? If you must pay two points up front, meaning that you only get $98,000 from the bank, what is the true APR on the mortgage loan?SOLUTION:If you must pay 2 points up front, the bank is in effect lending you only $98,000. Keying in 98000 as PV and computing i, we get:11. Suppose that the mortgage loan described in question 10 is a one-year adjustable rate mortgage (ARM), which means that the 10.5% interest applies for only the first year. If the interest rate goes up to 12% in the second year of the loan, what will your new monthly payment be?SOLUTION:Step 2 is to compute the new monthly payment at an interest rate of 1% per month:12. You just received a gift of $500 from your grandmother and you are thinking about saving this money for graduation which is four years away. You have your choice between Bank A which is paying 7% for one-year deposits and Bank B which is paying 6% on one-year deposits. Each bank compounds interest annually. What is the future value of your savings one year from today if you save your money in Bank A? Bank B? Which is the better decision? What savings decision will most individuals make? What likely reaction will Bank B have? SOLUTION:$500 x (1.07) = $535Formula:$500 x (1.06) = $530a.You will decide to save your money in Bank A because you will have more money at the end of the year. Youmade an extra $5 because of your savings decision. That is an increase in value of 1%. Because interestcompounded only once per year and your money was left in the account for only one year, the increase in value is strictly due to the 1% difference in interest rates.b.Most individuals will make the same decision and eventually Bank B will have to raise its rates. However, it isalso possible that Bank A is paying a high rate just to attract depositors even though this rate is not profitable for the bank. Eventually Bank A will have to lower its rate to Bank B’s rate in order to make money.13.Sue Consultant has just been given a bonus of $2,500 by her employer. She is thinking about using the money to start saving for the future. She can invest to earn an annual rate of interest of 10%.a.According to the Rule of 72, approximately how long will it take for Sue to increase her wealth to $5,000?b.Exactly how long does it actually take?SOLUTION:a.According to the Rule of 72: n = 72/10 = 7.2 yearsIt will take approximately 7.2 years for Sue’s $2,500 to double to $5,000 at 10% interest.b.At 10% interestn i PV FV PMTSolve10 - $2,500 $5,0007.27 YearsFormula:$2,500 x (1.10)n = $5,000Hence, (1.10)n = 2.0n log 1.10 = log 2.0n = .693147 = 7.27 Years.095310rry’s bank account has a “floating” interest rate on certa in deposits. Every year the interest rate is adjusted. Larry deposited $20,000 three years ago, when interest rates were 7% (annual compounding). Last year the rate was only 6%, and this year the rate fell again to 5%. How much will be in his account at the end of this year?SOLUTION:$20,000 x 1.07 x 1.06 x 1.05 = $23,818.2015.You have your choice between investing in a bank savings account which pays 8% compounded annually (BankAnnual) and one which pays 7.5% compounded daily (BankDaily).a.Based on effective annual rates, which bank would you prefer?b.Suppose BankAnnual is only offering one-year Certificates of Deposit and if you withdraw your moneyearly you lose all interest. How would you evaluate this additional piece of information when making your decision?SOLUTION:a.Effective Annual Rate: BankAnnual = 8%.Effective Annual Rate BankDaily = [1 + .075]365 - 1 = .07788 = 7.788%365Based on effective annual rates, you would prefer BankAnnual (you will earn more money.)b.If BankAnnual’s 8% annual return i s conditioned upon leaving the money in for one full year, I would need tobe sure that I did not need my money within the one year period. If I were unsure of when I might need the money, it might be safer to go for BankDaily. The option to withdraw my money whenever I might need it will cost me the potential difference in interest:FV (BankAnnual) = $1,000 x 1.08 = $1,080FV (BankDaily) = $1,000 x 1.07788 = $1,077.88Difference = $2.12.16.What are the effective annual rates of the following:a.12% APR compounded monthly?b.10% APR compounded annually?c.6% APR compounded daily?SOLUTION:Effective Annual Rate (EFF) = [1 + APR] m - 1ma.(1 + .12)12 - 1 = .1268 = 12.68%12b.(1 + .10)- 1 = .10 = 10%1c.(1 + .06)365 - 1 = .0618 = 6.18%36517.Harry promises that an investment in his firm will double in six years. Interest is assumed to be paid quarterly and reinvested. What effective annual yield does this represent?EAR=(1.029302)4-1=12.25%18.Suppose you know that you will need $2,500 two years from now in order to make a down payment on a car.a.BankOne is offering 4% interest (compounded annually) for two-year accounts, and BankTwo is offering4.5% (compounded annually) for two-year accounts. If you know you need $2,500 two years from today,how much will you need to invest in BankOne to reach your goal? Alternatively, how much will you need to invest in BankTwo? Which Bank account do you prefer?b.Now suppose you do not need the money for three years, how much will you need to deposit today inBankOne? BankTwo?SOLUTION:PV = $2,500 = $2,311.39(1.04)2PV = $2,500 = $2,289.32(1.045)2You would prefer BankTwo because you earn more; therefore, you can deposit fewer dollars today in order to reach your goal of $2,500 two years from today.b.PV = $2,500 = $2,222.49(1.04)3PV = $2,500 = $2,190.74(1.045)3Again, you would prefer BankTwo because you earn more; therefore, you can deposit fewer dollars today in order to reach your goal of $2,500 three years from today.19.Lucky Lynn has a choice between receiving $1,000 from her great-uncle one year from today or $900 from her great-aunt today. She believes she could invest the $900 at a one-year return of 12%.a.What is the future value of the gift from her great-uncle upon receipt? From her great-aunt?b.Which gift should she choose?c.How does your answer change if you believed she could invest the $900 from her great-aunt at only 10%?At what rate is she indifferent?SOLUTION:a. Future Value of gift from great-uncle is simply equal to what she will receive one year from today ($1000). Sheearns no interest as she doesn’t receive the money until next year.b. Future Value of gift from great-aunt: $900 x (1.12) = $1,008.c. She should choose the gift from her great-aunt because it has future value of $1008 one year from today. Thegift from her great-uncle has a future value of $1,000. This assumes that she will able to earn 12% interest on the $900 deposited at the bank today.d. If she could invest the money at only 10%, the future value of her investment from her great-aunt would only be$990: $900 x (1.10) = $990. Therefore she would choose the $1,000 one year from today. Lucky Lynn would be indifferent at an annual interest rate of 11.11%:$1000 = $900 or (1+i) = 1,000 = 1.1111(1+i) 900i = .1111 = 11.11%20.As manager of short-term projects, you are trying to decide whether or not to invest in a short-term project that pays one cash flow of $1,000 one year from today. The total cost of the project is $950. Your alternative investment is to deposit the money in a one-year bank Certificate of Deposit which will pay 4% compounded annually.a.Assuming the cash flow of $1,000 is guaranteed (there is no risk you will not receive it) what would be alogical discount rate to use to determine the present value of the cash flows of the project?b.What is the present value of the project if you discount the cash flow at 4% per year? What is the netpresent value of that investment? Should you invest in the project?c.What would you do if the bank increases its quoted rate on one-year CDs to 5.5%?d.At what bank one-year CD rate would you be indifferent between the two investments?SOLUTION:a.Because alternative investments are earning 4%, a logical choice would be to discount the project’s cash flowsat 4%. This is because 4% can be considered as your opportunity cost for taking the project; hence, it is your cost of funds.b.Present Value of Project Cash Flows:PV = $1,000 = $961.54(1.04)The net present value of the project = $961.54 - $950 (cost) = $11.54The net present value is positive so you should go ahead and invest in the project.c.If the bank increased its one-year CD rate to 5.5%, then the present value changes to:PV = $1,000 = $947.87(1.055)Now the net present value is negative: $947.87 - $950 = - $2.13. Therefore you would not want to invest in the project.d.You would be indifferent between the two investments when the bank is paying the following one-year interestrate:$1,000 = $950 hence i = 5.26%(1+i)21.Calculate the net present value of the following cash flows: you invest $2,000 today and receive $200 one year from now, $800 two years from now, and $1,000 a year for 10 years starting four years from now. Assume that the interest rate is 8%.SOLUTION:Since there are a number of different cash flows, it is easiest to do this problem using cash flow keys on the calculator:22.Your cousin has asked for your advice on whether or not to buy a bond for $995 which will make one payment of $1,200 five years from today or invest in a local bank account.a.What is the internal rate of return on the bond’s cash flows? What additional information do you need tomake a choice?b.What advice would you give her if you learned the bank is paying 3.5% per year for five years(compounded annually?)c.How would your advice change if the bank were paying 5% annually for five years? If the price of thebond were $900 and the bank pays 5% annually?SOLUTION:a.$995 x (1+i)5 = $1,200.(1+i)5 = $1,200$995Take 5th root of both sides:(1+i) =1.0382i = .0382 = 3.82%In order to make a choice, you need to know what interest rate is being offered by the local bank.b.Upon learning that the bank is paying 3.5%, you would tell her to choose the bond because it is earning a higherrate of return of 3.82% .c.If the bank were paying 5% per year, you would tell her to deposit her money in the bank. She would earn ahigher rate of return.5.92% is higher than the rate the bank is paying (5%); hence, she should choose to buy the bond.23.You and your sister have just inherited $300 and a US savings bond from your great-grandfather who had left them in a safe deposit box. Because you are the oldest, you get to choose whether you want the cash or the bond. The bond has only four years left to maturity at which time it will pay the holder $500.a.If you took the $300 today and invested it at an interest rate 6% per year, how long (in years) would ittake for your $300 to grow to $500? (Hint: you want to solve for n or number of periods. Given these circumstances, which are you going to choose?b.Would your answer change if you could invest the $300 at 10% per year? At 15% per year? What otherDecision Rules could you use to analyze this decision?SOLUTION:a.$300 x (1.06)n = $500(1.06)n = 1.6667n log 1.06 = log 1.6667n = .510845 = 8.77 Years.0582689You would choose the bond because it will increase in value to $500 in 4 years. If you tookthe $300 today, it would take more than 8 years to grow to $500.b.You could also analyze this decision by computing the NPV of the bond investment at the different interest rates:In the calculations of the NPV, $300 can be considered your “cost” for acquiring the bond since you will give up $300 in cash by choosing the bond. Note that the first two interest rates give positive NPVs for the bond, i.e. you should go for the bond, while the last NPV is negative, hence choose the cash instead. These results confirm the previous method’s results.24.Suppose you have three personal loans outstanding to your friend Elizabeth. A payment of $1,000 is due today, a $500 payment is due one year from now and a $250 payment is due two years from now. You would like to consolidate the three loans into one, with 36 equal monthly payments, beginning one month from today. Assume the agreed interest rate is 8% (effective annual rate) per year.a.What is the annual percentage rate you will be paying?b.How large will the new monthly payment be?SOLUTION:a.To find the APR, you must first compute the monthly interest rate that corresponds to an effective annual rate of8% and then multiply it by 12:1.08 = (1+ i)12Take 12th root of both sides:1.006434 = 1+ ii = .006434 or .6434% per monthOr using the financial calculator:b.The method is to first compute the PV of the 3 loans and then compute a 36 month annuity payment with thesame PV. Most financial calculators have keys which allow you to enter several cash flows at once. This approach will give the user the PV of the 3 loans.Note: The APR used to discount the cash flows is the effective rate in this case, because this method is assuming annual compounding.25.As CEO of ToysRFun, you are offered the chance to participate, without initial charge, in a project that produces cash flows of $5,000 at the end of the first period, $4,000 at the end of the next period and a loss of $11,000 at the end of the third and final year.a.What is the net present value if the relevant discount rate (the company’s cost of capital) is 10%?b.Would you accept the offer?c.What is the internal rate of return? Can you explain why you would reject a project which has aninternal rate of return greater than its cost of capital?SOLUTION:At 10% discount rate:Net Present Value = - 0 + $5,000 + $4,000 - $11,000 = - 413.22(1.10) (1.10)2 (1.10)3c.This example is a project with cash flows that begin positive and then turn negative--it is like a loan. The 13.6% IRR is therefore like an interest rate on that loan. The opportunity to take a loan at 13.6% when the cost of capital is only 10% is not worthwhile.26.You must pay a creditor $6,000 one year from now, $5,000 two years from now, $4,000 three years from now, $2,000 four years from now, and a final $1,000 five years from now. You would like to restructure the loan into five equal annual payments due at the end of each year. If the agreed interest rate is 6% compounded annually, what is the payment?SOLUTION:Since there are a number of different cash flows, it is easiest to do the first step of this problem using cash flow keys on the calculator. To find the present value of the current loan payments:27.Find the future value of the following ordinary annuities (payments begin one year from today and all interest rates compound annually):a.$100 per year for 10 years at 9%.b.$500 per year for 8 years at 15%.c.$800 per year for 20 years at 7%.d.$1,000 per year for 5 years at 0%.e.Now find the present values of the annuities in a-d.f.What is the relationship between present values and future values?SOLUTION:Future Value of Annuity:e.f.The relationship between present value and future value is the following:nbeginning three years from today in an account that yields 11% compounded annually. How large should the annual deposit be?SOLUTION:You will be making 7 payments beginning 3 years from today. So, we need to find the value of an immediate annuity with 7 payments whose FV is $50,000:29.Suppose an investment offers $100 per year for five years at 5% beginning one year from today.a.What is the present value? How does the present value calculation change if one additional payment isadded today?b.What is the future value of this ordinary annuity? How does the future value change if one additionalpayment is added today?SOLUTION:$100 x [(1.05)5] - 1 = $552.56.05If you were to add one additional payment of $100 today, the future value would increase by:$100 x (1.05)5 = $127.63. Total future value = $552.56 + $127.63 = $680.19.Another way to do it would be to use the BGN mode for 5 payments of $100 at 5%, find the future value of that, and then add $100. The same $680.19 is obtained.30.You are buying a $20,000 car. The dealer offers you two alternatives: (1) pay the full $20,000 purchase price and finance it with a loan at 4.0% APR over 3 years or (2) receive $1,500 cash back and finance the rest at a bank rate of 9.5% APR. Both loans have monthly payments over three years. Which should you choose? SOLUTION:31.You are looking to buy a sports car costing $23,000. One dealer is offering a special reduced financing rate of 2.9% APR on new car purchases for three year loans, with monthly payments. A second dealer is offering a cash rebate. Any customer taking the cash rebate would of course be ineligible for the special loan rate and would have to borrow the balance of the purchase price from the local bank at the 9%annual rate. How large must the cash rebate be on this $23,000 car to entice a customer away from the dealer who is offering the special 2.9% financing?SOLUTION:of the 2.9% financing.32.Show proof that investing $475.48 today at 10% allows you to withdraw $150 at the end of each of the next 4 years and have nothing remaining.SOLUTION:You deposit $475.48 and earn 10% interest after one year. Then you withdraw $150. The table shows what happensAnother way to do it is simply to compute the PV of the $150 annual withdrawals at 10% : it turns out to be exactly $475.48, hence both amounts are equal.33.As a pension manager, you are considering investing in a preferred stock which pays $5,000,000 per year forever beginning one year from now. If your alternative investment choice is yielding 10% per year, what is the present value of this investment? What is the highest price you would be willing to pay for this investment? If you paid this price, what would be the dividend yield on this investment?SOLUTION:Present Value of Investment:PV = $5,000,000 = $50,000,000.10Highest price you would be willing to pay is $50,000,000.Dividend yield = $5,000,000 = 10%.$50,000,00034. A new lottery game offers a choice for the grand prize winner. You can receive either a lump sum of $1,000,000 immediately or a perpetuity of $100,000 per year forever, with the first payment today. (If you die, your estate will still continue to receive payments). If the relevant interest rate is 9.5% compounded annually, what is the difference in value between the two prizes?SOLUTION:The present value of the perpetuity assuming that payments begin at the end of the year is:$100,000/.095 = $1,052,631.58If the payments begin immediately, you need to add the first payment. $100,000 + 1,052,632 = $1,152,632.So the annuity has a PV which is greater than the lump sum by $152,632.35.Find the future value of a $1,000 lump sum investment under the following compounding assumptions:a.7% compounded annually for 10 yearsb.7% compounded semiannually for 10 yearsc.7% compounded monthly for 10 yearsd.7% compounded daily for 10 yearse.7% compounded continuously for 10 yearsa.$1,000 x (1.07)10 = $1,967.15b.$1,000 x (1.035)20 = $1,989.79c.$1,000 x (1.0058)120 = $2,009.66d.$1,000 x (1.0019178)3650 = $2,013.62e.$1,000 x e.07x10 = $2,013.7536.Sammy Jo charged $1,000 worth of merchandise one year ago on her MasterCard which has a stated interest rate of 18% APR compounded monthly. She made 12 regular monthly payments of $50, at the end of each month, and refrained from using the card for the past year. How much does she still owe? SOLUTION:Sammy Jo has taken a $1,000 loan at 1.5% per month and is paying it off in monthly installments of $50. We could work out the amortization schedule to find out how much she still owes after 12 payments, but a shortcut on the financial calculator is to solve for FV as follows:37.Suppose you are considering borrowing $120,000 to finance your dream house. The annual percentage rate is 9% and payments are made monthly,a.If the mortgage has a 30 year amortization schedule, what are the monthly payments?b.What effective annual rate would you be paying?c.How do your answers to parts a and b change if the loan amortizes over 15 years rather than 30?EFF = [1 + .09]1238.Suppose last year you took out the loan described in problem #37a. Now interest rates have declined to 8% per year. Assume there will be no refinancing fees.a.What is the remaining balance of your current mortgage after 12 payments?b.What would be your payment if you refinanced your mortgage at the lower rate for 29 years? SOLUTION:Exchange Rates and the Time Value of Money39.The exchange rate between the pound sterling and the dollar is currently $1.50 per pound, the dollar interest rate is 7% per year, and the pound interest rate is 9% per year. You have $100,000 in a one-year account that allows you to choose between either currency, and it pays the corresponding interest rate.a.If you expect the dollar/pound exchange rate to be $1.40 per pound a year from now and are indifferentto risk, which currency should you choose?b.What is the “break-even” value of the dollar/pound exchange rate one year from now?SOLUTION:a.You could invest $1 today in dollar-denominated bonds and have $1.07 one year from now. Or you couldconvert the dollar today into 2/3 (i.e., 1/1.5) of a pound and invest in pound-denominated bonds to have .726667(i.e., 2/3 x 1.09) pounds one year from now. At an exchange rate of $1.4 per pound, this would yield 0.726667(1.4) = $1.017 (this is lower than $1.07), so you would choose the dollar currency.b.For you to break-even the .726667 pounds would have to be worth $1.07 one year from now, so the break-evenexchange rate is $1.07/.726667 or $1.4725 per pound. So for exchange rates lower than $1.4725 per pound one year from now, the dollar currency will give a better return.。
金融学第二版讲义大纲及课后习题答案详解第八章
CHAPTER 8VALUATION OF KNOWN CASH FLOWS: BONDSObjectives«To show how to value con tracts and securities that promise a stream of cash flows that areknown with certa inty.«To un dersta nd the shape of the yield curve .«To un dersta nd how bond prices and yields cha nge over time.Outline8.1 Us ing Prese nt Value Formulas to Value Known Cash Flows8.2 The Basic Build ing Blocks: Pure Discou nt Bonds8.3 Coupon Bo nds, Curre nt Yield, and Yield to Maturity8.4 Readi ng Bond Listi ngs8.5 Why Yields for the Same Maturity Differ8.6 The Behavior of Bond Prices over TimeSummary* A cha nge in market in terest rates causes a cha nge in the opposite directi on in the market values of all exist ing con tracts promisi ng fixed payme nts in the future.* The market prices of $1 to be received at every possible date in the future are the basic building blocks for valuing all other streams of known cash flows. These prices are inferred from the observed market prices of traded bonds and the n applied to other streams of known cash flows to value them.* An equivale nt valuati on can be carried out by appl ying a discou nted cash flow formula with a differe nt discou nt rate for each future time period.* Differe nces in the prices of fixed-i ncome securities of a give n maturity arise from differe nces in coup on rates, default risk, tax treatme nt, callability, con vertibility, and other features.* Over time the prices of bonds con verge towards their face value. Before maturity, however, bond prices can fluctuatea great deal as a result of cha nges in market in terest rates.Solutions to Problems at End of ChapterBond Valuation with a Flat Term Structure1. Suppose you want to know the price of a 10-year 7% coupon Treasury bond that pays interest annually. a. You have been told that the yield to maturity is 8%. What is the price?b. What is the price if coupons are paid semiannually, and the yield to maturity is 8% per year?c. Now you have been told that the yield to maturity is 7% per year. What is the price? Could you have guessedthe answer without calculating it? What if coupons are paid semiannually?c. Price = 100. When the coup on rate and yield to maturity are the same, the bond sells at par value (i.e. the price equalsthe face value of the bon d).2. Assume six months ago the US Treasury yield curve was flat at a rate of 4% per year (with annualcompounding) and you bought a 30-year US Treasury bond. Today it is flat at a rate of 5% per year. What rate of return did you earn on your initial investment: a. If the bond was a 4% coupon bond? b. If the bond was a zero coupon bond?c. How do your answer change if compounding is semiannual? SOLUTION: a and b.Coupon = 4% 30 4 ? 100 4 PV =100 Zero coupon30 4 ? 100 0 PV =30.83Step 2: Find prices of the bonds today: Coupon = 4% 29.5 5?100 4 84.74 Zero coupon29.5 5 ? 100 0 23.71Step 3: Find rates of retur n:Rate of retur n = (coup on + cha nge in price)/in itial price4% coupon bond: r = (4 + 84.74 —100)/100 = -0.1126 or —11.26%Zero-coupon bon d: r = (0 + 23.71 —30.83)/30.83 = -0.2309 or -23.09%. Note that the zero-coupon bo nd is more sen sitive to yield cha nges tha n the 4% coup on bond. c.Step 1: Find prices of the bonds six mon ths ago:Coup on=4% 60 2 ?100 2 PV =100 Zero coupon 60 2 ? 100 0 PV =30.48 Step 2: Find prices of the bonds today:Coup on=4% 59 2.5? 100 2 84.66 Zero coupon59 2.5 ?10023.30SOLUTION:a. With coup ons paid once a year:Price = 93.29b. With coup ons paid twice a year:Price = 93.20Step 3: Find rates of retur n:Rate of return = (coupon + change in price) / initial price4% coupon bond: r = (2 + 84.66 -100)/100 = -0.1334 or -13.34%Zero coupon bond: r = (0 + 23.30 - 30.48)/30.48 = -0.2356 or -23.56%. Note that the zero-coupon bond is more sen sitive to yield cha nges tha n the 4% coup on bond.Bond Valuatio n With a Non-Flat Term Structure3. Suppose you observe the following prices for zero-coupon bonds (pure discount bonds) that have no risk of default:a. What should be the price of a 2-year coupon bond that pays a 6% coupon rate, assuming coupon paymentsare made once a year starting one year from now?b. Find the missing entry in the table.c. What should be the yield to maturity of the 2-year coupon bond in Part a?d. Why are your answers to parts b and c of this question different?SOLUTION:a. Present value of first year's cash flow = 6 x .97 = 5.82Prese nt value of sec ond year's cash flow = 106 x .90 = 95.4Total prese nt value = 101.22 b^Th^y^^tomaturityon^^^^arzerocoupo^bon^wrt^pr^eof9^an^facevalu^of1^3i^5^^^^^^^^2 I ? I -90 I 100 I 0 1 i = 5.41%c. The yield to maturity on a 2-year 6% coup on bond with price of 101.22 isd. The two bonds are differe nt because they have differe nt coup on rates. Thus they have differe nt yields to maturity.Coupon Stripping4. You would like to create a 2-year synthetic zero-coupon bond. Assume you are aware of the following information: 1-year zero- coupon bonds are trading for $0.93 per dollar of face value and 2-year 7% coupon bonds (annual payments) are selling at $985.30 (Face value = $1,000).a. What are the two cash flows from the 2-year coupon bond?b. Assume you can purchase the 2-year coupon bond and unbundle the two cash flows and sell them.i. How much will you receive from the sale of the first payment?ii. How much do you need to receive from the sale of the 2-year Treasury strip to break even?SOLUTION:a. $70 at the end of the first year and $1070 at the end of year 2.b. i. I would receive .93 x $70 = $65.10 from the sale of the first payment.ii. To break even, I would need to receive $985.30- $65.10 = $920.20 from the sale of the 2-year strip.The Law of One price and Bond Pricing5. Assume that all of the bonds listed in the following table are the same except for their pattern of promised cash flows over time. Prices are quoted per $1 of face value. Use the information in the table and the Law of One Price to infer the values of the missing entries. Assume that coupon payments are annual.6% 2 years 5.5%0 2 years7% 2 years0 1 year $0.95From Bond 1 and Bond 4, we can get the miss ing en tries for the 2-year zero-coup on bond. We know from bond 1 that:2 21.0092 = 0.06/1.055 +1.06/(1.055) . This is also equal to 0.06/(1+z 1) + 1.06/(1+z 2) where z 1 and Z2 are the yields to maturity on on e-year zero-coup on and two-year zero-coup on bonds respectively. From bond 4 , we have z 1, we can find z2.1.0092 -0.06/1.0526 = 1.06/(1+z 2)2, hence z = 5.51%.To get the price P per $1 face value of the 2-year zero-coup on bond, using the same reasoning:1.0092 -0.06x0.95 = 1.06xP, he nee P = 0.8983To find the entries for bond 3: first find the price, then the yield to maturity. To find the price, we can use z 1 and Z2 found earlier: PV of coupon payment in year 1: 0.07 x 0.95 = 0.0665PV of coupon + pri ncipal payme nts in year 2: 1.07 x 0.8983 =0.9612「otal prese nt value of bond 3 二 1.02772 ? 0.07 -1.0277 1 i = 5.50%Hence the table becomes:6% 2 years $1.0092 5.5%0 2 years $0.8983 5.51%SOLUTION:Bond 1:Bond 4:Bond Features and Bond Valuation6. What effect would adding the following features have on the market price of a similar bond which does not have this feature?a. 10-year bond is callable by the company after 5 years (compare to a 10-year non-callable bond);b. bond is convertible into 10 shares of common stock at any time (compare to a non-convertible bond);c. 10-year bond can be “ put back ” to the company after 3 years at par (puttable boiumipare to a 10year non-puttablebond)d. 25-year bond has tax-exempt coupon paymentsSOLUTION:a. The callable bond would have a lower price tha n the non-callable bond to compe nsate the bon dholders for gra nti ng theissuer the right to call the bon ds.b. The con vertible bond would have a higher price because it gives the bon dholders the right to con vert their bonds intoshares of stock.c. The puttable bond would have a higher price because it gives the bondholders the right to sell their bonds back to the issuerat par.d. The bond with the tax-exempt coup on has a higher price because the bon dholder is exempted from pay ing taxes on thecoup ons. (Coup ons are usually con sidered and taxed as pers onal in come).Inferring the Value of a Bond Guarantee7. Suppose that the yield curve on dollar bonds that are free of the risk of default is flat at 6% per year. A 2-year 10% coupon bond (with annual coupons and $1,000 face value) issued by Dafolto Corporation is rates B, and it is currently trading at a market price of $918. Aside from its risk of default, the Dafolto bond has no other financially significant features. How much should an investor be willing to pay for a guarantee against Dafolto ' s defaulting on this bond?The difference between the price of the bond if it were free of default and its actual price (with risk of default) is the value of a guarantee against default: 1073.3-918 = $155.3The implied Value of a Call Provision and Convertibility8. Suppose that the yield curve on bonds that are free of the risk of default is flat at 5% per year. A 20-year default-free coupon bond (with annual coupons and $1,000 face value) that becomes callable after 10 years is trading at par and has a coupon rate of 5.5%.a. What is the implied value of the call provision?b. A Safeco Corporation bond which is otherwise identical to the callable 5.5% coupon bond describedabove, is also convertible into 10 shares of Safeco stock at any time up to the bond ' s maturity. If its yield to maturity is currently 3.5% per year, what is the implied value of the conversion feature?SOLUTION:a. We have to find the price of the bond if it were only free of the risk of default.The bond is traded at par value, hence the differe nee betwee n the value calculated above and the actual traded value is the implied value of the call provisio n: 1062.3 T000 = $62.3Note that the call provisi on decreases the value of the bond.b. We have to find the price of the Safeco Corporati on:This bond has the same features as the 5.5% default free callable bond described above, plus an additional feature: it is con vertible into stocks. Hence the implied value of the con versi on feature is the differe nee betwee n the values of both bonds: 1284.2-1000 = $284.25. Note that the con version feature in creases the value of the bond.Changes in Interest Rates and Bond Prices9. All else being equal, if interest rates rise along the entire yield curve, you should expect that:i. Bond prices will fallii. Bond prices will riseiii. Prices on long-term bonds will fall more than prices on short-term bonds.iv. Prices on long-term bonds will rise more than prices on short-term bondsa. ii and iv are correctb. We can ' t be certain that prices will changec. Only i is correctd. Only ii is correcte. i and iii are correctSOLUTION:The correct an swer is e.Bond prices are in versely proporti onal to yields hence whe n yields in crease, bond prices fall. Lon g-term bonds are more sen sitive to yield cha nges tha n short-term bon ds.。
金融工程学理论及实务课本习题答案
金融工程习题答案第一章金融工程导论1、什么是金融工程？答：一般认为金融学发展经历了描述性金融、分析性金融和金融工程三个阶段: （1）英国学者洛伦兹·格立茨(Lawrence Galitz,1995)的观点：“金融工程是指运用金融工具重新构造现有的金融状况，使之具有所期望的特性(即收益/风险组合特性)”。
（2）最早提出金融工程学科概念的学者之一John Finnerty（1988）的观点：金融工程将工程思维引入金融领域，综合地采用各种工程技术方法（主要有数学模型、数值计算、网络图解、仿真模型等）设计、开发和实施新型的金融产品，创造性地解决各种金融问题。
（3）国际金融工程师学会常务理事Marshall等（1992）的观点,认为Finnerty 的定义中提到的金融产品是广义的：它包括所有在金融市场交易的金融工具，比如股票、债券、期货、期权、互换等金融产品；也包括金融服务，如结算、清算、发行、承销等；而设计、开发和实施新型的金融产品的目的也是为了创造性地解决金融问题，因此金融问题的解也可看作是创新一个金融产品。
2、金融工程产生和发展的基础是什么？答：从发展的过程来看，金融工程是在金融理论与实践的基础上，作为金融学科的一个方向，逐步发展并演变成为一门独立学科的。
金融理论的产生和发展为金融工程的产生的发展提供了理论基础。
这些理论既包括有效市场假说等较为宏观的金融理论，也包括资产组合理论、套利定价理论、资本资产定价理论等微观金融理论。
3、金融工程的基本框架是什么？答：金融工程作为一门学科，它具有较为系统和完整的框架，主要包括金融工程的理论基础、金融工具和金融工程技术。
（1）金融工程的理论基础。
它是支撑金融工程的知识体系，主要涉及金融理论、经济学理论、数学和统计学知识、会计及法律知识等方面的理论和知识。
核心的基础理论是估值理论、资产组合理论、有效市场理论、套期保值理论、期权定价理论、汇率及利率理论等。
金融工程课后题11习题解答gongxun(Lite)
11.1 阐述Black-Scholes 股票期权定价模型中对于一年中股票价格概率分布的假设条件。
Black-Scholes 股票期权定价模型假定一年中股票价格概率分布服从正态分布，同样，它假设股票的连续回报率也是服从正态分布的。
11.2 若一股票价格的波动率为每年30%，则在一个交易日内其相应的价格变化的标准差为多少？在本题中σ=0.3，假设一年中有252个交易日，则 12520.004t ==因此0.019 1.9%or ==11.3 阐述风险中性定价原理。
一个期权或者其他金融衍生品都是通过风险中性定价原理来定价的，期权因此在风险中性下和在真实下有一样的价值。
因此我们为了估价期权而假设这个世界是风险中性的，这简化了分析。
在风险中性情况下，所有证券都期望得到无风险利率的回报率。
因此在一个风险中性世界，用于预计远期现金流的最合适的贴现率是无风险利率。
11.4 计算基于无红利支付股票的欧式看跌期权价格，其中执行价格为＄50，现价为＄50，有效期3个月期，无风险年收益率为10%，波动率为每年30%。
在本题中050,50,0.1,0.3,0.25S X r T σ=====10.2417d ==210.0917d d =-=欧式看跌期权价格是0.10.250.10.2550(0.0.0917)50(0.2417)500.4634500.4045 2.37N e N e -⨯-⨯---=⨯-⨯=11.5 若在两个月后预期支付的红利为＄1.50，则习题11.4中计算会有何变化？在本题中我们在使用BS 公式前必须从股票价格中减去红利的贴现值，因此0S 应该是0.16670.1050 1.5048.52S e-⨯=-= 其他变量不变50,0.1,0.3,0.25X r T σ==== 在本题中10.0414d ==210.1086d d =-=-欧式看跌期权价格是0.10.250.10.2550(0.1086)48.52(0.0414)500.543248.520.4045 3.03N e N e -⨯-⨯---=⨯-⨯=11.6 什么是隐含波动率？如何计算？隐含波动率是使一个期权的Black-Scholes 价格等于它的市场价格的波动率，它用互换程序计算。
金融工程-习题-第二部分-答案
金融工程-习题-第二部分-答案《金融工程与风险管理》习题第二部分1．假设某不付红利股票价格遵循几何布朗运动，其预期年收益率16%，年波动率30%，该股票当天收盘价为50元，求：①第二天收盘时的预期价格，②第二天收盘时股价的标准差，③在量信度为95%情况下，该股票第二天收盘时的价格范围。
1、由于),(~t t SSσμφ 在本题中，S ＝50，μ＝0.16,σ=0.30,?t=1/365=0.00274.因此，S/50~φ(0.16?0.00274,0.3?0.002740.5)=φ(0.0004,0.0157) ?S ~φ(0.022,0.785)因此，第二天预期股价为50.022元，标准差为0.785元，在95％的置信水平上第2天股价会落在50.022-1.96?0.785至50.022+1.96?0.785,即48.48元至51.56元之间。
2.变量X 1和X 2遵循普通布朗运动，漂移率分别为μ1和μ2，方差率分别为σ12和σ22。
请问在下列两种情况下，X 1+X 2分别遵循什么样的过程？（1）在任何短时间间隔中X 1和X 2的变动都不相关；（2）在任何短时间间隔中X 1和X 2变动的相关系数为ρ。
2、（1）假设X 1和X 2的初始值分别为a 1和a 2。
经过一段时间T 后，X 1的概率分布为：11,a T φμσ+（X 2的概率分布为：22,a T φμσ+（根据独立的正态分布变量之和的性质，可求X 1和X 2的概率分布为：11221212()a T a T a a T φμμφμμ+++=+++（（这表明，X 1和X 2遵循漂移率为12μμ+，方差率为2212σσ+的普通布朗运动。
（2）在这种情况下，X 1和X 2在短时间间隔Δt 之内的变化的概率分布为：12[()t φμμ+?如果1212μμσσρ、、、和都是常数，则X 1和X 2在较长时间间隔T 之内的变化的概率分布为：12[()T φμμ+这表明，X 1和X 2遵循漂移率为12μμ+，方差率为2212σσ++ 122ρσσ的普通布朗运动。
金融工程 第二版 课后习题 完整答案
第1章7、讨论以下观点是否正确：看涨期权空头可以被视为其他条件都相同的看跌期权空头与标的资产现货空头（其出售价格等于期权执行价格）的组合。
(1)9、如果连续复利年利率为5%，10000元现值在4.82年后的终值是多少？ (1)10、每季度记一次复利年利率为14%，请计算与之等价的每年记一年复利的年利率和连续复利年利率。
(1)11、每月记一次复利的年利率为15%，请计算与之等价的连续复利年利率。
(1)12、某笔存款的连续复利年利率为12%，但实际上利息是每季度支付一次。
请问1万元存款每季度能得到多少利息？ (1)7.该说法是正确的。
从图1.3中可以看出，如果将等式左边的标的资产多头移至等式右边，整个等式左边就是看涨期权空头，右边则是看跌期权空头和标的资产空头的组合。
9.()5%4.821000012725.21e ××=元10.每年计一次复利的年利率=（1+0.14/4）4-1=14.75%连续复利年利率=4ln(1+0.14/4)=13.76%。
11.连续复利年利率=12ln(1+0.15/12)=14.91%。
12.12%连续复利利率等价的每季度支付一次利息的年利率=4（e 0.03-1）=12.18%。
因此每个季度可得的利息=10000×12.8%/4=304.55元。
第2章1、2007年4月16日，中国某公司签订了一份跨国订单，预计半年后将支付1000000美元，为规避汇率风险，该公司于当天向中国工商银行买入了半年期的10000000美元远期，起息日为2007年10月8日，工商银行的实际美元现汇买入价与卖出价分别为749.63和752.63。
请问该公司在远期合同上的盈亏如何？ (1)2、设投资者在2007年9月25日以1530点（每点250美元）的价格买入一笔2007年12月到期的S^P500指数期货，按CME 的规定，S^P500指数期货的初始保证金为19688美元，维持保证金为15750美元。
金融工程课后题答案
第一章 9 10000 × e( 5%×4.82 ) = 12725.21 元第二章 6如果交易双方都是开立一份新的合约，则未平仓数增加一份；如果交易双方都是结清已有的期货头寸，则未平仓数减少一份；如果一方是开立一份新的合约，而另一方是结清已有的期货头寸，则未平仓数不变。
第三章 3指数期货价格= 10000e ^(0.1- 0.03)× 4/12= 10236点6 由于股价指数的系统性风险为正，其预期收益率大于无风险利率，因此股价指数期货价格 F = Se^r (T -t ) 总是低于未来预期指数值 E ( St ) = Se ^y (T -t ) 。
第四章 3这一观点是不正确的。
例如，最小方差套期保值比率为时， n =1。
因为ρ <1，所以不是完美的套期保值。
4 完美的套期保值是指能够完全消除价格风险的套期保值。
完美的套期保值能比不完美的套期保值得到更为确定的套期保值收益，但其结果并不一定会总比不完美的套期保值好。
例如，一家公司对其持有的一项资产进行套期保值，假设资产的价格呈现上升趋势。
此时，完美的套期保值完全抵消了现货市场上资产价格上升所带来的收益；而不完美的套期保值有可能仅仅部分抵消了现货市场上的收益，所以不完美的套期保值有可能产生更好的结果。
6 期货交易为套保者提供了风险规避的手段，然而，这种规避仅仅是对风险进行转移，而无法消灭风险。
正是由于投机者的存在，才为套保者提供了风险转移的载体，才为期货市场提供了充分的流动性。
一旦市场上没有了投机者，套保者将很难找到交易对手，风险无法转嫁，市场的流动性将大打折扣。
第五章 1该公司应卖空的标准普尔 500 指数期货合约份数为： 1.2 × 10, 000, 000/ 250 ×1530≈ 31份4 .欧洲美元期货的报价为 88 意味着贴现率为 12%，60 天后三个月期的 LIBOR 远期利率为 12%/4=3%62003 年 1 月 27 日到 2003 年 5 月 5 日的时间为 98 天。
金融工程(2版)周复之计算题2答案(补)
n 3
按单利计息、复利贴现方式计算： （ 1 + 5% × 3） M (1 + i ⋅ n ) 1000 = V = = 1022.35 3 （ 1 + 4%） (1 + r )n (2) 如果该债券改为每年支付一次利息，其理论价格计算如下： 按单利方式计算：
∑ (1 + r )
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P 赎
n
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(2)如果债券的赎回价格是 105 元，则赎回收益率是：
r赎 =
0.04 105 × 1.035−10 − 1 = 7.70% 1 − 1.035−10 + 0.035 100 0.08 110 1 − 1.07 −5 + × 1.07 −5 − 1 = 11.23% 0.07 100
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(3)如果是每年付息一次，赎回价格仍为 110 元B 两家公司同时于 2011 年 1 月 1 日发行面值为 1000 元、票面利率为 10%的 5 年期债券，A 公司债券规定利随本清，不计复利，B 公司债券规定每年 6 月底和 12 月底付 息，到期还本。要求： (1)若 2013 年 1 月 1 日的 A 债券市场利率为 12%(复利按年计息)，A 债券市价为 1050 元，问 A 债券是否被市场高估? (2)若 2013 年 1 月 1 日的 B 债券等风险市场利率为 12%，B 债券市价为 1050 元，问该 资本市场是否完全有效? (3)若 2014 年 1 月 1 日能以 1020 元购入 A 公司债券，计算复利有效年到期收益率。 (4)若 2014 年 1 月 1 日能以 1020 元购入 B 公司债券，计算复利有效年到期收益率。 (5)若 2014 年 4 月 1 日购入 B 公司债券，若必要报酬率为 12%，则 B 债券价值为多少? 答： (1)A公司债券按单利计息、按复利贴现计算，2013 年 1 月 1 日其内在价值V A 应为： M (1 + i ⋅ n ) 1000 × (1 + 10% × 5) = VA = = 1067.69 > 1050元 (1 + 12%) 5−2 (1 + r )n −2 所以，A 债券被市场低估。 (2)B公司债券定期付息，按复利计算，2013 年 1 月 1 日其内在价值V B 应为， ：
金融工程课后练习(doc 6页)
金融工程课后练习(doc 6页)CH88.1什么是有保护的看跌期权？看涨期权的什么头寸等价于有保护的看跌期权？解：有保护的看跌期权由看跌期权多头与标的资产多头组成，由期权平价公式可知，其等价于看涨期权多头与一笔固定收入的组合。
8.2 解释构造熊市价差期权的两种方法。
解：1）熊市价差期权可由2份相同期限、不同执行价格的看涨期权构成；投资者可通过卖空执行价格低的同时买入执行价格高的看涨期权构造。
2）熊市价差期权也可由2份相同期限、不同执行价格的看跌期权构成；投资者可通过卖空执行价格低的同时买入执行价格高的看跌期权构造。
8.3 对于投资者来说，什么时候购买蝶形期权是合适的？解：蝶形期权涵盖了3份执行价格不同的期权，当投资者认为标的资产价格很可能位于中间执行价格附件时，则会购买蝶形期权。
8.4 有效期为一个月的股票看涨期权分别有$15、$17.5和$20的执行价格，其期权价格分别为$4、$2和$0.5。
解释如何应用这些期权来构造出蝶式价差期权。
做个表格说明蝶式价差期权损益如何随股票变化而变化的。
解：投资者可通过购买执行价格为$15和$20的看涨期权，同时卖空2份执行价格为$17.5的看涨期权构造蝶式价差期权。
初始投资为4＋0.5－2×2＝$0.5。
T时刻损益随股价变化如下：股价T S T时蝶式价差期权损益S<15 －0.5T15<T S<17.5 T S－15.517.5<T S<20 19.5－T SS>20 －0.5T8.5 什么样的交易策略可构造出倒置日历价差期权？解：倒置日历价差期权可通过买入1份较短期限的期权，同时卖出1份执行价格相同但期限较长的期权构造。
8.6 宽跨式期权与跨式期权之间有何不同？解：宽跨式与跨式期权均是由1份看涨与1份看跌期权构成。
在跨式期权中，看涨期权与看跌期权具有相同的执行价格和到期日；而宽跨式期权中，看涨期权与看跌期权到期日相同，但执行价格不同。
金融工程--课后习题详解
⾦融⼯程--课后习题详解七．习题1. 布莱克－舒尔斯定价模型的主要缺陷有哪些？2. 交易成本的存在对期权价格有什么影响？3. 怎样理解下⾯这个观点：组合中⼀份衍⽣证券合约的价值往往取决于该组合中其他合约的价值？4. 什么是波动率微笑、波动率期限结构和波动率矩阵？它们的作⽤何在？5. 当波动率是随机的且和股票价格正相关时，⼈们在市场上可能会观察到怎样的隐含波动率？6. 假设⼀个股票价格遵循复合期权模型，隐含波动率会是怎样的形状？7. 如果我们对随机波动率的概念进⼀步深⼊下去，使得波动率的波动率也是随机的，结果会如何？8. 设前⼀天收盘时S&P500为1040，指数的每天波动率为1％，GARCH(1,1)模型中的参数为0.06α=，0.92β=，0.000002ω=。
如果当天收盘时S&P500为1060，则新的波动率估计为多少？（设µ＝0）9. 不确定参数模型的定价思想是什么？10. 如何理解跳跃扩散模型和崩盘模型？11. 期权交易者常常喜欢把深度虚值期权看作基于波动率的期权，为什么？答案：1. （1）交易成本的假设：BS 模型假定⽆交易成本，可以连续进⾏动态的套期保值，但事实上交易成本总是客观存在的。
（2）波动率为常数的假设：实际上波动率本⾝就是⼀个随机变量。
（3）不确定的参数：BS 模型假设波动率、利率、股利等参数都是已知的常数（或是已知的确定函数）。
但事实上它们都不是⼀个常数，最为典型的波动率甚⾄也不是⼀个时间和标的资产价格的确定函数，并且完全⽆法在市场观察到，也⽆法预测。
（4）资产价格的连续变动：在实际中，不连续是常见的，资产价格常常出现跳跃。
2. 交易成本的存在，会影响我们进⾏套期保值的次数和期权价格：交易成本⼀⽅⾯会使得调整次数受到限制，使基于连续组合调整的BS 模型定价成为⼀种近似；另⼀⽅⾯，交易成本也直接影响到期权价格本⾝，使得合理的期权价格成为⼀个区间⽽不是单个数值。
金融工程课后题13-20习题解答最新版本
Ch1313.1不是可交易证券价格的变量的风险价格是如何定义的？解：不是可交换证券价格的变量的风险市场价格是通过求可交换证券的风险市场价格而来，但必须满足该可交换证券的价格与不是可交换证券价格的变量瞬态完全正相关。
13.2假设黄金的风险市场价格为零，如果贮存成本为每年1%，无风险年利率为6%，那么黄金价格的期望增长率为多少？解：由公式m-λs=r-y+u,而λ=0,r=0.06,y=0,u=0.01所以m=0.07.即期望增长率为0.07。
13.3一个证券的价格与以下两个变量正相关：铜的价格和日元兑美元的汇率，假设这两个变量的风险市场价格分别为0.5和0.1。
若铜的价格固定，则该证券的波动率为每年8%；如果日元对美元的汇率固定，则该证券的波动率为每年12%。
无风险利率为每年7%。
证券的预期回报率为多少？如果两个变量彼此之间是不相关的，该证券的波动率为多少？解：（1）令u为证券的预期收益率，已知无风险利率r=0.07，铜价和日圆兑美圆汇率的风险市场价格分别为λ1=0.5和λ2=0.1，铜价固定时汇率引起的证券波动率为σ2=0.08，汇率固定时铜价引起的证券波动率为σ1=0.12。
因此由公式u-r=λ1σ1+λ2σ2可得u=0.138即证券的预期收益率为每年0.138（2）由σ1dz1+σ2dz2=dz3代入σ1，σ2的值可得(s)*T m TS S eλ-⨯为0.144即铜价和日圆兑美圆汇率不相关时证券的波动率为0.14413.4某个石油公司只是为了开发德克萨斯一个很小区域的石油。
其价值主要依赖于如下两个随机变量：石油的价格和以探明石油的储存量。
讨论：这两个变量中的风险市场价格为正数、负数还是零？解：第二个变量的风险市场价格为0。
这是因为这种风险是非系统的，它与经济社会的其他风险完全不相关，投资者不能因为承担这种不可转换的风险而要求更高的回报。
13.5通过两个无红利支付的交易证券和两个依赖于这两个无红利支付交易证券价格的衍生工具构成一个无风险组合，推导出这个衍生工具的微分方程。
金融工程1-3章 课后习题答案
第一章9. 5%4.8210000=12725.21rn F Ae e *==⨯10. (1) 与之等价的每年计一次复利的年利率()()41/1114%/41=14.75%m m R r m =+-=+- (2) 与之等价的连续复利年利率()()14%4ln 14ln 1=13.76%m rm r m =+=⨯+ 11. 与之等价的连续复利年利率()()15%12ln 112ln 1=14.91%m rm r m =+=⨯+ 12. 与之等价的的每季度支付一次利息的年利率()()/12%/4141=12.18%r m m r m e e =-=⨯-每季度的利息为1000012.18%/4=304.5⨯第二章1. 该公司买入美元远期的价格为6.3827-100*0.01%=6.3727 该公司半年后卖出价格为6.2921该公司的盈亏在远期合约上的盈亏为1000000*（6.2921-6.3727）=-806002. 投资者的盈亏为 （1528.9-1530）*250=-375美元保证金余额为 19688-275=19413美元假设S&P 500指数跌倒X 时，收到保证金追加通知书19688+（X-1530）*250 <15750X< 1514.248第三章1. (1) 3个月远期价格为10%3122020.51 r T t F Se e ⨯==⨯=（－）(2) 三个月后，对于多头来说，该远期合约的价值为()1001520.51551⋅-=- 2. 10%3122020.5123r T t F Se e ⨯==⨯=<（－）在这种情况下，套利者可以按无风险利率10%借入现金X 元三个月，用以购买X/20单位的股票，同时卖出相应份数该股票的远期合约，交割价格为23元。
三个月后，该套利者以X/20单位的股票交割远期，得到23X/20，并归还借款本息10%312X e ⨯，从而实现()10%312X 23200e ⨯->的无风险利润3. ()()()10%3%4/1210000=10236r q T t F Se e ---⨯==⨯4. （1）2个月和5个月后派发的1元股息的现值0.06 2/12-0.065/12+=1.97-I =e e ⨯远期价格 ()()6%6/1230 1.9728.88r T t F S I e e ⨯=-=-⨯=（－）（2）若交割价格等于远期价格，则远期合约的初始价值为0。
金融工程学习题及参考答案
金融工程学习题及参考答案金融工程学习题及参考答案金融工程作为一门交叉学科，融合了金融学、数学、统计学和计算机科学等多个领域的知识，旨在利用数学模型和计算机算法解决金融领域的问题。
在金融工程的学习过程中，学生通常需要解决一系列的学习题，以加深对金融工程理论和实践的理解。
本文将给出一些金融工程学习题及参考答案，希望对学习金融工程的读者有所帮助。
1. 期权定价假设某只股票的当前价格为$100，无风险利率为5%，期权到期时间为3个月。
假设期权的执行价格为$110，标的资产的波动率为20%。
请计算该期权的欧式看涨期权定价。
答案：根据Black-Scholes期权定价模型，欧式看涨期权的定价公式为：C = S * N(d1) - X * e^(-r * T) * N(d2)其中，C为期权的价格，S为标的资产当前价格，N()为标准正态分布的累积分布函数，d1和d2的计算公式为：d1 = (ln(S/X) + (r + 0.5 * σ^2) * T) / (σ * sqrt(T))d2 = d1 - σ * sqrt(T)在此题中，代入相应的数值进行计算，可得到期权的定价为$6.95。
2. 期权组合策略假设某投资者持有1000股某只股票，当前股票价格为$50。
该投资者认为股票的价格将会下跌，但希望保留股票的上涨潜力。
请构建一个期权组合策略，以保护投资者的股票头寸。
答案：该投资者可以采取购买看跌期权的策略，以保护股票头寸。
假设该投资者购买1000份看跌期权，执行价格为$45，期权的价格为$2。
在此策略下，如果股票价格下跌，投资者的股票头寸将会受到保护，因为看跌期权的价值将会上涨。
而如果股票价格上涨，投资者仍然可以享受股票的上涨收益。
3. VaR计算假设某投资组合的价值为$1,000,000，标准差为$50,000。
假设该投资组合的收益率服从正态分布，且置信水平为95%。
请计算该投资组合的VaR。
答案：VaR（Value at Risk）是衡量投资组合风险的一种指标，表示在一定置信水平下，投资组合在未来某个时间段内可能出现的最大亏损。
金融工程习题及答案
⾦融⼯程习题及答案《⾦融⼯程学》思考与练习题第⼀章⾦融⼯程概述1.⾦融⼯程的含义是什么？2.⾦融⼯程中的市场如何分类？3.⾦融⼯程中的⽆套利分析⽅法？举例说明。
4.⾦融⼯程中的组合分解技术的含义是什么？举例说明。
5.远期利率与即期利率的关系如何确定。
推导远期利率与即期利率的关系。
6.假定在外汇市场和货币市场有如下⾏情，分析市场是否存在套利机会。
如何套利？如何消除套利？第⼆章现货⼯具及其应⽤1.举例说明商品市场与货币市场如何配置？2.商品市场与外汇市场的现货⼯具如何配置？举例说明。
3.举⼀个同⼀个⾦融市场中现货⼯具配置的例⼦。
4.举例说明多重现货市场之间的⼯具配置。
第三章远期⼯具及其应⽤1.什么是远期交易？远期交易的基本要素有哪些？2.多头与空头交易策略的含义是什么？3.什么是远期利率？4.举例说明“借⼊长期，贷出短期”与“借⼊短期，贷出长期”策略的含义。
5.何谓远期利率协议？其主要功能是什么？描述其交易时间流程。
6.在远期利率协议的结算中，利率上涨或下跌对借款⽅和贷款⽅的影响如何？7.什么情况下利⽤购⼊远期利率协议进⾏保值？什么情况下利⽤卖出远期利率协议进⾏保值？8.远期合约的价格与远期价格的含义是什么？如果远期价格偏⾼或偏低，市场会出现什么情况？9.远期价格和未来即期价格的关系是什么？10.在下列三种情况下如何计算远期价格？11.合约期间⽆现⾦流的投资类资产12.合约期间有固定现⾦流的投资类资产13.合约期间按固定收益率发⽣现⾦流的投资类资产14.⼀客户要求银⾏提供500万元的贷款，期限半年，并且从第6个⽉之后开始执⾏，该客户要求银⾏确定这笔贷款的固定利率，银⾏应如何操作？⽬前银⾏的4⽉期贷款利率为9.50%，12⽉期贷款利率为9.80%。
15.假设某投资者现在以20美元的现价购买某只股票，同时签订⼀个半年后出售该股票的远期合约，在该期间不分红利，试确定该远期合约的价格。
假定⽆风险利率为7.5%。
《金融工程学》习题及参考答案
《金融工程学》习题及参考答案无套利定价和风险中性定价练习1、假定外汇市场美元兑换马克的即期汇率是1美元换1.8马克，美元利率是8%，马克利率是4%，试问一年后远期无套利的均衡利率是多少？2、银行希望在6个月后对客户提供一笔6个月的远期贷款。
银行发现金融市场上即期利率水平是：6个月利率为9.5%，12个月利率为9.875%，按照无套利定价思想，银行为这笔远期贷款索要的利率是多少？3、假如英镑与美元的即期汇率是1英镑=1.6650美元，远期汇率是1英镑=1.6600美元，6个月期美远与英镑的无风险年利率分别是6%和8%，问是否存在无风险套利机会？如存在，如何套利？4、一只股票现在价格是40元，该股票一个月后价格将是42元或者38元。
假如无风险利率是8%，用无风险套利原则说明，执行价格为39元的一个月期欧式看涨期权的价值是多少？5、条件同题4，试用风险中性定价法计算题4中看涨期权的价值，并比较两种计算结果。
6、一只股票现在的价格是50元，预计6个月后涨到55元或是下降到45元。
运用无套利定价原理，求执行价格为50元的欧式看跌期权的价值。
7、一只股票现在价格是100元。
有连续两个时间步，每个步长6个月，每个单步二叉树预期上涨10%，或下跌10%，无风险利率8%（连续复利），运用无套利原则求执行价格为100元的看涨期权的价值。
8、假设市场上股票价格S=20元，执行价格X=18元，r=10%,T=1年。
如果市场报价欧式看涨期权的价格是3元，试问存在无风险的套利机会吗？如果有，如何套利？9、股票当前的价格是100元，以该价格作为执行价格的看涨期权和看跌期权的价格分别是3元和7元。
如果买入看涨期权、卖出看跌期权，再购入到期日价值为100 的无风险债券，则我们就复制了该股票的价值特征（可以叫做合成股票）。
试问无风险债券的投资成本是多少？如果偏离了这个价格，市场会发生怎样的套利行为？参考答案1、按照式子：（1+8%）美元=1.8×（1+4%）马克，得到1美元=1.7333马克。
金融工程课后题8习题解答zhoujia(Lite)
金融工程课后题8习题解答z h o u j i a(L i t e)-标准化文件发布号：（9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KIICH8什么是有保护的看跌期权看涨期权的什么头寸等价于有保护的看跌期权解：有保护的看跌期权由看跌期权多头与标的资产多头组成，由期权平价公式可知，其等价于看涨期权多头与一笔固定收入的组合。
解释构造熊市价差期权的两种方法。
解：1）熊市价差期权可由2份相同期限、不同执行价格的看涨期权构成；投资者可通过卖空执行价格低的同时买入执行价格高的看涨期权构造。
2）熊市价差期权也可由2份相同期限、不同执行价格的看跌期权构成；投资者可通过卖空执行价格低的同时买入执行价格高的看跌期权构造。
对于投资者来说，什么时候购买蝶形期权是合适的解：蝶形期权涵盖了3份执行价格不同的期权，当投资者认为标的资产价格很可能位于中间执行价格附件时，则会购买蝶形期权。
有效期为一个月的股票看涨期权分别有$15、$和$20的执行价格，其期权价格分别为$4、$2和$。
解释如何应用这些期权来构造出蝶式价差期权。
做个表格说明蝶式价差期权损益如何随股票变化而变化的。
解：投资者可通过购买执行价格为$15和$20的看涨期权，同时卖空2份执行价格为$的看涨期权构造蝶式价差期权。
初始投资为4＋－2×2＝$。
T时刻损益随股价变化如下：股价T S T时蝶式价差期权损益S<15 －T15<T S< T S－<T S<20 －T SS>20 －T什么样的交易策略可构造出倒置日历价差期权解：倒置日历价差期权可通过买入1份较短期限的期权，同时卖出1份执行价格相同但期限较长的期权构造。
宽跨式期权与跨式期权之间有何不同解：宽跨式与跨式期权均是由1份看涨与1份看跌期权构成。
在跨式期权中，看涨期权与看跌期权具有相同的执行价格和到期日；而宽跨式期权中，看涨期权与看跌期权到期日相同，但执行价格不同。
金融工程课后(附答案)
金融工程老师划题目的部分答案1.1请解释远期多头与远期空头的区别。
答：远期多头指交易者协定将来以某一确定价格购入某种资产；远期空头指交易者协定将来以某一确定价格售出某种资产。
1.2请详细解释套期保值、投机与套利的区别。
答：套期保值指交易者采取一定的措施补偿资产的风险暴露；投机不对风险暴露进行补偿，是一种“赌博行为”；套利是采取两种或更多方式锁定利润。
1.8你认为某种股票的价格将要上升。
现在该股票价格为$29,3个月期的执行价格为$30的看跌期权的价格为$2.90.你有$5,800资金可以投资。
现有两种策略：直接购买股票或投资于期权，请问各自潜在的收益或损失为多少？答：股票价格低于$29时，购买股票和期权都将损失，前者损失为($5,800/$29)×(29-p),后者损失为$5，800;当股票价格为（29，30），购买股票收益为($5,800/$29)×(p-29),购买期权损失为$5,800;当股票价格高于$30时，购买股票收益为($5,800/$29)×(p-29)，购买期权收益为$($5,800/$29)×(p-30)-5,800。
2.1请说明未平仓合约数与交易量的区别。
答：未平仓合约数既可以指某一特定时间里多头合约总数，也可以指空头合约总数，而交易量是指在某一特定时间里交易的总和约数。
3.1一家银行给你的报价如下:年利率14％，按季度计复利。
问：(a)等价的连续复利利率为多少？(b)按年计复利的利率为多少？解：(a)等价的连续复利为4ln(1+0.14/4) ＝0.1376 或每年13.76％。
（b）按年计复利的利率为(1+0.14/4)^4＝0.1475 或每年14.75%。
3.4一种股票指数现为350。
无风险年利率为8％（连续复利计息）。
指数的红利收益为每年4％。
一份四个月期限的期货合约价格为多少？解：期货合约价格为350e^( 0.08-0.04 )＝$354.73.8一人现在投资$1,000，一年后收回$1,100，当按以下方式计息时，年收益为多少？(a)按年计复利(b)以半年计复利(c)以月计复利(d)连续复利解：（a）按年计复利时收益为1100/1000－1＝0.1 或每年10%的收益率。
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《金融工程》（第2版）计算题答案第二章计算题1、假设现在6个月即期利率为10%（半年复利一次，下同），1年期的即期利率是12%。
如果有人把今后6个月到1年期的远期利率定为11%，试计算说明这样的市场行情能否产生套利活动？答：按6个月即期利率10%和远期利率11%计算，有(1+10% /2) ( 1+11% /2) = 1.108按1年期即期利率12% (半年复利一次)计算，有= 1.124(1+12% /2)2显然，两者结果并不相等，所以市场上的远期利率如果是11%时，则一定存在套利机会。
2、假设一种不支付红利股票目前的市价为10元，我们知道在3个月后，该股票价格要么是11元，要么是9元。
假设现在的无风险年利率等于10%，现在我们要找出一份3个月期协议价格为10.5元的该股票欧式看涨期权的价值。
答：为了找出该期权的价值，可构建一个由一单位看涨期权空头和Δ单位的标的股票多头组成的组合。
为了使该组合在期权到期时无风险，Δ须满足下式：11Δ- max (0,11-10.5) =9Δ- max (0,9-10.5)即 11Δ- 0.5 = 9Δ- 0Δ = 0.25由于11Δ－0.5 = 9Δ=2.25，该无风险组合的现值应为：= 2.192.25e-10%×3/12因当前股票市价是10元，有10Δ-f = 10×0.25 -f = 2.19得f = 2.5-2.19 = 0.31元3.一只股票现在的价格是40元，该股票一个月后的价格将上涨到42元或者是下降到38元。
假如市场无风险利率是8%，运用无套利原理说明，执行价格为39元的一个月欧式看涨期权的价值是多少？答：为了找出该期权的价值，可构建一个由一单位看涨期权空头和Δ单位的标的股票多头组成的组合。
为了使该组合在期权到期时无风险，Δ须满足下式：42Δ- max (0,42-39) =38Δ- max (0,38-39)即 42Δ- 3 = 38Δ- 0Δ = 0.75由于42Δ- 3 = 38Δ=28.5，该无风险组合的现值应为：28.5e-0.08×1/12= 28.30因当前股票市价是40元，有40Δ-f = 40×0.75 -f = 28.30得f = 30-28.30 = 1.70元4.条件同上题，试用风险中性定价法计算看涨期权的价值，并比较两种计算的结果。
答：假定所有投资者都是风险中性的，设此时股票价格上升概率为P、下跌概率为l-P，该风险中性概率由市场平均风险厌恶程度所决定，可依据无风险利率计算：e －8%×1/12e [42×P+38×(1-P)] = 40－0.02/3可得 P = 0.567[4P+38] = 40根据风险中性定价原理，对该期权未来的期望值加以折现就得到期权期初的价值：f = e －8%×1/12f = 0.993×[3×0.567+0×0.433) = 1.70 (元) [max (0,42-39) P+ max (0,38-39) (1-P)]第三章 计算题1．某项资产的年波动率为35%，该资产目前的市场价值为40万元，计算该资产置信度为99%时，一星期时间的在险价值 (VaR)为多少？答：由于σ= 35%、S 0 VAR = 2.33= 40万元、T = 1/52年，当置信度为99%时，该资产在险价值为：T S σ0= 4.52362．假设某公司持有甲、乙、丙三种股票构成的证券组合，其β系数分别是1.5、1.3和0.9，各自在证券组合中所占的比重分别是35％、35％和30％，此时证券市场的平均收益率为12％，无风险收益率为5％。
请问上述组合投资的风险溢价和收益率分别是多少？答：组合投资的贝塔系数为：βp =Σw i ·βi组合投资的风险溢价为：R = 35％×1.5 + 35％×1.3 + 30％× 0.9 = 1.25p = βp · ( R m - R f = 1.25 × (12％-)组合投资的总收益率为：R=5％) = 8.75％R f ＋R p = 5％+ 8.75％ = 13.75％3．有A 、B 两只股票，当前价格分别为30元每股和25元每股，若股票市场出现牛市的概率为35%，A 、B 股票价格分别上涨10元每股和5元每股；股票市场出现熊市的概率为45%，A 、B 股票价格分别下跌10元每股和5元每股；股票市场维持现状的概率为20%。
你作为投资者，在A 、B 股票中会如何选择？答：A 、B 两只股票的期望收益各为：E(R A ) = ΣR A i ·P i E(R = 30×20% + 40×35% + 20×45% = 29（元）B ) = ΣR B i ·P i A 、B 两只股票的期望收益率各为：= 25×20% + 30×35% + 20×45% = 24.5（元）E(r A ) = [ E(R A ) - R A ]／R A E(r = (29 -30)／30 = -3.33%（元）B ) = [ E(R B ) - R B ]／R B 所以应选择B 股票，因为在给定条件下，B 股票的预期损失率要小于A 股票。
= (24.5 -25)／25 = -2.00%（元）第四章 计算题1.假设两种证券构成一市场投资组合，它们的期望收益、标准差和投资比例如下表所示。
若两种证券的相关系数为0.4，市场无风险利率为6%，请写出其资本线方程。
答：由于σA ﹥0、σB ﹥0，故A 、B 两种证券均为风险资产，其构成的投资组合的期望收益E (r AB ) 和标准差σA B 为：= 0.3×0.12 + 0.7×0.18 = 0.162(元)= (0.3×0.15)2 +(0.7×0.25)2 σ+2×0.3×0.7×0.4×0.15×0.25 = 0.03895 A B = (0.03895)½ A 、B 两种证券投资组合与无风险资产构成的资本配置线 (CAL)方程为：= 0.1972.假设市场投资组合由四种证券组成，它们的投资比例、市场的协方差如下表所示。
请答：该市场投资组合的方差为：= (0.2×242 + 0.3×360 + 0.2×155 + 0.3×210 )×10-3 标准差为:σ= 0.2504P = (0.2504)½= 0.53、假定市场资产组合的风险溢价的期望值为8%，标准差为22%，如果一资产组合由2 5%的通用公司股票（βGM =1.10）和75%的福特公司股票（βFord 答：该资产组合的贝塔系数β =1.25）组成，那么这一资产组合的风险溢价是多少？P为：= (0.25×1.10) + (0.75×1.25) 因为市场资产组合的风险溢价E (r =1.2125M ) - r f = 8%，故该资产组合的风险溢价E (r P ) - r f为：=1.2125×8% = 9.7%第八章 计算题1.一份本金为10亿美元的利率互换还有10月的期限。
这笔互换规定以6个月的LIBOR 利率交换12%的年利率（每半年记一次复利）。
市场上对交换6个月的LIBOR 利率的所有期限的利率的平均报价为10%（连续复利）。
两个月前6个月的LIBOR 利率为9.6%。
请问上述互换对支付浮动利率的那一方价值为多少？对支付固定利率的那一方价值为多少？答：运用债券组合为该利率互换估值，设甲方支付浮动利率LIBOR ，收入固定利率12%；乙方支付固定利率12%，收入浮动利率LIBOR ；并设各变量、参数符号如下。
fix B ：互换合约中分解出的固定利率的价值；fl B ：互换合约中分解出的浮动利率的价值。
i t ：当前距第i 次现金流交换的时间(1≤i ≤n )；L ：利率互换合约中的名义本金额；)()()(B B A A AB r E w r E w r E +=BA B A B B A A AB w w w w σρσσσσ222222++=fAB AB AB p r w r E w r E ⋅−+⋅=)1()()(AB P P AB f AB f w r r E r ⋅+=−+=−+=102.006.0197.006.0162.006.0)(σσσABf AB AB AB P w w w 197.0)1(=⋅−+⋅=σσσim i i P w σσΣ=2Ford Ford GM GM P w w βββ⋅+⋅=])([)(f M P f p r r E r r E −=−βi r ：到期日为i t 的LIBOR 零息票利率；k ：支付日支付的固定利息额。
固定利率的价值为：n n i i t r n i t r fix Le ke B −=−+=∑1B fix = 10×12％×½×(e－10%×4/12 +e －10%×10/12) +10e = 0.6×(0.9672+ 0.9200) +10×0.9200 =10.132(10亿美元)－10%×10/12 浮动利率的价值为：11)(*t r fl ek L B −+= B fl = 10e －10%×10/12+10×9.6％×½×e －10%×4/12 +10×10％×½×e =10×0.9200+0.48×0.9672+0.5×0.9200 =10.124(10亿美元)－10%×10/12该互换对甲方价值为：fl fix B B V −=甲=10.132-10.124= 0.008(10亿美元) = 800(万美元)该互换对乙方价值为：甲乙V B B V fix fl −=−== -0.008(10亿美元) = -800(万美元)2.甲公司希望以固定利率借入美元，而乙公司希望以固定利率借入日元，而且本金用即期汇率计算价值很接近。
市场对这两公司的报价如下：请设计一个货币互换，银行作为中介获得的报酬是50个基点，而且要求对互换双方具有同样的吸引力，汇率风险由银行承担。
答：甲公司和乙公司的货币互换设计如下图，其中甲公司美元利率降低：9.6% - 9.3% = 0.3%乙公司日元利率降低：6.5% - 5.5% - (10% - 9.3%) = 0.3%中介银行获得的报酬为：5.5% - 5% = 0.5% (即50个基点)3.甲公司和乙公司如果在金融市场上借入5年期本金为2000万美元的贷款，需支付的年利率分别为：甲公司需要的是浮动利率贷款，乙公司需要的是固定利率贷款。