History_of_Psychology 心理学史英文课件

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History_of_Psychology 心理学史英文课件

William James: 1842-1910
Claimed that searching for building blocks was a waste of time because brain and mind are constantly changing: focused on functiy
Behavioristic theory: Expanded psychology into many groups that could not be studied by introspection. All behavior is observable and measurable. Abandoned mentalism for behaviorism.
Believed that all behavior is a result of rewards and punishments in the past.
Behavioristic Theory
Social Learning Theory: How people acquire new behaviors by observing and imitating others (modeling).
Trained in medicine and philosophy. Wrote many books about psychology,
philosophy, ethics, and logic.
Can you read this?
This is bcuseae the huammn mnid deos not
Criticisms: Excluded all behavior that cannot be seen. All behavior cannot be explained by rewards and punishments. Treats people like robots as if they have no free-will.

国外心理学史2课件15

Ulric Neisser (1928 - )
4. 1950: bachelor’s from Harvard 5. master’s at Swarthmore with Köhler 6. 1956: Ph.D. from Harvard 7. behaviorist (he had no choice)
a. George Miller b. Ulric Neisser
II. George Miller (1920 - )
A. His life 1. majored in speech and English 2. as a graduate student, taught 16 sections of introductory psychology 3. 1941: master’s in speech from U. of Alabama
George Miller (1920 - )
B. The Center for Cognitive Studies
1. purpose: to investigate the human mind 2. defined by what it was not in behaviorism 3. cognitive psychology is a return to commonsense psychology 4. wide range of tooutspoken critic and challenging the movement.
III. Psychology in the 21 century
A. Cognitive Neuroscience
Study: how brain functions give rise to mental activity and to correlate specific aspects of information processing with specific brain regions. EEG (Electroencephalogram) MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imagery) PET (Positron Emission Tomography) CAT (Computerized Axial Tomography) Increasing the precision and detail to observe brain activities.

国外心理学史1课件4

Continuing Our Superordinate Theme:

The Mind, Body, and Soul Revisited In the 21st Century Hormones and mindbody dualism
Lecture Outline
Structuralism Edward Titchener/Hugo Munsterberg Psychophysics Fechner/Weber Memory Ebbinghaus The forgetting curve Early implications for learning Broadening the concept of mental acts Franz Brentano The rise and fall of German psychology

Established the first American experimental laboratory

Worked to separate experimental psychology from philosophy American Journal of Psychology (co-editor with G. Stanley Hall) Margaret Floy Washburn & Edwin Boring (historian of psychology – 1886-1968) 40 of 56 PhDs were women
Name two phenomenon in psychophysiology that Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) investigated. For each, describe an example of his method and what he found?

其他心理学课件History of Psychology1

Origins of Psychology
Sadly, the Greeks never put their theories to the test! They believed that the truth came from casual observation.
A little over a thousand years later, the Medieval Church gained control of Europe and sought to minimize inquiry into human nature. They taught that like God, the human mind was mysterious.
Socrates
Socrates began the study of psychology by famously stating that everyone should ‘Know
Thyself’.
What does this mean to you??
Plato
The most famous pupil of Socrates. Plato set out on a quest for perfect knowledge and understanding. He delved into areas such as cognition. He is often given credit for being the first philosopher to study the gaining of knowledge. Plato distinguished three ‘parts’ of the soul – mind, spirit and desire – which he located in the brain, the chest and the belly respectively.

国外心理学史2课件12

V. Kurt Koffka (1886-1941)
A. Background 1. interest in science and philosophy 2. 1909: Ph.D. from U. of Berlin with Stumpf 3. 1910: began association with Wertheimer and Köhler
B. Criticisms of Wundt’s approach
1. against elementism 2. against the notion that perception of objects is a summation of elements
The Whole is Different From the Sum of Its Parts
3. has a broad concern a. problems of thinking and learning b. ultimately: all aspects of conscious experience D. 1927: to Smith College E. 1935: Principles of Gestalt Psychology
Antecedent Influences on Gestalt Psychology
G. G. E. Müller’s lab at U. of Göttingen 1. 1909-1915: a group of phenomenological psychologists worked at U. of Göttingen. 2. anticipated to form the Gestalt school
1. described the basic concepts and results of considerable research 2. term "perception" misunderstood as the most narrow focus on a single process

国外心理学史2课件2

Blood circulation; digestion
IV. The contribution of Descartes:
3. Localization of functions in brain
IV. The contribution of Descartes:
4. The Body-Mind Interaction
Newton: the universe is a clock, made by God. It is measurable, predictable, and orderly
II. The Clock Universe
Clock as metaphor for mechanism Determinism and reductionism Automata The calculating engine
The facts of the universe could be described in physical terms and explained by the properties of matter and energy
V. Philosophical Foundations of the New Psychology
5. The Doctrine of Ideas
Derived Ideas (from the external source)
from the direct application of an external stimulus The sound of bell
Innate IdLocke
Empiricism and Association:
Acquiring knowledge through Experience: John Locke (1632-1704)

Psychology 心理学入门英文课件

A Brief History of Psychology
• Carl Rogers (1902-1987): • Humanistic approach to
learning • Unconditional positive
regard • Student centred learning
(Client centred approach)
A Brief History of Psychology
• Abraham Maslow (19021987):
• Hierarchy of Human Needs • Self Actualisation • Psychology of Being • ‘Peak experiences’
A Brief History of Psychology
everything a human being might possibly do…’
A Brief History of Psychologyห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
• Howard Gardner(1943-):
• Theory of Multiple Intelligences
• ‘An important part of that understanding is knowing who we are and what we can do... Ultimately, we must synthesize our understandings for ourselves’.
• Leon Festinger (1919-1989):
• Cognitive Dissonance Theory
• Describes conflicting thoughts or beliefs (cognitions) that occur at the same time, or when engaged in behaviours that conflict with one's beliefs.

国外心理学史1课件11

Eyeblink Conditioning
The procedure for classical conditioning of the eye-blink response.
Can Mental Health Conditions Be Classically Conditions:
• Neurotic conditions occur, in Pavlov’s own words: • ….under three conditions, three circumstances.
History and Systems of Psychology Lecture 10
ED PS 7080 November 16, 2010 Instructor: Robert Hill, Ph.D.
Essay Question
All would agree that: the emergence and evolution
The first stimulus (clicker) triggered the memory (or anticipation) of the second stimulus (food). Salivation: learned reactions initially: psychical secretions later: conditions response Association: If 2 sensations, or stimuli, repeatedly occur together, the mental reactions to those stimuli become associated when the first sensation or stimulus is given, it triggers the memory of the assoout Pavlov?

国外心理学史2课件6

b) his student Pearson developed productmoment coefficient of correlation
C). Pearson's r: for recognition of Galton's discovery of regression toward the mean

3. This assumption based on Locke's empiricism
IV. Individual Differences: Francis Galton (1822-1911)

E. Mental tests 4. developed his own instruments to measure sensory capacities; later became a standard psychology lab equipment
IV. Individual Differences: Francis Galton (1822-1911)

D. Statistical methods
Adolph Quetelet (1796-1874): 1. first to apply statistical methods and

III. The Evolution Revolution: Charles Darwin(1809-1882)

C. Darwin's influence on psychology
3. evolutionary theory changed: Psychology’s subject matter: from elements to functions of consciousness

国外心理学史1课件3

Muscle contraction is traced on a revolving drum from the point of a stimulus:
Myograh could trace: latency, duration, and nature of contraction Duration – was the time it took a nerve impulse to travel along the nerve
Synapses between neurons represent fingers
Neurological Approach
Focus: The conscious mind
Conscious mental processes are associated with (perhaps caused by)
Early Experiments the Brain and the Spinal Cord are Connected
Cabanis (1757-1808) – French physician
All thoughts are due to the brain
Sever the brain and all that’s left are reflexive actions
Reaction time initially based on duration times were longer for a stimulus applied to the toe than to the thigh
Helmoltz: First to measure speed of nerve impulse
Investigated color vision in humans

国外心理学史2课件1

Reconstructing psychology’s past
Lost or suppressed data
Lost: permanently or temporarily Suppressed: Freud’s materials to be opened in the 21st century (to protect the privacy of Freud’s patients
Bias: History is highly selective and subjective Zeitgeist (the spirit of the time) influences the decision/trend “Internal” (psychology) vs. “external” (socio-cultural, political, or economic context) history Presentism (looking at past events from today’s perspectives) vs. Historicism (placing past events into their actual social and
A History of Psychology
Chapter one: The study of the History of Psychology
A note before studying history of psychology
Historical facts can change:
Several Freud’s document will not be available until the 21th century
III. The Data of History:

国外心理学史2课件10

John B. Watson (1878-1958)
11. second career: applied psychology in advertising a. mechanistic view of humans:
Consumers’ ontrolled
Father:
drank heavily
John B. Watson (1878-1958)
3. 1900: U. of Chicago
a. studied philosophy with Dewey b. attracted to psychology through work with Angell c. studied biology and physiology with Loeb d. 1903: youngest Ph.D. from Chicago (at his age of 25)
A. His major points
4. discard all mentalistic concepts & used only behavior concepts (e.g., stimulus & response) 5. Goal of psychology: prediction and control of behavior
b. proposed experimental (lab) study of consumer behavior 12. publicity for psychology in the popular media
John B. Watson (1878-1958)
13. 1925: Behaviorism 14. 1928: Psychological Care of the Infant and Child

国外心理学史2课件13

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
E. The childhood seduction controversy
1. Freud believed a normal sex life precludes neuroses 2. 1896: posited that childhood seduction traumas caused adult neurotic behavior 3. the paper was received with skepticism
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
B. The case of Anna O.
1. Josef Breuer (1842-1935) Helped Freud. Breuer was a father-figure to Freud. Worked together 2. Anna O. a. 21 years old b. wide range of hysterical symptoms c. symptoms first manifested while nursing her dying father
The Place of Psychoanalysis in the History of Psychology
C. Psychoanalysis
1. not a school of thought directly comparable to the others 2. subject matter is abnormal behavior 3. primary method is clinical observation 4. deals with the unconscious

国外心理学史2课件14

Anna Freud (1895-1982)

A. Her life

1. the youngest of Freud’s six children; not a welcomed child 2. early interest in her father’s work and became his favorite. a. She attended meetings of the Society at 14

Carl Jung (1875-1961)

B. Analytical psychology:

1. Libido

a. major difference with Freud’s theory b. the libido is a generalized life energy Nhomakorabea

c. the energy expresses itself in growth, reproduction, and other activities

Anna Freud (1895-1982)

3. Age 22: began a 4-year analysis with her father 4. Age 29: read her first scholarly paper to the Society

a. "Beating fantasies and daydreams" (1924).

C. The collective unconscious

1. personal unconscious

a. comprised all suppressed or forgotten experiences in a person’s life b. is not a very deep level of unconscious c.incidents can easily be recalled.

国外心理学史2课件5

3. Adopted Kulpe’s label, “systematic experimental introspection”
Used detailed, qualitative, subjective report of mental activities during the act of introspecting
Structuralism---Edward Bradford Titchener(1867-1927)
5. Cornell University (1893-1927) a. 1893-1900 established lab, did research, and wrote articles. b. supervised more than 50 doctoral candidates c. directed students’ research topics d. built his system of structuralism e. translated Wundt’s books such as Principles of Physiological Psychology
a. sensations basic element of perception, e.g., sound or smell b. images the element of idea, e.g., memory of past experiences c. affective states the element of emotion, e.g., love, hate, and sadness
Structuralism---Edward Bradford Titchener(1867-1927)

国外心理学史2课件3

III. The Beginnings of Experimental Psychology
Why Germany?
5. one could earn a living as a research scientist
6. German educational reform
principles of academic freedom in research and teaching encouraged growth of universities and faculty positions 7. Results series of discoveries in the science German professors ruled science in Europe
II. Developments in Early Physiology
2. Johannes Muller (1801-1858) The theory of specific energies of nerves Each sensory nerve has its own specific energy consequent research to localize functions within the nervous system to pinpoint sensory receptor mechanisms
Criteria for presentation
1. the oral presentation: quality, clarity, and accuracy 2. the effectiveness of the presentation: time management, organization, and presentation style 3. the quality of discussion: the quality of discussion questions, leading discussion, and responding questions 4. the effective use of teaching technology or other equipment.

国外心理学史2课件4

3. Concerned with stages of human mental development
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) ----Cultural psychology

4. Focus on language, art myths, social, customs, law, and morals. 5. Divided psychology in two:
A History of Psychology
Chapter 4: The New Psychology
The founding father of modern psychology

Who?

Gustav Fechner (1801-1887) Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) William James (1842-1910)
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) ----Cultural psychology

8. Citations:

Cultural Psychology: < 4% Principles of Physiological Psychology: >61%

9. Reasons for the lack interest in cultural psychology

Little need to pay attention to developments from Europe Less concern to cultural issues
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
---The study of conscious experience

国外心理学史14 PPT课件

History and Systems of Psychology Lecture 4
ED PS 7080 September 11, 2010
Instructor: Robert Hill, Ph.D.
Class Assignment: Pick you favorite FAILURE in psychology (10 min each)
(flower image = pleasant smell) – categorize smell valence and images
Explain workings of the mind as a complex interconnecting elemental phenomenon
Titchener versus Wundt
psychology?
Name two phenomenon in psychophysiology that Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) investigated. For each, describe an example of his method and what he found?
Titchener more restrictive and inflexible
View of investigation = without philosophy or value (the soul is out)
Titchener rejected Wundt’s attempts to explain the operation of the mind
Titchener rejected broader view of apperception

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Birth of Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt: Father of Psychology
1879: Leipzig, Germany. Intended to make psychology
a reputable science. Many American psychologists
Functionalism. Underlying causes and practical consequences of certain behaviors and mental strategies: “Stream of Consciousness.”
Expanded psychology to animal behavior.
Behaviorism
B.F. Skinner, 1950’s.
Dismissed importance of inherited traits and instincts about human behavior. Private events can be studied as long as they are treated as a form of behavior, many experiments with learning and memory.
Started the American Psychological Journal (1887) now the American Journal of Psychology.
Eclecticism
Utilizing of diverse theories and schools of thought.
E.B. Titchener
Wundt’s student. Taught at Cornell University.
Studied nature of mental experiences. Structuralism: Analyze sensations, images and feelings into their most basic elements.
Behaviorism
John Watson, 1913.
Psychology can never be as objective as chemistry or biology. Consciousness is not that easy.
“I can take a child and make him into anything, a beggar, a doctor, a thief.”
No innate ideas: all knowledge comes from experience or reflection.
Mind is a blank slate written on
by experience (tabula rasa).
Charles Darwin: 1850s
William James: 1842-1910
Claimed that searching for building blocks was a waste of time because brain and mind are constantly changing: focused on function.
Mosaic, no single approach can create the whole picture.
Unlikely for psychology to ever have a unifying paradigm.
Grand theories replaced by more specific ones.
Present Day Psychology
Behavioristic theory: Expanded psychology into many groups that could not be studied by introspection. All behavior is observable and measurable. Abandoned mentalism for behaviorism.
Psychoanalytic Theory
All behavior is meaningful, and much of it is controlled by digging below the surface to uncover the roots of personality.
Sigmund Freud!!! (Da MAN!)
Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud, 1856-1939. Studied neurology, but wanted to
be a medical researcher, forced into being a private physician. Became convinced that patients difficulties were due to mental rather than physical problems. Proposed that distress due to problems that dated back to childhood.
Trained in medicine and philosophy. Wrote many books about psychology,
philosophy, ethics, and logic.
Can you read this?
This is bcuseae the huammn mnid deos not
Proposed the idea of both voluntary and involuntary behavior.
Ruled out areas other than the brain for mental functioning.
John Locke: 1632-1704
Knowledge should be acquired by careful observation.
Studied the evolution of finches and expands his study to include humans.
Opposed religious teachings of the time by suggesting that man was a common ancestor to lower species.
by universities.
G. Stanley Hall
First president of the APA, established the first psychological lab in the U.S. in 1883, at Johns Hopkins University.
Believed that all behavior is a result of rewards and punishments in the past.
Behavioristic Theory
Social Learning Theory: How people acquire new behaviors by observing and imitating others (modeling).
Siggy reud
Psychoanalysis: Freud’s method for treating people with emotional problems, free association.
Unconscious: Nearly all of our impulses are sexual and aggressive in nature. Because we cannot accept them in our conscious, thoughts find their expression in dreams, slips of the tongue that appear as accidents, and even jokes.
raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the word as a wlohe. Amzanig, huh?
Introspection
Looking inward at one’s own mental processes.
Because it is not objective, it fails miserably.
René Descartes: 1596-1650
Originated the concept of Dualism, viewed mind and body as interactive machines.
Stated that the mind could follow body and vice versa.
eventually went on to study in Leipzeig.
Wilhelm Wundt: Father of Psychology
Most of his experiments on sensation and perception.
Did not think that high order mental processes could be studied experimentally.
Criticisms: Excluded all behavior that cannot be seen. All behavior cannot be explained by rewards and punishments. Treats people like robots as if they have no free-will.

History_of_Psychology 心理学史英文课件