身势语

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英语中的肢体语言

英语中的肢体语言人体身势语构成众多习语，丰富英语的表达。

下面按照其组成特点，分类赏析。

一、形容词/ 名词+ 人体部位all ears 全神贯注地听all eyes 聚精会神地看all legs 又瘦又长all nerves 神经过敏all skin and bones 瘦得皮包骨all thumbs 笨手笨脚all fresh 众生free hand 全权处理old hand 内行good hand 漂亮的一手（好字）hot hand 走运的一手（牌）second hand间接地first hand 亲自red hands 血腥的手cool hand 大胆而脸皮厚的人light hand 熟练的手艺black eye 受伤后的黑眼圈glad eye 媚眼snake eyes （骰子中的）双么private eye 私人侦探dry eye 不哭的人evil eye 狠毒的眼光poker face 不动声色straight face 绷着脸sad face 愁容smooth face 讨好的面孔motor mouth 没完没了的说话bad mouth 诽谤big mouth 爱说闲话者good mouth 顺从的马hard mouth 不顺从的马lion's mouth 虎穴swelled head 自满dead head 死脑筋acid head LSD 的常用者long head 先见之明heavy heart 沉重的心情open heart 坦率pot belly 大肚子stiff neck 顽固之人silver tongue 流利的口才mailed fist 暴力devil's bones 骰子loose lips 说话很随便cold shoulder 冷漠cold feet 胆怯green thumb 在园艺方面有才能的人Achilles heel 弱点busy body 管闲事者sweet tooth 爱吃甜食之人family skeleton 家丑二、人体部位+ 名词brain drain 人才外流brain trust 智囊团brain storm 突有灵感brain child 头脑的产物brain wave 计上心头tongue twister 绕口令face card 带人像的扑克牌face value 票面价值knee slipper 使人笑得拍大腿的笑话eye shot 视野bone shaker 老爷车skin dive 只戴眼罩的潜水skin game 赌博骗钱skull session 坐在一起动脑筋nose dive 一落千丈elbow grease 可施展之地chin music 聊天leg work 跑腿lip praise 表面的称赞lip service 空口的应酬话blood debt 血债belly laugh 捧腹大笑skin flick 色情电影三、动词+ 人体部位keep / save face 保全面子preserve face 保持面子maintain face 维护面子lose face 失去面子make faces 做鬼脸make mouths 对人做嘴脸make eyes 漫送秋波make head 前进count heads 点名knock head 叩头gather head 时机成熟change hands 易手join hands 携手联合kiss hands 吻君王之手hold hands 手搀手change foot 换步set foot 行走play footsie 情侣在桌底下碰脚rub elbow / shoulders 与人交往lose heart 沮丧take heart 鼓起勇气gain flesh 长肉lose flesh 消瘦tell noses 清点人数split hairs 作琐细的分析cut teeth 长牙give lip 讲硬话show leg 逃跑give / throw tongue 猫/狗狂吠shake hands 握手四、人体部位对称或并列face to face 面对面from ear to ear 开心limb to limb 肢解mouth to mouth 嘴对嘴heart to heart 交心shoulder to shoulder 齐头并进eye to eye 赞同eyeball to eyeball 面对面hand to hand 逼近head to head 交头接耳nose to nose 面对面back to back 背靠背hand in hand 手拉手arm in arm 挽臂neck and neck 并驾齐驱leg and leg 平分秋色side by side 肩并肩hand over hand 两手交叉使用from hand to hand 用手传递from mouth to mouth 口口相传from hand to mouth 勉强糊口from head to foot 全身from top to toe 从头到脚hand and foot 手脚一起；尽力heart and soul 全心全意tooth and nail 竭尽全力toe and heel 跳舞flesh and blood 人类head and ears 全身hand to fish 齐心协力hand over fist 多而快地赚钱hand over heels 倒栽葱tooth for tooth 以牙还牙eye for eye 以眼还眼五、人体部位在谚语的运用Two heads are better than one . 三个臭皮匠，胜似一个诸葛亮。

英汉跨文化非言语交际身势语语用特征及文化差异

英汉跨文化非言语交际身势语语用特征及文化差异1 引言人类交际是语言交际和非语言交际的结合，非语言交际是整个交际中不可缺少的组成部分。

非语言交际指不用词语的交际，有无声和有声之分。

但一般说来，非语言交际多指无声。

我们的面部表情，头部动作，坐立姿势，手势和身体某一部位的移动，身体的接触，对话时的位置和距离，都在有意识无意识的发出某种信息，表达某种意识。

人们就把这种非语言交际方式成为身势语。

身势语主要包括手势，姿态，面部表情，嗓子的音质，交谈者之间的距离，谈话者选择衣着打扮的方法所传递的信息，说话人判断接话时机的方法等。

2 身势语的语用特征作为符号概念的身势是交际和传递信息的符号单位，它用于传递信息，早已未人们所熟悉，并能自如的运用各自群体中所通用的符号势进行交际。

从话语意义的研究角度看，身势语的语用特征主要体现在以下几个方面。

2.1 辅助，替代功能身势语伴随话语，对话语起着补充，强调或者确定的辅助功能，他们相互依附，相互支持以取得预期良好的交际效果。

身势语与话语同时或先后进行，它能使语言表达更生动，更形象，语义信息量更大，更清楚。

由于各种原因，在许多场合人们用身势语来替代话语，并给交际增加了特殊的表现力。

例如：” Pardon me，sir ，will you do mea favor ？Let mepurchase you one of these puddings. It would give mesuch pleasure. ”He jumped back as if he had been stung ，and the blood rushed into his wrinkled face.“请原谅，先生，能赏我个脸吗？让我为您买一只布丁吧，如果您肯收下，我将不胜感激。

”他往后一跳，仿佛被什么东西蛰了一下似的，他那张布满皱纹的脸顿时涨的通红。

2.2 表情功能主要是通过面部表情表露感情或者情绪，当然，身体其他部分也可显露这类情绪。

非语言交际与身势语

非语言交际与身势语在人类的日常交流中，语言固然重要，但其实非语言交际和身势语也起着至关重要的作用。

非语言交际和身势语的出现可以追溯到人类文明的历史早期，那时人类还没有发展出复杂的语言系统。

通过非语言交际和身势语，人类能够传达情感、意图，甚至可以表达某些抽象的概念。

非语言交际是指通过除了语言之外的方式进行交流，它包括身势语、面部表情、目光接触、触摸、空间和时间等因素。

身势语是非语言交际中非常重要的一部分，它是指通过身体动作和姿势来传达信息的一种方式。

身势语可以包括手势、身体倾斜、肌肉紧张、微笑、皱眉等。

在非语言交际中，身势语的应用非常广泛。

例如，当我们感到愤怒时，我们可能会握紧拳头，挺直身体，眉头紧锁；当我们感到害怕时，我们可能会将身体缩成一团，或者跑动；当我们感到开心时，我们可能会张开双臂，微笑并欢呼。

这些身势语都在传达着我们的情感和意图。

非语言交际在人类社会中具有非常重要的意义。

首先，它可以帮助我们更好地理解他人的情感和意图。

通过观察他人的面部表情、身体姿势和动作，我们可以更好地了解他们的情感状态和意图。

其次，非语言交际还可以帮助我们更好地传达自己的情感和意图。

有时，通过言语无法表达清楚的事情，通过身势语却可以更好地表达。

总之，非语言交际和身势语在人类交流中起着至关重要的作用。

它们不仅可以传达情感和意图，还可以帮助我们更好地理解他人的情感和意图。

因此，在日常生活中，我们应该注意自己的身势语，以便更好地与他人交流。

我们也应该学会观察他人的身势语，以便更好地理解他们的情感和意图。

这样，我们才能更好地与他人进行交流，从而达到更好的沟通效果。

俄语身势语是一种非常重要的非语言交流方式，它能够补充和强化言语表达，帮助人们更好地理解和沟通。

在俄语中，身势语可以按照不同的方式进行分类，包括来源、表达方式和使用场合等。

根据来源，俄语身势语可以分为本能性身势语和人文性身势语。

本能性身势语是指人类天生具有的身体语言，例如微笑、眨眼和手势等，这些身势语在各种文化中都有类似的意义和用法。

身势语教学文档

浅谈跨文化交际中身势语的含义及应用世德中学林晓萍一、引言在人类信息交流过程中，不外乎有两种方式：言语交际和非言语交际。

非言语交际是比言语交际更简单、更有力的沟通工具，但又是相当容易让人误解的沟通方法。

身势语作为非言语交际中一个关键因素，在沟通中起着口头语言无法替代的作用。

语言学习者学习语言的根本目的是为了能够与不同文化、国家的人沟通、交流。

不同国家之间存在着文化差异，为了使交际活动顺利有效地进行，认识和了解身势语在不同文化中的含义及在教学中的运用是每一个语言学习者的必修课。

身势语丰富多彩，蕴含的信息量大，一个人眼神、表情、手势、距离等都能传达多种信息。

在教学中运用身势语应适当，不宜过多或者过少，身势语的运用给英语课堂增添乐趣，激发学生兴趣，拉近教师与学生之间的距离。

二、身势语的概述2.1身势语的概念身势语也称体态语形体语。

指的是传递交际信息的表情动作。

身势语的概念是由美国心理学家Birdwhistell首先提出，他指出人的身体各部位的运动肌的动作，器官都可以表达和交流信息、感情、态度——“身体即信息。

”像舞台上的舞者，通过自己优美的舞姿配合上面部表情，他们不需要言语表达，也能把所要诠释的主题思想很好地传递给观众，并取得演出的成功。

身势语是指“由人体发出的具有表情达意功能得一套图像性符号，包括人的面部表情，身体姿势、肢体动作和身体位置的变化”。

周国光（1997）2.2身势语的特点身势语作为非言语交际的重要手段之一，在人们相互沟通的过程中与言语交际如影相随、密不可分。

总的来说，身势语具有普遍性、多义性、反义性、约定性和真实性。

有些身势语是人类所共有的，先天的，也是无意识或下意识的，如人往往喜则笑，悲则泣；羞则脸红等。

有些身势语则是后天习得的。

身势语普遍存在于许多国家，不同民族有着许多相同的面部表情和身体动作，但某一身势语在不同国家有着不同含义，如伸出大拇指，在美国表示搭便车，而在撒丁却表示下流的意思。

非言语交际中的身势语

非言语交际中的身势语非言语交际是人类交际活动必不可少的一部分。

身势语是表达一个人内心世界的无声而真实的语言，身势语作为非言语交际的一种重要手段，在人类交际中起着言语行为所不能替代的作用。

一、非言语交际的概述1. 非言语交际的定义所谓非言语交际，就是通过使用不属于言语范畴的方法来传递信息的过程，非言语交际的形式很多，不像言语交际那样只有口语和书面语之分，它包括除使用语言和文字以外的一切传递信息的方式，如身体动作、面部表情、空间利用、触摸行为、声音暗示、穿着打扮和其他装饰等，甚至没有表情的表情、没有动作的动作，都是非语言交际的有效途径。

2. 非言语交际的作用非言语交际通常与言语交际结合进行，大体上起到补充、替代、调节、重复、否定的作用。

作为言语范畴外的一切表现形式，非言语交际不仅能产生听觉方面的效果，更能产生视觉、感觉、触觉等效果。

同时，作为言语交际的重要补充形式，非言语交际能够传达出言语交际不能表达出的情感，人与人之间的态度等重要信息，能增强语言交际的效果。

二、身势语的定义及特点1. 身势语的定义身势语在人际沟通中有着口头语言无法替代的作用。

身势语是人类重要的交际手段之一，是辅助性的交通工具，它以表达感情信息为主，也表达一定的理性信息。

所谓身势语是指由人体发出的具有表情达意功能的一套图像性符号，包括人的面部表情、身体姿势、肢体动作和身体位置的变化。

2. 身势语的特点(1) 与生俱来与后天习得的身势本能的身势与生俱来。

例如：笑、微笑、哭、婴儿饥饿的时候会吮吸手指，或者当一样东西突然朝眼睛飞来时眨眼，都是由自主的神经系统控制，不学就会的。

习得的身势是指可以通过后天学习而学会的视觉身势或听觉身势。

它们已成为说话者文化的一部分，就像他们的词汇一样，其中包括词汇的身势和“图像的”身势。

(2) 身势可以单独出现，也可以随口头的言语出现我们可以只通过身体的姿势，手势，或者是面部表情等身势语来传达出我们所要表达的意思，也可以伴随着这些身势说出内心那刻的感受，或激动，或悔恨，或气愤等的一些话语。

浅谈身势语

浅谈身势语所谓(de)身势语,就是指那些包括空间距离、目光注视、身体接触、姿态动作、面部表情等在内(de)非语言(de)身体信号.空间距离当人们进行交际(de)时候,交际双方在空间所处位置(de)距离具有重要(de)意义,它不仅告诉我们交际双方(de)关系、心理状态,而且也反映出民族和文化特点.心理家发现,任何一个人需要在自己(de)周围有一个自己能够把握(de)自我空间,这个空间(de)大小会因不同(de)文化背景、环境、行业、不同个性等而不同.不同(de)民族在谈话时,对双方保持多大距离有不同(de)看法.根据霍尔博士(美国人类家)研究,欧美人生活中有四种距离表示不同情况：(1) 亲密接触 (intimate distance 0-45 cm) 交谈双方关系密切,身体(de)距离从直接接触到相距约 45 厘米之间,这种距离适于双方关系最为密切(de)场合,比如说夫妻及情人之间.(2) 私人距离 (personal distance 45-120 cm) 朋友、熟人或亲戚之间往来一般以这个距离为宜.(3) 礼貌距离 (social distance 120-360 cm) 用于处理非个人事物(de)场合中,如进行一般社交活动,或在办公,办理事情时.(4) 一般距离 (public distance 360-750 cm) 适用于非正式(de)聚会,如在公共场所听演出等.从这四种分法可以看出,人类在不同(de)活动范围中因关系(de)亲密程度而有着或保持不同(de)距离.不同民族与文化构成人们之间不同(de)空间区域,多数讲英语(de)人在交谈时不喜欢离得太近,总要保持一定(de)距离.西班牙人和阿拉伯人交谈会凑得很近,而对俄罗斯人来说意大利人交谈是过于靠近,拉美人交谈时几乎贴身.更有趣(de)是英国人与意大利人交谈时,意大利人不停(de)“进攻”,英国人不断(de)“撤退”.实际上他们交谈时都只不过是要占据对自己适当(de),习惯(de)实际距离.西方文化注重个个隐私,东方人“私”(de)概念薄弱.在电梯,巴士或火车上,素不相识人(de)拥挤在一起,东方人可以容忍身体与身体接触(de)那种挤,西方人无法容忍.在对个人空间(de)要求方面,中国人、日本人以至大多数亚洲人要比西方人小(de)多.这是因为不同(de)文化习俗(de)缘故,西方人看中宽松(de)氛围,崇尚个人自由和个人权利,而东方人(de)传统文化根深蒂固.空间(de)观念是立体(de),不仅包括领域(de)大小距离,包含领域(de)高度.“拉开距离”具有保持身份(de)威严(de)功能,而保持空间领域(de)高度又是支配权利(de)一种方式.法庭、堂、礼堂、会议厅(de)布置都十分注重利用空间距离来发挥这一功能,以表现优越感与从属关系.在中国,长辈和领导面朝南坐,在西方则坐在椭圆桌子头(de)位置,等等,不一而足.这些都说明不同文化背景(de)人对空间(de)运用和安排都有着各自(de)模式,从而构成无数文化差异,让空间(de)使用具有了更为丰富(de)文化功能.目光注视在人际交往过程中,与交往对象保持目光接触是十分必要(de).近代西班牙哲奥塔加在人与众人一书中说：“每一次注释都说出了注视者(de)心路历程.”中国古代成语有“画龙点睛”之说,人类男女之间有眉目传情之举.从莎士比亚(de)“仿佛他眼睛里锁藏着整个灵魂”,到音乐摇滚(de)“不要说,你(de)眼睛已经告诉了我”,都说明目光注视在人际交往中(de)重要功能.“眼睛是透露人(de)内心世界(de)最有效(de)途径,人(de)一切情绪、情感、和态度(de)变化,都可从眼睛里显示出来.几乎所有(de)人与人之间(de)活动能够和感情交流都依靠过眼光,某些文化所特有传播实践也体现在目光接触(de)运用之中.两个阿拉伯人在一起交流时会用非常热情(de)目光凝视对方,因为他们认为双目是个人存在(de)钥匙.如果从美国文化角度来看,这种目光是不适用于两个男人之间(de),这种长时间凝视常常是同性恋(de)亚文化群使用(de)非语言代码(de)一部分.有养(de)英国男子认为直接凝视与之交往(de)人(de)眼睛是一种绅士风度,而瑞典人在交谈中用目光相互打量(de)次数多于英国人.法国人则特别欣赏一种鉴赏似(de)注视,这种眼光看人是就传达了一种非语言信号：虽然我不认识你,但我从内心底欣赏你(de)美,所以法国男子在公共场合对妇女士(de)凝视是人们公认(de)一种文化准则.日本人与人交谈时(de)目光一般落在对方(de)颈部,而对方(de)脸部和双眼要在自己眼帘(de)外缘,他们认为眼对眼是一种失礼(de)行为.中国人则对紧盯着自己看(de)目光感到不自在,甚至惶惑不安,原因是“羞耻感"文化(de)影响,“非礼勿视”.而在西方这个世界文化(de)大熔炉里,人人都锻炼得眼界开阔喜欢大大方方地表白自己,敢于毫不遮掩地宣泄情感,她们往往会因为异性受到自己(de)吸引力而感到受宠,但不若惊.目光(de)礼节、各种凝视行为及目光在交际中(de)功能反映出不同(de)文化背景及不同(de)民族文化心理,其含义复杂,规定繁多,需要我们认真观察,仔细比较,从而促进各民族间文化(de)交流与融合.身体接触正像语言和姿势可以传递人们(de)情感信息一样,身体与他人(de)接触在交际中也无时无刻不在传递信息.婴儿在母亲怀里被摇着拍着,等到爱抚后不仅能保持心理平静,还能刺激协调运动器官──小脑,促使其发育,国外者称之为接触育(touch education).人类家把文化大致分为两大类：接触文化(touch culture)与非接触文化(nontouch culture),阿拉伯人,南欧和西欧人、犹太人及拉丁语系(de)人属于第一类,美国人、北欧人及东方人属于第二类.从孩提时代到成人期,不同(de)文化交给我们不同(de)接触方式,哪些部位该接触,哪些不该接触.这里着重谈谈被当作一种社会习惯来进行(de)利益方面(de)身体接触中(de)不同文化内涵.(一)握手据某些专家(de)考证,握手是石器时代穴居人留下(de)一种遗俗.陌生人相遇,如彼此并无恶意,就放下手中狩猎用(de)棍棒或石块,让对方摸摸掌心.在人类进化过程中,这些手势逐步演变成两手相握(de)形势.手掌(de)张开表示向对方敞开自己(de)势力范围,而手掌(de)接触则表示合二为一.今天,在许多国家,握手已经成为一种常用(de)表示亲热和友好(de)礼节.但各国握手(de)习惯不大一样.法国人做客走进房间或别离时都要与主人握手：而德国人只在进门时握一次手；有些非洲人在握手之后会将手指弄出轻轻(de)响声,以表示自由；在美国,男人之间(de)握手是很用力(d e),这可能源于印第安人(de)角力竞赛.中国人一边讲“你好”一边握手,对此没有什么忌讳；俄罗斯人则不允许两人隔着一道门或跨着门槛握手,以为这样做是不吉利(de).在西方,参加竞选(de)政客会用右手,握住对方(de)右手,再用左手搭在互相握住(de)手背上,试图让接受者感到他(de)热情真挚与诚实可靠,故被称为“政治家(de)握手”.有一位驻外人员叙述了这么一段经历：在巴基斯坦时,有一次请生到使馆看中文电影.一位刚结婚(de)生把妻子也带来了.老师见到后,主动与生妻子握手,并且握(de)很紧,以示热烈欢迎.第二天上课时,生满脸怒气,拒绝回答该老师(de)提问.课后,另一个生告诉老师说,这位生认为老师主动逼他妻子握手,太失礼.原来按照巴基斯坦礼俗,男子对陌生女子不能主动握手,老师说出了自己(de)本意是表示客气与友好后,才算消除了误会.可见握手(de)概念常因文化(de)不同而不同.在人类交际活动中,眼睛(de)信息传递是微妙(de),而握手发出(de)信号却是直截了当(de).如果握肩膀和握胳膊时,实际上是进入了接受者(de)密切区域,只有在感情极为密切与融洽(de)人之间才受欢迎.在异性之间,如果女方不主动伸出手来,男性是不能去握她(de)手(de).如果伸左手与人相握,则是无礼(de)表现.握手(de)文化是如此丰富多彩,我们必须深入研究,严加区分,以避免文化冲撞和误会.(二)拥抱与亲吻不同(de)文化背景产生不同(de)礼貌和礼仪,其含义是约定俗成(de).在西方许多发达国家,两个女生见面时拥抱在一起是常见现象,夫妻久别重逢时拥抱亲吻也非常自然；但阿拉伯人、俄国人、法国人、东欧人、地中海沿岸和有些拉丁美洲国家(de)人,两个男人之间也会拥抱及亲吻双额.阿拉伯人甚至不停地嗅着对方身上散发出(de)气息,对他们来说,好(de)气味能令人精神为之一爽.缅甸人、蒙西人和分布在挪威、瑞典、芬兰等国(de)拉普人会嗅着彼此(de)面颊表示问候.而在东亚及英语国家,男人之间一般只是握手表示欢迎,很少拥抱或亲吻对方.在许多欧美人看来,政治家(de)亲吻是“虚假”(de)代名词.拥抱亲吻(de)这些差异充分反映不同文化(de)特色和浓厚(de)社会文化意义,也是不同民族文化之间深层(de)差异在身势语这个表层上(de)具体表现.(三)其他接触如前所述,有(de)民族崇尚接触文化,而有(de)民族则信奉非接触文化,不同(de)文化确定了它自己关于接触(de)定义.出于宗(de)崇拜和信仰,佛徒认为活佛给他们施行(de)摸顶礼是崇高而神圣(de)；而在泰国,头部可是千万不能摸(de),触及头部简直就是一种罪过；此外,泰国僧侣在向上行走时特别忌讳被女性触及,认为这样就会使他(de)苦苦修炼前功尽弃.中国人喜爱一个小孩时会亲切地抚摸她(de)头部或搂搂抱抱,而对美国(d e)孩子这样做就会引起孩子妈妈(de)反感,尽管她知道这种动作并无恶意,但在他(de)文化中,这样做被人认为是无礼(de)表现.在穆斯林国家,人们把关于触摸(de)知识看作其文化整体(de)一部分,他们用右手进食或做愉快(de)事,用左手去触摸别人则是一种社交(de)侮辱,因为左手是大小便时用(de).在中国传统文化中,“面子”重于一切.脸对女性来说无异于命根子.如果触摸一个中国姑娘(de)脸,那可是犯了大忌.可见触摸在身体不同部位(de)运用也要因地域及文化之不同而异.如果不加区别地统统采取亲密性接触,或是统统推行非接触文化,这个世界就会乱成一团了.姿态动作有专家提出,人能发出多达50万个不同(de)身体信号,只用“千姿百态”作比喻已显得苍白无力,任何想将它们分门别类(de)企图也只能令人失望.所以我们只能从传递交际信息(de)常见姿势中诠释一些行为代码与文化含义.手势在各国有不同(de)表达意义,不同(de)文化背景赋予了手势不同(de)交际功能.中国人竖起拇指表示“好”,伸出小指表示“差”或“坏”,这反映了一种“尊卑有等”、“长幼有序”(de)文化心态；美国人将拇指朝上表示要求搭便车,将拇指朝下则表示“坏”；而日本人伸出小指却表示“情人”.在美国,人们用挥手来表示再见；而在南美,人们见到这种动作时不但不会离去,反而会向你跑过来.在美国,用拇指和食指捏成一个圈,其余三个指头分开向上伸直,则表示“OK”一词；在日本,这种手势则表示钱；在阿拉伯人中,这种动作常常伴以咬紧牙关,一起表示深恶痛绝.用手指在太阳穴旁边转圈,中国人表示动脑筋,美国人和巴西人则表示发疯.俄国人把手指放在喉咙上表示吃饱了；日本人用此动作表示被“炒了鱿鱼".美国人、日本人抿着嘴吃东西才算得体,而印第安人却以张口大嚼为礼貌.假如一位美国人无意中把筷子直直(de)插进饭碗内,再把饭送给中国人吃时,中国人心里就可能会大为不快.因为按照中国(de)风俗,供死人时才把筷子插进饭碗里.美国人用手指着太阳穴表示手枪自杀,反映(de)是美国私人拥有枪支不足为奇(de)社会文化背景.日本人用手戳向肚子表示剖腹自杀,反映了日本传统文化中(de)武道精神.在新几内亚,将手架在脖子上表示自杀；在中国,这种手势表示被人砍头,是古代刑法取去“首级”(de)遗风.姿态动作(de)幅度和速度以及姿势和坐立习惯地反映出不同(de)文化背景和心态.犹太人(de)手部动作远比一般德国人(de)手部动作来(de)自由,所以二战时期生活在德国境内(de)犹太人要尽量控制自己(de)手部动作,以免暴露身份.白人中(de)年轻人步履轻捷,而年轻(de)黑人则步伐较慢,这与他们(de)社会环境不无关系.在东方人眼里,美国女子大胆而泼辣,因为他们(de)步子比东方女子大,腰板挺(de)更直.在西方人眼里,日本女子(de)莲莲碎步反映出他们(de)柔顺和屈从心理.英国人将两臂交叉放在胸前表示旁观或不准介入,恰似中国(de)“袖手旁观”；美国人着重随意与个性,常常大大咧咧(de)坐下来或者站着时一副松松散散(de)样子,所以当某美籍外上课时坐在课桌上,中国生(de)惊讶程度就可想而知了.但在德国等欧洲国家,生活方式比较规范,人们十分注重礼仪,懒散(de)样子常被认为是粗俗和无礼(de)标记.不同文化在姿态动作上(de)这些微妙(d e)差别常常容易导致交往失当,甚至会使交际完全中断.了解这些差异并采取必要(de)补偿手段,对于人们在跨文化交际中互相理解,避免误会,对于填平文化沟壑,无疑具有十分重要(de)意义.五、面部表情人类(de)感情或欲望,在无意中形成身体行为(de)变化而表现出来,而利用面部做出(de)变化更是难计其数.相对目光而言,表情是更容易辨别对方心情、态度(de)线索.一切没有经过掩饰(de)肯定与否定、积极与消极、接纳与拒绝等表情(de)事情发生,面部表情对于交际(de)重要性是众所公认(de),但表情中(de)多种文化内涵却难以估量.二次世界大战期间,从纳粹党徒投向犹太人身上那恶毒而阴毒(de)表情里,人们可以知道犹太人当时(de)悲惨命运；从过去(de)南非白人鄙视黑人(de)视线中,我们可以了解到南非黑人当时(de)社会地位.感情(de)表达是在文化背景中习得(de),它们(de)表现因文化(de)不同而不同.汉民族在贵客来到时,笑脸相迎才合情理,而美国(de)印地安部族却大哭来迎接客人(de)到来.在某些文化中,咂嘴唇是认可(de)表示；在中国文化中,表示有滋有味；在英国文化中,表示没有滋味；在许多地中海国家,则是过分夸大痛苦和悲哀(de)标志.微笑,是最有益于人际交往(de)面部表情.白居易(de)名句“回眸一笑百媚生,六宫粉黛无颜色”,写出了最微妙(de)表情效果.正如亚当斯所说(de),“当你微笑(de)时候,别人会更喜欢你”.笑脸不只是快乐和友好(de)表示,也能传递道歉与谅解(de)信息.在公共汽车上因急刹车而踩了别人(de)脚,微笑就等于说“对不起”.与陌生人相遇或相撞理,露出微笑是为了向对方表示自己没有敌意.服务行业(de)人脸上常带着微笑则是欢迎和友善(de)表示.东方人比较含蓄,感情不容易外露,不象西方人、尤其是拉丁语系人身上那样,可以看到七情六欲(de)展现.中国人习惯用面部来遮掩感情,而不是显露感情.中国俗语“看脸色办事”和“给人脸色难看”更将面部表情运用到了出神。

身势语(课件)

I point in the direction they must go. 3.see a friend in the distance I wave my hand.
4.enter a friend’s house
I shake hands and say, “Hello, pleased to see you.”
What does it mean?Байду номын сангаас
What does it mean?
What does it mean?
What does it mean?
What does it mean?
What does it mean?
What does it mean?
What does it mean?
pull a long face
shrug one’s shoulder
Match the verbs in the box with the pictures. point shake smile wave
Listen and match the situations with the pictures.
Say what you do when you … Example: are introduced to someone. I shake hands and say, “ Pleased to meet you.”
1. meet a friend
I shake hands and say, “ Pleased to meet you.” 2. show someone the way
5.say yes
I nod my head up and down.

浅谈身势语

接触行为
２１身势语中的接触行为。．１．身体接触。在人类交际活动中，眼睛的信息传递是微妙的，而握手发出的信号却是直截了当的。在美国，＾之间的握男、手是很用力的。俄罗斯人不允许两人隔着一道门或跨着门槛握手，以为这样做是不吉利的。而中国人的握手则没有什么忌讳。异性之间握手，如果女方不主动伸出手来，男性是不能去握她的手的。在阿拉伯国家，伸左手与人相握，是无礼的表现。１不Ｚ．２同文化中接触行为的不同含义及应用。通常给韩国＾．递东西时，你只要用右手即可，下面情况例外：为了表示特别的尊重，当你给具有较高地位的人，例如客户，递东西时，用双手递Ｅ ——或者用右手递东西，但是用左手托着你的右肘。在新加坡要绅士般地握手，避免用力过大，通常男士要等女士先出手。入座，双腿交叉时，不要让你的鞋底指着某个人。且不要用脚接触东西或者移动东西。２２眼神接触。２身势语中的眼神接触。２．１俗语 ‘ 眼睛是灵的窗户”人理表达与接受往，往与眼睛分不开。目光的直接接触可以引起感情的微妙交流。人在际交往过程中，与交往对象保持目光接触是十分必要的。眼睛是透露人的内心世界的最有效的途径，人的一切情绪，情感，和态度的变化，都可从眼睛里显示出来。２２不同文化中眼神．２接触的不同含义及应用。中国人或许会把强烈的、直接的眼神接触，误认为是有恐吓的企图或者完全的敌意的表露。俄罗斯在谈判桌的两端，可以直接凝视对方。在丹麦在谈判桌Ｅ丹麦人通常会适当地注视一Ｔｘ＇－阿拉伯人和拉丁人喜欢一直热情，，ｌ而ｈ地看着对方。另—方面，本人、日大多数中国人和东南亚＾、却避免直视对方，门他ｆ认为这是鲁莽的、有敌意的，甚至是威肋性的。２．３空间行为。３１２．身势语中的空间行为。当人１进行交际的时候．门交际双方在空间所处位置的距离具有重要的意义，它不仅体现交际双方的关系、心理状态，目也反映出民族和文化托。理而心学家发现，任何—个＾需要在自己的周围有一个自己能够把握的自我空间，这个空间的大小会因不同

身势语

浅谈非语言交际中的身势语摘要“身势语”同语言一样，都是文化的一部分。

在不同文化中，身势语的意义并不完全相同。

各民族有不同的非语言交际方式.例如：不同的民族在谈话时，对双方保持多大距离才合适有不同的看法；谈话双方身体接触的次数多少因文化不同而各异；在目光接触这一方面也有许多规定：看不看对方，什么时候看，看多久，什么人可以看，什么人不可以看；在某些场合下，在中国和讲英语的国家无论微笑还是大笑，通常表示友好﹑赞同﹑满意﹑高兴﹑愉快，但是在某些场合，中国人的笑会引起西方人的反感；打手势时动作稍有不同，就会与原来的意图有所区别，对某种手势理解错了，也会引起意外的反应等等。

因此，要用外语进行有效的交际，在说某种语言时就得了解说话人的手势，动作，举止等所表示的意思。

而有些权威人士认为两者相互依存。

在大多数情况下这是对的。

在某些情况下，人体动作与所说的话不一致，口头说的与身势语表达的意思不一样。

这时要借助其他信息或从整个情况中猜测说话人的意思，从某种意义上说，一切身势语都要放在一定的情景下去理解；忽视了整个情景就会发生误解。

而通过中美身势语对比研究表明，两者有相似的地方，也有差异的地方，说明了解另一种语言中身势语的重要性。

可见，真正掌握两种语言的人在换用另一种语言说话时也要换用另一种身势语。

这样才能达到更好的交际效果。

关键词: 非语言交际身势语不同文化不同方式Body Language on Nonverbal CommunicationAbstract“Body language”, like our verbal language, is also a part of our culture. But not all body language means the same thing in different cultures. Different people have different ways of making nonverbal communication. For example: different people have different ideas about the proper distance between people conversing; the appropriateness of physical contact varies with differen t cultures; one could draw up quite a list of “rules” about eye contact: to look or not to look; when to look and how long to look; who and who not to look at; smiles and laughter usually convey friendliness, approval, satisfaction, pleasure, joy and merriment, and, this is generally true in China as well as the English-speaking countries, however, there are situations when some Chinese will laugh that will cause negative reactions by westerners; gestures can be particularly troublesome, for a slight difference in making the gesture itself can mean something quite different from that intended, and, a wrong interpretation of a gesture can arouse quite unexpected reactions and so on. So in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language, one should know also the gestures, body movements, mannerisms and etc. that accompany a particular language. Some authorities feel that the two are dependent on each other. This is certainly true in most situations. But it is also true that in certain situations body action contradicts what is being said, just as the spoken words may mean something quite different from what body language communicates. When this occurs, one must try to get further information, or guess the meaning from the context of the situation. In a sense, all body language should be interpreted within a given context; to ignore the overall situation could be misleading. A comparative study of Chineseand American body language shows a number of similarities and diversities of body language. It shows the importance of knowing the specific gestures that go with a language. Observation shows that a truly bilingual person switches his body language at the same time he switches languages. This makes communication easier and better.Key words: nonverbal communication body language different culture different waysContents1. Introduction ……2. The necessity and importance of learning body language on nonverbal communication ……3. The concrete types and application of the body language ……3.1 Types of body language ……3.1.1 Distance between people conversing ……3.1.2 Physical contact ……3.1.3 Eye contact ……3.1.4 Smiles and laughter ……3.1.5 Gestures ……3.2 Application of the body language ……3.2.1 Greetings ……3.2.2 Signs of affection ……3.2.3 Physical contact in life ……3.3 A comparative study of Chinese and American body language ……4. Conclusion ……1. IntroductionWhen a Chinese converses with a Canadian or American friend of the opposite sex, would it be indecent to be looking at the other person?If two young friends of the same sex walk with their arms around each other‟s shoulders or hold hands, would this be regarded by English-speaking people as proper?Does nodding the head mean “yes”, and shaking the head mean “no” in all cultures?There are not questions about language, but about body language, about nonverbal communication.Nonverbal communication, composed of pictures, dresses, eye contact, spatial signals, gestures and so on, is as important as verbal communication.People communicate in many different ways. One of the most important ways, of course, is through language. Moreover, when language is written it can be completely isolated from the context in which it occurs; it can be treated as if it were an independent and self-contained process.Like all animals, people communicate by their actions as well as by the noises they make. It is a sort of biological anomaly of man—something like the giraffe‟s neck, or the pelican‟s beak—that our vocal noises have so for outgrown in importance and frequency all our other methods of signaling to one another. Language is obviously essential for human beings, but it is not the wholestory of human communication. Not by a long shot.The study of nonverbal communication should be complementary to the study of language. The understanding of one should be helpful in the further understanding of the other. Some authorities feel that the two are dependent on each other. This is certainly true in most situations. But it is also true that in certain situation body action contradicts what is being said, just as the spoken words may mean something quite different from what nonverbal communication communicates. When this occurs, one must try to get further information, or guess the meaning from the context of the situation. In a case, all nonverbal communication should be interpreted within a given context; to ignore the overall situation could be misleading.2. The necessity and importance of learning body language on nonverbal communication Although we may not realize it, when we converse with others we communicate by much more than words. By our expressions, gestures and other body movements we send messages to these around us a smile and an outstretched hand show welcome. A form is a sign of displeasure. Nodding one‟s head means agreement—“Yes”. Waving an outstretched hand with open palm is the gesture for “goodbye”. Leaning back in one‟s seat and yawning at a talk or lecture shows lack of interest, boredom. These gestures have come to be accepted in general as having the meanings mentioned, at last to Chinese and Americans. There are parts of the way in which we communicate. This “body language”, like our verbal language, is also a part of our culture.But not all body language means the same thing in different cultures. Different people have different ways of making nonverbal communication. The answers to the questions at the beginning of this chapter are all “no”. Even nodding the head may have a different meaning. To Nepalese, Sri Lankans, some Indians and some Eskimos it means not “yes”, but “no”. So in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language, one should know also the gestures, body movements, mannerisms and etc. that accompany a particular language.Body language is an important media through which people communicate with each other. It refers to the patterns of facial expressions and gestures that people use to express their feelings in communication. The specialist on body language research—Fen. Lafle. Angles, once said: "Once it was lost, a baby couldn t have grown into a normal person". It s also true to the juveniles. In school education, body language plays a positive role in cultivating the students characters.3. The concrete types and application of the body language3.1 Types of body language3.1.1 Distance between people conversingWatch an Arab and an Englishman in conversation. The Arab, showing friendliness in the manner of his people, will stand close to the Englishman. The latter will move back, watching to the Englishman. The Arab will then move forward to be closer; the Englishman will keep moving backward. By the end of the conversation, the two may be quite a distance from the conversation; the two may be quite a distance from the place where they were originally standing!Here, distance between the two is the key factor. Different people have different ideas about the proper distance between people conversing. According to studies, it seems there are four main distances in American social and business relations: intimate, personal, social, and public. Intimatedistance ranges from direct physical contact to a distance of about 45 centimeters; this is for people‟s most private relations and activities, between man and wife, for example. Personal distance is about 45—80 centimeters and is most common when friends, acquaintances and relatives converse. Social distance may be anywhere from about 1.30 meters to 3 meters; people who work together, or people doing business, as well as most of those in conversation at social gatherings tend to keep a distance is farther than any of the above and is generally for speakers in public and for teachers in classrooms.The important thing to keep in mind is that most English-speaking people do not like people to be too close. Being too far apart, of course, may be awkward, but being too close makes people uncomfortable, unless there is a reason, such as showing affection or encouraging intimacy. But that is another matter.3.1.2 Physical contactThe appropriateness of physical contact varies with different cultures. Figures from a study offer interesting insight into this matter. Pairs of individuals sitting and chatting in college shops in different places were observed for at last one hour each. The number of times that either one touched the other in that one hour was recorded, as follows: London, 0; Gainesville, Florida, 2; Pairs, 10; San Juan, Puerto Rico, 180. These figures speak for themselves. (Robinett, 1978)In English-speaking countries, physical contact is generally avoided in conversation among ordinary friends or acquaintances. Merely touching someone may cause an unpleasant reaction. If one touches another person accidentally, he/she usually utters an apology such as “Sorry, Oh, I‟m sorry, Excuse me.”In China, a common complaint of western mothers is that Chinese often fondle their babies and very small children. Such behavior—whether touching, patting, hugging or kissing—can be quite embarrassing and awkward for the mothers. They know that no harm is meant, and that such gestures are merely signs of friendliness or affection, therefore they cannot openly show their displeasure. On the other hand, such actions in their own culture would be considered rude, intrusive and offensive and could arouse a strong dislike and even repugnance. So the mothers often stand by and watch in awkward silence, with mixed emotions, even when the fondling is by Chinese friends or acquaintances.Going beyond the milder forms of touching, we shall take up the matter of hugging and embracing in public. This practice is fairly common among women in many countries. And in most of the more industrialized countries, it occurs frequently between husband and wife and close members of the family when meeting after a period of absence. Hugging and embracing among men, however, is a different matter. Among Arabs, Russians, French, and in several of the east European and Mediterranean countries, a warm hug and a kiss on the cheeks are a standard way of welcome. The same is true with some Latin Americans. In East Asia and in the English-speaking countries, though, the practice is seldom seen. A simple handshake is the custom. The story is told of what happened not long ago when the Japanese prime minister at the time, Mr. Fukuda, went to the U.S. on a state visit. When he stepped out of his car in front of the white house, he was greeted by the American president whit a “bear hug”. The prime minister was flabbergasted; others of the Japanese delegation were amazed; many Americans were surprised—it was so unusual and so unexpected. If the president had bowed low in Japanese fashion, it would have been less a surprise than to be greeted in a way so uncommon in either country!The matter of physical contact between members of the same sex in English-speaking countries is a delicate one. Once past childhood, the holding of hands, or walking with an arm around another‟s shoulder is not considered proper. The implication is homosexuality, and homosexuality generally arouses strong social disapproval in these countries.3.1.3 Eye contactEye contact is an important aspect of body language. One could draw up quite a list of “rules” about eye contact: to look or not to look; when to look and how long to look; who and who not to look at. These passages from the book Body Language (Fast, 1971) are amusing as well as informative:“Tow strangers seated across from each other in a railway dining car have the option of introducing themselves and facing a meal of inconsequential and perhaps boring talk, or ignoring each other and desperatel y trying to avoid each other‟s glance. A writer, describing such a situation in an essay, wrote, …they re-read the menu, they fool with the cutlery, they inspect their own fingernails as if seeing them for the first time. Comes the inevitable moment when glances meet, but they meet only to shoot instantly away and out the window for an intent view of the passing scene.‟ ”He points out that with people who are unfamiliar:“We must void staring at them, and yet we must also avoid ignoring them… We look at th em long enough to make it quite clear that we see them, and then we immediately look away.There are different formulas for the exchange of glances depending on where the meeting takes place. If you pass someone in the street you may eye the oncoming person till you are about eight feet apart, then you must look away as you pass. Before the eight-foot distance is reached, each will signal in which direction he will pass. This is done with a brief look in that direction. Each will veer slightly, and the pass ing is done smoothly.”In conversations with people who know each other, however, American custom demands that there should be eye contact. This applies to both the speaker and the listener. For either one not to look at the other person could imply a number of things, among which are fear, contempt, uneasiness, guilt, indifference, even in public speaking there should be plenty of eye contact. For a speaker to “burry his nose in his manuscript”, to read a speech instead of looking at and talking to hid audience, as some Chinese speakers are in the habit of doing, would be regarded as inconsiderate and disrespectful.In conversation, a person shows that he is listening by looking at the other person‟s eyes or face. If the other person is speaking at some length, the listener will occasionally make sounds like “Hmm”, “Ummm”, or nod his head to indicate his attention. If he agrees with the speaker, he may nod or smile. If he disagrees or has some reservations, he may slant his head to one side, raise an eyebrow, have a quizzical look.Staring at people or holding a glance too long is considered improper in English-speaking countries. Even when the look may be one of appreciation—as of beauty—it may make people uneasy and embarrassed. Many Americans traveling abroad find the stares of the local people irritating. They become extremely self-conscious and often end up quite indignant about the “rudeness” of the people there, not realizing that the practice may be quite common in the country and may be nothing more than curiosity. Many English-speaking people in china have heard to complain about this.“The language of the eyes”—one of the most common and ancient ways of exchanging feelings between boys and girls, men and women—is especially elaborate in the United States. Much study has been made of this: how people of the opposite sex show interest or indifference, encouragement or discouragement, approval or disapproval, affection or aversion. However, there are many differences even within the United States. Men use their eyes in different ways than women; there are differences of age, class or social status and geographical region; there are differences of ethnic background.The story is told of a teenage Puerto Rican girl in a New York high school who was taken with a number of other girls to the principal for suspected smoking. Although there was no proof of any wrongdoing and although she had a good record, the principal decided she was guilty and suspended her. “There was something sly and suspicious about her,”he said in his report. “She just wouldn‟t meet my eye. She wouldn‟t look at me.”When she was questioned by the principal it was true that she kept staring at the floor and refused to meet his eye. And in English there is a saying “Don‟t trust anyone who won‟t look at you in the eye.”It so happened that one of the teachers had a Latin American background and knew about Puerto Rican culture. After talking with the girl‟s parents, he went to the principal and explained that according to Puerto Rican culture, a good girl “does not meet the eyes of an adult.” Such behavior, he explained, “is a sign of respect and obedience.”Fortunately, the principal accepted the explanation, admitted his mistake and the matter was settled properly. This difference in interpreting a simple eye gesture was a lesson in cultural diversity that he would not easily forget.Rules about eye-language are numerous and complex. What has been mentioned gives a good idea of this; we shall not go further into detail.3.1.4 Smiles and laughterSmiles and laughter usually convey friendliness, approval, satisfaction, pleasure, joy and merriment. This is generally true in China as well as the English-speaking countries. However, there are situations when some Chinese will laugh that will cause negative reactions by westerners. To illustrate, here is an excerpt from a letter by an American to a Chinese friend on nonverbal gestures that often cause cross-cultural misunderstanding:“…One is the different meaning of laughter in China and American. When an American is parking his bicycle, for example, and the bicycle accidentally falls over, he feels embarrassed at his awkwardness, and is quite angered and humiliated when Chinese onlookers laugh. I have seen the same thing happen in the dining room, when a foreigner drops a plate quite by accident and feels badly and Chinese onlookers laugh, compounding his discomfort and causing anger and bad feeling.”Such laughter, of course, is not at the person or his misfortune—whether he be a foreigner or a Chi nese. It can convey a number of feelings: don‟t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it‟s nothing; such things can happen to any of us, etc. However, for people unaware of this attitude, the reaction to such laughter is usually quite unpleasant and often generates ill feeling towards those laughing.3.1.5 GesturesGestures can be particularly troublesome, for a slight difference in making the gesture itself can mean something quite different from that intended. A wrong interpretation of a gesture can arouse quite unexpected reactions.A well-known case is a gesture made by Winston Churchill, the doughty prime minister who led Britain through the Second World War. As he appeared before a large crowd, he was greeted with cheers and applause. The occasion was a momentous one and Churchill flashed the “V for victory” sign—with the forefinger and middle finger raised to form a “V”. Whether by mistake or ignorance, instead of facing the palm of his hand to the front, he made the “V” with the back of his hand towards the audience. Some in the crowd applauded; some gasped; some broke out in laughter. The prime minister‟s gesture, as given, meant quite something else. Instead of “V for victory”, it meant something dirty; it was an obscene gesture!3.2 Application of the body language3.2.1 GreetingsHoa has just arrived from Vietnam. Her cousin Phuong and some of his American friends are waiting at the airport to greet her. Hoa and Phuong are both excited about this meeting because they have been separated for seven years. As soon as Hoa enters the passenger terminal, Phuong introduces her to his friends Tom, Don, and Charles. Tom steps forward and hugs and kisses Hoa. She pushes him away and bursts into tears.Among Chinese from Vietnam, if a boy hugs and kisses a girl in public, he insults her. Chinese culture in Vietnam is very strict about this, especially in the rural areas where Hoa grew up. She described her village: “After children are ten years old, boys and girls cannot play together. A boy and girl cannot da te without their parents‟ approval. A man and woman cannot hug or kiss if they‟re not married.”In Hoa‟s village if anyone violated these rules, the villagers punished the girl by forcing her to kneel on the ground so they could spit at her and throw rocks at her. No wonder that Puong‟s American friends frightened Hoa. She did not know what punishment for public hugging and kissing might be meted out to her in this country. She confused Tom, who by American standards was dong the right thing.Eventually Hoa learned to be comfortable when greeted with hugs and kisses, accepting them as merely perfunctory acts.Analogous to this situation is another in which Duane, a Chinese American employee, invited his non-Chinese boss, Mr. Keck, to a large family celebration. When Mr. Keck arrived, he shook hands with Duane and, when introduced to Duane‟s grandmother, leaned over and kissed her on the cheek. This shocked the older woman, yet Mr. Keck was totally unaware that he had committed a social blunder. What he considered as a respectful act, grandmother considered disrespectful. Instead, Mr. Keck should have nodded to the older woman and offered her a verbal greeting.◆When establishing relations with Asians, avoid body contact. The safest form is to nod and give a verbal salutation. Follow their lead as the relationship changes.Like customs everywhere, increased cross-cultural interaction brings about changes in habits; many Asian businesspeople have accommodated to the American handshaking tradition. On the other hand, in a situation where it seems as if bowing would still be the only polite move tomake—especially to the Japanese—following these guidelines should make it easier.◆When bowing to people from Japan, hands should slide down toward the knees or remain at the side.◆Back and neck should be held in a rigid position, while eyes look downward.◆The person in the inferior position always bows longer and lower.Those from India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh use the namaste for both greeting and farewells and as a sign of respect. They do this by holding their hands chest-high in a prayerlike position, then slightly nod the head; but they do not bow. American students of yoga who are taught by Asian teachers become familiar with this gesture that heralds the beginning of each session. Thais have a similar greeting, but they call it a wai.While body contact is generally taboo in most Asian countries, elsewhere, body contact is expected; shying away from contact gives off negative signals.◆When greeting, people from Indian, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Thailand hold their hands together in front of their chins in a prayerlike position and nod their heads.◆When greeting, most Latinos expect body contact. Hugging and kissing on the check are acceptable for both the same sex and the opposite sex. The abrazo is commonplace—friends embrace and simultaneously pat each other on the back.◆When greeting, most middle easterners, especially Muslims, avoid body contact with the opposite sex, but men may embrace and kiss one anther. Women may do the same. When shaking hands, men should avoid pulling their hands away too quickly.◆When greeting most Americans, expect soma body contract. Women kiss once on each cheek and hug; men shake hands. Men may also hug and kiss women on the cheek if they are close friends.◆When greeting orthodox Jews, avoid body contact with the opposite sex.3.2.2 Signs of affectionSheree Bykofsky, an American writer, is thrilled when a cruise ship line purchases copies of her hew romantic travel guide, the best place to kiss in and around New York City. The cruise line plans to give the books as dinner favors during their special valentine‟s cruise.They invite Sheree on board to greet the passengers and autograph their copies. The Americans and Europeans delight in meeting the author and having her sign their books. However, when Sheree visits the tables of the Japanese passengers, most of them refuse to acknowledge her. Japanese people do not approve of public body contact and, thus, have developed a complex system of bowing to express relationships. Touching a member of the opposite sex is particularly repugnant to their sensitivities; consequently, kissing in public is considered a disgraceful act. The Japanese snubbed Sheree because the title of her book suggested behavior that did not conform to their standards of respect. They would not acknowledge her because, in their eyes, she promoted vulgarity.Asians from countries other than Japan are equally disapproving when they see American men and women or two men to walk in public holding hands. However, when they practice this sign of friendship in the states, they are frequently mistaken for homosexuals. This shocks them.Same-sex hand holding or walking arm-in-arm also occurs among Latinos, French, Spanish, Italians, Greeks, and middle easterners.◆Most Japanese people strongly disapprove of public expression of affection by males andfemales through kissing or any other form of body contact.◆Same-sex hand holding between Asians, middle-easterners, Latinos, or those from Mediterranean countries is a sign of friendship. Walking with arms on each other’s shoulders or with hands or arms linked also equates with camaraderie.3.2.3 Physical contactWhen Dorothy receives a wedding invitation to attend her Japanese neighbor‟s wedding, she is thrilled. She has always admired the Yamashita family. She is very fond of lance, the about-to-be-married son, and feels extremely close to Grace, his mother. Dorothy feels honored to be included in the family festivities.After the beautiful church ceremony, Dorothy stands in line to greet the bridal party. However, when Dorothy, a very affectionate person, steps forward to embrace the mother of the groom, Grace steps backward.Dorothy feels rejected.Even at such a joyous occasion as a wedding, Japanese customs about physical contact in public are not relaxed, even when taking place between the same sex. Truly, more formality is demonstrated in such situations. Consider the extreme reserve displayed at the 1993 royal wedding of crown prince Naruhito to Massako Owada. The physical acts of the royal couple consisted only of sipping sacred sake and making bows—no touching, no hugging, no kissing between the couple, certainly none by the wedding guests.In Dorothy‟s situation, even though she felt very close to Grace, she would have been more socially correct had she bowed her head slightly and then offered only verbal felicitations. In situations like these, it is best to observe the manner in which other wedding guests congratulate family members and then follow their example.3.3 A comparative study of Chinese and American body languageA comparative study of Chinese and American body language shows a number of similarities; for example: men don‟t hug or embrace when meeting; a handshake is the most common gesture that goes with a greeting; waving a hand to say “goodbye” is the same; a frown shows displeasure, and the wrinkling of one‟s nose is a sign of dislike, disgust or disapproval; nodding means “yes”, and shaking one‟s head means “no”; pouting has the same meaning—displeasure, bad humor, resentment; a pat on the back of a man or boy indicates approval, praise, encouragement; gritting one‟s teeth may express anger, fury, or determination.The charts on the following pages provide examples of some of the difference:Different Body Language, Same MeaningMeaning Body Language in China Body Language in U.S.“Come here” (beckoning someone to come) hand extended toward person,open palm, palm down, withall fingers crooked in a beckoning motion hand extended toward person,closed hand, palm up, with forefinger only moving backand forth (in china this samegesture would be consideredoffensive by many)“Shame on you!” (semi-joking gesture) forefinger of one hand extended, tip touches one‟s own face several times quickly; similar to scratching,but with the forefinger straight (usually with the remark “shame on you!”) forefinger of each hand extended, palms down in front of one‟s body;。

中国民族身势语

微笑是万能的、通用的语言。

汉文化历史悠久．汉语中身势语（体态语或态势语）极为丰富，汉族人在交往中运用身势语来交流思想，传情达意是极为频繁的现象。

汉语中身势语的广泛运用，无论是在中国古典义学还是现代文学作品中都可以找到大量的佐证，运用身势语米描写人物或刻画心态是屡见不鲜的。

例如《诗经·周南·关滩》：“求之不得，痛寐思服悠哉悠哉，辗转反侧。

”“这里的“辗转反侧”就是身势语，即身体翻来复去，表示“殷切思恋”。

又如《沦语·八情》篇：“或问谛之说。

子曰，不知也。

知其说者之于天下也，其如示诸斯乎？指其掌”指其掌就是一种手势。

当时孔子讲话时，是一手伸掌，另一手指掌，以强调“其如示诸斯卞”的“斯”字，相当于现代汉语的“这个”或“这里”。

如果孔子当时没有这一手势或他的弟子没有记录下这指点的手势他的讲话中就不能用“斯”字。

我国古典名著《三国演义》、《水浒》、（西游记》和《红楼梦》中都运用了许多身势语。

中国现代文学作品中身势语的使用也很多。

例如：“大家都不做声，垂头丧气地坐着，也不喝酒，也不吃菜。

”（欧阳山）我国著名语言学家陈望道在《修辞学发凡》一书中对身势语作过专门的论述。

他指出；“态势语”，是用装态作势的动作，就是态势，来做交流思想的工具。

态势共有二种表情态势，如微笑、盛额等；指点态势，是直接指点对象的态势．指人说入，指物说物；描画态势，它又分为三种：形象的，是直接写事物的形状指事的，是借他物重要的特征来表示这物；象征的，是借适宜描画别方的行为来表示这方的事物。

陈望道先生强调，态势语“一般不过用它来做补助声音语言的工具”。

（见（修辞学发凡）第21-23页，上海教育出版社，1984年）陈望道讲的态势语就是我们所说的身势语或称体态语汉语里用以表示身势语的词语极其丰富，通常分为二种1）词，如哭、笑、指、趴、跪、昂首、举足、颤抖、作揖、鞠躬，俯、仰、挥、托、回头回首，等等；2）惯用语如咬耳朵、哭鼻子、千瞪眼,拍胸脯、挑大姆指、吹胡子瞪眼、皮笑肉不笑、摆架子、出洋相，等等；3）成语。

身势语的特性及语用功能

身势语的特性及语用功能
身势语是一种非口头的语言，它是一种以身体动作、表情和姿态来表达意义的语言。

它可以用来表达情感和思想，也可以用来交流信息。

身势语的特性和语用功能可以概括为以下几点：
1、身势语具有跨文化的特性。

身势语是一种跨文化的语言，它可以被不同文化背景的人所理解，因此可以用来沟通不同文化之间的信息。

2、身势语可以用来传达情感和思想。

它可以用来表达情感，如悲伤、高兴、害怕等，也可以用来传达思想，比如理解、拒绝、认可等。

3、身势语可以用来沟通信息。

它可以用来表达一些复杂的信息，比如指示、提示、抗议等，可以用来更好地沟通信息。

4、身势语可以用来表达情绪。

它可以用来表达一种情绪，比如害怕、轻蔑、愤怒等，可以用来更好地表达自己的情绪。

5、身势语可以用来表达态度。

它可以用来表达对某件事情的态度，比如赞同、反对、中立等，可以用来更好地表达自己的态度。

身势语在小学英语教学中的运用

英语身势语在小学英语教学中的运用湖南省石门县楚江镇第一完全小学田思敏“身势语”—一个在英语教学中还比较陌生的名词，但却是我在英语课堂教学中运用得最多的一种教学方式。

身势语(Body language)又称为肢体语言。

它是通过身体的各种动作、神情、举止等等来传递语言信息的一种表达方式。

教师在教育教学中扮演着知识传输者的角色，在课堂45分钟时间里，教师如何将新知识以最快、最直观、最有效的方法让学生掌握呢？英语课堂中，有声语言必不可少，身势语也同样重要。

心理学家艾伯特〃梅瑞宾的实验表明：信息的总效果＝7％的文字+38％的声音+55％的无声(人体)语言。

在课堂中我们适当的运用身势语既可以引发学生们的求知欲，又可以调节课堂气氛。

身势语就像是一根魔术棒，引吸着孩子们，并加深孩子们对知识的理解和掌握。

俗话说“无声胜有声”，身势语在英语课堂中就是如此。

其实身势语在我们课堂教学中很常见，只是多半属于随意性和习惯性的动作，这样的“身势语”并不能达到身势语在课堂中的有效性。

如何将身势语发挥出最理想的教学效果呢？让我们一起来探讨一下吧！一、身势语的分类身势语是由人肢体活动的范围来分的。

身势语可分为：神态语、手势语、姿态语。

1、神态语：是指一个人的表情、眼神。

①所谓的表情当然就是我们的喜怒哀乐，人的心理活动都是由表情来传达的。

著名作家罗曼〃罗兰曾说过：“面部表情是多少世纪培养成功的语言，比嘴里讲的复杂千万倍的语言。

”②眼睛是心灵的窗户，眼神可以传神也可以说话，它将人最细腻的情感表达出来，爱迪生说：“人的眼睛和舌头说的话一样多，不要字典，都能从眼睛的语言中了解一切。

”2、手势语：是指一个人的手所做出的动作。

手势语可分为三部分：上区手势、中区手势、下区手势。

①手配合手臂在肩以上活动的为上区手势，一般可以表达出积极肯定或慷慨激昂的内容和情感。

这类动作幅度会较大些。

②手在肩至腰部活动的称为中区手势，一般用来衬托叙述，说明等，没有特别的感情色彩，动作也适中。

身势语在文学作品中的运用

身势语在文学作品中的运用
身势语是文学作品中常用的一种表现手法，它可以表达人物的情感，揭示人物的性格，营造气氛，增加文章的表现力，使文章更具有真实性。

身势语可以用来描写人物的情绪变化，如《红楼梦》中林黛玉被贾宝玉抛弃时，她“抹着眼泪，轻轻地哭着”，这样的描写让读者能更深刻地感受到林黛玉的痛苦。

身势语也可以用来揭示人物的性格，如《三国演义》中曹操“狂笑三声，跳起舞来”，这样的描写让读者能更清楚地感受到曹操的狂妄自大。

此外，身势语还可以营造气氛，如《水浒传》中的描写：“百
姓纷纷来投，拜谒英雄，声声欢呼，掌声雷动，乐声阵阵”，
这样的描写让读者能更深刻地感受到民众对英雄的崇拜。

总之，身势语是文学作品中常用的一种表现手法，它可以表达人物的情感，揭示人物的性格，营造气氛，增加文章的表现力，使文章更具有真实性。

一些美国人常用的身势语

一些美国人常用的身势语桂萍身势语（the body language）指各种手势、姿势和身势（signs, signals and gestures）。

不同的国家和地区，由于文化传统和风俗习惯的不同，身势语言不尽一致，同样一种手势表达的意思可能有很大差异，而同样一种思想表达的方式又不相同。

身势语言如果使用恰当，可以增进交流气氛，有时还可以取得口头语言或书面语言达不到的效果。

下面主要介绍几种美国人常用的身势语及其表示的含义。

1．shake someone's hand握某人的手。

表示问候、礼貌、祝贺、赞同、认可、决定等含义。

2．wave one's hand挥手。

表示问候、致意、再见等意义。

3．raise one's hand举手。

表示要发言、提问、回答；表示乐意做某事；开会时，表示赞同、反对或弃权。

4．hold someone's hand拉着某人的手。

表示某种情感，如喜欢钟爱某人、同情安慰某人、支持鼓励某人；常用于大人领着孩子走路、帮助盲人或老人行走。

5．shake one's fist (at someone) （向某人）挥拳头。

表示非常生气，准备打架；也可以表示对做某事胸有成竹，决心要干成，以挥拳显示信心或力量。

6．wring one's hand扭着手，搓着手。

表示当一个人对某人或某事担心、焦虑或者感到悲观、失望时，不知如何是好，只有无可奈何地等待事情的发展。

7．clench one's fists紧握拳头。

表示非常生气或感到愤愤不平；也可表示控制自己的感情。

8．slap someone on the back拍某人的后背。

用于熟悉的朋友之间，表示亲切、友好。

用于体育比赛时运动员之间，表示祝贺和鼓励。

9．give someone a pat on the back/pat someone on the back轻拍某人的后背。

表示满意、称赞、祝贺或感激等；也可表示同情、安慰之意。

关于身势语的英语小短文

关于身势语的英语小短文English:Body language, or nonverbal communication, plays a crucial role in how we interact with others. It includes gestures, facial expressions, posture, and even the tone of our voice. Body language can convey a multitude of emotions and intentions, often without us even realizing it. For example, crossing one's arms can signal defensiveness or a closed-off attitude, while maintaining eye contact can indicate attention and interest. Understanding and being aware of body language can greatly enhance our communication skills and help us to better understand the feelings and intentions of those around us. It also allows us to convey our own emotions and intentions more effectively, as sometimes our nonverbal cues speak louder than words.中文翻译:身势语，也就是非语言交流，在我们与他人互动中扮演着至关重要的角色。

它包括手势、面部表情、姿势，甚至是我们的声音语调。

身势语(Body Language)

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