Antenna
ANTENNA
专利名称：ANTENNA发明人：USUI TAKESHI,KOBAYASHI ATSUSHI 申请号：JP12162791申请日：19910528公开号：JPH04349704A公开日：19921204专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：PURPOSE:To facilitate the manufacture of the antenna, to make the quality stable, to form the antenna to have various shapes suitable for receiving a radio wave, to make the thickness thinner and to improve the sensitivity. CONSTITUTION:The antenna is formed without need of a printed circuit board by an insulation resin 9 between an antenna element layer 3 and a 1st ground layer 8. The antenna element layer 3 and 1st and 2nd ground layers 8,12 are formed flexibly. The antenna is formed to have various shapes suitable for receiving a radio wave by bending the antenna element layer 3 and the ground layers 8,12 to an optional shape. The microstrip line 7 is connected electrically to the antenna element 2. The microstrip line 7 is used for an amplifier circuit to be connected to an amplifier or the like. The 2nd ground layer 12 is laminated to the outer side of the 1st ground layer 8. The microstrip line 7 is surrounded by a ground plate to be shielded thereby preventing noise invasion from the microstrip line 7.申请人：MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC WORKS LTD更多信息请下载全文后查看。
ANTENNA
更多信息请下载全文后查看
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
专利名称：ANT ENNA 发明人：YOKOYAMA YUKIO 申请号：J P 7724 285 申请日：198504 11 公开号：JPS61236203A 公开日：19861021
摘要：PURPOSE:To obta structure by feeding power to two antenna elements having a different resonance frequency comprising an irradiation conductor plate, a connection conductor plate and a ground conductor plate via a transmission line having a prescribed length. CONSTITUTION:In the antenna element comprising the 1st and 2nd transmission lines 3, 7 constituted the radiation conductor plates 1, 5, the ground conductor plate 10 and connection conductor plates 2, 6 connecting them, the lines 3, 7 have prescribed length, one end of the lines 3, 7 is connected respectively to the 1st and 2nd antenna elements and the other ends 9 are connected in parallel. Further, the width W2 of the connection conductor of each antenna element is selected less than the width W1 of the irradiation conductor, and the center distance (s) of the conductor plates 2, 7 is selected more than a half of the sum of the widths of two irradiation conductor plates or over and the length of the two irradiation conductor plates is made equal. Thus, the two resonance points are produced due to the difference between the characteristics of the two irradiation conductors and the characteristic is made broad substantially.
ANTENNA
专利名称：ANTENNA发明人：MORITA YUSUKE,AKITA TSUGIO,KAWADA YOSHIAKI,MAKINO KATSUHIKO申请号：JP16279387申请日：19870630公开号：JPS647803A公开日：19890111专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：PURPOSE:To easily execute assembly of the titled antenna by inserting a radiation use antenna body and a waveguide use antenna body successively through a supporting rod fixed to a spherical supporting part for constituting a reflection use antenna body, screwing an ornamental to the tip of the supporting rod in this state, and assemblying the antenna. CONSTITUTION:In case of assembling an antenna element, as for that which a supporting rod 3 is formed separately against a spherical supporting part 1, one end columnar part of the supporting rod 3 is screwed to the spherical supporting part 1 and fixed, and this supporting rod 3 is inserted successively through holes of a spherical supporting part 4 and a rod-like part 5, a feed part 11 and a rod-like part 12, a spherical supporting part 18 and a rod-like part 20, and the spherical supporting part 4 and a rod-like part 19. In a state that the tips of the rod-like parts 12, 20, 21 and 24a have been fitted into circular recessed parts 27-30, an ornamental ball 24 is screwed to an external screw of the tip of the supporting rod 3, and also, an external screw 25 of the ornamental ball 24 is screwed to an internal screw of the spherical supporting part 19, and each antenna body is coupled to each other. In such a way, the assembly can be executed easily.申请人：MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC IND CO LTD 更多信息请下载全文后查看。
ANTENNA
专利名称：ANTENNA发明人：ENOMOTO TOMIARI,MUROIKATSUJI,KURATA TAKEAKI,MAKINO TERUYA 申请号：JP6845479申请日：19790601公开号：JPS55161401A公开日：19801216专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：PURPOSE:To eliminate protrusions for storage and make height of the antenna from the ground high for expansion, by storing the mast body and the antenna body in the external tube. CONSTITUTION:Wire 3 is extended out to the antenna main body 4 side from wire leading-out/in part 2 by rotation of the motor of wire driving equipment 1 and presses upward the top tube of mast body 5, and antenna main body 10 and mast body 5 stored in external tube 9 are expanded. Coaxial cable 11 is wound off according to expansion of mast body 5 and is led into external tube 9 and expanded mast body 5. Since antenna body 10 is placed at the upper end of expanded mast body 5, height of the antenna from the ground becomes high and transmission and reception become good.申请人：NIPPON ANTENNA KK更多信息请下载全文后查看。
Antenna 讲义
天线测试
无源测试 （Passive atenna test）
增益:
增益系数表示天线的定向收益程度。定义：在同一距离及相同输入功率条件下，某天线在最大辐射方 向上的辐射功率密度和理想无方向性天线的辐射功率密度之比。 例如：如果用理想无方向性点源作为发射天线，需要100W输入功率，而用增益为G=13dB=20的某 定向天线作为发射天线，输入功率仅需100/20=5W。
1、尺寸越来越小； 2、频率越来越宽； 3、越来越便于设计； 4、成本越来越低；
9 • 2011 Lenovo Confidentntenna（对称振子天线）
10 • 2011 Lenovo Confidential. All rights reserved. ©
IN(d)
I(d)
0
+
V(d)
ZO
ZL
6 • 2011 Lenovo Confidential. All rights reserved. ©
d=l
d=0
天线简介
反射系数：反射波电压（或电流）与入射波电压（或电流）的比值。由于电压容易测 试，所以一般所指的反射系数都是电压发射系数，可以表示为
Z L ZO 0 IN d 0 Z L ZO
由公式可以看到，最佳情形是天线输入阻抗是纯电阻且等于馈线的特性阻抗（50欧 姆），此时无反射，能量完全给天线。 电压驻波比：如果ZL不等于Z0，反射系数一定不为0，此时天线输入端的电压与电流 均有入射波与反射波的叠加，电压振幅最大值与振幅最小值记为电压驻波比VSWR （Voltage Stand Wave Ratio）。
天线开发流程
为了确保测试结果的准确性，通常会把手机的零部件（尤其是天线附件的元器件）全部 装上，然后再进行无源测试。
ANTENNA
专利名称：ANTENNA发明人：USUI TAKESHI,KOBAYASHI ATSUSHI 申请号：JP10948691申请日：19910515公开号：JPH04337904A公开日：19921125专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：PURPOSE:To enable assembly and manufacture with a little man-hour, to reduce the number of equipments and to enable reception over a wide frequency band. CONSTITUTION:An antenna element 3 formed by a metal plate is adhered and fixed to the inner face of a housing 1. A ground 4 formed by a metal plate is fitted, fixed to an opening part 2 of the housing 1 and arranged in counter to the antenna element 3 through a void 5. The antenna can be constituted by integrating the antenna element 3 and the ground 4, which are formed by the metal plates, into the housing 1. A ground 6 formed by the metal plate can be also used as the cover of the housing 1. The width of the void between the antenna element 3 and the ground 4 can be changed by bending the metal plate forming the ground 4 or the like, and the distribution of a dielectric constant between the antenna element 3 and the ground 4 can be adjusted by selecting the kind of resin forming the housing 1.申请人：MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC WORKS LTD更多信息请下载全文后查看。
Antena天线设计资料
中国无线门户
Macam – maca konfigurasi antena
Dipole Dipole dengan pemantul
Yagi
Dipole dengan pemantul dan penyearah
Horn
Hpbw Parabola dengan prime focus
中国无线门户
Radiation Patern
Omnidirectional Radiation Pattern
main lobe
boresight (elevation)
side lobe
中国无线门户
Side lobes
Gain relative to a half-wave dipole when the reference antenna is a half-wave dipole.
中国无线门户
dBd and dBi
isotropic radiator
2.15dB
中国无线门户
The type of system you are installing will help determine the type of antenna used. Generally speaking, there are two ‘types’ of antennae:
- 45degree slant
中国无线门户
Polarization
V/H (Vertical/Horizontal)
中国无线门户
Slant (+/- 45°) °
Polarization may deliberately be used to: – Increase isolation from unwanted signal sources (Cross Polarization Discrimination (x-pol) typically 25 dB) – Reduce interference – Help define a specific coverage area
HFSS讲座3-antenna
（c dX：0.31，dY：0.0，dZ：0.0
按回车键结束输入。
成都信息工程学院电子工程系
微波电路EDA
第四章 单端口网络和多端口网络
31
（d）在特性（Property）窗口中选择Attribute标签， 将名字修改为p1。
（e）点击OK按钮完成创建，如图5-2-15所示。
成都信息工程学院电子工程系
微波电路EDA
第四章 单端口网络和多端口网络
1
5.2.1
5.2微波天线设计
1.
运行HFSS，点击菜单栏中的Project>InsertHFSSDesign,
2. （1）在菜单栏中点击HFSS>SolutionType （2）如图5-2-1所示，在弹出的SolutionType窗口中： （a）选择DrivenModal （b）点击OK
微波电路EDA
第四章 单端口网络和多端口网络
11
（j
dX：0.0，dY：0.0，dZ：5.0
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
按回车键结束输入。 （k）在特性（Property）窗口中选择Attribute标
签，将该圆柱的名字修改为ring-1，如图5-2-6所示。 （l）用ring-1将ring-inner减去，使之成为一个圆
环柱体。在菜单栏中点击Edit>Select>ByName，在弹出的 窗口中利用Ctrl键选择ring—1和ring—inner。
为0.435in，如图5-2-9所示。
成都信息工程学院电子工程系
微波电路EDA
第四章 单端口网络和多端口网络
16
图5-2-8操作历史树
成都信息工程学院电子工程系
微波电路EDA
第四章 单端口网络和多端口网络
ANTENNA
专利名称：ANTENNA发明人：NISHIGORI MASABUMI,AIZAWA SHINICHI 申请号：JP10548791申请日：19910510公开号：JPH04334201A公开日：19921120专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：PURPOSE:To easily change over a receiving frequency band by providing a changeover switch which opens/closes the connection of duplicate antenna element so as to change over a frequency characteristic. CONSTITUTION:A base part 1 incorporates a printed board and mounts a coil 4, a capacitor 5 and a transformer 6 for impedance conversion, which constitute an LC resonance circuit. The changeover switch 7 changing over the frequency characteristic by opening/closing the connection of the two antenna elements. That is, the two antenna elements, the coil 4, the capacitor 5 and the changeover switch 7 are connected so as to form a closing loop. Then, receiving sensitivity is upgraded with regard to a VHF low band by turning off (LOW side) the changeover switch 7 and receiving sensitivity is upgraded with regard to a VHF high band and a UHF band by turning it on (HI side). Consequently, the frequency characteristic of an antenna changes so as to change over the receiving frequency band.申请人：NISHIKIORI:KK更多信息请下载全文后查看。
ANTENNA
专利名称：ANTENNA发明人：IWAI TORU,IKEDA JUNICHI 申请号：JP29852290申请日：19901102公开号：JPH04170805A公开日：19920618专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：PURPOSE:To favorably execute installing work and maintenance work, and simultaneously, to easily obtain an expected directional characteristics by arranging a probe to receive a radio wave radiated from tow antenna elements on a line in the direction of the bisector of an angle made by each principal radiation directions of two antenna elements. CONSTITUTION:Each one side of two rectangular flat antenna elements 21, 22 is connected to each other, and two elements 21, 22 are combined at the prescribed angle. Besides, nearly on the line of the bisector of the angle made by the principal radiation directions 21A, 22A of each antenna element 21, 22, the probe 23 to receive the radio wave from the antenna elements 21, 22 is arranged. Accordingly, if the relation of the phases of signals fed to two antenna elements 21, 22 respectively is adjusted as monitoring the intensity of the signals received at the probe 23, the expected directional pattern can be surely attained. Thus, the strict adjustment of the length of a feeder line from a signal generating device becomes useless, and the installing work and the maintenance work can be facilitated.申请人：SUMITOMO ELECTRIC IND LTD更多信息请下载全文后查看。
ANTENNA
更多信息名称：ANT ENNA 发明人：SHIBANO YOSHIZO 申请号：JP25858384 申请日：1984 1206 公开号：JPS61136305A 公开日：19860624
摘要：PURPOSE:To obtain a single directivity which has suppressed a side lobe by constituting a feed of linearly arranged three elements, of a tournament connection of two stages of a 3dB coupler. CONSTITUTION:Element I-IV and an element O are installed at an interval of 90 deg. on the periphery, and in the center of a circle, respectively, and at every bearing, linearly arranged three elements centering around the element O are utilized. A signal of the element I receives a variation of an amplitude and a phase of 1/2 by a 6dB attenuator, and -j/2<1/2> each by coupling of (2) and (4) of a 3dB coupler H3 and (3) and (1) of a 3dB coupler H1, and becomes and output of -1/4 in a terminal x+. In the same way, an output of 1/4 is obtained from the element III. A signal of the element O receives an amplitude variation of 1/2<1/2> each by two-distributors S1, S2, but an output of the two- distributor S2 is synthesized again, therefore, an output of -j/2 is obtained in the x+ terminal. Accordingly, when feed is executed from the x+ terminal, outputs of the element I, O and III become 1:j2:-1 from a reciprocal theorem of an antenna, and their composition becomes a single directivity. Also, when the 3dB coupler is made to have a wide band characteristic, a wide band is obtained.
_IEEE 和天线有关名词的定义
IEEE 和天线有关名词的定义Antenna: "That part of a transmitting or receiving system which is designed to radiate or to receive electromagnetic waves". An antenna can also be viewed as a transitional structure (transducer) between free-space and a transmission line (such as a coaxial line). An important property of an antenna is the ability to focus and shape the radiated power in space e.g.: it enhances the power in some wanted directions and suppresses the power in other directions.Frequency bandwidth:"The range of frequencies within which the performance of the antenna, with respect to some characteristics, conforms to a specified standard". VSWR of an antenna is the main bandwidth limiting factor.Input impedance: " The impedance presented by an antenna at its terminals". The input impedance is a complex function of frequency with real and imaginary parts. The input impedance is graphically displayed using a Smith chart. Reflection coefficient: The ratio of the voltages corresponding to the reflected and incident waves at the antenna's input terminal (normalized to some impedance Z0). The return loss is related to the input impedance Zin and the characteristic impedance Z0 of the connecting feed line by: Gin = (Zin - Z0) / (Zin+Z0).Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR): The ratio of the maximum/minimum values of standing wave pattern along a transmission line to which a load is connected. VSWR value ranges from 1 (matched load) to infinity for a short or an open load. For most base station antennas the maximum acceptable value of VSWR is 1.5. VSWR is related to the reflection coefficient Gin by: VSWR= (1+|Gin|)/(1-| Gin |).Isolation: "A measure of power transfer from one antenna to another". This is also the ratio of the power input to one antenna to the power received by the other antenna, expressed in decibel (dB). The same definition is applicable to two-port antennas such as dual-polarization antennas.Far-field region: "That region of the field of an antenna where the angular field distribution is essentially independent of the distance from a specified point in the antenna region". The radiation pattern is measured in the far field. Antenna polarization: "In a specified direction from an antenna and at a point in its far field, is the polarization of the (locally) plane wave which is used to represent the radiated wave at that point". "At any point in the far-field of an antenna the radiated wave can be represented by a plane wave whose electric field strength is the same as that of the wave and whose direction ofpropagation is in the radial direction from the antenna. As the radial distance approaches infinity, the radius of curvature of the radiated wave's phase front also approaches infinity and thus in any specified direction the wave appears locally a plane wave". In practice, polarization of the radiated energy varies with the direction from the center of the antenna so that different parts of the pattern and different side lobes sometimes have different polarization. The polarization of a radiated wave can be linear or elliptical (with circular being a special case).Co-polarization: "That polarization which the antenna is intended to radiate".Cross-polarization: "In a specified plane containing the reference polarization ellipse, the polarization orthogonal to a specified reference polarization". The reference polarization is usually the co-polarization.Antenna pattern: The antenna pattern is a graphical representation in three dimensions of the radiation of the antenna as a function of angular direction. Antenna radiation performance is usually measured and recorded in two orthogonal principal planes (such as E-Plane and H-plane or vertical and horizontal planes). The pattern is usually plotted either in polar or rectangular coordinates. The pattern of most base station antennas contains a main lobe and several minor lobes, termed side lobes. A side lobe occurring in space in the direction opposite to the main lobe is called back lobe.Normalized pattern: Normalizing the power/field with respect to its maximum value yields a normalized power/field pattern with a maximum value of unity (or 0 dB).Gain pattern: Normalizing the power/field to that of a reference antenna yields a gain pattern. When the reference is an isotropic antenna, the gain is expressed in dBi. When the reference is a half-wave dipole in free space, the gain is expressed in dBd.Radiation efficiency: "The ratio of the total power radiated by an antenna to the net power accepted by the antenna from the connected transmitter".E-plane:"For a linearly polarized antenna, the plane containing the electric field vector and the direction of maximum radiation". For base station antenna, the E-plane usually coincides with the vertical plane.H-plane: "For a linearly polarized antenna, the plane containing the magnetic field vector and the direction of maximum radiation". For base station antenna, the H-plane usually coincides with the horizontal plane.Front-to-back ratio: "The ratio of the maximum directivity of an antenna to itsdirectivity in a specified rearward direction". Sometimes the directivity in the rearward direction is taken as the average over an angular region.Major/main lobe: "The radiation lobe containing the direction of maximum radiation". For most practical antenna there is only one main beam.Side lobe level: Is the ratio, in decibels (dB), of the amplitude at the peak of the main lobe to the amplitude at the peak of a side lobe.Half-power beamwidth: " In a radiation pattern cut containing the direction of the maximum of a lobe, the angle between the two directions in which the radiation intensity is one-half the maximum value". The Half-power beamwidth is also commonly referred to as the 3-dB beamwidth.Antenna directivity: The directivity of an antenna is given by the ratio of the maximum radiation intensity (power per unit solid angle) to the average radiation intensity (averaged over a sphere). The directivity of any source, other than isotropic, is always greater than unity.Antenna gain:The maximum gain of an antenna is simply defined as the product of the directivity by efficiency. If the efficiency is not 100 percent, the gain is less than the directivity. When the reference is a loss less isotropic antenna, the gain is expressed in dBi. When the reference is a half wave dipole antenna, the gain is expressed in dBd (1 dBd = 2.15 dBi ).Antenna efficiency: The total antenna efficiency accounts for the following losses: (1) reflection because of mismatch between the feeding transmission line and the antenna and (2) the conductor and dielectric losses.Effective radiated power (ERP): "In a given direction, the relative gain of a transmitting antenna with respect to the maximum directivity of a half-wave dipole multiplied by the net power accepted by the antenna from the connected transmitter".Power handling: Is the ability of an antenna to handle high power without failure. High power in antenna can cause voltage breakdown and excessive heat (due to conductor and dielectric antenna losses) which would results in an antenna failure.Passive intermodulation (PIM):As in active devices, passive intermodulation occurs when signals at two or more frequencies mix with each other in a non-linear manner to produce spurious signals. PIM is caused by a multitude of factors present in the RF signal path. These include poor mechanical contact, presence of ferrous contents in connectors and metals, andcontact between two galvanically unmatched metals. PIM spurious signal, which falls in the up link band, can degrade call quality and reduce the capacity of a wireless system.Side lobe suppression: "Any process, action or adjustment to reduce the level of the side lobes or to reduce the degradation of the intended antenna system performance resulting from the presence of side lobes". For base station antenna, the first side lobe above the horizon is preferred to be low in order to reduce interference to adjacent cell sites. At the other hand, the side lobes below the horizon are preferred to be high for better coverage.Null filling: Is the process to fill the null in the antenna radiation pattern to avoid blind spots in a cell site coverage.Isotropic radiator: "A hypothetical, loss less antenna having equal radiation intensity in all direction". For based station antenna, the gain in dBi is referenced to that of an isotropic antenna (which is 0 dB).Omnidirectional antenna: "An antenna having an essentially non-directional pattern in a given plane of the antenna and a directional pattern in any orthogonal plane". For base station antennas, the omnidirectional plane is the horizontal plane.Directional antenna:"An antenna having the property of radiating or receiving electromagnetic waves more effectively in some directions than others".Half-wave dipole:"A wire antenna consisting of two straight collinear conductors of equal length, separated by a small feeding gap, with each conductor approximately a quarter-wave length long".Log-periodic antenna: "Any one of a class of antennas having a structural geometry such that its impedance and radiation characteristics repeat periodically as the logarithm of frequency".Microstrip antenna: "An antenna which consists of a thin metallic conductor bonded to a thin grounded dielectric substrate". An example of such antennas is the microstrip patch.Linear array: A set of radiating elements (e.g. dipole or patch) arranged along a line. Radiating elements such as dipole and patch have dimensions comparable to a wavelength. A linear array has a higher gain, than a single radiator, and its radiation pattern can be synthesized to meet various antenna performance requirements such as upper side lobe suppression and null fill. Itshould be noted that the gain of any antenna is proportional to its size.Coaxial antenna: "An antenna comprised of a extension to the inner conductor of a coaxial line and a radiating sleeve which in effect is formed by folding back the outer conductor of the coaxial line".Collinear array antenna: "A linear array of radiating elements, usually dipoles, with their axes lying in a straight line".Adaptive (smart) antenna:"An antenna system having circuit elements associated with its radiating elements such that one or more of the antenna properties are controlled by the received signal".。
ANTENNA
专利名称：ANTENNA发明人：MORISHITA KATSUJI,森下 勝司申请号：JP特願平6-80060申请日：19940419公开号：JP特開平7-288412A公开日：19951031专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：PURPOSE:To easily miniaturize a radio equipment by coupling first bar-shaped antenna part and a second helical antenna part to an electromagnetic field point and integrally operating both the antenna parts as an antenna. CONSTITUTION:When pulling out the antenna, power is supplied from a power feeding part 3 to a second antenna part7. At such a time, since a first antenna part 9 is selected from lambda/2 to 3lambda4 and the second antenna part 7 is selected at lambda/4, an electric field 10b at the upper end of the antenna part 7 is made maximum and an electric field 10a of the antenna part 9 is also made maximum near the upper end of the antenna part 7 so that electromagnetic coupling can be performed from the antenna part 7 to the antenna part 9 and the antenna can be operated as a 3lambda/4 antenna. When housing the antenna, power is supplied to the antenna part 7. At such a time, since the antenna part 9 is separated lower than the antenna part 7 by an insulator 8, electromagnetic coupling is almost eliminated. Thus, the antenna part 7 is operated as the antenna at the time of housing.申请人：KYOCERA CORP,京セラ株式会社地址：京都府京都市山科区東野北井ノ上町5番地の22国籍：JP更多信息请下载全文后查看。
ANTENNA
专利名称：ANTENNA发明人：ANDRENKO, Andrey, FujitsuLimited,MANIWA, Toru, FujitsuLimited,HAYASHI, Hiroyuki, Fujitsu Limited申请号：EP04807014.8申请日：20041214公开号：EP1826871A1公开日：20070829专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：An antenna having a construction enabling simple adjustment of impedance at the antenna connection terminal has a grounded plate; a plate-shape radiatingconductor, positioned parallel to the grounded plate; a feed line conductor, one end of which is connected to a feed point of the plate-shape radiating conductor, the other end of which is connected, as an antenna terminal, to an inner conductor of a coaxial cable, and which is perpendicular to the plate-shape radiating conductor; and a conductor disc, electrically connected to the feed line conductor, and positioned parallel to the ground plate, the distance from the conductor disc to the grounded plate being adjustable.申请人：Fujitsu Ltd.地址：1-1, Kamikodanaka 4-chome, Nakahara-ku Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 211-8588 JP 国籍：JP代理机构：HOFFMANN EITLE更多信息请下载全文后查看。
ANTENNA
专利名称：ANTENNA发明人：TSURUMARU SHINOBU,ISHIGAKIYOSHIO,OOUCHI KOUJI,YOSHIKAWATAKASHI,FUKUZAWA KEIJI,IMAIKAZUHIRO,TAGUCHI YORIMICHI,TSUCHIYAMASAYOSHI申请号：JP18986182申请日：19821028公开号：JPS5979603A公开日：19840508专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：PURPOSE:To change tuning frequency by forming an antenna element like a loop, supporting a part of the antenna element so as to change its angle to the plane of polarization and changing the angle. CONSTITUTION:An element 30 is electrically connected to elements 10, 20 through springs 41, 42 to form an antenna loop. The whole peripheral length of the loop is a little over 1m which is the loop length of 0.3-0.35 wavelength at the low band of a VHF band, and the antenna loop starts parallel resonance at about 150MHz. Matching by a matching circuit 50 allows the antenna to turn to a band tuning type and cover the whole areas. Since the angle theta of the element 30 to the elements 10, 20 can be changed, the coupling capacity is changed when supposing that the loop is a distribution constant line. Thus, the change of the angle theta can alter the tuning frequency at the low band and cover the whole areas. Thus, an antenna with superior characteristics can be obtained in spite of the small-sized one.申请人：SONY KK更多信息请下载全文后查看。
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不同类型的极化原理图
*极化天线增益<=空间分集增益 *在干扰限制的环境下，双极化分集比空间分集优越 *+/-45度的极化比垂直极化天线要有1.5dB的额外损耗 *双极化天线的隔离度为30dB 天线倾斜目的：避免干扰和时间色散，但减少覆盖。
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*关于极化的概念： 根据天线在最大辐射（或接收）方向上电场矢量的取 向，天线极化方式可分为线极化，圆极化和椭圆极化。线 极化又分为水平极化，垂直极化和±45度极化。发射天线 和接收天线应具有相同的极化方式，一般地，移动通信中 多采用垂直极化或±45度极化方式。
不同类型塔顶放大器连接原理图
Simplex
Duplex
Dual-Duplex
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*天馈线系统特殊连接 当有时要用移动台（MS）对CDU作收发信测试时，移动台通 过50欧的阻抗与基站相连接，必须在CDU与MS之间连接大约 100DB的衰减器，为了避免烧坏MS或BTS的接收机，一般要 在TX的输出端连接一个超过50W的衰减器。 下图是具体的连接应用图
GSM移动通信网天馈线系统描述
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BTS Antenna System（BTS天线系统）
Antenna Near Part（天线近端部分） 一、概要
天线近端部分即是TRX与天线之间的接口，包含如下几个部分： •1、 COMB功率合成器，用于将发射信号合成到一组发射天线上。 •2、 RX接收分路器，用于将接收信号分配给多个RX •3、跳线与馈线，相当于50 Ω同轴电缆做为传送TX/RX与天线之间的射 频信号。馈线布放直且粗以便减小信号的衰减，而跳线细软以便连接和 弯曲。注意：所有的射频电缆的阻抗要相同，否则信号会在接头处反射。 •4 、双工滤波器。双工滤波器允许RX和TX共用一套天馈线系统。 5、TMA（塔顶放大器）。也叫ALNA（天线低噪声放大器），用来提高 上行信号的强度（特别在1800和1900MHz）。常用的塔放有单工、双工、 两双工。（注意：ALNA只用于对上行信号的放大） 只用于对上行信号的放大） （注意： 只用于对上行信号的放大
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全向天线： 全向天线：
如下图示：水平切面是没有增益的，而垂直切面按面积比例可以估算出增益值） （如下图示：水平切面是没有增益的，而垂直切面按面积比例可以估算出增益值）
对于全向天线，有一个水平方向的幅射模型，而从垂直方向看， 对于全向天线，有一个水平方向的幅射模型，而从垂直方向看，幅射并非 全方位的，所以幅射相对集中，因而有一定的相对增益值， 全方位的，所以幅射相对集中，因而有一定的相对增益值，一般增益值为 8 具体值决定于天线的物理参数， 对于900 到11之间 dBi (6 to 9 dBd). 具体值决定于天线的物理参数，如：对于 之间 MHz 的全向天线要获取 dBi的增益，则高度为 3 meters. (对于 的全向天线要获取11 的增益， 对于1800/1900 的增益 对于 MHz,而言，获取如此增益则要求的高度相对减半，因波长大约为 而言， 而言 获取如此增益则要求的高度相对减半，因波长大约为900的一 的一 半，)
•全向小区的BTS位置在整个服务范围的中心，它的天线系统均等地向所有 方向(360°)辐射信号。一般由全向天线或一组扇形定向天线组成。（如功分 站） •定向小区的BTS位置在整个服务范围的边缘，通常采用扇形天线系统（如 120° 或180° ），一个BTS能同时为一个、两个或三个定向小区提供服务。
Omni-site (360° antenna) One-sector-site (120° antennas) Two-sector-site (180° antennas) Three-sector-site (120° antennas)
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空间分集和极化分集原理图：
V-polarised Antenna (Space diversity)
X-polarised Antenna (Polarisation diversity) +/- 45 degrees
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水平波速宽度 BW at –3 dB at –10 dB 33° 60° 33° 60° 65° 120° 65° 120° 90° 180°
长度 0.25 m 1m 0.25 m 2m 2,5 m
最大 增益 12 dBi 18 dBi 9 dBi 17 dBi 16.5 dBi
实际应用
公路低覆盖 公路最大覆盖
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三种不同类型的双极单元排列方式
末端反馈排列
中央反馈 排列
并列反馈排列
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天线增益： 天线增益：
天线增益用dBd 或 dBi 来表示，其中dBd表示偶极天线的相对增益， dBi 则表示各向同性天线（天线的能量均等地向各个方向辐射）的相对增益。 以下是dBd 和 dBi 的换算公式： G (dBi) = G (dBd) + 2 dB. 幅射功率ERP或EIRP等于发射机的输出功率减去馈线损耗， 加上天线增益 或 等于发射机的输出功率减去馈线损耗， 幅射功率 等于发射机的输出功率减去馈线损耗 如果天线增益以dBd表示，则 表示， ，如果天线增益以 表示 ERP (dBm) = BTSout (dBm) – feeder loss (dB) + Ant.gain (dBd) 如果天线增益以dBi表示，则 表示， 如果天线增益以 表示 EIRP (dBm) = BTSout (dBm) –feeder loss (dB) + Ant.gain (dBi) 如： EIRP (RBS 2000 CDU A-900) = 44.5 – 4 + 17 = 57.5 dBm = 500 W 目前DT/CELL DATA中使用的是 中使用的是EIRP 注意所谓天线增益实际上是一个相对 目前 中使用的是 即相对于球面发射而言的， 值，即相对于球面发射而言的，
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三、天线的监测原理 1、TX天线的监测：VSWR的监测 VSWR(Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)常称驻波比，它 是根据射频信号在传送过程中前向的信号和反向信号的 强度比值来确定信号传送过程中的损耗。驻波比高表示 RF路径的阻抗匹配有问题，如馈线、天线的连接头有问 题等。 Pf (Power forward)及 Pr (Power Reflected) 会在每个 TS 中进行测量。根据Pf与Pr的值，系统对VSWR进行计 算，如果VSWR的值超过原来所设定的门限值，则 VSWR告警会激活。
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VSWR计算公式： VSWR=（1+rc）/（1-rc） （ ）（ ） Rc是反射系数，RL是回损值（DB），rl是回损率（W） 是反射系数， 是回损值 是回损值（ ） 是回损率（ ） 是反射系数 是回损率
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VSWR、rl、RL、rc及TP值对照表：
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扇形天线（定向天线） 扇形天线（定向天线） 扇形天线（定向天线）通过在双极子单元之间增加反射体 以达到在特定地的水平方向形成增益。扇形天线类型的划分方 法是根据辐射能量衰减为–3 dB的波束宽度（BW）来确定的。 具体可分为三类：33° (道路覆盖), 65° (120° 扇区) 和 90° (180° 扇区). 900MHz扇形天线实例
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天线配置实例：
RX B TX 2 TX 1
Without Duplex Filter
RX A
With Duplex Filter,
TX 1 RX A
TX 2 RX B
TX 0 TX 1
Feeders COMB 1 TX 1 Jumpers TX 0 TX 1 TX 2 TX 3 COMB 2 TX 2 COMB 1 TX 1 TX 1 Dupl RX A
市区微蜂窝小区 市区或乡镇宏小区 乡镇
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在120° 的扇形小区中使用 65°扇形天线的图例:
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垂直偏振与双极向偏振天线 · ∗ 在垂直偏振的天线内每一个天线的架内有一组垂直排列 的偶极单元阵列，垂直偏振只能采用空分分集，它的空间分 垂直偏振只能采用空分分集， 垂直偏振只能采用空分分集 极的距离为18λ 左右， 是无线信号的波长。 极的距离为 λ 左右， λ是无线信号的波长。如： 900 MHz 天线空间分集的距离为6米 天线空间分集的距离为 米， 1800 MHz 天线的空间分集的 距离为3米 距离为 米。 *在双极向偏振（X形偏振）天线中，在同一各天线架内 在双极向偏振（ 形偏振 天线中， 形偏振） 在双极向偏振 放置两组（如正负45度 的偶极单元阵列，允许极化的分集， 放置两组（如正负 度）的偶极单元阵列，允许极化的分集， 这样，天线所占用的空间更小。 这样，天线所占用的空间更小。但极化分集有以下的不足之 由于45度的偏振作用使 存在倾斜的损耗（ 度的偏振作用使TX存在倾斜的损耗 处：由于 度的偏振作用使 存在倾斜的损耗（-1.5 dB ）， 至于RX，相比空间分集来说， 至于 ，相比空间分集来说，极化分集由于有较高的分集增 益补偿，倾斜损耗不是很明显。 益补偿，倾斜损耗不是很明显。 *双极化分集可以采用偏振分集，增益没有空分多，但因 双极化分集可以采用偏振分集，增益没有空分多， 双极化分集可以采用偏振分集 为偏振时损耗小， 为偏振时损耗小，有一定补偿作用
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