季佩玉、范烨学术英语 第4到9课文翻译

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新人教版英语选修九第四单元Reading的课文译文

新人教版英语选修九第四单元Reading的课文译文

新人教版英语选修九第四单元Reading的课文译文18世纪和19世纪的植物探索我们花园里的植物看上去是那么熟悉,以致我们常常意识不到在这些植物中有许多实际上来自遥远的国度。

收集所谓的“异国”植物要追溯到很久以前。

许多古老文化都懂得从遥远的地方把植物带回来的价值。

历史上有记载的第一个收集植物的探险是在公元前1500年,埃及女王派出船只去收集植物、动物以及其他货物。

然而,直到18世纪和19世纪人们对植物世界大规模的探索才开始。

那时欧洲对科学发现已经倍感兴趣,而欧洲的中产阶级则特别热衷于收集新的植物。

随着欧洲人,如荷兰、英国和西班牙向世界其他地区,如亚洲和澳洲的迁徙,这些异域植物的吸引力也在增长。

勇敢的年轻人借机进行植物探索活动,他们常常面临许多危险,如疾病、饥饿、严酷的环境以及同当地居民的冲突。

有一群重要的收集者是法国天主教教士,18世纪中叶,他们开始进入中国。

其中有一位叫汤执中的传教士于18世纪40年代被派赴北京。

他收集了树种、灌木种,其中包括天堂树的种子。

就在他去世之前,他还把一些天堂树的种子送到了英国。

1751年它们抵达英国,由这些树种长成的树遍布了全欧洲。

后来在1784年,这个物种又被引进到了北美。

约瑟夫.班克斯爵士是一位著名的英国植物收集家,他曾经陪同詹姆斯.库克进行了从英国到大洋洲的首航。

班克斯这次出行的目的就是把他们所见到的植物和动物的情况记录下来。

他和他的队员们每次进入干燥的土地时都要收集样品。

1769年,班克斯在我们如今知道的名叫澳大利亚的这块土地上收集到大量的植物,而在欧洲还没有有关这些植物的记载。

库克还把“奋进号”抛锚停靠的地方称为植物湾。

要使植物在陆地上或海上航行时存活下来,是一个巨大的挑战。

在亚欧之间经过海上或陆上远程航行之后,大量的种子都不能生长。

曾有一位植物探险家由于他的植物被海水侵蚀腐烂而使他好几年的成果毁于一旦。

纳塞尼尔.沃德医生所发明的便携式密封玻璃容器彻底改变了植物探索的世界。

季佩玉、范烨学术英语答案

季佩玉、范烨学术英语答案

季佩玉、范烨学术英语答案2. And yet, isn't there something wonderous, — something almost inexplicable in the way your Thanksgiving weekend is made possible by the skill and labor of vast numbers of total strangers? (Line 1, Para. 4)3. ...Thanksgiving Turkey, there would be one, — or more likely, a few dozen— waiting. (Line 3, Para.6)Task 3/Formal English1. very many2. buying or selling3. a large group of4. more huge5. understand6. troubledUnit 2Language buildingTask 1:Part 1:1)无形之手;2)自由企业制度3)股东4)经济体制5)开发产品和服务6)市场力量;市场调节作用7)金融机构8)严重衰退9)破产10)mission11)stock price12)corporate motto14)maximize profits 15)financial system Part 2:1)market forces2)financial institutions 3)free enterprise system 4)deep institutions5)invisible hand6)stockholder7)profit maximization 8)economic system Task 2:1.and;2.Another;3. also;4. Not only;but;5. otherTask 31. understanding;2. agree with;3. forces… to be accepted;4. bad5. purpose7. given;8.famous.Unit 3Language buildingTask 1: collocationPart 1:1) 充满敬畏与感激;2)与外部世界隔离3)陷入绝境4)易感抑郁5)恢复体能6)界定性特征7)暂时的挫败8)不因挫败而心烦意乱9)竞选权位10)吹着欢快的曲调Part 2:1)bout 2)validated 3)squabble 4)aptitude5)platitude 6)debilitate7)reassuring 8)undermine 9)ruminate 10)martial Task 2:1.contrasting;2.in contrast;3. However;4. different;5. on the other hand6. in the opposite way7.howeverTask 31. full of;2. becomes alert and energetic3. keeping thinking about4. been left in hopelessness5. likely to suffer from6. not disturbed7. saying something that people are quite familiar with8. officially approvedUnit 4Language buildingTask 1: collocationPart 1:1. green movement2. protected areas3. extinction of animals and plants4. wild fish stocks5. make clean power6. save resources7. 培育生物多样性8. 控制污染9. 阻止对生态体系的破坏10. 扩大清洁产业11. 集体世界观12. 生态经济Part 2:1. Embedding a narrative that moves us on from protecting nature from people to protecting nature for people is an essential part of this reframing. (Para.6)If such a narrative is to gain practical effect, then looking after nature must urgently be seen as not only an environmental challenge, but also an economic one. (Para.7)The author manages to bring in a new topic and maintain coherence by repeating keys words such as narrative, nature.2. So long as we continue to travel in two directions at once, promoting environmental goals on the one hand while on the other directly contradicting that with measures to achieve more economic growth, the longer we will fail to make real progress. (Para.7)When it comes to economics and ecology there is plenty of good thinking already done. (Para.8) The author manages to bring in a new topic and maintain coherence by repeating key words such as economic, economics.Task 3 Formal language1. unchangeable; increasing2. control3. effort; charitable4. pleasant detail5. complicated6. change7. Changing8. importantUnit 5Language buildingTask 1: collocationPart 1:1. having a mind2.behave as if you understand3.what and how we know4.inside;reflects Mentalist Dbehaviorist BEpistemologist Aphenomenologist CPart 21. psychological2.spiritual3.behaviour4.phenomenologist5.perplexity6.mentallyTask 2:…,classified…This class of…The class of……a less severe label…The huge classTask 31. what we imagine about computers today2.we have broken the distinction between the first type of response3.for the sake of convenience so that it is easier to refer to the first type of response4. you have the same reason for thinking that M had a mind.5. (The reason you believe your mother has a mind is based) not on your prejudice6. as groundless as believing that computers have mindUnit 6Task 1: Specialized vocabularyPart 11. 数学化,数字处理2. 计算机辅助设计3. 统计4. 基因组学5. 运筹学6. 优化组合7. 概率8. 数据库Part 2:1. database2. CAD3. statistics4. probability5. optimization6. genomics7. mathematization8. Operations researchTask 2:1. Here are a few simple examples of prescriptive mathematics that extended from single numbers to exceedingly complex systems:…(Line1,para.8,Text A)2. Admittedly this is rather vague, but it will clarify a bit as I go on and mention a few of the manyexamples that Baker gives:…(Line 8, para.10, Text A)Task 3 Formal language1. exists2. included3. explained4. model5. get6. environment7. knowledgeable person; in which8. until now9. fix ideas of (caution) in one’s mindUnit 7Task 1: Specialized vocabularyPart 11. -h2.-f3.-a4.-j5.-i6.-b7.-d8.-g9.-c10.-ePart 2:1. To achieve professional development isimportant as a means to the end of becoming an expert and gaining more flexibility and independence2. Numerous studies over the last 30 years have suggested that personality is a powerful predictor of a person's life satisfaction3. An employee's work orientation is shaped in the first instance by their understanding of “what work is about”4. The government is trying to introduce new measures to create a better social safety net and encourage better worker pay5. Money has been used as the incentive of many intelligence contests in TV program Task 2:1. The present perfect tense(现在完成时)emphasizes that people’s conception about what money can bring them has changed greatly2. The tense switches from the present to the past to manifest that an example is given3.The tense switches between the present and the past to produce a comparison of different interpretations of a “calling”in different times Task 3 Formal language1. pour heart and soul into :spare no efforts,try one's bestwhat will stimulate\encourage a worker to try his best in making good products?2. lure:temptationgrueling:working exhaustedlyPeople are no longer so tempted by the dream of becoming rich by working exhaustedly 80 hours a week for several years in a humble position3. lowly job:humble jobrecrafted:turnedHe might be doing a humble job,but he would turn it into a great mission4. entails:requiresA career requires more devotion to work5. contributing to:being beneficial toconnotation:implicationPeople who regard their work as a calling\great mission think that what they do helps serve the public and brings benefits to our society,and therefore it's quite proper to say that a mission\calling implies something similar to religious beliefsUnit8Task 1 Specialized vocabulare1. cultural tradition 文化传统2. social stability 社会稳定3. distinct identity 鲜明特色4. edge effect 边缘效应5. organic evolution 有机界进化6. mutual respect 相互尊重7.political correctness 政治正确性anic evolution2. mutual respect3. Edge effect4. social stability5. political correctness6. cultural tradition7. distinct identityTask 2 Signpost language1. Through; through; through2. not just; but3. first4. second5. next6. final7.not only; but alsoTask 3 Formal English1. develop2. combined3. skillful performers4. obvious5. friendly6. getting rid of7. combine8. changed9. imagine10. a large number ofUnit 9Task 1 Specialized vocabulary1 D 医疗2 J 基因分型3 F 内窥镜检查4 A 生物技术5 H 诊断6 C 分子的7 I 治疗方案8 E 医生9 G 外科医生的;手术的10 B 胶囊1 diagnosis2 surgical3 Biotechnology4 healthcare5 protocols6 molecularTask 2 Signpost language1 known as2 referred to as3 call4 describe5 meanTask 3 Formal English1 increases2 marked3 arrival/ coming4 replaced5 move away6 filledUnit 10Task 1 Specialized vocabulary1 b2 k3 f4 j5 g6 i7 e8 c9 h10 a11 d1 syntactic patterns2 Language faculty3 neural system4 underlying logic5 evolutionary adaptation6 formal instruction7 mental organ8 natural selectionTask 2 Signpost language1 for2 led to3 because4 Therefore5 Therefore6 because; because7 SoTask 3 Formal English1 explanation/interpretation; impacts2 is present all over; analyze/explain/interpret亚当斯密称它为“看不见的手”导致无数人的神秘力量,各为自己的利益工作,推动结束,受益多。

季佩玉、范烨学术英语 第4到9课文翻译

季佩玉、范烨学术英语 第4到9课文翻译

Unit 4 翻译环保的当今时代是约半个世纪之久。

那段时间意识不断壮大,我们所面临的挑战知识增加,而重要的实践已经取得了进展,例如在一些减少各种污染,并在建立保护区。

我们是,但是,仍然由协调人什么我们的星球能提供可持续的要求很远。

人与自然之间的不平衡的后果是出现在改变地球的气候,动物和植物的势头,并在关键的资源,包括野生鱼类资源,淡水和土壤的枯竭的大灭绝。

而这些环境压力不是一成不变的。

他们不断升级,随着我国人口的增长和国家继续为更多的经济增长的不懈追求。

如果我们要避免这些趋势的最严重后果则毫无疑问是较为迅速的进展将需要比迄今取得的,但我们在这里应该关注我们的努力?什么可能是在未来的半个世纪行动的优先领域?这让我感到眼前的主要挑战主要不是相对于良好的信息,更好的技术和良好的政策思路。

这些东西是至关重要的当然的,但所有这些东西都已经可用。

我们知道如何让清洁电力,节约资源,培育生物多样性。

我们知道如何规范污染,防止损坏的生态系统,如果我们想。

我们有这些能力的事实是不够的。

如果我们继续前进的决定性方式的争论它需要被重新定义。

我们需要从“做正确的事'上移动,谈到风险管理,促进抗灾能力。

要查看关爱地球的自然系统为某种道德选择的是完全误解了危机,我们都在这个挑战是关于人类社会的未来,而不是一些可选的慈善事业,我们可以留给慈善事业慷慨解囊,做社会改良。

嵌入了使我们从保护自然的人们保护自然为人们的叙述是这样的重新规划的重要组成部分。

我们正处在一个时期的后果,世界必须知道,健康的本质不是一些可选的精密而是一组不可缺少的物质资产。

如果这样的叙述是为了获得实际效果再想找性质后必须立即被看作不仅是一个环境的挑战,也是一个经济问题。

只要我们继续滑向两个方向行进,一方面是促进环保目标的同时,对其他直接矛盾与措施,以实现更多的经济增长,我们不再将无法取得真正的进展。

当涉及到经济学和生态学有大量的好思已经完成。

例如,在不同的经济措施,以取代成功与失败,生态税的改革更为现实的措施,收入转移的负担,污染,生态系统服务补偿,补贴的重定向和如何调动国内生产总值的原油措施融资以扩大清洁行业。

Unit 9 THE EDUCATION OF A PHYSICIST课文翻译大学英语四

Unit 9 THE EDUCATION OF A PHYSICIST课文翻译大学英语四

Unit 9 THE EDUCATION OF A PHYSICISTMICHIO KAKUIdly watching fish swimming in a pond and allowing the mind to wander can lead to some surprising results.Two incidents from my childhood greatly enriched my understanding of the world and sent me on a course to become a theoretical physicist.I remember that my parents would sometimes take me to visit the famous Japanese Tea Garden in San Francisco. One of my happiest childhood memories is of crouching next to the pond, fascinated by the brilliantly colored carp swimming slowly beneath the water lilies.In these quiet moments, I felt free to let my imagination wander; I would ask myself silly questions that only a child might ask, such as how the carp in that pond would view the world around them. I thought, What a strange world theirs must be!Living their entire lives in the shallow pond, the carp would believe that their “universe” consisted of the dark water and the lilies. Spending most of their time moving around for food on the bottom of the pond, they would be only dimly aware that an alien world could exist above the surface. The nature of my world was beyond their comprehension. I was intrigued that I could sit only a few inches from the carp, yet be separated from them by a very huge gap. The carp and I spent our lives in two distinct universes, never entering each other’s world, yet were separated by only the thinnest barrier, the water’s surface.I once imagined that there may be carp “scientists” living among the fish. They would, I thought, laugh at any fish who proposed that a parallel world could exist just above the lilies. To a carp “scientist,” the only things that were real were what the fish could see or touch. The pond was everything. An unseen world beyond the pond made no scientific sense.Once I was caught in a rainstorm. I noticed that the pond’s surface was bombarded by thousands of tiny raindrops. The pond’s surface became turbulent, and the water lilies were being pushed in all directions by water waves. Taking shelter from the wind and the rain, I wondered how all this appeared to the carp. To them, the water lilies would appear to be moving around by themselves, without anything pushing them. Since the water they lived in would appear invisible, much like the air and space around us, they would be baffled that the water lilies could move around by themselves.Their “scientists,” I imagined, would make up a clever invention called a “force” inorder to hide their ignorance. Unable to comprehend that there could be waves on the unseen surface, they would conclude that lilies could move without being touched because a mysterious invisible entity called a force acted between them. They might give this illusion impressive, lofty names (such as action-at-a-distance, or the ability of the lilies to move without anything touching them).Once I imagined what would happen if I reached down and lifted one of the carp “scientists” out of the pond. Before I threw him back into the water, he might struggle furiously as I examined him. I wondered how this would appear to the rest of the carp. To them, it would be a truly unsettling event. They would first notice that one of their “scientists” had disappeared from their universe. Simply vanished, without leaving a trace. Wherever they would look, there would be no evidence of the missing carp in their universe. Then, seconds later, when I threw him back into the pond ,the “scientist” would abruptly reappear out of nowhere. To the other carp, it would appear that a miracle had happened.After collecting his wits, the “scientist” would tell a truly amazing story. “Without warning,” he would say, “I was somehow lifted out of the universe (the pond) and hurled into a mysterious world, with blinding lights and strangely shaped objects that I had never seen before. The strangest of all was the creature who held me prisoner, who did not resemble a fish in the slightest. I was shocked to see that it had no fins whatsoever, but nevertheless could move without them. It struck me that the familiar laws of nature no longer applied in this other world. Then, just as suddenly, I found myself thrown back into our universe.” (This story, of course, of a journey beyond the universe would be so fantastic that most of the carp would dismiss it as utter nonsense.)I often think that we are like the carp swimming contentedly in that pond. We live out our lives in our own “pond,” confident that our universe consists of only those things we can see or touch. Like the carp, our universe consists of only the familiar and the visible. We smugly refuse to admit that parallel universes or dimensions can exist next to ours, just beyond our grasp. If our scientists invent concepts like forces, it is only because they cannot visualize the invisible vibrations that fill the empty space around us.A second incident from my childhood also made a deep, lasting impression on me. When I was 8 years old, I heard a story that would stay with me for the rest of my life. I remember my schoolteachers telling the class about a great scientist who had just died. They talked about him with great reverence, calling him one of the greatest scientists in all history. They said that very few people could understand his ideas, but that his discoveries changed the entire world and everything around us. I didn't understand muchof what they were trying to tell us, but what most intrigued me about this man was that he died before he could complete his greatest discovery. They said he spent years on this theory, but he died with his unfinished papers still sitting on his desk.I was fascinated by the story. To a child, this was a great mystery. What was his unfinished work? What was in those papers on his desk? What problem could possibly be so difficult and so important that such a great scientist would dedicate years of his life to its pursuit? Curious, I decided to learn all I could about Albert Einstein and his unfinished theory.I still have warm memories of spending many quiet hours reading every book I could find about this great man and his theories. When I exhausted the books in our local library, I began to visit libraries and bookstores across the city, eagerly searching for more clues. I soon learned that the unfinished papers on Einstein’s desk were an attempt to construct what he called the unified field theory, a theory that could explain all the laws of nature, from the tiniest atom to the largest galaxy. However, being a child, I didn't understand that perhaps there was a link between the carp swimming in the Tea Garden and the unfinished papers lying on Einstein’s desk. I didn’t understand that higher dimensions might be the key to solving the unified field theory.Nevertheless, I could see that this story was far more and more exciting than any murder mystery and more important than anything I could ever imagine. I decided that I would try to get to the root of this mystery, even if I had to become a theoretical physicist to do it.一个物理学家受过的教育米基奥·凯科我孩提时代发生的两件事大大加深了我对这个世界的理解,还把我送上了成长为理论物理学家的道路。

大学英语泛读教程第四册全文翻译..

大学英语泛读教程第四册全文翻译..

大学英语泛读教程第四册全文翻译..Unit 1Text天才与工匠许多人羡慕作家们的精彩小说,但却很少有人知道作家们是如何辛勤笔耕才使一篇小说问世的。

以下的短文将讨论小说的酝酿过程,以及作家是如何将这小说雕琢成一件精致完美的艺术品。

1.有一次,我在暮色中来到小树林边一棵鲜花盛开的小桃树前。

我久久站在那里凝视着,直到最后一道光线消逝。

我看不到那树原先的模样,看不见曾穿透果核,能崩碎你的牙齿的力量,也看不到那使它与橡树和绿草相区别的原则。

显现在我面前的,是一种深邃而神秘的魅力。

2. 当读者读到一部杰出的小说时,他也会这样如痴如狂,欲将小说字字句句刻骨铭心,不提出任何问题。

3.但即使是个初学写作者也知道,除那将小说带到世上的文字之外,还有更多的构成小说生命的因素,小说的生命并不始于写作,而始于内心深处的构思。

4. 要创作出有独创性的作品,并不要求懂得创造的功能。

多少世纪以来的艺术、哲学及科学创造都出自人们的头脑,而创造者也许从未想到去关注创造的内在过程。

然而,在我看来,对创造工作一定程度的了解,至少会使我们通过知道两个事实,增长我们处理正在出现的故事的智慧。

5. 首先,天赋不是掌握了技艺的艺术家独有的特性,而是人脑的创造性功能。

不仅所有对技艺的掌握都含有天赋,而且每个人都具有天赋,无论他的天赋发展是何等不充分。

对技艺的掌握是天赋的显现,是经过培养的,发展了的和受过训练的天赋。

你的天赋在最原始的层面上起作用。

它的任务就是创造。

它是你的故事的创造者。

6. 第二,将你的小说带进世界的文字是艺术家的工作,它就和一个泥瓦匠的工作一样,有意识、谨慎而实实在在。

天赋正如理解力、记忆力和想象力一样是我们的精神禀赋中的天然部分,而技艺却不是。

它必须通过实践才能学到,并要通过实践才能掌握。

如果要使在我们内心深处浮现的故事跃然纸上,光彩照人,那么,每个故事都须有感染力极强的优雅文笔。

只有健全的技艺才能使我们做到这一点。

7.一个故事是如何酝酿成的呢?据说,我们从一生中的前二十年,或许前五年起就开始写作。

学术英语-季佩英-第6课翻译 New winds blowing

学术英语-季佩英-第6课翻译 New winds blowing

New winds blowing in applied mathematicsPhilip J.DavisHow would you complete this sentence:”this is the age of...”Every generation of writers has filled in the dots not only for their own age,but for selected past ages.In1947,the poet W.H.Auden wrote that his was“the age of anxiety”.Around1970,song writers,pulling on astrological beliefs,called it“The age of Aquarius,”an age of love and human kindness.More recently,psychiatrist Daniel Freeman wrote that this is“The age of Paranoia”with distrust and optical surveillance everywhere.We answer according to our experiences.I would fill in the dots by saying that this is the age of computers,or more sharply,the age of mathematizaions.The computer is the prime and driving mechanism of the age and in all computer applications there resides some sort of mathematical construction.It is an age when applied mathematizations affect us all, for good,for bad,for somewhere in between,and these effects may not develop or become apparent for some while.Mathematics is now so universally employed that its teaching cannot be encompassed in one department.CAD/CAM(computer aided design/manufacture)is now in dentistry.Does the dentistry development require engineering talent?Should its techniques be taught in an engineering department?One can truly wonder what courses should comprise the basic training for the applied mathematician or computer scientist.I have spent a good fraction of my professional life in what might be termed“a traditional department of applied mathematics”.by“traditional”I mean a department that stresses the mathematics that models physical phenomena,or to a lesser extent, that models social phenomena via statistics.The word“traditional”cal also be explicated by noting the specific courses that are given in such a department.In my department at Brown University,for example,there are graduate courses in biophysical models,genomics,operations research,statistical inference,dynamical systems,and fluids.This represents a change from a half century ago,when my department was a renowned research center for solid mechanics:elasticity,plasticity, rheology,etc.The word“traditional”can also be explicated by the well-known paradigmatics sequence:Description-prediction-comparison-re tinkering the description.But there is now another type of applied mathematics whose paradigm is:Prescription-adoption-surveillance and societal evaluation-re prescription.Here are a few simple examples of prescriptive mathematics that extend from single numbers to exceedingly complex systems:The speed limit on a highway.The mandatory retirement age for particular occupations.The scoring system for football.An algorithm for determining the“pecking order”of colleges.The old”point system”for determining the quality of a mortgage application.The presidential electoral system in the USAA national tax systemNational and international financial system.This list could go on and on.Society may adopted a mathematical prescription,but its acceptance is more provisional or tentative than,e.g.,Newtonian mechanics.There is yet another kind of mathematics by prescription that derives from human behavior and that is the product of a large cadre of professional s whom the journalist and investigative reporter Stephen Baker ha termed“the Numerati”.who are“the Numerati”?A secret society?No,they are mathematicians,computer scientists,engineers,physicists,economists,biologists,psychologists,linguists and data miners.In fact,anyone who consciously devises or uses algorithms that extract patterns from the behavior of individuals,individual or collective,whose uses then have a direct impact on their personal lives.Admittedly,this is rather vague,but is will clarity a bit as I go on and mention a few of the many examples that Baker gives:A name identifying company using linguistic analysis can tell you whether Mr. Chang is the same fellow as Mr.Tchang,or even Mr.Tchung.A company keeps shopping and lifestyle data of some200million Americans. The company buys just about every bit of data about us that is cold,and then sells selections of it.Another company quietly amasses court rulings,tax and real estate transactions, birth and death notices so as to enhance,among other things,law and child support enforcement,public safety and health care.Yet another company divides the electorate into10groups with characteristic voting patterns so as to help political parties get the swing voters onto their bandwagon.Some of these compilation and analyses,even now,go on silently andautomatically.We are typecast as we sit innocently before our screen and surf of when we use a credit card to buy our weekly groceries.The products of the Numerati can run from socially benign and useful to worrisome to scary.The principal worry is the loss of personal privacy.What formal mathematical knowledge is required to install such mathematizations?If can be anything from the very simple to the very advanced. Technically speaking,what goes on here is part of field of learning/computational statistics,a very hot area in applied mathematics,and computer science.The useful formal training would include:linear algebra,mulch-variable calculus,optimization, probability,statistics,on the mathematics side.On the CS side,it would include algorithms and database theory.Specialized knowledge of the particular domain is of course necessary.In a sense,all applications of math are ultimately prescriptive,but I’m concerned here with mathematics that,once prescribed,creates a brand-new milieu as opposed to mathematics that describes or models an existing often physical milieu.In a perceptive1946article,the French polymath Paul Valery,pointed out that with Volta’s1800discovery of the electric current and invention of the battery, science entered a new phase wherein it created and described absolutely new phenomena as opposed to phenomena that pre-existed.By the same token,applied mathematics which has hitherto been concerned with pre-existing phenomena,is now, via the work of the Numerati,creating new(and largely social)phenomena,this adds fuel to the social constructivist view of mathematics as explicated by Paul Ernest in his many works.Over the years,i may very well have trained students is applied mathematics who have happily,productively and lucratively,entered the ranks of the Numerati. There are fortunes to be made in the numerocratic domains and the young people are aware of it.the low-hanging fruit in engineering may now have all been plucked.To go froward with schemes,e.g.creating sufficient quantities of clean energy may be difficult whereas creating successful new data-mining applications is comparatively easy.And we must deal with its consequences,many of which will be unintended.Mathematics is a very adaptable,very universally applicable language and for this reason it should be invoked with caution.Part of mathematical education of the future should be to inculcate caution lest we fall into the complaint of Caliban:”You have given me language,and my profit on’t is I know how to curse.”(1136words)应用数学的新风Philip J.Davis你将如何完成这句话:“这是一个……时代”每一个时代的作家都在省略号处填上不不同的内容,不仅仅是他们自己的年龄。

新编大学英语4课外阅读课文翻译1-10单元

新编大学英语4课外阅读课文翻译1-10单元

Unit 1 after-class reading致命诱惑1英国离奇谋杀案小说的女皇,毫无疑问是阿加莎·克里斯蒂。

虽然作者本人在20多年前就去世了,但她创作的78部侦探小说还是非常畅销。

它们已经被译成了100多种语言,销量超过了20亿册。

2阿加莎的小说无论是在英国还是在其他国家,都如此受人喜爱并不难理解。

她的每本书都构思精巧。

她创造的人物一眼就能辨认出,情节的发展非常规范、准确、流畅。

但最重要的是,她所有的故事都给读者一个谜团。

3克里斯蒂的作品几乎都是以谋杀开场,迫使读者提出这样一个问题:“是谁干的?”,而最后总是水落石出。

读者的乐趣就在于根据故事里隐含的线索顺藤摸瓜,试图在作者揭开谜底之前找到正确答案。

这种模式吸引了人类最强烈的本能——好奇心——而人们对这种模式欢迎的程度没有任何减弱的迹象。

4很多离奇的案子都是由克里斯蒂笔下某个常常出场的侦探破解,例如那个非常自信的比利时人埃居尔·波洛探长,或者是那个显然没有恶意的小老太太马普尔小姐。

她同时也为她的故事创造了一个特有的背景,这一背景,如同她创作的一些人物一样为人们所熟知。

那是处于两次世界大战之间的英国,那儿的小村庄里社区关系紧密,生活安静,或者是城里的阔佬们在乡下的豪宅里度周末。

5这个世界有着严格的社会等级制度。

乡下宅子的主人,很可能是贵族成员,占据着社会的顶层,然后是那些职业阶层:医生、律师和商人。

处于底层的则是一般民众,在书中通常作为仆从、厨师和园丁出场。

当谋杀案发生时,需要调查的嫌疑人不在少数。

6阿加莎-克里斯蒂的世界不是一个完全真实的世界,这就是她的作品还没有过时的原因之一。

这是一个安定、循规蹈矩的世界,然后谋杀案打乱了人们的正常生活。

必须侦破案件,抓住杀人犯,恢复宁静的生活。

7在阿加莎·克里斯蒂一生的大部分时问里,英国的杀人犯都被处以死刑。

因此,她作品中的谋杀案一旦破获,找出了杀人犯,那么他或者她的末日也就到了。

学术英语(医学)教师版Unit4课文翻译

学术英语(医学)教师版Unit4课文翻译

Unit 4 Text A传统中医和现代西医的融通人们对传统医学和补充医学的兴趣正在引起医疗界、政府部门、媒体和公众等美国社会各界的关注。

越来越多的保险公司和管理式医疗机构为传统医学大开方便之门,现在大多数美国医学院也开设了传统医学课程。

艾森伯格的多项全国性研究表明也有更多人在使用补充疗法。

为了便于研究替代疗法的有效性,美国国家补充与替代医学中心于1999年获得了多达五千万美元的预算。

由于认识到除了要对饮食补充剂安全性和有效性进行系统性评估之外,还需要提升植物药材科学数据的质量和数量,今年为此设立了两个研究中心,以研究植物药材的生物学作用。

许多患者传统模式和现代模式同时并用,这就需要将两种医学进行合理平稳地结合。

传统中医的理论和技术涵盖了美国归为补充医学的多数实践,在医疗保健体系中变得日益重要。

若运用得当,传统中医费用合理,技术含量低,安全且有效。

在全球,正在展开针对针灸、草药、按摩和太极的诸多研究,这可阐释传统中医的一些理论和实践。

雄心勃勃的研究设计提供的证据和巨大的患者需求正在推动传统中医和现代医学在临床层面的结合,而学术研究者和学术机构对两种治疗体系结合的潜力也有越来越浓厚的兴趣。

针刺基于1997年美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)专家共识会议审查的证据,NIH 专家共识发展小组保守建议针刺可以作为多种疾患的辅助疗法、替代疗法或综合管理方案的一部分。

该专家组确认针刺可用于治疗手术后出现的和化疗引起的恶心和呕吐,也可治疗术后牙痛。

专家组同时也建议针灸可作为辅助疗法或可接受的替代疗法,用以治疗成瘾、卒中康复、头痛、经痛、网球肘、纤维肌痛、肌筋膜疼痛、骨关节炎、下背痛、腕管综合症和哮喘等。

未来在传统中医架构下进行的针刺临床试验与当前这一代主要主要从生物医学的角度对针刺疗效进行评判的临床试验相比,可能对针刺的疗效提供更恰当更有临床意义的评估。

临床研究中现有的科学严谨性必须保持。

然而,NIH数据分析的方法过于严格,限制了潜在的适应症。

新人教版英语选修九第四单元UsingLanguage的课文译文

新人教版英语选修九第四单元UsingLanguage的课文译文

新人教版英语选修九第四单元UsingLanguage的课文译文新人教版英语选修九第四单元Using Language的课文译文花朵及其动物传媒许多开花的植物长期以来是和它们的动物传媒一起发展的。

植物需要动物帮它授粉,动物从中得到回报——当其接触花时,能够得到被称作花粉的植物。

动物接触一朵花时,花粉就附着在它的身上,动物接触下一朵花时,就把这些花粉传到另外的那朵花上。

这样通过授粉就增加了植物物种生存的机会。

通过进化,大部分的花朵变得适于吸引某种花粉传播者。

蜜蜂、飞蛾和蝴蝶是最为重要的传媒。

而苍蝇、黄蜂、甲虫和其他诸如小鸟、蝙蝠之类的动物则是较少见的传媒。

花粉传播者的类型取决于花朵的特性,如花朵的颜色、形状、大小和气味。

举例来说,黄色的花吸引蜜蜂,而红色的花则吸引蝴蝶。

有些花的花粉只有长嘴鸟、长舌娥或者蝴蝶才可以够得着。

下面这张图表记述了吸引某种花粉传播者的花朵特性:虫媒花朵的典型特性蜜蜂颜色:嫩黄色、蓝色;这种花常有一种特殊的花纹,吸引蜜蜂找到里面的花蜜。

形状:花瓣宽大,足够蜜蜂落在上面,花粉通常在狭小的花管子的一段,其长度与特定花粉传播者的舌头相当。

气味:微弱,芬香。

蝴蝶颜色:红色,橙色。

形状:花瓣聚为管状,其长度适应蝴蝶,纤小的花朵经常聚在一块儿,自成一束,以便蝴蝶能有地方降落,如雏菊。

气味:无味。

飞蛾颜色:白色、浅色,以便飞蛾在夜晚能看清。

形状:花瓣开成一个深管子,其长度与特定蛾子的舌头长度相当。

花瓣伸展或向后弯曲,以便飞蛾靠近花朵。

气味:浓烈的香甜味,特别只在夜晚散发出来。

苍蝇颜色:灰暗色、褐红色。

气味:浓烈的像腐肉似的气味。

蜂鸟颜色:鲜艳色,特别是鲜红色和鲜橙色。

形状:管状,花瓣向后卷,以便鸟儿接近。

气味:无嗅味。

蝙蝠颜色:白色、浅色,这样蝙蝠夜晚能够看到。

形状:夜晚开花;大而坚,嘴宽,可供长舌深入。

气味:发霉的果子味。

学术英语-季佩英-第6课翻译 New winds blowing

学术英语-季佩英-第6课翻译 New winds blowing

New winds blowing in applied mathematicsPhilip J.DavisHow would you complete this sentence:”this is the age of...”Every generation of writers has filled in the dots not only for their own age,but for selected past ages.In1947,the poet W.H.Auden wrote that his was“the age of anxiety”.Around1970,song writers,pulling on astrological beliefs,called it“The age of Aquarius,”an age of love and human kindness.More recently,psychiatrist Daniel Freeman wrote that this is“The age of Paranoia”with distrust and optical surveillance everywhere.We answer according to our experiences.I would fill in the dots by saying that this is the age of computers,or more sharply,the age of mathematizaions.The computer is the prime and driving mechanism of the age and in all computer applications there resides some sort of mathematical construction.It is an age when applied mathematizations affect us all, for good,for bad,for somewhere in between,and these effects may not develop or become apparent for some while.Mathematics is now so universally employed that its teaching cannot be encompassed in one department.CAD/CAM(computer aided design/manufacture)is now in dentistry.Does the dentistry development require engineering talent?Should its techniques be taught in an engineering department?One can truly wonder what courses should comprise the basic training for the applied mathematician or computer scientist.I have spent a good fraction of my professional life in what might be termed“a traditional department of applied mathematics”.by“traditional”I mean a department that stresses the mathematics that models physical phenomena,or to a lesser extent, that models social phenomena via statistics.The word“traditional”cal also be explicated by noting the specific courses that are given in such a department.In my department at Brown University,for example,there are graduate courses in biophysical models,genomics,operations research,statistical inference,dynamical systems,and fluids.This represents a change from a half century ago,when my department was a renowned research center for solid mechanics:elasticity,plasticity, rheology,etc.The word“traditional”can also be explicated by the well-known paradigmatics sequence:Description-prediction-comparison-re tinkering the description.But there is now another type of applied mathematics whose paradigm is:Prescription-adoption-surveillance and societal evaluation-re prescription.Here are a few simple examples of prescriptive mathematics that extend from single numbers to exceedingly complex systems:The speed limit on a highway.The mandatory retirement age for particular occupations.The scoring system for football.An algorithm for determining the“pecking order”of colleges.The old”point system”for determining the quality of a mortgage application.The presidential electoral system in the USAA national tax systemNational and international financial system.This list could go on and on.Society may adopted a mathematical prescription,but its acceptance is more provisional or tentative than,e.g.,Newtonian mechanics.There is yet another kind of mathematics by prescription that derives from human behavior and that is the product of a large cadre of professional s whom the journalist and investigative reporter Stephen Baker ha termed“the Numerati”.who are“the Numerati”?A secret society?No,they are mathematicians,computer scientists,engineers,physicists,economists,biologists,psychologists,linguists and data miners.In fact,anyone who consciously devises or uses algorithms that extract patterns from the behavior of individuals,individual or collective,whose uses then have a direct impact on their personal lives.Admittedly,this is rather vague,but is will clarity a bit as I go on and mention a few of the many examples that Baker gives:A name identifying company using linguistic analysis can tell you whether Mr. Chang is the same fellow as Mr.Tchang,or even Mr.Tchung.A company keeps shopping and lifestyle data of some200million Americans. The company buys just about every bit of data about us that is cold,and then sells selections of it.Another company quietly amasses court rulings,tax and real estate transactions, birth and death notices so as to enhance,among other things,law and child support enforcement,public safety and health care.Yet another company divides the electorate into10groups with characteristic voting patterns so as to help political parties get the swing voters onto their bandwagon.Some of these compilation and analyses,even now,go on silently andautomatically.We are typecast as we sit innocently before our screen and surf of when we use a credit card to buy our weekly groceries.The products of the Numerati can run from socially benign and useful to worrisome to scary.The principal worry is the loss of personal privacy.What formal mathematical knowledge is required to install such mathematizations?If can be anything from the very simple to the very advanced. Technically speaking,what goes on here is part of field of learning/computational statistics,a very hot area in applied mathematics,and computer science.The useful formal training would include:linear algebra,mulch-variable calculus,optimization, probability,statistics,on the mathematics side.On the CS side,it would include algorithms and database theory.Specialized knowledge of the particular domain is of course necessary.In a sense,all applications of math are ultimately prescriptive,but I’m concerned here with mathematics that,once prescribed,creates a brand-new milieu as opposed to mathematics that describes or models an existing often physical milieu.In a perceptive1946article,the French polymath Paul Valery,pointed out that with Volta’s1800discovery of the electric current and invention of the battery, science entered a new phase wherein it created and described absolutely new phenomena as opposed to phenomena that pre-existed.By the same token,applied mathematics which has hitherto been concerned with pre-existing phenomena,is now, via the work of the Numerati,creating new(and largely social)phenomena,this adds fuel to the social constructivist view of mathematics as explicated by Paul Ernest in his many works.Over the years,i may very well have trained students is applied mathematics who have happily,productively and lucratively,entered the ranks of the Numerati. There are fortunes to be made in the numerocratic domains and the young people are aware of it.the low-hanging fruit in engineering may now have all been plucked.To go froward with schemes,e.g.creating sufficient quantities of clean energy may be difficult whereas creating successful new data-mining applications is comparatively easy.And we must deal with its consequences,many of which will be unintended.Mathematics is a very adaptable,very universally applicable language and for this reason it should be invoked with caution.Part of mathematical education of the future should be to inculcate caution lest we fall into the complaint of Caliban:”You have given me language,and my profit on’t is I know how to curse.”(1136words)应用数学的新风Philip J.Davis你将如何完成这句话:“这是一个……时代”每一个时代的作家都在省略号处填上不不同的内容,不仅仅是他们自己的年龄。

大学英语(第三版)第四册课文翻译

大学英语(第三版)第四册课文翻译

大学英语第三版第四册课文翻译大学英语(第三版)第四册课文翻译社会生活的信息化和经济的全球化,使英语的重要性日益突出。

以下是小编收集的大学英语(第三版)第四册课文翻译,欢迎查看!第一单元The Doctrine of the Mean is the core ofConfucianism. The so-called “mean” by Confuciusdoesn’t mean “compromise” but a “moderate”and “just-right” way when understanding andhandling objective things. Confucius advocatedthat this thought should not only be treated as away to understand and deal with things but alsobe integrated into one’s da ily conduct to makeit a virtue through self-cultivation and training.The Doctrine of the Mean is not only the core ofConfucianism but also an important componentof traditional Chinese culture. From the time itcame into being to the present, it has played aninvaluable role in the construction of nationalspirit, the transmission of national wisdom, and the development of national culture.中庸思想是儒家思想的重要内容。

【人教】2021版高中英语必修4课文逐句翻译(Word版,15页,】(成套下载)

【人教】2021版高中英语必修4课文逐句翻译(Word版,15页,】(成套下载)

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1.必修四Unit1A STUDENT OF AFRICAN WILDLIFE非洲野生动物研究者It is 5:45 am and the sun is just rising over Gombe National Park in East Africa. 清晨5点45分,太阳刚从东非的贡贝国家公园的上空升起,Following Jane's way of studying chimps, our group are all going to visit them in the forest. 我们一行人准备按照简研究黑猩猩的方法去森林里拜访它们. Jane has studied these families of chimps for many years and helped people understand how much they behave like humans. 简研究这些黑猩猩家族已经很多年了,她帮助人们了解黑猩猩跟人类的行为是多么的相似.Watching a family of chimps wake up is our first activity of the day. 我们当天的首项任务就是观察黑猩猩一家是如何醒来的.This means going back to the place where we left the family sleeping in a tree the night before. 这意味着我们要返回前一天晚上我们离开黑猩猩一家睡觉的大树旁.Everybody sits and waits in the shade of the trees while the family begins to wake up and move off. 大家坐在树荫下等待着,这时候猩猩们睡醒了,准备离开. Then we follow as they wander into the forest. 然后这群黑猩猩向森林深处漫步而去,我们尾随其后.Most of the time, chimps either feed or clean each other as a way of showing love in their family. 在大部分时间里,黑猩猩或相互喂食,或彼此擦身,这在它们的家庭里是表示爱的方式. Jane warns us that our group is going to be very tired and dirty by the afternoon and she is right. 简预先提醒我们,到下午的时候我们就会又脏又累.她说对了.However, the evening makes it all worthwhile. 不过到傍晚时分我们觉得这一切都是值得的. We watch the mother chimp and her babies play in the tree. Then we see them go to sleep together in their nest for the night. 我们看到黑猩猩妈妈跟她的幼子们在树上玩耍,后来看见它们晚上一起回窝里睡觉了.We realize that the bond between members of a chimp family is as strong as in a human family. 我明白了猩猩家庭成员之间的联系像人类家庭一样紧密.Nobody before Jane fully understood chimp behaviour. 在简之前没有人完全了解黑猩猩的行为. She spent years observing and recording their daily activities. 她花了多年的时间来观察并记录黑猩猩的日常生活. Since her childhood she had wanted to work with animals in theirown environment. 从孩童时代起,简就想在动物生活的环境中研究它们.However, this was not easy. 但是,这不是一件简单的事.When she first arrived in Gombe in 1960, it was unusual for a woman to live in the forest. 当她1960年最初来到贡贝时,对女性来说,住进大森林还是很稀罕的事情.Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project. 她母亲头几个月来帮过她的忙,这才使她得以开始自己的计划.Her work changed the way people think about chimps. 她的工作改变了人们对黑猩猩的看法. For example, one important thing she discovered was that chimps hunt and eat meat. 比方说,她的一个重要发现是黑猩猩猎食动物.Until then everyone had thought chimps ate only fruit and nuts. 在此之前,人们一直认为黑猩猩只吃水果和坚果. She actually observed chimps as a group hunting a monkey and then eating it. 而她曾经亲眼看到过一群黑猩猩捕杀一只猴子,然后把它吃掉. She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other, and her study of their body language helped her work out their social system.她还发现了黑猩猩之间是如何交流的,而她对黑猩猩肢体语言的研究帮助她勾勒出黑猩猩的社会体系.For forty years Jane Goodall has been outspoken about making the rest of the world understand and respect the life of these animals. 40年来,简∙古道尔一直在呼吁世人了解并尊重这些动物的生活. She has argued that wild animals should be left in the wild and not used for entertainment or advertisements. 她主张应该让野生动物留在野外生活,而不能用于娱乐或广告. She has helped to set up special places where they can live safely. 她还为黑猩猩建起了可以安全生活的保护区.She is leading a busy life but she says: 她的生活是忙忙碌碌的,然而,正如她所说的:"Once I stop, it all comes crowding in and I remember the chimps in laboratories. It's terrible. “我一旦停下来,所有的一切都会涌上心头.我就会想起实验室的黑猩猩,太可怕了. It affects me when I watch the wild chimps. 每当我看着野生黑猩猩时,这个念头总是萦绕着我.I say to myself, 'Aren't they lucky?" 我会对自己说:‘难道它们不幸运吗?’ And then I think about small chimps in cages though they have done nothing wrong. 然后我就想起那些没有任何过错却被关在笼子里的小黑猩猩.Once you have seen that you can never forget ..."一旦你看到这些,你就永远不会忘记……”She has achieved everything she wanted to do: working with animals in their own environment, gaining a doctor's degree and showing that women can live in the forest as men can. 简已经得到了她想要得到的一切:在动物的栖息地工作;获得博士学位;还向世人证明女人和男人一样也能在森林里生活.She inspires those who want to cheer the achievements of women.她激励着人们为妇女们的成就而欢呼喝彩.2.必修四Unit 1 WHY NOT CARRY ON HER GOOD WORK? 为什么不继续她的事业?I enjoyed English, biology, and chemistry at school, but which one should I choose to study at university? 上学时我喜欢英语、生物和化学,但是我进大学该选哪门专业呢?I did not know the answer until one evening when I sat down at the computer to do some research on great women of China. 直到有一天晚上坐在电脑旁研究中国的伟大女性时,我才有了答案.By chance I came across an article about a doctor called Lin Qiaozhi, a specialist in women's diseases. 很偶然地,我看到了一篇关于林巧稚大夫的文章.她是妇科专家,She lived from 1901 to 1983. 1901年出生,1983年去世. It seemed that she had been very busy in her chosen career, travelling abroad to study as well as writing books and articles. 林巧稚似乎一直都在为自己选择的事业而奔忙,她去国外留学,并写了很多书和文章.One of them caught my eye. 其中有一本书引起了我的注意.It was a small book explaining how to cut the death rate from having and caring for babies. 这是一本小书,介绍如何从妇女怀孕到护理婴儿的过程中降低死亡率.She gave some simple rules to follow for keeping babies clean, healthy and free from sickness. 她提出了一些可以遵循的简单的做法,保持婴儿清洁和健康,让他们远离疾病. Why did she write that? 她为什么要写这些东西呢?Who were the women that Lin Qiaozhi thought needed this advice? 林巧稚认为哪些妇女会需要这些忠告呢?I looked carefully at the text and realized that it was intended for women in the countryside. 我细细地看了这篇文章,了解到那是为农村妇女写的.Perhaps if they had an emergency they could not reach a doctor.也许是她们在遇到紧急情况时找不到医生.Suddenly it hit me how difficult it was for a woman to get medical training at that time. 突然我想起,在那个年代,一个女子去学医是多么困难啊!That was a generation when girls' education was always placed second to boys'. 那可是一个女性受教育总是排在男性之后的年代. Was she so much cleverer than anyone else? 难道她比别人要聪明得多?Further reading made me realize that it was hard work and determination as well as her gentle nature that got her into medical school. 进一步阅读使我了解到,是苦干、决心和善良的天性使她走进医学院的大门.What made her succeed later on was the kindness and consideration she showed to all her patients. 后来使她成功的是她对所有病人献出的爱心和体贴.There was story after story of how Lin Qiaozhi, tired after a day's work, went late at night to deliver a baby for a poor familywho could not pay her.数不胜数的故事讲述着林巧稚如何在劳累一天之后,又在深夜去为贫苦家庭的产妇接生,而这些家庭是不可能给她报酬的.By now I could not wait to find out more about her. 现在我迫不及待地想多了解一些有关她的情况. I discovered that Lin Qiaozhi had devoted her whole life to her patients and had chosen not to have a family of her own. 我发现林巧稚把毕生都奉献给了病人,而自己却选择了独身.Instead she made sure that about 50,000 babies were safely delivered. 她确保了大约五万名婴儿的安全出生.By this time I was very excited. 这时候,我非常激动.Why not study at medical college like Lin Qiaozhi and carry on her good work? 为什么不像林巧稚那样去读医学院,继续她高尚的事业呢?It was still not too late for me to improve my studies, prepare for the university entrance examinations, and…. 现在努力提高学习成绩、准备大学入学考试还不算晚……3.必修四Unit2 A PIONEER FOR ALL PEOPLE造福全人类的先驱者Although he is one of China's most famous scientists, Yuan Longping considers himself a farmer, for he works the land to do his research. 尽管是中国最著名的科学家之一,袁隆平仍然认为自己是个农民,因为他在田里耕作,进行科学研究.Indeed, his sunburnt face and arms and his slim, strong body are just like those of millions of Chinese farmers, for whom he has struggled for the past five decades. 的确,他被太阳晒得黝黑的脸庞和和手臂,以及他那瘦削而又结实的身躯,就跟其他千百万中国农民一样,过去50年来,他一直在努力帮助他们.Dr Yuan Longping grows what is called super hybrid rice. 袁博士种植的是被称为“超级杂交水稻的”的稻种. In 1974, he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output. 1974年,他成为世界上第一位种植高产水稻的农业先锋.This special strain of rice makes it possible to produce one-third more of the crop in the same fields. 这种特殊的稻种使得同样的田地多收获三分之一的产量.Now more than 60% of the rice produced in China each year is from this hybrid strain.如今中国每年出产的稻米有60%以上出自这种杂交稻种.Born in a poor farmer's family in 1930, Dr Yuan graduated from Southwest Agricultural College in 1953. 袁博士1930年出生,1953年毕业于西南农学院.Since then, finding ways to grow more rice has been his life goal. 从那时起,找到水稻高产的方法就成为他一生的目标.As a young man, he saw the great need for increasing the rice output. 年轻时,他就看到了稻田增产的巨大需求. At that time, hunger was a disturbing problem in many parts of the countryside. 当时,饥荒是许多农村地区面临的严重问题.Dr Yuan searched for a way to increase rice harvests without expanding the area of the fields. 袁博士要在不增加土地面积的基础上寻求达到增收稻谷的途径. In 1950, Chinese farmers could produce only fifty million tons of rice. 1950年,中国农民只能生产五千万吨稻谷,In a recent harvest, however, nearly two hundred million tons of rice was produced. 而近来却生产了将近两亿吨稻谷.These increased harvests mean that 22% of the world's people are fed from just 7% of the farmland in China. 这一粮食产量的增加意味着中国仅仅7%的耕地养活了世界22%的人口. Dr Y uan is now circulating his knowledge in India, Vietnam and many other less developed countries to increase their rice harvests. 袁博士现在在印度、越南和很多其他欠发达国家传播提高水稻产量的知识. Thanks to his research, the UN has more tools in the battle to rid the world of hunger. 多亏了他的研究,联合国在消除世界饥饿的战斗中有了更多的办法.Using his hybrid rice, farmers are producing harvests twice as large as before. 用他的杂交水稻种子,农民种出的粮食比以前多了一倍.Dr Yuan is quite satisfied with his life. 袁博士很满意他的生活.However, he doesn't care about being famous. He feels it gives him less freedom to do his research. 但是,他对成名并不在意,并且觉得出名后搞科研就不那么自由了. He would much rather keep time for his hobbles. 他宁愿把时间花在自己的业余爱好上.He enjoys listening to violin music, playing mah-jong, swimming and reading. 他喜欢听小提琴乐曲、打麻将、游泳和读书.Spending money on himself or leading a comfortable life also means very little to him. 在自己身上花钱或者享受舒适的生活对袁博士来说意义不大.Indeed, he believes that a person with too much money has more rather than fewer troubles. 事实上,他认为一个人有了太多钱,他的麻烦事只会更多,而不是更少. He therefore gives millions of yuan to equip others for their research in agriculture. 于是,他拿出好几百万元帮助其他人进行农业科学研究.Just dreaming for things, however, costs nothing. 梦想是不花本钱的. Long ago Dr yuan had a dream about rice plants as tall as sorghum. Each ear of rice was as big as an ear of corn and each grain of rice was as huge as a peanut. 很久以前,袁博士曾在梦里看到水稻长得像高粱一样高,稻穗跟玉米穗一样大,而每粒稻谷像花生米一样大. Dr Yuan awoke from his dream with the hope of producing a kind of rice that could feed more people. 袁博士从梦中醒来,希望能种植一种能养活更多人的水稻.Now, many years later, Dr Yuan has another dream: to export his rice so that it can be grown around the globe. 在很多年后的今天,袁博士还有另外一个梦想,那就是他的稻谷可以出口并长遍全球.One dream is not always enough, especially for a person wholoves and cares for his people.一个梦想总是不够的,尤其对一个热爱和关心人民的人来说更是如此.4.必修四Unit2 CHEMICAL OR ORGANIC FARMING? 化学耕作还是有机耕作?Over the past half century, using chemical fertilizers has become very common in farming. 在过去的半个世纪里,在耕作中使用化肥已经非常普遍.Many farmers welcomed them as a great way to stop crop disease and increase production. 很多农民喜欢使用化肥.把化肥作为防治农作物病虫害和提高产量的重要手段. Recently, however, scientists have been finding that long-term use of these fertilizers can cause damage to the land and, even more dangerous, to people's health. 然而,最近科学家发现长期使用这些肥料会造成土地受损,甚至更危险的是,会对人们的健康造成危害.What are some of the problems caused by chemical fertilizers? 化肥带来的问题有哪些呢?First, they damage the land by killing the helpful bacteria and pests as well as the harmful ones. 首先,化肥在杀死病菌和害虫的同时也会杀死有益的细菌和昆虫,从而破坏土地.Chemicals also stay in the ground and underground water for a long time. 化学物质还会在地里和地下水中保存很长时间,This affects crops and, therefore, animals and humans, since chemicals get inside the crops and cannot just be washed off. 而这会影响到庄稼,进而影响到动物和人类,因为化学成分会进入到农作物中,并且不能被冲洗掉.These chemicals in the food supply build up in people's bodies over time. 随着时间的推移,食物中的这些化学成分会在人体中堆积.Many of these chemicals can lead to cancer or other illnesses. 很多化学成分能导致癌症或其他疾病. In addition, fruit, vegetables and other food grown with chemical fertilizers usually grow too fast to be full of much nutrition. 另外,施过化肥的水果、蔬菜和其他食物通常生长得过快而营养不足. They may look beautiful, but inside there is usually more water than vitamins and minerals. 它们表面上很好看,但里面通常是含过多的水分,而不是维生素和矿物质.With these discoveries, some farmers and many customers are beginning to turn to organic farming. 由于这些发现,一些农民和消费者开始转向有机耕作. Organic farming is simply farming without using any chemicals. 有机耕作就是不用任何化学肥料的耕作.They focus on keeping their soil rich and free of disease. 农民关心的是保持土壤肥沃并且免受病害.A healthy soil reduces disease and helps crops grow strong and healthy. 健康的土壤会减少病虫害并且帮助农作物茁壮成长. Organic farmers, therefore, often prefer using natural waste from animals as fertilizer. 因此,有机耕作的农民通常喜欢把天然的动物粪便当作肥料. They feel that this makes the soil in their fields richer in minerals and so more fertile. 他们认为这样会使地里的土壤更富含矿物质,因而也会更加肥沃,This also keeps the air, soil, water and crops free from chemicals.同时还可以让空气、土壤、水以及农作物不受化学物质的污染.Organic farmers also use many other methods to keep the soil fertile. 有机耕作的农民也使用很多其他的方法来保持土地肥沃.They often change the kind of crop in each field every few years, for example, growing corn or wheat and then the next year peas or soybeans. 在同一块地里,他们经常每隔几年就换种农作物. 例如,种玉米和小麦后来年再改种豌豆或大豆. Crops such as peas or soybeans put important minerals back into the soil, making it ready for crops such as wheat or corn that need rich and fertile soil. 像豌豆或大豆这样的农作物将重要的矿物质带回土壤,从而使之适宜于种植要求土地肥沃的农作物,比如玉米或小麦. Organic farmers also plant crops to use different levels of soil, for example, planting peanuts that use the ground's surface followed by vegetables that put down deep roots. 有机耕作的农民还种植多种农作物来利用不同层次的土壤.比如,他们先种植生长于浅层土壤的花生,然后再种植生根于深层土壤的蔬菜.Some organic farmers prefer planting grass between crops to prevent wind or water from carrying away the soil, and then leaving it in the ground to become a natural fertilizer for the next year's crop还有一些有机耕作者喜欢在农作物之间种草,以防止水土流失,并且把草留在地里,从而成为来年农作物的天然肥料. These many different organic farming methods have the same goal: to grow good food and avoid damaging the environment or people's health. 这些不同的有机耕作的方法有着同样的目标:种植好的粮食,避免损害环境或者人们的健康.5.必修四Unit 3 A MASTER OF NONVERBAL HUMOUR无声的幽默的大师As Victor Hugo once said, "Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face",维克多·雨果曾经说过:“笑容如同阳光,驱散人们脸上的阴霾”and up to now nobody has been able to do this better than Charlie Chaplin. 关于这一点,直到今天也没有人比查理·卓别林做的更好. He brightened the lives of Americans and British through two world wars and the hard years in between. 在两次世界大战及中间艰苦的岁月里,他给英国和美国人民带来了快乐.He made people laugh at a time when they felt depressed, so they could feel more content with their lives.在人们感到沮丧的时候,查理使人们开怀大笑,于是他们对自己的生活感到更加满足.Not that Charlie's own life was easy! 然而卓别林自己的生活也并不容易.He was born in a poor family in 1889. His parents were both poor music hall performers. 他生于1889年,出身贫寒.他的父母都是杂耍戏院里贫穷的演员.You may find it astonishing that Charlie was taught to sing as soon as he could speak and dance as soon as he could walk. 你可能会感到惊奇,查理刚会说话时大人就教他唱歌,他刚会走路时大人就教他跳舞. Such training was common in acting families at this time, especially when the family income was often uncertain. 这样的训练在当时的演员家庭中是很普遍的,尤其是在家庭收入经常不稳定的时候. Unfortunately his father died, leaving the family even worse off, so Charlie spent his childhood looking after his sick mother and his brother. 不幸的是他的父亲去世了,使得他的家庭更加艰难,所以查理在童年时期就要照顾生病的母亲和弟弟. By his teens, Charlie had, through his humour, become one of the most popular child actors in England. 在十多岁的时候,凭借着自己的幽默,查理已经在英国成为最受欢迎的童星之一. He could mime and act the fool doing ordinary everyday tasks. 他能够不说话而仅靠动作来模仿傻子做日常的任务.No one was ever bored watching him -his subtle acting made everything entertaining. 看他的表演没有人会感到无聊——他巧妙的表演使得一切都那么滑稽可笑.As time went by, he began making films. .随着时间的推移,他开始拍电影.He grew more and more popular as his charming character, the little tramp, became known throughout the world. 他塑造的可爱的“小流浪汉”角色开始闻名于世,而查理越来越受欢迎.The tramp, a poor, homeless man with a moustache, wore large trousers, worn-out shoes and a small round black hat. He walked around stilly carrying a walking stick. 这个穷苦的无家可归的小流浪汉,留着小胡子,穿着大裤子、破鞋子,头顶着黑色的小圆帽.他手里拿着一根手杖迈着僵硬的步伐四处走动. This character was a social failure but was loved for his optimism and determination to overcome all difficulties. 这个角色是个社会生活中的失败者,但他乐观的精神和战胜困难的决心使他受到人们的喜爱. He was the underdog who was kind even when others were unkind to him. 面对并不善待他的人,这个弱者依然保持友善的态度.How did the little tramp make a sad situation entertaining? 然而这个小流浪汉是如何把悲凉的遭遇变得滑稽可笑的呢?Here is an example from one of his most famous films, The Gold Rush. 这里有一个例子,来自于他最著名的电影之一《淘金记》. It is the mid-nineteenth century and gold has just been discovered in California. 19世纪中叶,在加利福尼亚州发现了金子. Like so many others, the little tramp and his friend have rushed there in search of gold, but without success. 像其他很多人一样,小流浪汉和他的朋友也涌向那里去淘金,但却没有成功.Instead they are hiding in a small hut on the edge of a mountain during a snowstorm with nothing to eat. 相反,他们被暴风雪困在山边的一个小木屋中,没有任何东西可吃. They are so hungry that they try boiling a pair of leather shoes for their dinner. 他们饿极了,只好煮了一双皮鞋来充饥. Charlie first picks out the laces and eats them as if they were spaghetti. 查理首先挑出鞋带来吃,像吃意大利面条一样.Then he cuts off the leather top of the shoe as if it were the finest steak. 然后他把皮鞋上端的皮子切下来,就像切下一块最好的牛排. Finally he tries cutting and chewing the bottom of the shoe. 最后他试着把鞋底割下来嚼着吃.He eats each mouthful with great enjoyment. 他每一口都嚼得津津有味. The acting is so convincing that it makes you believe that it is one of the best meals he has ever tasted! 查理的表演是那么有说服力,以至于你会相信这顿饭是他所吃过的最美味的一餐!Charlie Chaplin wrote, directed and produced the films he starred in. 查理·卓别林自编、自导、自制他主演的电影.In 1972 he was given a special Oscar for his outstanding work in films. 1972年他被授予奥斯卡特别奖,以表彰他在电影界的杰出工作.He lived in England and the USA but spent his last years in Switzerland, where he was buried in 1977.他生活在英国和美国,却在瑞士度过了生命中最后的日子,并于1977年安葬在那里.He is loved and remembered as a great actor who could inspire people with great confidence人们热爱和怀念这位伟大的演员,因为他鼓舞人们并增强他们的信心.6.必修四Unit3英语笑话Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson went camping in a mountainous area. 夏洛克·福尔摩斯和华生医生去山区野营. They were lying in the open air under the stars. 他们在山区一块露天的地上躺了下来,头上顶着星星.Sherlock Holmes looked up at the stars and whispered, "Watson, when you look at that beautiful sky, what do you think of?" 夏洛克·福尔摩斯仰望着星空,轻声地说道:“华生,当你望着美丽的天空时,你想到了什么?” Watson replied, "I think of how short life is and how long the universe has lasted." 华生回答说:“我想到生命是如此的短促,而宇宙却是如此的漫长.”"No, no, Watson!" Holmes said. "What do you really think of?." “不,不对,华生!”福尔摩斯说,“你到底想到了什么?” Watson tried again. "I think of how small I am and how vast the sky is." 于是华生又试着回答:“我想到我是如此的渺小,而天空是如此的广阔.”"Try again, Watson!" said Holmes. “再回答一次,华生!”福尔摩斯说.Watson tried a third time. "I think of how cold the universe is and how warm people can be in their beds." 华生试着第三次回答了:“我想到宇宙是如此的寒冷,而人们睡在床上是如此的暖和. Holmes said, "Watson, you fool! You should be thinking that someone has stolen our tent!"福尔摩斯说:“华生,你这个傻瓜!你应该想到有人把我们的帐篷偷走.”7.必修四Unit4 COMMUNICATION: NO PROBLEM? 交际:没有问题了吗?Yesterday, another student and I, representing our university's student association, went to the Capital International Airport to meet this year's international students. 昨天,我和另一个学生代表我们学校的学生会,到首都国际机场迎接今年的留学生.They were coming to study at Beijing University. We would take them first to their dormitories and then to the student canteen. 他们来北京大学学习.我们会首先把他们带到宿舍,然后去学生食堂.After half an hour of waiting for their flight to arrive, I saw several young people enter the waiting area looking around curiously. 在等了半个小时之后,我看见几个年轻人走进了等候区,好奇地向四周张望. I stood for a minute watching them and then went to greet them. 站着观察了他们一分钟后,我便走过去跟他们打招呼.The first person to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain. 第一个到达的是从哥伦比亚来的托尼∙加西亚,随后紧跟着的是英国的朱莉娅∙史密斯.After I met them and then introduced them to each other, I was very surprised. 在与他们碰面并介绍他们彼此认识之后,我(对看到的情景)感到很吃惊.Tony approached Julia, touched her shoulder and kissed her on the cheek! 托尼走进朱莉娅,摸了摸她的肩,亲了亲她的脸!She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands, as if in defence. 她后退了几步,看上去有些吃惊,并举起了手,好像是在自卫. I guessed that there was probably a major misunderstanding. 我猜想这里可能有个很大的误会.Then Akira Nagata from Japan came in smiling, together with George Cook from Canada. 随后,来自日本的永田明微笑着走了进来,同时进来的还有加拿大的乔治∙库克.As they were introduced, George reached his hand out to the Japanese student. 当我为他们做介绍时,乔治把手伸向了这位日本学生.Just at that moment, however, Akira bowed so his nose touched George's moving hand. 然而,就在那时,永田明正在鞠躬,所以他的鼻子碰到了乔治伸过来的手. They both apologized - another cultural mistake! 两个人都互相道了歉——这又是一个文化差错!Ahmed Aziz, another international student, was from Jordan. 另一位留学生艾哈迈德∙阿齐兹是约旦人. When we met yesterday, he moved very close to me as I introduced myself. 我们昨天见面,我进行自我介绍时,他靠我很近. I moved back a bit, but he came closer to ask a question and then shook my hand. 我往后退了一点儿,但是他又上前问了我一个问题,然后同我握手.When Darlene Coulon from France came dashing through the door, she recognized Tony Garcia's smiling face. 当来自法国的达琳∙库隆匆忙走进门的时候,她认出了托尼·加西亚微笑的面孔. They shook hands and then kissed each other twice on each cheek, since that is the French custom when adults meet people they know. 两个人握了握手,并且在对方的面颊上吻了两下.因为,法国成年人见到熟人通常就是这么做的.Ahmed Aziz., on the contrary, simply nodded at the girls. 而艾哈迈德∙阿齐兹却只是朝女孩们点了点头. Men from Middle Eastern and other Muslim countries will often stand quite close to other men to talk but will usually not touch women.来自中东和一些穆斯林国家的男士在谈话时通常站得离其他男士很近,但一般不会与女士接触.As I get to know more international friends, I learn more about this cultural "body language".随着认识的国际朋友越来越多,我也了解到更多不同文化背景下的“身体语言”. Not all cultures greet each other the same way, nor are they comfortable in the same way with touching or distance between people. 各种文化背景下的人互致问候的方式不尽相同,身体接触和相互间距离的程度也并不一样. In the same way that people communicate with spoken language, they also express their feelings using unspoken "language" through physical distance, actions or posture. 用口头语言交流的同时,人们还使用不出声的语言——身体间的距离、动作或姿态等,来表达情感. English people, for example, do not usually stand very close to others or touch strangers as soon as they meet. 比如,英国人通常不会站得离别人太近,也不会一见面就(用身体)接触陌生人.However, people from places like Spain, Italy or South American countries approach others closely and are more likely to touch them. 不过,来自西班牙、意大利或南美等国的人会站在离别人很近的地方,而且很可能(用身体)接触对方.Most people around the world now greet each other by shaking hands, but some cultures use other greetings as well, such as the Japanese, who prefer to bow.现在世界上大多数人见面都要握手相互问候,但有些文化(背景下的人)会采取另外一些寒暄方式.比如说,日本人就更愿意鞠躬.These actions are not good or bad, but are simply ways in which cultures have developed. 这些行为都无所谓好与坏,只不过是文化发展的不同方式而已.I have seen, however, that cultural customs for body language are very general - not all members of a culture behave in the。

(完整word版)课文全文翻译参考译文u4

(完整word版)课文全文翻译参考译文u4

U4:THE FUTURE OF ENGLISH 英语的未来In the middle of sixteenth century, English was spoken by between four and five millions of people, and stood fifth among the European languages, with French, German, Italian, and Spanish ahead of it in that order, and Russian following. Two hundred years later Italian had dropped behind but Russian had gone ahead, so that English was still in fifth place. But by the end of the Eighteenth Century it began to move forward, and by the middle of the Nineteenth it had forced its way into first place. To-day it is so far in the lead that it is probably spoken by as many people as the next two languages—Russian and German combined.在16世纪中叶,有四五百万人说英语,说英语的人数在欧洲的语言中名列第五。

前四位依次是法语、德语、意大利语和西班牙语。

俄语排在英语之后。

两百年以后,意大利语排名落后,而俄语的排名靠前了,英语依然处于第五位。

到了18世纪末,英语的地位开始上升。

到19世纪中叶,英语已经跻身于第一位了。

今天,英语的地位遥遥领先,说英语的人数可能达到说后两种语言,即俄语和德语人数的总和。

季佩英 学术英语综合 译文(1.2.3.4.5.7.8)

季佩英 学术英语综合 译文(1.2.3.4.5.7.8)

第一单元经济学Text A感谢“看不见的手”杰夫·雅各比英国清教徒建立普利茅斯殖民地后经历了他们的第一次大丰收,从那以后,感恩全能的上帝就一直是感恩节的主题……今天,全美数百万的家庭,都在感激上帝所赠与的众多礼物——桌上的盛宴、所爱之人的陪伴、过去一年的健康和好运、战争时期国内的和平、作为一个美国人或成为一个美国人所拥有的不可估量的优越感。

但我们中的大多数人不太可能感恩当地超市在本周出售了很多降价火鸡。

即使是虔诚的信徒们,也不太可能感恩那些让他们所爱之人得以回家共度佳节的航班时刻表,或者是感恩当地的影院在周末及时上映了《怒海争锋:极地远征》,又或者是感恩报纸的食物版块刊登了美味的蔓越莓苹果派的食谱。

或多或少我们都会觉得这些事情是理所当然的。

百货商店会在感恩节前储备火鸡,或者好莱坞在长假期时及时上映大片这些都不需要用奇迹来解释。

这一切都是自然而言的。

可上帝在其中扮演了什么角色呢?然而在你因无数陌生人奉献了技能和劳动而得以度过的感恩节周末里,难道就没有什么事让你感到奇妙——甚至几乎无法解释吗?例如,把火鸡端到餐桌上,需要成千上万人的努力——当然,有养鸟的禽类农场主,也有给它们提供营养的饲料批发商和把它们带到农场的卡车司机,更不用说还有设计孵化场的建筑师,建造它的工人,以及维持它运行的技术人员。

这只火鸡不得不经历宰杀、拔毛、检查、运输、卸载、包装、定价和展示。

完成这些任务的人又依次由完成其他任务的人配合支持——从提炼货车燃料汽油到制造包装肉类的塑料。

这些遍布各行各业的男男女女在过去的几个月里精准设计和安排时间,以便当你去买新鲜的感恩节火鸡时,就会买到一只或者多只——甚至还有几十只在等着你选购。

实现这一过程所需的合作水平之高令人难以置信。

但更令人难以置信的是:这整个过程都没有一个人去统筹协调。

并没有什么火鸡独裁者坐在某个指挥所,商议总体规划并发号施令。

没有人会监督那些人,迫使他们为你的利益而合作。

季佩玉、范烨学术英语综合-Unit-9

季佩玉、范烨学术英语综合-Unit-9

7. Academic language and discourse
• Acquire some medical terms. • Learn how to make a definition. • Comprehend stylistic differences between
formal and informal English and acquire some formal expressions
8
Unit 9
Medicine
Text A In-depth analysis
1. Contribute as much as possible what you know about the following:
• alternative medicine • doctor-patient relationship • desktop medicine
11
Unit 9
Medicine
Text A Supplementary information
3. Desktop medicine
Desktop medicine, an emerging concept in medicine, describes how a desk with a networked computer is transforming medical science and, in turn, medical practice. Historically, bedside medicine has been used to diagnose and treat diseases, incorporating the standard elements of the history, the chief complaint, the review of systems, the physical exam, and the diagnostic studies. In contrast to traditional bedside medicine, desktop medicine features researchers’ discovering riskfactor based diseases and physicians’ diagnosing and treating patients with these diseases. While bedside medicine focuses on the presence or absence of diseases, desktop medicine concerns the management of the risk of diseases.

2021译林版高中英语选择性必修四课文翻译

2021译林版高中英语选择性必修四课文翻译

Unit 1 Honesty and responsibilityTo live a life of honesty and integrity is a responsibility of every decent person. ——Noam Chomsky过诚实正直的生活是每一个正派人的责任。

——诺姆·乔姆斯基Reading(p 2-3)After twenty years 二十年后The policeman on the beat walked along the street as he always did. It was barely ten o’clock at night. When he had walked about halfway around a certain block, the policeman suddenly slowed down. In the doorway of a store stood a man, with an unlit cigar in his mouth. As the policeman walked up to him the man spoke up quickly.巡逻的警察像往常一样沿着街道走着。

还不到晚上十点。

当他走过一个街区大约一半的时候,警察突然放慢了速度。

在一家商店的门口站着一个男人,嘴里叼着一支未点燃的雪茄。

当警察走近他时,那人很快地大声说起了话。

“It’s all right, officer, ” he said. “I’m just waiting for a friend. It’s an appointment made twenty years ago. There used to be a restaurant where this store stands—‘BigJoe’ Brady’s restaurant. ”“没事的,警官,”他说。

高中英语必修四文章翻译

高中英语必修四文章翻译

高中英语必修四文章翻译伴随中国加入WTO,经济全球化,英语已成为中国学生学习的一门重要的语言。

下面是店铺带来的高中英语必修四文章翻译,欢迎阅读!高中英语必修四文章翻译1UNIT1 非洲野生动物研究者清晨5点45分,太阳刚从东非的贡贝国家公园的上空升起,我们一行人准备按照简研究黑猩猩的方法去森林里拜访它们。

简研究这些黑猩猩家族已经很多年了,她帮助人们了解黑猩猩跟人类的行为是多么的相似。

我们当天的首项任务就是观察黑猩猩一家是如何醒来的。

这意味着我们要返回前一天晚上我们离开黑猩猩一家睡觉的大树旁。

大家坐在树荫下等待着,这时候猩猩们睡醒了,准备离开。

然后这群黑猩猩向森林深处漫步而去,我们尾随其后。

在大部分时间里,黑猩猩或相互喂食,或彼此擦身,这在它们的家庭里是表示爱的方式。

简预先提醒我们,到下午的时候我们就会又脏又累。

她说对了。

不过到傍晚时分我们觉得这一切都是值得的。

我们看到黑猩猩妈妈跟她的幼子们在树上玩耍,后来看见它们晚上一切回窝里睡觉了。

我明白了猩猩家庭成员之间的联系像人类家庭一样紧密。

在简之前没有人完全了解黑猩猩的行为。

她花了多年的时间来观察并记录黑猩猩的日常生活。

从孩提时代起,简就想在动物生活的环境中研究它们。

但是,这不是一件简单的事。

当她1960年最初来到贡贝时,对女性来说,住进大森林还是很稀罕的事情。

她母亲头几个月来帮过她的忙,这才使她得以开始自己的计划。

她的工作改变了人们对黑猩猩的看法。

比方说,她的一个重要发现是黑猩猩猎食动物。

而在此之前,人们一直认为黑猩猩只吃水果和坚果。

她曾经亲眼看到过一群黑猩猩捕杀一只猴子,然后把它吃掉。

她还发现了黑猩猩之间是如何交流的,而她对黑猩猩肢体语言的研究帮助她勾勒出黑猩猩的社会体系。

40年来,简?古道尔一直在呼吁世人了解并尊重这些动物的生活。

她主张应该让野生动物留在野外生活,而不能用于娱乐或广告。

她还为黑猩猩建起了可以安全生活的保护区。

她的生活是忙忙碌碌的,然而,正如她所说的:“我一旦停下来,所有的一切都会涌上心头。

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Unit 4 翻译环保的当今时代是约半个世纪之久。

那段时间意识不断壮大,我们所面临的挑战知识增加,而重要的实践已经取得了进展,例如在一些减少各种污染,并在建立保护区。

我们是,但是,仍然由协调人什么我们的星球能提供可持续的要求很远。

人与自然之间的不平衡的后果是出现在改变地球的气候,动物和植物的势头,并在关键的资源,包括野生鱼类资源,淡水和土壤的枯竭的大灭绝。

而这些环境压力不是一成不变的。

他们不断升级,随着我国人口的增长和国家继续为更多的经济增长的不懈追求。

如果我们要避免这些趋势的最严重后果则毫无疑问是较为迅速的进展将需要比迄今取得的,但我们在这里应该关注我们的努力?什么可能是在未来的半个世纪行动的优先领域?这让我感到眼前的主要挑战主要不是相对于良好的信息,更好的技术和良好的政策思路。

这些东西是至关重要的当然的,但所有这些东西都已经可用。

我们知道如何让清洁电力,节约资源,培育生物多样性。

我们知道如何规范污染,防止损坏的生态系统,如果我们想。

我们有这些能力的事实是不够的。

如果我们继续前进的决定性方式的争论它需要被重新定义。

我们需要从“做正确的事'上移动,谈到风险管理,促进抗灾能力。

要查看关爱地球的自然系统为某种道德选择的是完全误解了危机,我们都在这个挑战是关于人类社会的未来,而不是一些可选的慈善事业,我们可以留给慈善事业慷慨解囊,做社会改良。

嵌入了使我们从保护自然的人们保护自然为人们的叙述是这样的重新规划的重要组成部分。

我们正处在一个时期的后果,世界必须知道,健康的本质不是一些可选的精密而是一组不可缺少的物质资产。

如果这样的叙述是为了获得实际效果再想找性质后必须立即被看作不仅是一个环境的挑战,也是一个经济问题。

只要我们继续滑向两个方向行进,一方面是促进环保目标的同时,对其他直接矛盾与措施,以实现更多的经济增长,我们不再将无法取得真正的进展。

当涉及到经济学和生态学有大量的好思已经完成。

例如,在不同的经济措施,以取代成功与失败,生态税的改革更为现实的措施,收入转移的负担,污染,生态系统服务补偿,补贴的重定向和如何调动国内生产总值的原油措施融资以扩大清洁行业。

我们必须在经济进行转型能够在工作丰富和更平等带来许多其他社会福利,从更健康。

它,然而,需要政治支持。

这是流行文化就变得非常重要。

在许多国家已经采取了保留的消费文化是非常多的GDP-增长模式的合作伙伴。

两个一起去,随着消费前积极推动以提高后者的扩张。

从这个意义上它是很难改变的经济思想也没有改变流行文化塑造那些相同的经济假设。

这是不容易的。

消费主义是我们很多人有吸引力的文化空间居住。

它发挥我们的默认设置,并为我们与生俱来的倾向,以促进地位,自我表达和短期的舒适度。

移的流行文化将需要比简单地告诉人们他们错了想要的消费品了。

这到目前为止还没有成功,这可能不会在今后的工作中无论是。

另一种更复杂的方法是必需的,或许是时尚大师们和其他非环保意见领袖领导。

不幸的是,以上。

无论怎样引人注目的叙述,在我看来既不经济也不是文化将改变,直到有一个不同的哲学背景下塑造我们共同的世界观。

在大多数国家,今天还有就是看技术,而不是本质,作为改善人民生活的任务,我们的首选合作伙伴世界观。

对于我们大多数人的本性是无关紧要的。

更糟糕的是自然环境有时表现为对发展的阻力,且不方便载重吨减慢人类进步的漫长旅程。

只要这种世界观保持甚至部分完好无损然后文化变革和改革对准经济思想与生态容量是的,我害怕,几乎是不可能实现的。

改变社会“的世界观是一个巨大的工作,但也不是没有可能。

我们看世界的方式是不是一个给定的,它的形状,并且它可以在更生态方向,以及自毁那些移动。

各国可以引入自然史研究作为国家教育计划的一部分。

自然可以被设计成城市的心脏,把树木,飞鸟,流水和绿地变成城市居民的日常生活。

通过重建具有许多的我们已经丢失的连接,这将是可能的还原使许多预工业社会生活在自然,不外的含义。

同样重要的是改变角色的演员。

每天谁碰十亿人的私营公司必须在我们采用的解决方案的心脏。

并帮助与业务流程的学校需要得到这些问题的顶部。

所以,一定要主流经济学家,心理学家,教育学家和工程师。

这一切都需要被提出,因为这是关于增益的积极议程。

它需要有一个包容性的进程,鼓励每个人都可以作出贡献是解决方案的一部分。

它需要一个程序,是不是我们是否'回归自然',或追求基于以往任何时候都更多的技术和成长进步,这是画一个光明的人类未来建立在生态经济的一个引人注目的图片的问题,并依次与自然系统的支持我们和其他所有不同的关系。

今后五十年将跻身世界上最不平凡的数百万年。

这将是在此期间,我们要么认识到我们有问题,并解决它,或进入一段动荡的生态,将与它深刻的经济和社会混乱带来的周期。

有没有简单的自上而下的“解决方案”。

即使政府说,一些在巴西这个月的地球峰会正确的事情,有没有办法实现无强自下而上的活动持久的进展。

政府不能做自己需要什么,也不能在'绿色运动'或私营部门。

大家一起工作,但是,还有就是另一回事了。

首先由独立的,周五15日2012年6月出版5翻译在无数的电影中,电脑扮演主角。

有些人用合成的声音说话,另一些人则在屏幕上写上一连串的文字.。

一些管理宇宙飞船;其他人,“大脑”的机器人,管理自己的“尸体”。

人与他们交谈,理解他们,与他们交换信息和问候。

这大部分仍然是科幻小说。

但真正的计算机会向律师提供相关案例、诊断医生、原子反应堆的工程师.。

幻想和事实都会让我们的祖父母感到惊讶。

他们的祖父母可能认为,这只能通过魔术。

然而,我们大多数人已经习惯了,把硅时代视为理所当然。

然而,一个怀疑仍然存在。

我们人类一直认为自己是特别的。

我们都假设物质世界与精神世界之间存在某种对比.。

如果电脑真的是一个“物质的头脑”,那么我们不仅必须重新考虑这种区别,但我们打破了它与我们自己的创作。

我们应该小心避免这样一个重要的结论,直到我们真正想过。

然而,自然地,人们想当然地认为计算机可以思考和行动,那么,我们不应该仅仅假设它。

在哲学中我们常常发现,我们通常认为理所当然的“常识”的观点在正确理解问题的方式。

所以让我们看看我在第一段谈论电脑的方式是否准确。

我说他们说话。

但他们真的在说话的意义上,人们呢?仅仅说他们生产出听起来像是语言的东西是不够的。

录音机这样做,但他们不说话。

当人们交谈时,他们说的话意味着什么。

意味着什么,他们需要能够理解句子。

现在我也说过电脑理解我们对他们说的话。

但他们真的吗?我们讲话的声音变成了电脉冲.。

脉冲通过机器的电路。

这使得语音合成器产生声音。

它可能是非常聪明的设计一台机器,这样做,但有什么证据,我们有机器的理解?嗯,一台机器能理解吗?这个问题有两个明显的反应。

我会打电话者的第一反应,对标签的缘故。

这是你的反应,如果你认为了解人们所说的涉及有一个头脑。

超感警探说:电脑真的不能理解任何东西。

要明白他们必须有意识的头脑。

但是我们用硅芯片制造了它们。

我们没有给他们有意识的头脑。

所以我们知道他们没有他们。

在另一个极端是响应我会打电话的行为。

行为主义者说:当然,每个人都应该同意一些计算机不明白。

但是,没有理由不明白为什么电脑不能制造。

如果一台机器以同样的方式对一个懂演讲的人做出反应,那么我们就有充分的理由说机器能理解我们必须说的是。

一台机器,它在每一个方面的行为,如果它理解是从一个机器理解。

如果它以正确的方式表现,那将表明它有一个想法。

很清楚为什么我称这种反应”行为。

”行为表示理解的是好像你了解。

我们这里有一个在哲学上很熟悉的情况。

有两种对立的观点和行为主义者,在这种情况下,每一种似乎都在忙些什么,但看起来完全正确。

每一种观点都有其侧面的常识。

超感警探凭借常识认为机器不能思考。

行为依赖于常识认为我们都知道其他人的思想我们知道他们做了什么。

看来这里的常识是不会告诉我们如果超感警探或行为是正确的。

事实上,如果你持有这些观点中的任何一种,你将面临困难的智力选择.。

让我们以一个问题,你如果你是一个唯心主义的开始。

假设问题的计算机是一个机器人,其中,像科幻小说中的机器人,看起来很像一个人。

这是一个非常聪明的电脑,所以它的“身体”的反应完全像一个特定的人:你的母亲,例如。

出于这个原因,我会叫机器人“M”你不会有这么多的理由认为,M有一个想法,你认为你的母亲呢?你可能会说,“如果我知道它的脑袋里有硅芯片的话,”但是你有没有检查过你妈妈脑袋里有脑组织?你没有,当然,因为它不会证明什么,如果你做了。

你相信你母亲有一个想法是基于她所说的和做的。

她心里在想什么可能是一个有趣的问题,行为主义者会说,但它是不相关的决定她是否有思想。

如果你妈妈的脑袋里什么都不重要,为什么要和M有关呢?如果你是一个唯心论者,是一个重大的问题:如何解释你为什么不能说Android有一个主意,即使你有了一个想法你有你母亲一样的证据。

当然,相信你的母亲有一个想法的基础上,她做了什么,说,但不相信M有一个头脑在同样的证据,这将是荒谬的。

如果这是你妈妈做什么的证据让你相信她有一个想法(而不是说,一个天生的偏见),然后别的同样的证据会让你相信,它有一个心。

这是一个思路,可能会导致你的行为。

但是如果你决定做一个行为主义者,你也有问题。

你和我都知道,毕竟,既然我们都有头脑,有什么是喜欢有一个头脑。

所以你和我都知道,我们和一台机器的行为完全一样,但没有任何经验。

除非M有经验,它没有头脑。

有一个头脑和操作,如果你有一个似乎是明确的意识和无意识之间的区别。

结果是这样的:如果你从外面看问题,我与其他人相比,行为主义很诱人。

从你的证据来看,M和你母亲是一样的。

从里面看,然而,世界上有着所有的不同。

你知道你有头脑,因为你有意识的体验,一种“内在的生活”。

但如果它不,再多的伪装是要让它真正有头脑。

我们从一个熟悉的事实开始:电脑无处不在,他们越来越聪明。

看来很快就会有智能机器,机器会明白我们对他们说什么。

但当我们走近一点,事情就不会那么简单。

一方面,有理由怀疑,行为像一个人与头脑和有头脑是相同的事情。

另一方面,一旦我们开始询问我们对别人的想法是什么以及如何知道的,我们的信念似乎是:人们的头脑没有比相信计算机有可能更好的信念更好.。

我们叫人问哲学问题关于什么和我们如何知道一个认识论。

如果我们问我们如何知道别人的想法,很明显,这是从他们所说的和做的。

我们只是没有直接的方式知道如果有什么是发生在其他人的头脑。

但是,如果人们所说的和所做的是告诉我们他们有头脑,一台机器,说,做同样的事情告诉我们,它有一个头脑也。

从认识论的角度来看,其他人的思想的电脑和“心灵”是在同一条船上。

当我们从内部看问题时,正如我们所看到的,画面看起来不同。

长相的人从里面我们可以称之为现象学的关系。

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