古希腊罗马神话论文
古希腊罗马神话结课论文
古希腊罗马神话结课论文古希腊罗马神话艺术鉴赏题目:古希腊罗马神话文学起源第十组古希腊罗马神话文化起源摘要:古希腊和古罗马这两大文明是西方文化的摇篮,是世界文化史上两座永恒的丰碑,是西方人所津津乐道的光辉时代。
勤劳的古希腊和罗马人民用他们的智慧给我们创造了一个个令人叹为观止的杰作,留给我们一个无论是文化史上还是艺术史上的维以超越的高度。
其中古希腊文化又是罗马文化的源头,罗马文化在其基础上不断地发展创新,创造了许许多多独树一帜的文化,艺术构想和杰作。
因此本文主要是讨论了这两个文化的异同,找出“原希腊”的东西,区分罗马的创新,给西方文化的传承和发展提供一些粗浅的线索和脉络。
关键词:艺术史自然科学物物交换爱琴海引言希腊是由本土半岛和一些散落在爱琴海和地中海的一些小岛组成的。
它三面环海,只有北面与陆地相接,且多丘陵少平原,属于温和的海洋性气候。
正是因为这样的地理条件使得它的农业难以发展,为了生存,希腊人学会了和其它地区进行农产品的交换,并逐渐形成了地中海地区繁荣的贸易往来。
正文罗马的环境和希腊类似,它地处今意大利半岛,是一个多丘陵,多沼泽的地区。
因此农业也不十分发达。
但罗马解决这一问题的方法并不是像希腊一样通过自由贸易,物物交换。
它使用的是一种血腥的方式——侵略和扩张。
为了满足罗马帝国日渐庞大的粮食、财富的需求,罗马人选择了不断地侵略。
依靠着强大的军队、武器,罗马从昔日台伯河边上一个卑微的小城一跃成为统治着200万平方英里的帝国的中心。
同时随着罗马帝国的不断膨胀,使得对这些物资的消耗急剧增多,反过来这又导致了罗马帝国的继续扩张,如此一来便形成了一个恶性循环,它由始至终都伴随着罗马帝国。
相比而言,为了抵御恶劣多变的海上环境,希腊发展起来的却是一种互相合作的良性竞争模式。
并且,后者己渗入当代西方人的精神领域。
除此之外,希腊的经济发展主要是靠商人进行的海外和地区间的贸易往来和本土的农民耕种。
希腊城邦中的奴隶数量比罗马少得多,罗马经年累月的征战,带来财富的同时还有大批大批的奴隶,这些奴隶广泛地分布在大部分的产业,比如采矿,冶金,驾船,铺路和大型建筑的建造。
西方文明史 古希腊神话论文
西方近代文化精神的重要源头古希腊神话摘要:神话是一种文化积淀,也是一种民族意识的积淀,直至今天,它仍以无穷的魅力影响着现代人的生活。
在漫长的西方文明发展史中,希腊文明曾放出璀璨的光芒。
古希腊的戏剧、建筑、绘画、雕塑等都从古希腊神话中汲取养料。
所以可以说,古希腊神话是西方文化的重要源头。
古希腊神话是西方文化百用而不厌其烦的素材,这已是人所共知的。
本文重在试图探索西方文化从古希腊神话中汲取的两钟重要的精神血液即人本和理性,这两种精神恰是整个西方近代文化的两个主要精神。
关键词:西方近代文化精神源头古希腊神话古希腊神话故事的形成时期很早,是远古一代代人集体创作的结晶。
神话起初口传,后来见之于书面文字。
它的最早的传世书面文献当推荷马史诗。
史诗中除了主体故事外,还提及了许多其他的神话故事,那些故事显然在当时已是广为流传、普遍知晓的。
在荷马之后不久有古希腊诗人赫西奥德的长诗《神谱》,扼要地记述了许多神话故事,并立力图把那些故事谱系化。
古希腊悲剧的题材基本都是取材于神话,是作家对那些神话故事的现实理解的戏剧体现。
希腊神话在人类思想文化艺术史上始终光彩夺目,经久不衰。
希腊文化源于古老的爱琴文明,和中国商周文明略有相像之处。
他们是西洋文明的始祖,具有卓越的天性和不凡的想像力。
在那原始时代,他们对自然现象,对人的生死,都感到神秘和难解,于是他们不断地幻想、不断地沉思。
在他们想像中,宇宙万物都拥有生命。
然而在多利亚人入侵爱琴文明后,因为所生活的希腊半岛人口过剩,他们不得不向外寻拓生活空间。
这时候他们崇拜英雄豪杰,因而产生了许多人神交织的民族英雄故事。
这些众人所创造的人、神、物的故事,经由时间的淬链,就被史家统称为「希腊神话」,西元前十一二世纪到七、八世纪间则被称为「神话时代」。
神话故事最初都是口耳相传,直至西元前七世纪才由大诗人荷马统整记录于「史诗」中。
我们现在所知的所有古希腊神话的故事都来自《荷马史诗》和赫西俄德的《神谱》和《工作与时日》。
读神话学英语,就是与古希腊罗马神话有关的论文,三千字
读神话学英语,就是与古希腊罗马神话有关的论文,三千字篇一:Review of Ancient Greek myths of Rome《古希腊罗马神话》读后感Review of Ancient Greek myths of RomeAncient Greek myths of Rome has handed down for about more than three thousand years. Brilliant and grand scenes, vivid and distinct personalities, exquisite plot, so it was overwhelmed by all over the world readers. The Greek myth story is the same as the Bible that has a comprehensive influence to the whole human religious, philosophy, thoughts, customs, natural science, literature and art. When we contact with the western culture, we will meet some literary quotation that almost comes from the Greek myth story, and almost all the classical western literary can find the plot or characters that involved or directly originated from Greek mythology. Just as the Bible we need understand, we also should know the myth stories. That not just a literary works, also a production of culture of that time and an exhibition of the social surroundings and problems of the current western countries What impressed me most is Trojan War.The whole story is very touching, shocked the soul, the story of the choice of characters and plot changes compared to very obvious.First:love: Paris is a handsome, rich and romantic prince, he hasbeen living in the shelter of his brother and father, happy and affectionate live, he had a lot of love, his romantic at the same time, but not the real love, when he met Helen, he was an instant love is so deep, he and Helen decided to run away when the great power of the derivative of that kind of love, let a queen to elope to another country, this is the cause of the two countries of the war. Love is love, love in front of all obstacles is free, this is the greatness of love.Second, family: Hector is the prince of Troy, Pariss brother, he in that Helen also with the ship back to Troy, determined to take back the Helen and Paris also said, Helen back. He would go back to Greece. Hector ears love his brother, do not want him to lose his life, so Hector ear in the war and family, the choice of family. The old king was informed of this situation, also chose thefamily. They all know that war is inevitable, and that is the war in two countries. Third, tolerance: hen Paris is willing to own and Mainilaosi (Helens husband) showdown. He knew himself no match for each other, but still decided to duel, but when his sword was thrown on the ground, he showed a weak and climb back to their positions,he and Helens dialogue, saying he is a coward, Helen is to he said: I want a man, can accompany me to the old, and not a warrior.篇二:古希腊罗马神话传奇选修课论文题目古希腊罗马神话传奇选修课论文题目A1. 论古希腊神话所反映的希腊早期社会形态2. 论中国古代神话与古希腊神话比较讨论3. 古希腊神话对西方文化影响之源4. 古希腊神话中的悲剧美与崇高美5. 古希腊神话中女神的人性漫议6. 古希腊神话中的悲剧美学特征——以《俄狄浦斯王》为例7. 古希腊神话对西方文学的影响8. 从探究抗争精神看古希腊神话对西方文学的影响——以普罗米修斯为例9. 从希腊神话看女性意识的萌动和进展10. 古希腊神话对英国语言文学的影响11. “金苹果”的诱惑——古希腊神话人本主义精神思索12. 古希腊神话与土地占有权13. 尼采的悲剧精神与古希腊神话14. 古希腊神话传奇之蕴与奥林匹克竞技会之源15. 荷马史诗英雄观与英雄形象探析16. 古希腊建筑的审美特征17. 古希腊音乐文化的历史地位和现实影响18. 论古希腊美学精神及其影响/ 古希腊美学中的整体观念探原19. 论古希腊哲学诞生的社会基础——城邦文明20. 古希腊神话与古希腊哲学关系析论/ 古希腊哲学对希腊神话的回溯与反省B1. 浅析古希腊神话中的城邦文明2. 古希腊神话与人本思想3. 英美诗歌的文化渊源——古希腊神话4. 中国神话和古希腊神话的异同及其成因5. 古希腊神话与《圣经》对西方文学影响异同论6. 古希腊罗马神话与欧洲社会历史观7. 从古希腊罗马神话看希腊女性社会地位的变迁8. 古希腊神话中的叛逆女性辨析9. 论古希腊建筑之美10. 古希腊音乐理念对西方音乐艺术的影响11. 古希腊时代特征与美学思想12. 现代奥运文化与古希腊神话的内在联系13. 宗教与古希腊社会14. 《诗经》和荷马史诗——谈谈文学的民族共性15. 荷马史诗中英雄形象的人本主义解读16. 中国儒道美学与古希腊美学17. 宗教神话与古希腊哲学的产生18. 古希腊神话中的父权思想19. 航海活动对古希腊社会转型的影响20. 古希腊的酒神文化传统篇三:古希腊罗马神话论文Greek and Roman Mythology--Zeus and HeraIntroduction: Zeus and Hera were both immortals in Greek and Roman Mythology. As we may know, Hera was Zeus?s elder sister,and they fathered by Cronus and mothered by Rhea. However, how did Hera become Zeus?s formal wife afterwards, and how was their relation? what?s more, what did this phenomenon reflect? The following are the analyzes.Part I General Situation about Zeus and HeraZeus was raised by a goat-nymph named Altheimer which produced ambrosia in a cave in Crete. The bees brought him honey and an eagle would bring him nectar. And he grew into manhood in less than one year. After Zeus grew up, Cronus was overthrown by Zeus in Titanomachy.Hera,the eldest daughter of Cronus and Rhea,was born at Samos,or according to some accounts,at Argos.She was the elder sister of Zeus.Part II the Relation Between Zeus and HeraHera was so charmful that Zeus fell in love her.However,Hera resisted the attention of Zeus as he had so many love affairs with other immortals and mortals,Zeus was vain and unused to being turned down and tricked her by changing himself into a poorly Cuckoo.Hera ?s nurturing instincts were triggered and she took the Cuckoo to her breast to keep it warm.Zeus then changed back into a God and raped her causing theGoddess so much shame that she agreed to marry him.Hera was often very jealous about Zeus?s love affairs and took revenge on those rivals and their offspring,such as her hatred of Heracles.Part III What can we learn?Whether Zeus or Hera,they are barely part of the Greek and Roman Mythology.Divinities in in are resembled to humans on the earth.They have body beauty,stand sorts of feelings and they can understand the joys and sorrows.The only difference between divinity and mortal is the former is immortal while the latter of a day.In my opinion ,there is no love between Zeus and Hera.What concatenate then is lust and marriage form.After their marriage,Zeus has many illegal love affairs.This is the symbol of the patriarchy.Though Hera is furious about this,she is legal to Zeus throughout.This is similar to our wifely submission and virtue in ancient China. Ancient Greek and Roman mythology is gradually formed in the long historical period, say the ancient Greek myth is the origin of the western literature, almost all future generations of writers had to absorb nutrients from the ancient mythology. They become the many literary artists creation material; At the same time, they also exerts a subtle influence on the European literature style (such as a romantic).Conclusion:Just an article is not enough to show the charm of ancient Greek and Roman mythology and connotation. In the process of readingthese stories, I always feel in the hall of ancient Greek and Roman mythology mythology is not only a literary one bright pearl. It is a green island, in the Aegean sea here, Europa leisurely turn from the bulls back awake; Here, many of the people of god grows in the cradle of the Aegean sea, set sail from the harbor to unknown adventure journey, to search natural, find myself. Works Cited【1】E.M.Berens:Greek and Roman Mythology.Shanghai Road Guangzhong88.Shanghai.2023.5,Print;【2】[德国]古斯塔夫.施瓦布/著.赵燮生艾英/译.长江文艺出版社.恒美印务(广州)有限公司.2023.1印【3】Yang Guangxun.“Zeus and Here”.文化译丛.time 04.1983【4】余祖政.古希腊神话故事.国际文化出版公司.北京外文印刷厂.2023.2印。
古希腊罗马神话论文
古希腊罗马神话之阿喀琉斯阿喀琉斯,古希腊罗马神话里的英雄,特洛伊战争中最勇猛的战士,他多变,暴怒,勇猛,凶残,他符合一个古希腊伟大战士所具有的一切特征,好战,健硕,剑术高明,他是一个英雄,也是一个好战分子。
阿喀琉斯不受任何人控制,他骨子里有一种不安分的好战因素,同时阿喀琉斯是古希腊罗马神话中少有的能有着自己性子来的人,即使俯视人类的希腊众神和勇猛与智慧并存的奥德修斯也不能,从某种角度说,他可以是任性的,在特洛伊战争中,因为自己心爱的布里塞伊斯被阿伽门农掠夺,便不顾希腊的战局,极力退出战争,甚至奥德修斯也说,没有人能够像阿喀琉斯一样,不顾一切的去做任何事,即使奥德修斯自己也不能,是人都有弱点,都要被牵制,不得不不服从于比自己更强大的人。
阿喀琉斯何以如此自如的凭着自己的意愿而行动,根本原因就是阿喀琉斯是最强大的,最勇猛的战士,勇士,这是毫无疑问的,他高超的剑术,以及对战争无比的热爱,很让人震撼,可以说,从古往今来过往的战士中,阿喀琉斯这样的战士并不是让后人最赏识的,最让人钦佩的,世人大都喜欢像奥德修斯这样的英雄,他有勇有谋,更能得到人的尊敬,但是我最喜欢的却是阿喀琉斯,他是少有的能坚持自我的人,他是最强大的战士,他是为战争而活着的人,他是一个天生的勇士,更重要的是,他是真实的,他是少有的,他是最有个性的伟大英雄。
阿喀琉斯是令人感到真实的英雄形象,完美的人是极少的,神不是,人亦不是,能在阿喀琉斯身上看到的便是有血有肉的人性,他可以为了最重视的朋友疯狂的报复,直到达到复仇的目的,他明确的知道参加特洛伊战争就会死亡,但却坚持参与战争,他在战场上勇猛无比,他不信奉神明,甚至敢对阿波罗的神庙进行破坏,他不从属于任何人,他不会违背自己而满足任何人的私欲,哪怕是强大的希腊王,阿伽门农,他的人生追求可以说是古希腊罗马人物中最简单的,他就是追求战士的精神,赢得战场上的胜利,成为一个伟大遗名千古的勇士。
他不为财富,不为权力,他也没有建立一个属于自己的王国,即使这对于他来说很简单,也正是因为他不在乎这些,所以他才少有牵绊,在这样一个追求权力,战争遍地的古希腊罗马神话史上,必然会有他的一席之位,也正是时势造英雄。
古希腊罗马神话与文学结课论文
古希腊罗马神话艺术鉴赏题目:古希腊罗马神话与文学第六组(刘文斌)古希腊罗马神话与文学摘要:古希腊诗人在各种文学范式中都对智慧型英雄的受难进行了深刻的思考和领悟,成为古希腊文学中反复出现的原型意象。
从一系列震撼人心的悲剧形象中,诗人们把古希腊人文主义推向了一个前所未有的高度,并为古希腊人本主义与基督教唯灵主义的结合建起了一座精神桥梁。
关键词:古希腊文学神话史诗戏剧诗歌散文寓言文艺理论引言:古希腊文学太重要了,一指它本身成就,一指它对后世影响。
它品种齐全,神话、史诗、戏剧、诗歌、散文、寓言、文艺理论,应有尽有,而且每一个品种,都是响当当的。
我们不可能什么都讲,就讲讲它的神话、史诗、戏剧、寓言四种文学类型。
正文:要讲古希腊文学,先要知道一点古希腊的历史。
大约在我国春秋时代欧洲只有两个国家古希腊和古罗马。
古希腊先起,古罗马后起,公元前146年,相当于西汉时期,古罗马灭亡了古希腊,古希腊大约活了一千年左右,但是它的文化却一直活到现在。
为什么不讲古罗马文学呢?古罗马文学也是赫赫有名的,因为我们这门课只有40课时,大学本科这门课至少讲100课时,篇幅有限,就割爱了。
再说,古希腊文学和古罗马文学的关系,打个不准确的比方,就是母子关系,古罗马文学是古希腊文学胎生的,没有前者就没有后者,前者与后者对西方文学都有极大影响,而前者比后者更为重要。
古希腊文学太重要了,一指它本身成就,一指它对后世影响。
它品种齐全,神话、史诗、戏剧、诗歌、散文、寓言、文艺理论,应有尽有,而且每一个品种,都是响当当的。
我们不可能什么都讲,就讲讲它的神话、史诗、戏剧、寓言四种文学类型。
1、神话。
先讲古希腊神话的特点。
古希腊神话是世界上最好的神话,它最丰富、最美丽,影响最深远,除了印度神话,没有任何一个民族的神话能与之相比。
理由如下:首先,它的数量极多,古希腊是一个著名的多神教国家,古希腊人的宗教是泛神论,每个城邦、部族、大自然的山、水、森林、动植物都有自己的神,这与犹太教、基督教、伊斯兰教等一神教不同。
[整理版]希腊罗马神话论文
希腊罗马神话论文当初选希腊罗马神话的初衷只是为了听故事,听完故事以后引发了我的深思,希腊罗马神话中的十二位主神不是像孙悟空那样无父无母、石头缝里蹦出来的。
他们有着显赫又混乱的家世,神的血脉源远流长,每个神都有一段凡人般坎坷不平的身世,也有着烦人的喜怒哀乐、爱情仇恨。
所以希腊的神是人性化的神,有着人的缺陷、人的欲望,会犯人一样的错误,做人可能做的任何事情。
看希腊的神,就像看镜子中的我们;读希腊神话,就是在读人,读人性,尽管是用一种戏剧化的形式呈现出来的。
听完希腊罗马神话故事,留给我印象最深的就是奥德修斯,首先让我欣赏的就是他的智慧。
下面简要描述一下体现奥德修斯智慧的几个故事。
当斯巴达国王墨涅拉俄斯知道他的妻子被帕里斯抢走以后,派出使者要求以前向海伦求婚的王子履行他们的诺言,参加讨伐特洛伊的战争,几乎全希腊都响应他的号召,只有两个国王没有答应,一个是奥德修斯,另一个就是阿喀琉斯。
奥德修斯刚得贵子,不愿意离开他的妻子和幼小的儿子,所以他想到了一个办法——装疯,他拉了一头驴去耕地,还把盐当种子撒在田里,但是帕拉墨得斯看透了他的诡计,就偷偷的抱来他的儿子忒勒玛科斯放在奥德修斯正要犁的地上,奥德修斯小心翼翼的把犁提起来,从儿子旁边绕过去,所以便承认了他是在装疯,不得不答应参加特洛伊战争。
阿喀琉斯也没有答应参加应战,他是阿耳戈英雄珀流斯和海洋女神忒提斯的儿子,忒提斯知道这场战争会牺牲他的儿子,所以把他送到了斯库洛斯岛,让他和国王吕科墨德斯的女儿们生活在一起,阿伽门农派奥德修斯去动员他参展,但是无论奥德修斯的眼力如何敏锐,仍然认不出来哪个是穿着女装的阿喀琉斯,于是奥德修斯心生一计,他叫人拿来一矛一盾放在姑娘们的屋子里,然后他命令随从吹响战斗的号角,姑娘们大惊失色,都逃出了屋子,只有阿喀琉斯勇敢的留下来,拿起了矛和盾,因此被奥德修斯识破。
战争持续到第九年,由于阿波罗的相助,帕里斯一箭射到了阿喀琉斯的脚后跟,阿喀琉斯的脚后跟是他致命的弱点,所以中箭以后轰然倒下就死了,希腊军队没有了阿喀琉斯,在战争中一直处于不利,幸亏奥德修斯相出了一条木马计,他们造了一匹很大的木马,把他们中间最勇敢的英雄藏在马腹中,其余的人撤退,假装离开战场,同时让一个特洛伊人不认识的士兵,冒充逃难的人混进城区,告诉特洛伊人说希腊人撤退了,还要告诉他们希腊人造了一个巨大的木马,献给智慧女神雅典娜,并说服他们把木马运进城,到了夜里,他将给希腊军队发出暗号,躲在木马里的人跳出木马与外面的希腊军队里应外合,攻陷特洛伊城。
古希腊神话的论文
Culture in my eyes——In Greek mythology一、The origin of the ancient Greek mythologyIs one of the world's ancient civilizations in ancient Greece, the ancient greeks in the process of its survival and development to create a bright and colorful culture, and life as a rich heritage, myth and legend is one of them. Ancient myths have long history, it is in a low level of productivity development period of the ancient people use a product of the imagination to conquer the forces of nature. As a result, ancient myths must include the story of god and of the relationship between man and god and the story of the conflict, the two aspects of the legend of heroes. God more clearly reflects the ancient human powerful natural phenomenon visualization of the rich imagination, the legend of heroes are mainly to may have a historical legend and related events worship and idealized, reflects the ancient human survival activities and tenacious struggle with nature. The ancient Greek myth is also included these two aspects. Early, the time of formation of the ancient Greek myth is the crystallization of the collective ancient generations of people. Myth oral at first, and come to see is to the written word.The myth is spread by the Greek myth remains and relics. Portraits of famous Parthenon, Laocoon Greek often painted on the screen, archaeological Dionysus met first learned pirates. Greek mythology has many image of the gods, each god has complex personality, these close to human social life, has more strong realistic meaning. Ancient Greek Homeric epics the Iliad and the Odyssey is the myth of such singing poet editor plays. 二、The development of the ancient Greek mythThe ancient Greek nation several change in development process, the myth of their ideas is also in this kind of change constantly changing. The basic characteristics of this kind of change is from the natural worship to human nature worship. People are familiar with the basic characteristics of this period of Greek mythology is a person in accordance with the image of god, to god in human form, human nature, and even social relationship. The basic difference between the god and man is strong, god Chang Sheng deathless, happy life of leisure; Human weak, die, live hard, often have to resort to the gods, but also often curse god to do evil. The ancient greeks to worship god, but at the same time praise people, praise the brave and enterprising spirit. The ancient greeks criticized the pride, cruelty, vanity, greed, violent and stubborn personality weakness, and blamed the personality weakness often life tragedy. The ancient greeks to worship god, but that does not give the gods too lofty, and did not take god as the standard of morality, it's a reflection of them as life. The ancient Greek myth is the humanistic spirit, moving story and the profound thought connotation, has attracted a wide audience, glamor of strength, can read, become a rich offspring literary and artistic creation source material.三、The influence of ancient Greek culture to humanThe influence of Greek mythology is deeper, scope is worldwide. It is a time in the main body of ecology to deepen, the content of the main performance is: the majority of interpersonal relationship and social work. The ancient Greek literature has had an extremely profound influence on the later literature is lasting. Greek mythology oncomplete, systematic level is very high, is the most complete existing in the world's largest system of mythology. Later generations of philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, historian (Herodotus) materials, which were in Greek mythology often cited artists especially sculpture masters more myth character or plot as the template, create famous in the world, in terms of art, leonardo Da Vinci, Rembrandt, lubumbashi, painting has originated from Greek mythology, the Greek mythology have promoted the development of the humanities spirit research. Ovid's "metamorphoses" Greek mythology is slightly modified retelling, cisse los, ernie uz, Virgil's works are showing signs of being in Greek mythology. Modern humanism thinkers and surprise from Greek mythology found a free, lively, full of original vitality of the world, from the ancient Greek mythology and drama, write a new chapter in history of literature. From the Roman era, the countless literati and the ancient Greek literature as they do not match but tried to climb the peak, the gods in the ancient mythology and epic, the tragic hero in comfort their hearts also inspired their endless. The ancient Greek myth of modern European Renaissance, religious reform movement and the enlightenment had a significant effect. The ancient Greek myth of the people-oriented spirit make people free from traditional constraints.我眼中的文化——希腊神话古希腊神话的起源古代希腊是世界文明古国之一,古希腊人在其生存和发展过程中创建了璀璨多彩的文化,传下丰富的遗产,神话传说就是其中之一。
古希腊罗马神话艺术鉴赏论文
古希腊罗马神话艺术鉴赏题目:古希腊罗马神话与建筑古希腊罗马神话与建筑摘要:古代希腊、罗马时期,创造了一种以石制的梁柱作为基本构件的建筑形式,这种建筑形式经过文艺复兴及古典主义时期的进一步发展,一直延续到20世纪初,在世界上成为为一种具有历史传统的建筑体系,这就是通常所说的西方古典建筑。
关键词:古希腊古罗马神庙雅典氏族建筑柱式引言公元前8世纪,在巴尔干半岛、小亚细亚西岸以及爱琴海各岛屿上形成了许多奴隶制的小城邦国家,如雅典、斯巴达、科林斯、奥林匹亚等,它们统称为古代希腊。
古代希腊是欧洲文明的发源地。
作为希腊文化的一个组成部分,希腊的建筑艺术取得了重大的成就。
希腊人建筑了如神庙、剧场、竞技场等各种建筑物,在许多城邦中出现了规模壮观的公共活动广场和造型优美的建筑群组,他们是古希腊广大奴隶和自由民们劳动和智慧的光辉结晶。
正文古希腊的建筑艺术,则是欧洲建筑艺术的源泉与宝库。
古希腊建筑风格的特点主要是和谐、完美、崇高。
而古希腊的神庙建筑则是这些风格特点的集中体现者,古希腊的“柱式”,这种规范和风格的特点是,追求建筑的檐部(包括额枋、檐壁、檐口)及柱子(柱础、柱身、柱头)的严格和谐的比例和以人为尺度的造型格式。
古希腊最典型、最辉煌,也是意味最深长的柱式主要有三种,即陶立克、爱奥尼克和科林斯柱式。
陶立克的柱头是简单而刚挺的倒立圆锥台,柱身凹槽相交成锋利的棱角,没有柱础,雄壮的柱身从台面上拔地而起,柱子的收分和卷杀十分明显,力透着男性体态的刚劲雄健之美。
爱奥尼克,其外在形体修长、端丽,柱头则带婀娜潇洒的两个涡卷,尽展女性体态的清秀柔和之美。
科林斯的柱身与爱奥尼克相似,而柱头则更为华丽,形如倒钟,四周饰以锯齿状叶片,宛如满盛卷草的花篮。
从比例与规范来看,陶立克一般是柱高为底径的4--6倍,檐部高度约为整个柱子的1/4,而柱子之间的距离,一般为柱子直径的1.2--1.5倍,十分协调、规整而完美。
爱奥尼克,柱高一般为底径的9--10倍,檐部高度约为整个柱式的1/5,柱子之间的距离约为柱子直径的两倍,十分有序而和美。
古希腊罗马神话鉴赏论文
“命中注定”的弑父娶母悲剧?!——古希腊罗马神话鉴赏论文“悲剧就是将人生有价值的东西毁灭给人看的。
”比起悲剧,我相信大多人和我一样更乐于看见幸福的喜剧,然而悲剧之所以伟大,不是让我们为它的结局而流泪,而是使我们通过“悲”字去反思研究人生之意义与价值,说起悲剧,就不得不说到俄底浦斯王弑父娶母的故事,它一直被许多人看作是希腊悲剧故事的典范。
我对于古希腊神话故事的初步了解,来自于小时候看的一部动画片《奥林匹斯星传》。
也许当初的我会为俄底浦斯悲惨的结局而唏嘘不已,如今的我却被这个悲剧故事所展现的命运观折服;当初的我会觉得俄底浦斯就是一个可叹可悲之人罢了,如今我却觉得在这悲惨之余,他却是一个让我们所有人都尊敬佩服的英雄。
战功卓越的阿喀琉斯、足智多谋的奥德修斯、神勇无比的赫拉克勒斯等等都被人们看作是古希腊中的英雄人物,然而俄底浦斯何尝又不是一个英雄呢?或许他没有显著的战功,没有超群的智商,但是在他身上,所体现的却是另一种令人心折的英雄本色,那是一种摆脱命运桎梏、打破命运枷锁的不屈不饶、敢打敢拼的顽强意志!面对这命中注定的“弑父娶母”的神谕,他没有坐以待毙,等待命运的降临,而是尽自己所能,顽强反抗,可是我们又有多少人能够在面对这冥冥之中的宿命,如俄底浦斯一样凭借自己不屈不挠的意志去摆脱战胜它呢?真的猛士,敢于直面惨淡的人生,敢于直视淋漓的鲜血,俄底浦斯不正就是鲁迅这句话的真实写照么?他,当之无愧是真的猛士、真的英雄!人定胜天这个思想一直被我认为是真理,可是事实的真相是如此吗?顽强的反抗意志真的就能战胜命运的安排吗?底比斯国王拉伊俄斯从神谕得知自己会被儿子所杀,便刺穿儿子的脚踝将之抛弃荒野,他极力想摆脱神的诅咒,却没有想到这反而是走向深渊的开端,在我看来拉伊俄斯的做法实在愚蠢,将自己的儿子抛弃荒野,那么儿子可能就永远无法得知自己的亲身父母究竟是谁,极有可能认别人作父母,那么将来儿子弑父娶母的概率不是更大了吗?与其如此,那还不如将之养在身边,大抵是拉伊俄斯根本没有料想到儿子竟然能活下来,用电影大话西游中紫霞仙子的话来说“我猜中了开头却猜不到这结局”,这就是宿命的轨迹!长大后的俄底浦斯也得知了这神谕,为了避免神谕成真,便离开柯林斯到外出流浪,却在忒拜岔路口失手杀人,这其中就有他的亲身父亲,瞧,在这命运的十字路口前,他明明是想要掌控自己的命运,却在无意识间又跌入命运的漩涡,这真是吾命由天不由我了,一步错,步步错,那么接来下对他来说的将是万劫不复的泥淖,愈是挣脱,反而愈陷其中。
希腊神话对文学人物形象的影响论文
希腊神话对文学人物形象的影响论文希腊神话对文学人物形象的影响论文在日复一日的学习、工作生活中,大家都不可避免地要接触到论文吧,论文是学术界进行成果交流的工具。
一篇什么样的论文才能称为优秀论文呢?下面是小编帮大家整理的希腊神话对文学人物形象的影响论文,欢迎阅读,希望大家能够喜欢。
希腊神话对文学人物形象的影响论文篇1摘要:西方古典文学起源于希腊神话,神与人的个性与形象存在着密切的联系,只是各表述的形象与故事不同,但他们的依据和论点都是由人本主义思想展开。
文中通过对希腊神话原型的个性特点,进行归纳总结与分析,进而探究希腊神话对西方古典文学人物形象的影响。
关键词:希腊神话;西方古典文学;人物形象希腊是西方古典文学的故乡,放眼西方古典文学史,从人物形象角度来看,古希腊神话无论是对被神定义的人还是被人定义的神,都处于一种艺术思想萌芽状态。
西方古典文学根据不同时代不同背景下具有不同程度的拓展、进步和升华,对西方古典文学人物形象的描述也产生了深远的影响。
一.希腊神话的原型希腊神话是西方古典文学的艺术萌芽,不仅蕴含丰富的艺术魅力,还具有深厚的历史底蕴。
人们通过对自然的理解,对世界的幻想,对社会产生的认识展开了一系列艺术化转换,成为西方古典文学初期的希腊艺术瑰宝。
西方古典文学以独特的艺术表达方法,展现出浪漫主义风格。
希腊神话中所描述的神的形象,也具备人类的外形特征与精神。
友善、俊朗和美丽的神,亦或是凶狠、充满仇恨和丑陋的神,都对人类生活的情景有关联。
希腊神话的艺术表现方式多样化,夸张、抽象、荒诞甚至奇特异想地表述出不同“神”的形象。
例如凶残善变的宙斯,温柔美丽聪颖的雅典娜女神,心狠手辣的波塞冬等。
因此希腊神话重所表现出的神的形象,与现实中的人有相似之处,但是神仍然代表着上等阶层的贵族群体,可以纵情享乐、报复、嫉妒、贪财好色和虚荣心。
因此,希腊文学作为西方古典文学的萌芽、欧洲文化的起源,对西方文化的影响并不局限于文学、史诗及戏剧的拓新,也是对人文主义、政治系统和信仰意识的开创。
关于罗马神话希腊神话的文章
关于罗马神话希腊神话的文章
罗马神话和希腊神话是两个不同的文化传统,但存在着很多相似之处。
罗马神话是指古罗马时期所信奉的神灵和神话故事,而希腊神话则是指古希腊时期所信奉的神灵和神话故事。
虽然两者有着共通之处,但罗马神话与希腊神话依然有很多区别。
首先,罗马神话中的神灵更多地体现了实用主义的思想,他们被描绘为为人们带来好处和利益的神灵。
而希腊神话则更加着重于神灵的人性化特征和神灵间的互动与纷争。
其次,罗马神话中的神灵更加正义和秩序,每个神灵都有着自己的职责和地位,而希腊神话则讲述了神灵的个性和情感,一些神灵会因为别的神灵或人类的行为而受到冒犯。
最后,罗马神话的神灵更多地体现了时间和历史的进程,例如祖先神灵和历史人物的崇拜,而希腊神话则更多地关注神灵和英雄的传奇故事和人生价值观。
总的来说,罗马神话和希腊神话都是人类文化中的重要组成部分,它们体现了人类的信仰、智慧和价值观。
古希腊罗马神话论文 (1)
古希腊罗马神话周六第一大节政法学院社会工作11-01 黄妙541109020111我们的英雄——普罗米修斯曾经去图书馆借过《希腊神话》回来看,那时候是本着对宙斯的一点点了解看的,后来没看完,因为觉得故事太离奇,无法理解。
直到选修了古希腊罗马神话这门课程,才重新燃起了我对希腊神话的兴趣,并且深深被故事里各种各样的大神所吸引。
在课上听老师讲故事是最有意思的,可以让因为早起而睡眼惺忪的我们顿时精神百倍。
对于希腊神话的人物,我钟爱普罗米修斯和雅典娜。
因为我认为普罗米修斯是我们人类的英雄,而雅典娜是我们的智慧女神,他们是典型的希腊神话人物代表。
不过,我最熟悉的还是普罗米修斯,这位我们伟大的英雄。
普罗米修斯,名字的意思是“先知”。
他是被宙斯放逐的古老的神苰族的后裔,是地母盖娅与天父乌拉诺斯所生的伊阿佩托斯的儿子。
同时,在西方文学中,普罗米修斯成为“伟大的殉难者”的同义词。
在课上,老师是先给我们展示了他的图片,才开始慢慢讲述他的故事,所以大家都听的津津有味吧。
我看到了下面一首诗歌:是谁?让漫漫黑夜跳跃希望的火苗?是谁?让蛮荒时代沐浴文明的曙光?是谁?甘愿触犯天条也要救人类于水火?是谁?深受酷刑却无怨无悔?啊!巨人,是你给人类带来火种。
送来光和热,送来人类新的纪元!尽管上天和你蓄意为敌――高山险峻,铁链加身。
烈日如火,暴雨如注――但沉重的铁链只能锁住你的身躯,却怎能锁住那颗坦荡无私的心!难道仅仅是物质的火种吗?不,你给予我们的是生生不息的精神火种!勇敢坚强博爱无私这就是你――普罗米修斯!他值得人类去这样赞美,值得人类歌颂和祭奠。
因为他给予人类的不仅仅是生命,还有更多的物质精神文明。
在希腊神话中,普罗米修斯与智慧女神雅典娜共同创造了人类,并教会了人类很多知识。
他也充当了人类的老师,凡是对人有用的,能够使人类满意和幸福的,他都教给他们。
同样的,人们也用爱和忠诚来感谢他,报答他。
但最高的天神宙斯却要求人类敬奉他,让人类必须拿出最好的东西献给他。
古希腊文化论文五篇范文
古希腊文化论文五篇范文第一篇:古希腊文化论文我对古希腊中神的看法古希腊神话故事中有很多神,就如同我们中国神话中的神一样,夜生活正在属于他们的一个天国里。
甚是什么,是客观存在的事物,还是仅仅只是人性灵的一种寄托,这个我不想去探知,信仰不同,得出的结论往往很难一至。
在中国的神话中,神往往是高高在上,不可侵犯,他是力量的象征,是善恶的评定标准,是人们心中永远不敢亵渎的对象,只是因为神可以带给他们丰收富贵,可是他们心中的神给他们带的可远不止是这些,苦难应是极大的,就这样,他们依旧信奉者神。
希腊神话中的神与中国的神有很多相似之处,他们也是力量的象征,善恶的标准掌握在他们手中,但是通向神的世界中也充斥着和人一样的贪婪,阴险,嫉妒,仇恨,他们以自己的意志掌控着人间,带给人们的只是他们自己的利益。
这样的神,与人相比较多的仅仅也只是手中的法力棒而已。
神话故事也恰恰是人们现实生活的一个缩影,是自然条件下人们生活的一种寄托。
神赋予人类一切,神主宰着人的生老病死,他们控制整个社会,无疑所有的善恶的结果都是有神来决定的,神带有人的性格特点,同时他也带有神的涂有特性,他们自由,他们美丽,他们按照自己的生活来主导人类。
他们有亲情,有爱情,也有友情,这和中国神话中的单调生活形成鲜明的对比。
神也是美与恶的集合体,人神可以自由出入人间,寻找自己的生活乐趣,这也许就是身为神的自由。
神的世界和人是息息相关的,神无时无刻不存在人类的生活中。
因此,我们不难得出古希腊神话的多神教性质的来源。
在古代的伯罗奔尼撒半岛,风景美丽,干燥少雨,气候温暖,物产丰富,在这样的环境下孕育出来的文明,有着更多的、不需要为了生存和烦恼的人来思考着各种各样的问题,因此也有了广泛遍布、无处不在、分工明确的众神。
举例说明:古希腊人对大自然力量的崇拜转化为宙斯、对光明、预言的崇拜诞生了阿波罗、对智慧的崇拜形成了雅典娜,对美丽的喜爱转化成阿芙罗忒特……在古希腊多神崇拜的影响下,古希腊人对一切可崇拜的事物进行崇拜,这和中国古代神话相似,但不同的是,中国古代神话体系更复杂,而古希腊神话则清晰地沿着十二主神的地位发展出其他副神。
古希腊罗马神话传说_神话故事
古希腊罗马神话传说说: 没有神话,一切文化都会丧失其健康的天然创造力。
唯有一种用神话调整的视野,才把全部文化运动规束为统一体。
下面是小编为您带来的古希腊罗马神话传说,希望对您有帮助!古希腊罗马神话传说篇一:伊俄卡斯忒和俄狄浦斯给自己的惩罚现在一切都已显示得通明透亮。
俄狄浦斯从大厅跑出,在宫殿中狂奔,要寻找一柄剑从人间斩除那个又是他又是他妻子的妖怪。
但没有人理他,因为大家看着他疯狂而暴怒地跑来都远远避开了。
最后他走到他的寝室,撬开锁闭着的房门,进到屋子里去。
抬头一看,却愕然站着。
在床榻上面吊着伊俄卡斯忒,头发遮盖着脸面。
他面对着这死尸,悲痛得不能说出一个字。
最后他大声哭起来,并将绳索解开,将尸体放下。
他从她的外衣上摘下金钩子,紧紧地抓住它们,高高举起,深深地戳穿自己眼睛,直到眼窝里血流如注,好让他可以不再看见他所做过的和他所遭受的一切。
他要仆人们开门,并引他到忒拜人的面前,使他们可以看见这杀害父亲的刽子手,这以母亲为妻的丈夫,这大地的怪物,这神祇所憎厌的恶徒。
仆人们如命将他引出,但由于人民长久对于这统治者的爱戴和尊敬,他们对于他只有同情。
甚至被他不公正地责骂过的克瑞翁也不嘲笑他,或因他不幸而快乐。
他忙着将这神所惩罚的罪人从众人的眼前带走,将他交给他的孩子们看护。
俄狄浦斯为他的这种慈爱所感动。
他任命他的舅子为他两个年幼的儿子摄护王位,要求将他的不幸的母亲埋葬,并请新国王保护两个无母的孤女。
他自己由于罪上加罪,愿意被放逐出国,再到过去他被父母弃置的喀泰戎山地上,或生或死,全听命于神意的安排。
于是他将他的两个女儿叫来,抚摩着她们的头,作最后的诀别。
他感谢克瑞翁所给与他的这么多的他不应当享受的慈爱,并至诚祈祷,在新国王统治之下,忒拜人民将重新得到神祇的保佑和爱护。
克瑞翁将他领回宫殿。
现在这曾经为千万人所爱戴的国王,这作为忒拜的救星而闻名世界的国王,这曾经解释过最难的谜但在解决自己之谜时却已太晚了的国王,如今已准备好走出他的宫门,如同盲目的乞丐一样,向他的王国的迢遥的边境走去。
古希腊罗马神话赏析论文
古希腊罗马神话赏析论文院系:电气信息工程学院专业:电气工程及其自动化班级:学号:姓名:论奥德修斯人物形象特征希腊神话中有个名叫奥德修斯的战将,用木马计大破特洛伊,一剑刺瞎独目巨人波吕斐摩斯。
他的神勇,引来众女神妖的倾慕。
他战胜魔女基尔克,挡住海妖塞壬美妙歌声的诱惑,摆脱神女卡吕普索的追求,历经磨难,最终回到了自己的皇宫。
那他究竟是个什么性格特征的英雄呢?《伊利亚特》中描述了一个善用言辞、计谋、夜袭、埋伏的奥德修斯。
奥德修斯刚一亮相, 荷马特别强调他外表不起眼, 但是在他从胸中发出宏亮的声音时, 他的言词却像冬日的雪花纷纷落飘下, 没有凡人能同奥德修斯相比。
如此推崇奥德修斯的言辞, 乃因为言辞与智慧相关。
到了《奥德赛》奥德修斯直接凭借智慧和言辞(主要是谎言)完成了另一类型英雄的塑造。
面对战后的新世界, 奥德修斯并不以勇力取胜。
与《伊利亚特》的尚武相比, 《奥德赛》更重智。
奥德修斯的追寻——《奥德赛》的环境比《伊利亚特》复杂得多, 同样是十年的时间, 《伊利亚特》发生的事件定格在特洛亚, 而《奥德赛》里奥德修斯跑遍地中海四处漫游。
《伊利亚特》里的英雄只需在战场格杀, 赢取战斗的胜利; 奥德修斯在战争结束后却面对复杂的人和事, 其处境和际遇几乎涵盖了古代社会的所有模式: 独目巨人波吕斐摩斯的野蛮粗暴, 有教养且愿意送客返乡的费埃克斯人; 助人为乐的友好主人(如赐奥德修斯风袋的风王艾奥洛斯), 吃人的生番巨人族莱斯特律戈涅斯人; 让人遗忘过去的洛托法戈伊人, 歌声迷人却异常危险的女妖塞壬; 善用药草的魔力把人变成猪猡的魔女基尔克, 清纯可爱的少女瑙西卡亚和亲切感性的神女卡吕普索, 等等。
经过这些经历的磨砺, 奥德修斯成为一个阅历丰富, 理解一切事物的人。
荷马让奥德修斯的旅程和返乡成为人生战场, 其残酷激烈丝毫不亚于血肉搏杀的真实战场, 其诡谲奇幻又非真实战场可比。
和奥德修斯同住了七年的神女卡吕普索曾经问他, 为什么不要神女的眷爱和长生不死, 这些不就是凡人追逐的东西吗? 奥德修斯答曰, 他怀念故土, 渴望返回家园对奥德修斯的话不能只作字面的理解。
关于古希腊神话故事的论文
关于古希腊神话故事的论文古希腊神话故事是世界文化遗产中的瑰宝之一,它以其丰富多彩的人物、绚丽的场景和深刻的寓意,深深吸引着人们的关注和研究。
本文将从不同角度探讨古希腊神话故事的魅力和意义。
首先,古希腊神话故事以其独特的表达形式和丰富的象征意义,为我们提供了一扇窥视古希腊文化和思维方式的窗口。
在这些故事中,众神、英雄和凡人共同构成了一个精致的宇宙观,而这种宇宙观又是由古希腊人对世界的认知和理解所塑造而成的。
通过分析这些神话故事,我们可以更好地理解古希腊人对自然、人性和命运的看法,进一步领悟古希腊文化的精髓。
例如,俄耳甫斯的故事揭示了人与自然和谐相处的重要性。
据说,俄耳甫斯是一位具有卓越音乐才能的音乐家。
当他的爱人尤丽狄丝被蛇咬死后,他用美妙的音乐感化了冥界的统治者,获得了让妻子重返人间的机会。
但他在返回人间的途中,因为过于急切地回头看妻子,失去了她。
这个故事告诉我们,人与自然、人与命运之间的关系是如此脆弱而又微妙,我们必须尊重自然的法则,保持谦逊和审慎。
古希腊神话故事也揭示了人性中的复杂和矛盾。
例如,伊卡洛斯的故事告诉我们,人类的欲望和野心有时会导致灾难性的后果。
伊卡洛斯和他的父亲代达罗斯制造了一对由羽毛和蜡制成的翅膀,想要飞向太阳。
然而,他们的自傲和冲动导致了悲剧,因为太阳的热量融化了蜡,伊卡洛斯坠入了海中,而代达罗斯只能悲痛地回到陆地。
这个故事警示我们,要保持谦卑和理性,不要被短视的欲望所蒙蔽。
除了对人性的思考,古希腊神话故事还融入了对生死、爱情和道德的探索。
例如,奥菲斯和尤丽狄丝的故事描绘了爱情的伟大力量和对死亡的追逐。
奥菲斯通过音乐的力量感化了地狱的主宰,从而使尤丽狄丝重返人间。
然而,在重返人间的途中,奥菲斯违背了唯一的规定,即不得回头看她。
由于他违反了这一规定,尤丽狄丝又一次与他分离。
这个故事表达了对命运和死亡的无尽追求,以及爱情的力量和人类对心灵奥秘的渴望。
此外,古希腊神话故事还为后世文学、艺术和思想的发展提供了广阔的启示。
古希腊神话对希腊的影响。论文
古希腊神话对希腊的影响。
论文第一篇:古希腊神话对希腊的影响。
论文古希腊神话对希腊的影响希腊文化是西方文明的起源地,而她的神话又伴随着希腊这个民族一步步进入文明时代,具有永久的魅力。
神话以故事的形式表现了远古人民对自然,社会现象的认识和愿望,是”通过人民的幻想用一种不自觉的艺术方式加工过的自然和社会形式本身”.神话通常以神为主人公,他们包括各种自然神和神话了的英雄人物.神化的情节一般表现为变化,神力和法术.神话的意义通常显示为对某种自然或社会现实的解释,有的表达了先民征服自然,变革社会的愿望。
只有当人类何以凭借语言来表达自己的感情,表达对社会的领悟的时候,神话才有可能产生.原始社会生产力水平十分低下,面对难以捉摸和控制的自然界,人们不由自主的会产生一种神秘和敬畏的感情,而一些特殊的灾害性的自然现象,如地震,洪水,还有人类的生老病死等等,尤其能引起惊奇和恐慌.人们由次幻想出世上存在着超自然的神灵和魔力,并对之加以膜拜,自然就在一定程度上被神话了.神话也就由此产生.神话对于原始人类来说是非常重要的.首先,人们讲述神话,为的是保持社会习俗及社会制度的合理性.神话在维持人们的社会性上有重大的意义.其次,由于生产力低下,尤其面临着令人敬畏的自然界,个人必须把自己融入氏族之中才能生存.神话是把个人和集体联系为一体的一条强有力的精神纽带.再次,先民们在神秘而变换莫测的日常劳动和生活中,积累了相当多而强烈的情绪体验,神话故事可以使难以理解的现实呈现出种种戏剧性的属性,人们在对世界假想性的把握中宣泄了种种令人不安的情绪从古罗马时代起,无数文人便把古希腊文学看成了他们不可企及的却试图攀援的高峰,古老神话中的诸神以及史诗、悲剧中的英雄在抚慰他们心灵的同时也激发了他们无穷无尽的创作源泉。
古希腊神话对欧洲近代的文艺复兴运动,宗教改革运动和启蒙运动产生了重大的影响。
古希腊神话中的以人为本的精神使人们从传统束缚中解脱出来。
尼采的《悲剧的诞生》,对希腊神话中的阿波罗和酒神这两个极富象征形象的创作性阐发,为20世纪现代主义文学发展确立了一个全新的立场。
希腊罗马神话论文
希腊罗马神话结课论文----关于人类起源,世界起源关于人类的起源,世界的起源,至今科学家都不能给出一个让人信服的说法。
研究的角度不同,得出的结论就不同。
在众多的说法中,我对神话中对人类起源,世界起源的说法比较感兴趣,不得不对远古人民产生一种由衷的佩服之情。
神话是由远古人民的集体智慧创作而成并且流传至今的故事,它与神、人类、万物、社会变迁联系在一起,反映了原始人最初关于世界起源、人类起源的构想,突显了民族特色,体现了人类特有的形而上冲动和独特的思维方式。
神话记录了早期人类对自然和自身的理解,对于宇宙万物的认识,以及在这一认识过程中所形成的知识体系和信仰体系。
因此,不同的地域故产生不同的神话故事。
在我国的神话中关于人类起源有数多中的说法。
《淮南子》是比较早的说法,还有盘古开天辟地,女娲造人等神话故事,都是中国的经典的创世神话。
在世界的起源方面,希腊神话在关于太古时期的天地观念与中国神话是相似, 都构想为世界本来是混沌一团、天地不分。
处于混沌的状态(卡俄斯) ,卡俄斯生产地母盖亚(大地) 和孪生兄弟塔耳塔罗斯(地狱) 。
盖亚从单性繁殖了天空(乌拉诺斯—第一代主神)、海洋(蓬托斯)山脉(乌瑞亚),再与所生之子乌拉诺斯结合,生了12个泰坦分别代表了世界最初的些事物(曰、月、天、时间、正义、记忆等)和与蓬托斯结合生育了不同的海神,使之成为希腊神话中诞生的世界上的第一批神(泰坦神),其中克洛诺斯为第二代主神。
泰坦神间彼此结合而生太阳、月亮、星辰等。
宙斯是第二代神王神后克洛诺斯和瑞亚最小的儿子,成为了第三代主神、奥林匹斯的众神之首。
奥林匹斯众神掌管自然和生活的各种现象与事物,组成以宙斯为中心的奥林匹斯神统体系,并且孕育了好多神,就是这样一代一代的繁衍下去,不断丰富完整世界起源人类起源的神话故事。
在生殖性神话的背景下,希腊神话围绕着父子之间的斗争的主题展开,神话故事生动有趣,让我了解了希腊关于世界起源的想法。
综合希腊和中国的神话来比较,希腊和中国的神话都属于生殖性创世神话,不同的地方就是中国属于单性生殖型神话,而希腊神话属于双性生殖型神话。
希腊罗马神话论文美杜莎
From Medusa learn Greece and Rome cultureAbstractGreece and Rome are the cradle of western culture. Greek and Roman mythology, as the symbol of Greece and Rome, are therefore of great significance to the western culture. As a vast system, Greek mythology has an extensive influence on the arts, and the literature and the language of Western civilizations. Poets and artists from ancient times to the present have derived inspiration from Greek mythology. Also, Greek mythology had an influence on the culture of many commentary countries such as Rome. The Greek influence on Rome was explicitly exhibited in the Roman mythology. Like Greek mythology, Roman mythology is the body of traditional stories of gods and heroes, concerning with ancient Rome's legendary origins and religious system. as represented in the literature and visual arts of the Romans. Roman mythology has greatly influenced by Greek mythology with respect to the reinterpretation of Greek myths with a Roman version in Roman mythology. During Rome's protohistory, Greek religion had an influenced on the whole Italian peninsula. In that time, Greek mythology had introduced into Rome. In later time, there had been a popular period artistic imitation of Greek literary models by Roman authors.In both Greek and Roman mythology, they are full of popular heroic legends. These heroic legends can often tell us about the value of the ancient people. The value they worship is often gave to the heroes in their myth. By seeing what kind of value the heroes are addicted to in the myths can have a glimpse on the value of the sociaty in that time.Medusa, one of the three Gorgons, daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. She was the only one of the Gorgons who was subject to mortality. She is celebrated for her personal charms and the beauty of her locks. Neptune became enamoured of her, and obtained her favours in the temple of Minerva. This violation of the sanctity of the temple provoked Minerva, and she changed the beautiful locks of Medusa, which had inspired Neptune’s love to serpents. According t o Apollodorus, Medusa and her sisters came into the world with snakes on their heads, instead of hair, with yellow wings and brazen hands. Their bodies were also covered with impenetrable scales, and their very looks had the power of killing or turning to stones. Perseus rendered his name immortal by his conquest of Medusa. He cut off her head, and the blood that dropped from the wound produced the innumerable serpents that infest Africa. The conqueror placed Medusa's head on the shield of Minerva, which he had used in his expedition. The head still retained the same petrifying power as before, as it was fatally known in the court of Cepheus.. Some suppose that the Gorgons were a nation of women, whom Perseus conquered.Medusa's head is both a mirror and a mask. It is the mirror of collective violence which leaves the Devil's mark on the individual, as well as being the image of death for those who look at it.Key Words: Medusa; head;womenGorgom are three sisters of Greek mythology,they living in the remote of western, they are the daughter of Phorcydes. Their head and neck are full of scales, the hair are many snakes, with a wild boar tusks and a pair of iron hand and golden wings, any see them will immediately turned into stone. Medusa is one of three sisters of Gorgon. Her father is the Nept Poseido while his mother is the see monster Ceto, her hair are many snakes. Three sisters of Gorgon, only Medusa was physically, her sister Cecillia and Euryale is magic body. Allegedly Medusa once was a beautiful girl, because boasted good-looking than Athena.Medusa began her life as a beautiful human, admired for her long, flowing hair. When the sea god Neptune (the Greek god Poseidon) began to fall in love with her, the goddess Minerva (the Greek goddess Athena) became jealous, took away all of her beautiful, leaving her an ugly monster form, beauty became the devil and changed Medusa into a hideous Gorgon, a creature with a head full of snakes. Years later Minerva completed her destruction of Medusa when she helped the young hero Perseus slay the hideous Gorgon. In order to save his mother, Perseus was ordered by Polydectes, the cruel king of the island Seriphos to kill and behead Medusa. Minerva helped him by giving him her shield as protection. After days of traveling, Perseus finally spotted Medusa. To avoid being turned to stone, Perseus looked at the monster through her reflection in Minerva's shield. As he moved nearer, he grew more and more horrified by her repulsive appearance. With one sweep of his sword, Perseus severed Medusa's head from her body. Perseus quickly stuffed Medusa's head inside his sack.When Perseus decapitated the gorgon Medusa, she was already pregnant by the sea god Poseidon who had visited her in the form of a stallion. As her body fell to the ground, the two offspring of this union. Pegasus and the warrior Chrysaor leapt fully developed from her body. The young hero took flight for the island of Seriphos in the winged sandals given to him by the god Dis (the Greek god Hades). When Perseus arrived on Seriphos, he rescued his mother from Polydectes by turning him to stone with Medusa's still deadly head. He then gave the head to the goddess Minerva, who attached the head to her shield to help her in future battles. In Roman and Greek Mythology; Medusa is one of three terrible Gorgon sisters. She has snakes in her hair and bronze claws on her hands. Anyone who looks directly at Medusa immediately turns to stone.Medusa's head, an apparently simple motif linked to the myth of Perseus, was freed through being severed and cut loose from its 'moorings' by the hero in the remote depths of the world. There is something paradoxical about the story since the monster was all the more indestructible because it had been killed. Indeed, the figure of Medusa is characterized by paradox, both in terms of the actual mythical stare, which turned men to stone, and in the interpretations that have been given to it. The fascination that she exerts arises from a combination of beauty and horror. Her head was used, in Ancient times, as an apotropaic mask -- a sort of talisman which both killed and redeemed.As well as being the very symbol of ambiguity, Medusa's head is also one of the most archaic mythical figures, perhaps an echo of the demon Humbaba who was decapitated by Gilgamesh. Everything implies that it is a 'representation' of the mostmeaningful aspect of the sacred. Insofar as it is the role of literature to assume responsibility for the sacred, each era, when confronted with the mystery of the 'origins', has re-examined Medusa's head with its mesmerizing stare as something which conceals the secret of the sacred.In Christian symbolism, Medusa represents the dreaded enemy and death, and thus becomes an embodiment of the Devil. She appears in this guise in a passage in the Book of Arthur which belongs to the cycle of the Holy Grail. In fact, this is a female monster, the 'Ugly Semblance', who lives at the bottom of a river. She does not exercise her powers by turning people to stone, but by causing the waters to swallow them up. Similarly, a play by Calder, which tells of the adventures of Andromeda and Perseus, has the hero, a new incarnation of the Saviour, defeating Medusa who is the personification of Death and Sin.At first glance, therefore, Medusa's head is very much a representation of the terrifying other, of absolute negativity. She continues to fulfill this function in the twentieth-century trilogy by the Greek writer Pandelis Prevelakis, The Ways of Creation, which comprises The Sun of Death , The Head of the Medusa and The Bread of the Angels. In the trilogy, the Gorgon represents both 'Nietzschian nihilism' and the foreign ideologies which threaten Hellenism. The hero sets out to free Greece once again from the monster, but he fails and realizes that there is no longer a single piece of untaited land in his country. Everything points to the fact that the malady specific to modern Greece, and the country's inability to accommodate, change, have provoked this monstrous 'representation' of the other. Medusa's head does indeed seem to be a mask which serves to justify her absolute and evil strangeness.The fact that Medusa is a mask and that this mask hides a more human face, is borne out by the way in which her portrayal is developed from the pre-Classical era to the Hellenistic period. There is a dual transformation i.e. the disappearance of both facial quality and ugliness. Beneath the mask lies what could be called Medusa's 'tragic beauty'.Many elements of the myth suggest, through its basic ambiguity, the tragic nature of Medusa. One of the most revealing of these is the gift from Athena to Asclepius of two drops of the Gorgon's blood, one of which has the power to cure and even resurrect, while the other is a deadly poison. Medusa's blood is therefore the epitome of the 'pharmakon', while she herself -- as is shown by the apotropaic function of her mask -- is a 'pharmakos'. As has been demonstrated by Ren Girard, the 'pharmakos' is the scapegoat whose sacrifice establishes the dual nature of the sacred and reinforces the separation of the monster and the god. However, it is for literature and the arts to reveal the close relationship between opposites and the 'innocence' of the victim. In this respect, the myth of Medusa is revealing.In the same way that there is a hidden similarity between Athena, Goddess of Wisdom, and Medusa, a similarity also exists between the sun, symbol of the Ideal and the Gorgon's mask. Although they are both objects of desire, Athena and the sun are unapproachable and terrifying for those who come too close. This danger is illustrated by the Platonic myth of Phaedrus in which the downfall of souls is brought about by an overpowering desire to see the sun.According to Ovid . the reason for the dispute lay in Poseidon's rape of Medusa inside the temple of the virgin goddess. The goddess is supposed to have punished Medusa by transforming her face, which therefore made Medusa an innocent victim for the second time. Medusa had boasted that she was more beautiful than Athena. Everything points to the face that the goddess found it necessary to set herself apart from her negative double in order to assert her 'own' identity. Common features are numerous. For example, snakes are the attribute of Athena, Moreover, the hypnotic stare is one of the features of the goddess 'with blue-green eyes', whose bird is the owl, depicted with an unblinking gaze. Finally, because she has affixed Medusa's head to her shield, in battle or in anger she assumes the terrifying appearance of the monster. Thus, in the Aeneid , she expresses her wrath by making flames shoot forth from her eyes. These observations are intended to show that Athena and Medusa are the two indissociable aspects of the same sacred power.In this interplay of doubles, the theme of reflection is fundamental. It explains the process of victimization to which Medusa was subjected, and which falls within the province of the superstition of the 'evil eye'. The way to respond to the 'evil eye' is either to use a third eye -- the one that Perseus threw at the Graiae - or to deflect the evil spell by using a mirror. Ovid, in particular, stressed the significance of the shield in which Perseus was able to see the Gorgon without being turned to stone, and which was given to him by Athena. Everything indicates that the mirror was the real weapon.Ovid was responsible for establishing the link with Narcissus, a myth that he made famous. It seems that the same process of victimization is at work here. The individual is considered to have been the victim of his own reflection, which absolves the victimizer from all blame. This association of the two myths appears in a passage in Desportes' Amours d’Hyppolite where the poet tells his lady that she is in danger of seeing herself changed 'into some hard rock' by her 'Medusa's eye'. Even more revealing is Gautier's story Jettatura in which the hero, accused of having the 'evil eye', eventually believes it to be true and watches the monstrous transformation of his face in the mirror: 'Imagine Medusa looking at her horrible, hypnotic face in the lurid reflection of the bronze shield.ConclusionThis terrible woman, the paragon of all women, whom every man simultaneously fears and seeks and for whom Medusa is the mask, is in fact the mother, i.e. the great Goddess Mother whose rites were concealed by the Gorgon's face. Countless texts illustrate Medusa's affinity with the depths of the sea and the terrible power of nature, The snakes are multiple phalluses and petrifaction represents the comforting erection.From this point onwards, the myth of Perseus takes on a new psychological meaning. It tells of the exploit of the hero who, because he has conquered ‘castrating' woman and armed himself with the talisman of Medusa's head, is able to conquer Andromeda, the terrifying virgin, and kill the sea monster which represents the evil aspect of woman. A 'sacred' man must perform the first sexual act with a woman.Gods are a reflection of human and the world in the mythology can be seen as a record of the early life in Greece and Rome However, the myth reveals and this seemsthat woman's 'castration' is a result of the violence imposed on her by the original hero. Woman only appears in the story divided by separative decapitation, casting off the feminine in the remote depths of the world. Cast down, the feminine remains unrecognized within its innermost recess and it is this 'abject' void which maintains the theatre of the world and the logic of the talisman.In this theatre, woman occupies the two opposite extremes of evil and their recess cure. That is why, despite her terrifying power, she is fascinating. 'Fascinum' means 'charm' and 'evil spell', but also 'virile member'. Between the 'emptiness' and the Idol represented by the division of woman, yawns the gulf of male Desire. This persistent ambiguity can be found in the classification of the creature called the Medusa. It owes its name to its resemblance to Medusa's head. Medusa keeps her secret behind the ambiguous mask. Although she is 'representable', she is never 'presentable' and even Perseus only sees her reflected in his shield.In a word, no matter weather she is truly live in this world, she is mysterious and because of her enables the beautiful myth to be played out year and year.。
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古希腊罗马神话论文
最早以前,希腊神话和罗马神话是分开的。
希腊神话构建了一个多神系统,赞扬乐观、积极进取的精神,哲理性强,思想丰富;而罗马神话反映了罗马人的实用主义。
古罗马的“神话”不是故事,而是神与神以及神与人之间错综复杂的关系。
但是,在前215年——前168年罗马在征服了马其顿之后就控制了整个希腊。
罗马人在地中海一带取代了希腊人的统治。
继承了希腊人的成就,也吸收了希腊神话的形象和内容,并给予拉丁化。
因此后来,希腊和罗马神话往往合称为希腊罗马神话,而同一个神话人物常常有两个不同的名字,比如说,海神波塞冬(Poseidon)也叫涅普顿(Neptune)。
宙斯是众神之王,他贪图男欢女爱,可谓妻妾成群,天生人间都有他的私生子女。
他们形成了奥林匹斯神系的成员和半身人英雄。
奥林匹斯十二主神有象征天空和天气的宙斯(zeus),象征婚姻和家庭的天后赫拉(Hera),象征海洋和风浪的海神波塞冬(Poseidon),象征死亡和阴间的冥王哈迪斯(hades),象征爱与美的爱与美之神维纳斯(Venus),象征战争和破坏的战神阿瑞斯(Ares),象征智慧和学问的智慧女神雅典娜(Athene),象征情报与商的偷窥之神赫耳墨斯(Hermes),象征火和锻炼的火神赫淮斯托斯(Hephaestus),象征太阳和音乐的光明之神阿波罗(Apollo),象征狩猎和月亮的月亮女神阿耳忒弥斯(Artemis),象征醉酒和演剧的酒神狄俄尼索斯(Dionysus),象征谷物和丰饶的春神德墨忒尔(Demeter),象征家事和厨房的贞洁之神维斯塔(Vesta)。
其中宙斯与堂妹、水神,聪
慧女神墨提斯生了雅典娜;与姑母、正义和法律女神特密斯生了时序女神;与姐姐、谷物女神得墨忒耳生了冥后泊尔塞福涅;与姑母、记忆女神摩捏莫斯捏生了九个缪斯女神;与堂姐、海神欧律诺墨生了美惠三女神;与堂姐、暗夜女神勒特生了阿波罗和阿特密斯;与姐姐赫拉生了战神阿瑞斯、青春女神赫伯、匠神赫维斯托斯、埃勒提亚。
宙斯的婚姻虽然错综复杂,但是却也反映了远古时代的血婚制和群婚制遗迹。
命运女神Fortuna手持磨轮,正反应了古希腊罗马神话所体现的自然观。
马克思说:“任何神话都是用想象和借助想象一征服自然力支配自然力,把自然力加以形象化。
”而智慧英雄观及个人价值观的体现就在于希腊罗马神话中有许多人物都是集体智慧的代表,其中Athena是智慧的代表。
希腊罗马人还塑造了一系列的英雄,都是智慧和力量的化身,这些英雄以自己的智慧力量和勇气受到了希腊人的崇拜,而这些英雄则成为自然力的化身或幻想中的形象。
希腊罗马神话中的诸神都是被神话了人,是人们把自己崇拜的神看作和她们自己相似的同类而塑造出来。
“诸神不是一种超险的存在,而是人性的神,是人的现实生活的理想化形态。
”因此,“奥林匹斯诸神,不仅是自然力量的象征,而且是人性戏剧化的表现。
”里边的Apple of discord“不和之源、纷争之祸根”讲的就是三位女神—Hera、Athena以及Aphrodite为了争夺不和女神Eris的金苹果。
从社会角度看,神话是加工的自然和社会形态本身。
从神话和时代特征的关系看,它是氏族公社社会基本特征
的表现。
马克思讲的是“通过人民的幻想用一种不自觉的方式加工过的自然和社会本身。
”
另外,古希腊罗马神话典故在欧美国家语言文化中也有一定的体现。
不同的行星也又不同的神所掌管。
其中,金星Venus—Aphrodite爱与美之神,火星Mars—Ares战神等等。
在地理中,许多地名、山名、河名的名称民源与希腊罗马诸神的名称。
其中,Athens就源于雅典娜。
雅典娜Athena和海神波塞冬Poseidon 争夺此城市,最后被雅典娜所掌管。
而欧洲Europe源于被宙斯劫持到克里特岛的腓尼基公主Europa,巴黎是与特洛伊王子Paris 的名字命名的,阿特拉斯山Atlas Mountain和大西洋Athlantic Ocean源于提坦神之一Atlas。
古希腊罗马神话在欧美文学中也有体现,像但丁的《神曲》、伏尔泰的《俄普狄斯》、古希腊悲剧是人埃斯库罗斯的悲剧《被束缚的普罗米修斯》。
而对欧洲现代艺术的影响则体现在安东尼奥~波拉约洛的油画《阿波罗与达芙妮》、雅各布~艾米格尼的《朱诺受到阿尔格斯的头颅》、安东尼奥~卡诺瓦的《丘比特和普塞克》。
在英语中像Do in Rome as the romans do也起源于古希腊罗马神话。
希腊罗马神话故事是希腊人民生活与人生的折射,他反映了古希腊人民对自然和英雄人物的崇拜和理想化,以及他们为了生存和自然所进行的顽强斗争,是极具价值的文化遗产。
在为读者打开一扇故事大门的同时,也为他们开启了一扇心灵的小窗。
所以,古希腊神话故事并不仅仅影响着我们的童年,还延续到我们今后的人生。
时常翻开这些神话故事,
给自己一些空间,去感受与现实生活不一样的精神境界,灵感的激发,思维的碰撞,每一个细微之处都会让人惊喜不已。
这次的选修课获益良多,不仅让我加强了英语的学习,也让我对古希腊罗马神话有了更多的了解。
很喜欢这学期的选修课,谢谢老师!
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