曼昆宏观经济学第三十章

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宏观经济学学习笔记(曼昆经济学原理)30章节

《经济学原理_宏观经济学》第30章货币增长与通货膨胀一、重要名词解释货币数量论：一种认为可得到的货币量决定物价水平，可得到的货币量的增长率决定通货膨胀率的理论。

名义变量：按货币单位衡量的变量。

真实变量：按实物单位衡量的变量。

古典二分法：名义变量和真实变量的理论区分。

货币中性：认为货币供给变动并不影响真实变量的观点。

货币流通速度：货币易手的速度。

(货币流通速度也称为货币周转率，指一单位货币每年用来购买经济中最终产品和劳务总量的平均次数。

)⨯=⨯，它把货币量、货币流通速度和经济中物品与服务产岀数量方程式：即方程式M V P Y的美元价值联系在一起。

费雪效应：名义利率对通货膨胀率所进行的一对一的调整。

皮鞋成本：当通货膨胀鼓励人们减少货币持有量时所浪费的资源。

菜单成本：改变价格的成本。

二、重要摘抄1.如果P是用货币衡量的物品与服务的价格，那么1/P就是用物品与服务衡量的货币价值。

而供给与需求决定了货币的价值，联邦储备与银行体系共同决定货币的供给，而货币需求反映了人们想以流动性形式持有的财富量。

虽然许多变量都影响货币需求，但有一个变量最为重要：经济中的平均物价水平。

在长期中，物价总水平会调整到使货币需求等于货币供给的水平。

图1 货币供给与货币需求如何决定均衡的物价水平横轴表示货币量，左边纵轴表示货币价值(1/P)，右边纵轴表示物价水平(P)。

货币供给曲线是垂直的，因为美联储将货币供给量固定了。

货币需求曲线向右下方倾斜，因为当每一美元买的东西减少时人们想持有的货币量就更多。

显然，当政府通过各种途径向经济中注入货币时创造了超额货币供给，货币供给增加；货币的注入增加了人们对物品与服务的需求，然而经济中生产物品与服务的能力并没有改变，因此这种对物品与服务需求的增加就引起价格上升；而物价水平上升又增加了货币需求量，最终导致货币价值下降，物价水平上升。

根据货币数量论，经济中可得到的货币量决定了货币的价值，而且货币量増长是通货膨胀的主要原因。

曼昆宏观经济学第30章货币增长与通货膨胀

Money Growth andInflation货币增长与通货膨胀302008-5-231什么是通货膨胀？通货膨胀是总体物价水平的持续上升。

超速通货膨胀是极高的通货膨胀率。

2008-5-232通货膨胀的历史¾在过去的60年间，物价平均每年上升5％左右。

¾通货紧缩——平均物价水平的降低，在19世纪的美国发生过这种情况。

¾超速通货膨胀——极高的通货膨胀率，20世纪20年代德国发生过这种情况。

¾在20世纪70年代，物价每年上升7％。

¾在20世纪90年代，物价平均每年上升2％2008-5-233古典通货膨胀理论¾货币数量论（The Quantity Theory ofMoney）被用来解释物价水平和通货膨胀率的长期决定因素。

¾通货膨胀是一种广泛的经济现象，它涉及到的是经济中交换媒介的价值。

¾当总体物价水平上升时，货币的价值降低。

2008-5-234货币供给、货币需求与货币均衡¾货币供给量是美联储控制的政策变量。

¾货币需求有几个决定因素，包括利率和经济中的平均物价水平。

¾人们持有货币是因为它是交换媒介。

¾在长期中，物价总水平调整到货币需求等于供给的水平。

2008-5-235货币数量论¾对物价水平如何决定以及为什么它一直在变的解释被称为货币数量论。

¾经济中的货币量决定了货币的价值。

¾货币量增长是通货膨胀的主要原因。

2008-5-238古典二分法与货币中性¾名义变量——按货币单位衡量的变量。

¾实际变量——按实物单位衡量的变量。

¾根据休谟和其他学者的观点，实际经济变量（生产、就业、实际工资、实际利率）不随着货币供给的变化而变化。

¾根据古典二分法，影响实际变量和名义变量的力量是不同的。

¾货币中性：货币供给变动影响名义变量而不影响实际变量。

经济学原理曼昆(宏观部分答案)

第八篇宏观经济学的数据第二十三章一国收入的衡量复习题 1 ．解释为什么一个经济的收入必定等于其支出? 答：对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出。

因为每一次交易都有两方：买者和卖者.一个买者的1 美元支出是另一个卖者的1 美元收入。

因此，交易对经济的收入和支出作出了相同的贡献。

由于GDP 既衡量总收入135 又衡量总支出,因而无论作为总收入来衡量还是作为总支出来衡量，GDP 都相等。

2 ．生产一辆经济型轿车或生产一辆豪华型轿车,哪一个对GDP 的贡献更大?为什么？答：生产一辆豪华型轿车对GDP 的贡献大。

因为GDP 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。

由于市场价格衡量人们愿意为各种不同物品支付的量，所以市场价格反映了这些物品的市场价值。

由于一辆豪华型轿车的市场价格高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价格，所以一辆豪华型轿车的市场价值高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价值，因而生产一辆豪华型轿车对GDP 的贡献更大.3 ．农民以2 美元的价格把小麦卖给面包师.面包师用小麦制成面包，以3 美元的价格出售.这些交易对GDP 的贡献是多少呢? 答:对GDP 的贡献是3 美元。

GDP 只包括最终物品的价值，因为中间物品的价值已经包括在最终物品的价格中了。

4 ．许多年以前，Peggy 为了收集唱片而花了500 美元。

今天她在旧货销售中把她收集的物品卖了100 美元。

这种销售如何影响现期GDP？答：现期GDP 只包括现期生产的物品与劳务,不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易。

因而这种销售不影响现期GDP.5 ．列出GDP 的四个组成部分。

各举一个例子.答：GDP 等于消费（C)+投资(I)+政府购买（G)+净出口(NX）消费是家庭用于物品与劳务的支出,如汤姆一家人在麦当劳吃午餐。

投资是资本设备、存货、新住房和建筑物的购买，如通用汽车公司建立一个汽车厂.政府购买包括地方政府、州政府和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出，如海军购买了一艘潜艇.净出口等于外国人购买国内生产的物品（出口）减国内购买的外国物品（进口）。

曼昆宏观经济学提纲

宏观经济学之所以成为宏观，是因为它的研究对象是一国经济运行，包括通货膨胀、经济增长等，而不仅仅是一个企业、市场或家庭的经济行为。

宏观经济学滥觞于凯恩斯，至今已经和微观经济学分庭抗礼，而且宏观经济政策在经济活动中作用十分巨大。

曼昆经济学原理宏观部分开篇讨论宏观经济中各种数据，当然，在宏观经济学中数据始终扮演十分重要的角色，在指标监控基础上形成的各种宏观经济政策调控工具是决策者的宠儿。

第二十三章中，曼昆论述了一国收入的衡量。

一般来说，衡量一国国民经济可以从收入和支出两个角度来计算，而在一个经济活动中必然有一个收入对应一个支出，所以两种方法得到的结论是一样的。

在这里，无论微观还是宏观，基本上都逃不掉如下这幅图：接下来，曼昆讨论了国民生产总值的含义。

众所周知，国家会统计每季度的GDP ，并在年末获得年度GDP 。

国民生产总值是在一定时间内一个国家所生产的所有最终商品和劳务的市场价值。

深刻理解国民生产总值含义要抓住每一个词汇，这是宏观里非常重要的概念。

与GDP 相似的还有如下几个收入概念：GNP GDP NNP GNP NI NNP PI NI =+=-=-=-本国国民民国外所得-外国国民本国所得折旧企业间接税+企业贴补企业留存收益+其他所得可支配收入=PI-个人所得税按照四部门经济模型，我们可以有如下GDP 构成： GDP C I G NX =+++这里必须强调投资和我们平时所讲的投资是有区别的，这里投资主要是购买用于生产物品的物品，也就购买生产资料，包括机械、建筑等。

在第二十三章最后一节里，曼昆阐述了三个非常重要的概念：名义GDP 、真实GDP 和GDP 平减指数。

概而言之，名义GDP 是以当年价格乘以生产数量而得到的数字；真实GDP 主要排除了价格的影响，以一个年份的价格作为不变价格，乘以当年生产数量从而得到真实GDP ，主要反映生产数量的变化，可以更好的衡量一国的经济福利；GDP 平减指数是用来衡量价格变动的指标，GDP 100GDPGDP =⨯名义平减指数真实。

曼昆经济学原理Chapter 30

© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
– New equilibrium
• Supply curve shifts right • Value of money decreases • Price level increases
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学分册第6版课后习题详解第30章货币增长与通货膨胀

曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》（第6版）第30章货币增长与通货膨胀课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

一、概念题1．货币数量论（quantity theory of money）（西北大学2008研）答：货币数量论是关于货币数量与物价水平关系的一种历史悠久的货币理论。

这种理论最早由16世纪法国经济学家波丹提出，现在继承这一传统的是美国经济学家弗里德曼的现代货币数量论。

这一理论的基本思想是：货币的价值（即货币的购买力）和物价水平都由货币数量决定。

货币的价值与货币数量成反比例变动，物价水平与货币数量同方向变动。

这就是说，货币数量越多，货币的价值越低，而物价水平越高；反之，货币数量越少，货币的价值越高，而物价水平越低。

货币数量论还提供了一种对物价水平变动的解释，即认为一个经济体系的物价水平与其货币供应量成正比例变动。

货币数量论以费雪交易方程式为依据，只考虑货币作为交换媒介的作用，而未考虑货币作为价值贮藏的作用。

2．名义变量与真实变量（nominal variables & real variables）答：真实变量是用实物单位衡量的变量，例如数量和实际国民收入；名义变量是用货币表示的变量，例如物价水平和通货膨胀率。

并且认为货币供给的变化不影响真实变量。

3．古典二分法（classical dichotomy）（中国人民大学2004研；西北大学2008研）答：古典二分法指古典模型中将名义变量与真实变量进行理论划分，从而使名义变量不影响真实变量的一种分析方法。

古典经济学把变量分为真实变量和名义变量。

经济学原理曼昆第五版英文答案Chapter30

SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes1. When the government of a country increases the growth rate of the money supply from 5percent per year to 50 percent per year, the average level of prices will start rising veryquickly, as predicted by the quantity theory of money. Nominal interest rates will increasedramatically as well, as predicted by the Fisher effect. The government may be increasingthe money supply to finance its expenditures.2. Six costs of inflation are: (1) shoeleather costs; (2) menu costs; (3) relative-price variabilityand the misallocation of resources; (4) inflation-induced tax distortions; (5) confusion andinconvenience; and (6) arbitrary redistributions of wealth. Shoeleather costs arise becauseinflation causes people to spend resources going to the bank more often. Menu costs occurwhen people spend resources changing their posted prices. Relative-price variability occursbecause as general prices rise, a fixed dollar price translates into a declining relative price, sothe relative prices of goods are constantly changing, causing a misallocation of resources.The combination of inflation and taxation causes distortions in incentives because people aretaxed on their nominal capital gains and interest income instead of their real income fromthese sources. Inflation causes confusion and inconvenience because it reduces money’sability to function as a unit of account. Unexpected inflation redistributes wealth betweenborrowers and lenders.Questions for Review1. An increase in the price level reduces the real value of money because each dollar in yourwallet now buys a smaller quantity of goods and services.2. According to the quantity theory of money, an increase in the quantity of money causes aproportional increase in the price level.3. Nominal variables are those measured in monetary units, while real variables are thosemeasured in physical units. Examples of nominal variables include the prices of goods,wages, and nominal GDP. Examples of real variables include relative prices (the price of onegood in terms of another), real wages, and real GDP. According to the principle of monetaryneutrality, only nominal variables are affected by changes in the quantity of money.4. Inflation is like a tax because everyone who holds money loses purchasing power. In ahyperinflation, the government increases the money supply rapidly, which leads to a highrate of inflation. Thus the government uses the inflation tax, instead of taxes, to finance itsspending.5. According to the Fisher effect, an increase in the inflation rate raises the nominal interestrate by the same amount that the inflation rate increases, with no effect on the real interestrate.6. The costs of inflation include shoeleather costs associated with reduced money holdings,menu costs associated with more frequent adjustment of prices, increased variability ofrelative prices, unintended changes in tax liabilities due to nonindexation of the tax code,confusion and inconvenience resulting from a changing unit of account, and arbitraryredistributions of wealth between debtors and creditors. With a low and stable rate ofimportant one is the interaction between inflation and the tax code, which may reduce saving and investment even though the inflation rate is low.7. If inflation is less than expected, creditors benefit and debtors lose. Creditors receive dollar payments from debtors that have a higher real value than was expected. Problems and Applications 1. a. If people need to hold less cash, the demand for money shifts to the left, because there will be less money demanded at any price level. b. If the Fed does not respond to this event, the shift to the left of the demand for money combined with no change in the supply of money leads to a decline in the value of money (1/P), which means the price level rises, as shown in Figure 1.Value of Money, 1/p (high)Quantity of Money D 1D 2S 1Price Level p (low)(low)(high)Figure 1c. If the Fed wants to keep the price level stable, it should reduce the money supply from S 1 to S 2 in Figure 2. This would cause the supply of money to shift to the left by the same amount that the demand for money shifted, resulting in no change in the value of money and the price level. Value of Money, 1/p (high)Quantity of Money D 1D 2S 1Price Level p (low)(low)(high)S 22. With constant velocity, reducing the inflation rate to zero would require the money growthrate to equal the growth rate of output, according to the quantity theory of money (M x V = P x Y).3. In this problem, all amounts are shown in billions.a. Nominal GDP = P x Y = $10,000 and Y = real GDP = $5,000, so P = (P x Y)/Y =$10,000/$5,000 = 2.Because M x V = P x Y, then V = (P x Y)/M = $10,000/$500 = 20.b. If M and V are unchanged and Y rises by 5%, then because M x V = P x Y, P must fall by5%. As a result, nominal GDP is unchanged.c. To keep the price level stable, the Fed must increase the money supply by 5%, matchingthe increase in real GDP. Then, because velocity is unchanged, the price level will bestable.d. If the Fed wants inflation to be 10%, it will need to increase the money supply 15%.Thus M x V will rise 15%, causing P x Y to rise 15%, with a 10% increase in prices and a 5% rise in real GDP.4. If a country's inflation rate increases sharply, the inflation tax on holders of money increasessignificantly. Wealth in savings accounts is not subject to a change in the inflation taxbecause the nominal interest rate will increase with the rise in inflation. But holders ofsavings accounts are hurt by the increase in the inflation rate because they are taxed on their nominal interest income, so their real returns are lower.5. Hyperinflations usually arise when governments try to finance much of their expenditures byprinting money. This is unlikely to occur if the central bank (which is responsible forcontrolling the level of the money supply) is independent of the government.6. a. When the price of both goods doubles in a year, inflation is 100%. Let’s set the marketbasket equal to one unit of each good. The cost of the market basket is initially $4 andbecomes $8 in the second year. Thus, the rate of inflation is ($8 − $4)/$4 × 100% =100%. Because the prices of all goods rise by 100%, the farmers get a 100% increase in their incomes to go along with the 100%increase in prices, so neither is affected by thechange in prices.b. If the price of beans rises to $2 and the price of rice rises to $4, then the cost of themarket basket in the second year is $6. This means that the inflation rate is ($6 − $4) /$4 × 100% = 50%. Bob is better off because his dollar revenues doubled (increased100%) while inflation was only 50%. Rita is worse off because inflation was 50%percent, so the prices of the goods she buys rose faster than the price of the goods (rice) she sells, which rose only 33%.c. If the price of beans rises to $2 and the price of rice falls to $1.50, then the cost of themarket basket in the second year is $3.50. This means that the inflation rate is ($3.5 −$4) / $4 × 100% = -12.5%. Bob is better off because his dollar revenues doubled(increased 100%) while prices overall fell 12.5%. Rita is worse off because inflation was(rice) she sells, which fell 50%.d. The relative price of rice and beans matters more to Bob and Rita than the overallinflation rate. If the price of the good that a person produces rises more than inflation,he or she will be better off. If the price of the good a person produces rises less thaninflation, he or she will be worse off.7. The following table shows the relevant calculations:(a) (b) (c)(1) Nominal interest rate 10.0 6.0 4.0(2) Inflation rate 5.0 2.0 1.0rate 5.0 4.0 3.0(3) Before-tax real interest(4) Reduction in nominal interest rate due to 40% tax 4.0 2.4 1.6(5) After-tax nominal interest rate 6.0 3.6 2.4(6) After-tax real interest rate 1.0 1.6 1.4Row (3) is row (1) minus row (2). Row (4) is .40 x row (1). Row (5) is (1 − .40) x row (1), which equals row (1) minus row (4). Row (6) is row (5) minus row (2). Note that eventhough part (a) has the highest before-tax real interest rate, it has the lowest after-tax real interest rate. Note also that the after-tax real interest rate is much lower than the before-tax real interest rate.8. The shoeleather costs of going to the bank include the value of your time, gas for your carthat is used as you drive to the bank, and the inconvenience of not having more money on hand. These costs could be measured by valuing your time at your wage rate and valuing the gas for your car at its cost. Valuing the inconvenience of being short of cash is harder to measure, but might depend on the value of the shopping opportunities you give up by not having enough money to buy things you want. Your college president differs from you mainly in having a higher wage, thus having a higher cost of time.9. The functions of money are to serve as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a storeof value. Inflation mainly affects the ability of money to serve as a store of value, because inflation erodes money's purchasing power, making it less attractive as a store of value.Money also is not as useful as a unit of account when there is inflation, because stores have to change prices more often and because people are confused and inconvenienced by the changes in the value of money. In some countries with hyperinflation, stores post prices in terms of a more stable currency, such as the U.S. dollar, even when the local currency is still used as the medium of exchange. Sometimes countries even stop using their local currency altogether and use a foreign currency as the medium of exchange as well.10. a. Unexpectedly high inflation helps the government by providing higher tax revenue andreducing the real value of outstanding government debt.b. Unexpectedly high inflation helps a homeowner with a fixed-rate mortgage because hepays a fixed nominal interest rate that was based on expected inflation, and thus pays a lower real interest rate than was expected.c. Unexpectedly high inflation hurts a union worker in the second year of a labor contractbecause the contract probably based the worker's nominal wage on the expectedinflation rate. As a result, the worker receives a lower-than-expected real wage.d. Unexpectedly high inflation hurts a college that has invested some of its endowment ingovernment bonds because the higher inflation rate means the college is receiving alower real interest rate than it had planned. (This assumes that the college did notpurchase indexed Treasury bonds.)11. The redistribution from creditors to debtors is something that happens when inflation isunexpected, not when it is expected. The problems that occur with both expected andunexpected inflation include shoeleather costs associated with reduced money holdings, menu costs associated with more frequent adjustment of prices, increased variability ofrelative prices, unintended changes in tax liabilities due to nonindexation of the tax code, and the confusion and inconvenience resulting from a changing unit of account.12. a. The statement that "Inflation hurts borrowers and helps lenders, because borrowersmust pay a higher rate of interest," is false. Higher expected inflation means borrowerspay a higher nominal rate of interest, but it is the same real rate of interest, soborrowers are not worse off and lenders are not better off. Higher unexpected inflation,on the other hand, makes borrowers better off and lenders worse off.b. The statement, "If prices change in a way that leaves the overall price level unchanged,then no one is made better or worse off," is false. Changes in relative prices can makesome people better off and others worse off, even though the overall price level does not change. See problem 7 for an illustration of this.c. The statement, "Inflation does not reduce the purchasing power of most workers," istrue. Most workers' incomes keep up with inflation reasonably well.。

曼昆《经济学原理》（宏观）第五版测试题库（30）

曼昆《经济学原理》（宏观）第五版测试题库（30）Chapter 30Money Growth and InflationTRUE/FALSE1. The inflation rate is measured as the percentage change in a price index.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 30-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: InflationKEY: MSC: Definitional2. U.S. prices rose at an average annual rate of about 4 percent over the last 70 years.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 30-0NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: InflationMSC: Analytical3. The United States has never had deflation.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 30-0NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: DeflationMSC: Definitional4. In the 1990s, U.S. prices rose at about the same rate as in the 1970s.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 30-0NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: U.S. inflationMSC: Definitional5. As the price level falls, the value of money falls.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 30-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Value | MoneyMSC: Interpretive6. The price level is determined by the supply of, and demand for, money.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 30-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Money marketMSC: Definitional7. If the quantity of money supplied is greater than the quantity demanded, then prices should fall.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 30-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Money marketMSC: Analytical8. Dollar prices and relative prices are both nominal variables.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 30-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of moneyTOP: Nominal variables | Real variables MSC: Definitional9. The quantity equation is M x V = P x Y.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 30-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Quantity equationMSC: Definitional10. According to the Fisher effect, if inflation rises then the nominal interest rate rises.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 30-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Fisher effectMSC: Definitional11. An increase in money demand would create a surplus of money at the original value of money.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 30-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Money marketMSC: Applicative201412. Hyperinflations are associated with governments printing money to finance expenditures.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 30-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: HyperinflationMSC: Definitional13. For a given level of money and real GDP, an increase in velocity would lead to an increase in the price level. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 30-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Velocity of moneyMSC: Analytical14. The quantity theory of money can explain hyperinflations but not moderate i nflation.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 30-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: HyperinflationMSC: Interpretive15. If P represents the price of goods and services measured in money, then 1/P is the value of money measured interms of goods and services.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 30-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Money | ValueMSC: Interpretive16. When the value of money is on the vertical axis, an increase in the price level shifts money demand to theright.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 30-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Money demandMSC: Applicative17. The money supply curve shifts to the left when the Fed buys government bonds.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 30-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Money supplyMSC: Analytical18. When the value of money is on the vertical axis, the money supply curve slopes upward because an increase in the value of money induces banks to create more money.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 30-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Money supplyMSC: Definitional19. If the Fed increases the money supply, the equilibrium value of money decreases and the equilibrium price level increases.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 30-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Money marketMSC: Analytical20. A rising price level eliminates an excess supply of money.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 30-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Money marketMSC: Analytical21. A rising value of money eliminates an excess supply of money.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 30-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Money marketMSC: Analytical22. Nominal GDP measures output of final goods and services in physical terms.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 30-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Nominal variablesMSC: Interpretive2016 Chapter 30 /Money Growth and Inflation23. The classical dichotomy is useful for analyzing the economy because in the long run nominal variables are heavily influenced by developments in the monetary system, and real variables are not.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 30-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Classical dichotomyMSC: Definitional24. The irrelevance of monetary changes for real variables is called monetary neutrality. Most economists accept monetary neutrality as a good description of the economy in the long run, but not the short run.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 30-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Monetary neutralityMSC: Interpretive25. The quantity theory of money implies that if output and velocity are constant, then a 50 percent increase in themoney supply would lead to less than a 50 percent increase in the price level.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 30-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Quantity theoryMSC: Applicative26. The source of all four classic hyperinflations was high rates of money growth.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 30-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: HyperinflationMSC: Definitional27. In the long run, an increase in the growth rate of the money supply leads to an increase in the real interest rate,but no change in the nominal interest rate.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 30-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Quantity theoryMSC: Definitional28. Inflation induces people to spend more resources maintaining lower money holdings. The costs of doing thisare called shoeleather costs.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 30-2NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Shoeleather costs of inflation MSC: Definitional29. Shoeleather costs and menu costs are both costs of anticipated inflation.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 30-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflationTOP: Shoeleather costs of inflation | Menu costs o f inflation MSC: Definitional30. For a given real interest rate, an increase in the inflation rate reduces the after-tax real interest rate.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 30-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP:Inflation | Taxes | Real interest rate MSC: Analytical31. Inflation necessarily distorts saving when either real interest income or nominal interest income is taxed. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 30-2NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Inflation | Real interest rate MSC: Interpretive32. Inflation distorts savings when real interest income, rather than nominal interest income, is taxed.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 30-2NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Inflation | Real interest rate MSC: Interpretive33. Suppose the nominal interest rate is 10 percent; the tax rate on interest income is 28 percent, and the inflationrate is 6 percent. Then the after-tax real interest rate is -3.2 percent.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 30-2NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Taxes | Real interest rateMSC: Interpretive34. Suppose the nominal interest rate is 5 percent; the tax rate on interest income is 30 percent, and the after-taxreal interest rate is 0.8 percent. Then the inflation rate is 2.7 percent.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 30-2NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Taxes | Real interest rate MSC: Interpretive35. If the Fed were to unexpectedly increase the money supply, creditors would gain at the expense of debtors. ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 30-2NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of moneyTOP: Wealth redistribution | Inflation MSC: Applicative36. If inflation is higher than expected, then borrowers make nominal interest payments that are less than theyexpected.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 30-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Menu costs of inflationMSC: Applicative37. Inflation is costly only if it is unanticipated.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 30-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Inflation costsMSC: Interpretive38. Even though monetary policy is neutral in the short run, it may have profound real effects in the long run. ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 30-3NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Monetary neutralityMSC: InterpretiveSHORT ANSWER1. Why did farmers in the late 1800s dislike deflation?ANS:Most had large nominal debts. The decrease in the price level meant that they received less for what they produced and so made it harder to pay off the debts whose real value rose as prices fell.DIF: 2 REF: 30-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The role of money TOP: Deflation MSC: Analytical2. Explain the adjustment process in the money market that creates a change in the price level when the moneysupply increases.ANS:When the money supply increases, there is an excess supply of money at the original value of money. After the money supply increases, people have more money than they want to hold in their purses, wallets and checking accounts. They use this excess money to buy goods and services or lend it out to other people to buy goods and services. The increase in expenditures causes prices to rise and the value of money to fall. As the value of money falls, the quantity of money people want to hold increases so that the excess supply is eliminated. At the end of this process the money market is in equilibrium at a higher price level and a lower value of money.DIF: 2 REF: 30-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The role of money TOP: Money marketMSC: Analytical2018 Chapter 30 /Money Growth and Inflation3. Suppose the Fed sells government bonds. Use a graph of the money market to show what this does to the valueof money.ANS:When the Fed sells government bonds, the money supply decreases. This shifts the money supply curve from MS1 to MS2 and makes the value of money increase. Since money is worth more, it takes less to buy goods with it, which means the price level falls.DIF: 2 REF: 30-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The role of money TOP: Money marketMSC: Analytical4. Using separate graphs, demonstrate what happens to the money supply, money demand, the value of money,and the price level if:a. the Fed increases the money supply.b. people decide to demand less money at each value of money.ANS:a. The Fed increases the money supply. When the Fed increases the money supply, the money supply curveshifts right from MS1 to MS2. This shift causes the value of money to fall, so the price level rises.b. People decide to demand less money at each value of money. Since people want to hold less at eachvalue of money, it follows that the money demand curve will shift to the left from MD1 to MD2. Thedecrease in money demand results in a lower value of money and so a higher price level.DIF: 2 REF: 30-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The role of money TOP: Money marketMSC: Analytical5. According to the classical dichotomy, what changes nominal variables? What changes real variables? ANS:The classical dichotomy argues that nominal variables are determined primarily by developments in the monetary system such as changes in money demand and supply. Real variables are largely independent of the monetary system and are determined by productivity and real changes in the factor and loanable funds markets.DIF: 1 REF: 30-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The role of money TOP: Classical dichotomyMSC: Definitional6. Suppose that monetary neutrality holds. Of the following variables, which ones do not change when themoney supply increases?a. real interest ratesb. inflationc. the price leveld. real outpute. real wagesf. nominal wagesANS:a. real interest ratesd. real outpute. real wagesDIF: 1 REF: 30-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The role of money TOP: Monetary neutralityMSC: Interpretive7. Wages and prices are many times higher today than they were 30 years ago, yet people do not work a lot morehours or buy fewer goods. How can this be?ANS:Inflation has raised the general price level. An increase in the general price level has no effect on real variables in the long run. Wages are higher, but so are prices. Prices are higher, but so are wages and incomes. In the long run, people change their behavior in response to changes in real variables, not nominal ones.DIF: 2 REF: 30-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The role of money TOP: Nominal variables | Real variablesMSC: Interpretive8. Identify each of the following as nominal or real variables.a. the physical output of goods and servicesb. the overall price levelc. the dollar price of applesd. the price of apples relative to the price of orangese. the unemployment ratef. the amount that shows up on your paycheck after taxesg. the amount of goods you can purchase with the wage you get each hourh. the taxes that you pay the governmentANS:a. real variableb. nominal variablec. nominal variabled. real variablee. real variablef. nominal variableg. real variableh. nominal variableDIF: 1 REF: 30-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The role of money TOP: Nominal variables | Real variablesMSC: Interpretive2020 Chapter 30 /Money Growth and Inflation9. Define each of the symbols and explain the meaning o f M V = P Y.ANS:M is the quantity of money, V is the velocity of money, P is the price level, and Y is the quantity of o utput. P Y is nominal GDP. The amount people spend should equal the amount of money in the economy times the average number of times each unit of currency is spent.DIF: 1 REF: 30-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The role of money TOP: Velocity MSC: Definitional10. What assumptions are necessary to argue that the quantity equation implies that increases in the money supplylead to proportional changes in the price level?ANS:We must suppose that V is relatively constant and that changes in the money supply have no effect on real output. DIF: 2 REF: 30-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The role of money TOP: Quantity theoryMSC: Definitional11. What is the inflation tax, and how might it explain the creation of inflation by a central bank?ANS:The inflation tax refers to the fact that inflation is a tax on money. When prices rise, the value of money currently held is reduced. Hence, when a government raises revenue by printing money, it obtains resources from households by taxing their money holdings through inflation rather than by sending them a tax bill. In countries where governments are unable or unwilling to raise revenues by raising taxes explicitly, the inflation tax may be an alternative source of revenue.DIF: 1 REF: 30-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The role of money TOP: Inflation tax MSC: Interpretive12. Economists agree that increases in the money-supply growth rate increase inflation and that inflation isundesirable. So why have there been hyperinflations and how have they been ended?ANS:Typically, the government in countries that had hyperinflation started with high spending, inadequate tax revenue, and limited ability to borrow. Therefore, they turned to the printing presses to pay their bills. Massive and continued increases in the quantity of money led to hyperinflation, which ended when the governments instituted fiscal reforms eliminating the need for the inflation tax and subsequently slowed money supply growth.DIF: 2 REF: 30-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The role of money TOP: HyperinflationMSC: Interpretive13. Suppose that velocity and output are constant and that the quantity theory and the Fisher effect both hold.What happens to inflation, real interest rates, and nominal interest rates when the money supply growth rate increases from 5 percent to 10 percent?ANS:Inflation and nominal interest rates each increase by 5 percent points. There is no change in the real interest rate or any other real variable.DIF: 1 REF: 30-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The role of money TOP: Inflation MSC: Analytical14. In recent years Venezuela and Russia have had much higher nominal interest rates than the United Stateswhile Japan has had lower nominal interest rates. What would you predict is true about money growth in these other countries? Why?ANS:The Fisher effect says that increases in the inflation rate lead to one-to-one increases in nominal interest rates. The quantity theory says that in the long run, inflation increases one-to-one with money supply growth. It follows that differences in nominal interest rates may be due to differences in money supply growth rates. It is reasonable to guess that much higher nominal interest rates in Venezuela and Russia indicate higher money supply growth while lower interest rates in Japan indicate lower money supply growth.DIF: 1 REF: 30-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The role of money TOP: Fisher effect MSC: Applicative15. The U.S. Treasury Department issues inflation-indexed bonds. What are inflation-indexed bonds and why arethey important?ANS:Inflation-indexed bonds are bonds whose interest and principal payments are adjusted upward for inflation, guaranteeing their real purchasing power in the future. They are important because they provide a safe, inflation- proof asset for savers and they may allow the Treasury to borrow more easily at a lower current cost.DIF: 1 REF: 30-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The role of money TOP: Index bonds MSC: Definitional16. List and define any two of the costs of high inflation.ANS:The costs include:Shoeleather costs: the resources wasted when inflation induces people to reduce their money holdings.Menu costs: the cost of more frequent price changes at higher inflation rates.Relative Price Variability: because prices change infrequently, higher inflation causes relative prices to vary more. Decisions based on relative prices are then distorted so that resources may not be allocated efficiently.Inflation Induced Tax Distortions: the income tax is not completely indexed for inflation; an increase in nominal income created by inflation results in higher real tax rates that discourage savings.Confusion and Inconvenience: inflation decreases the reliability of the unit of account making it more complicated to differentiate successful and unsuccessful firms thereby impeding the efficient allocation of funds to alternative investments.Unexpected Inflation: inflation decreases the real value of debt thereby transferring wealth from creditors to debtors. DIF: 1 REF: 30-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The role of money TOP: Inflation costsMSC: Definitional17. Inflation distorts relative prices. What does this mean and why does it impose a cost on society?ANS:Relative prices are the value of one good in terms of other goods. Relative prices ordinarily provide signals concerning therelative scarcity of goods so the goods may be allocated efficiently. Some prices change infrequently, so that when inflation rises, there is greater variation in relative prices. However, changes in relative prices created by inflation do not signal changes in the scarcity of goods and so lead to an inefficient allocation of goods and resources.DIF: 1 REF: 30-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The role of money TOP: Relative price variabilityMSC: Interpretive18. Explain how inflation affects savings.ANS:Inflation discourages savings. Income tax is collected on nominal rather than real interest rates. So an increase in inflation will increase nominal interest rates and taxes. The increase in taxes in turn lowers the real return on savings and so discourages savings.DIF: 1 REF: 30-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The role of money TOP: Saving | InflationMSC: Applicative2022 Chapter 30 /Money Growth and Inflation19. The U.S. Treasury Department began issuing inflation-indexed bonds in early 1997. Since these assets arevirtually risk free, both in terms of default risk and inflation risk, will they quickly replace all other kinds of assets that still entail risk of one kind or another, such as ordinary government bonds or corporate bonds?Explain.ANS:When individuals are choosing between assets of different kinds, they consider both expected return and risk. Because the new inflation-indexed bonds have very low risk, they will also have very low real interest rates. So they will not replace other, more risky assets that promise to pay a much higher real interest rate. They do, however, offer a way of escaping some inflation risk, and have become a popular addition to portfolios.DIF: 1 REF: 30-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The role of money TOP: Index bonds MSC: AnalyticalSec00 - Money Growth and InflationMULTIPLE CHOICE1. Over the past 70 years, prices in the U.S. have risen on average abouta. 2 percent per year.b. 4 percent per year.c. 6 percent per year.d. 8 percent per year.ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 30-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Inflation rateMSC: Definitional2. Over the past 70 years, the overall price level in the U.S. has experienced a(n)a. 4-fold increase.b. 8-fold increase.c. 12-fold increase.d. 16-fold increase.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 30-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Inflation rateMSC: Definitional3. Over the last 70 years, the average annual U.S. inflation rate was abouta. 2 percent, implying that prices have increased 10-fold.b. 4 percent, implying that prices have increased 10-fold.c. 2 percent, implying that prices have increased 16-fold.d. 4 percent, implying that prices increased about 16-fold.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 30-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Inflation rateMSC: Definitional4. Inflation can be measured by thea. change in the consumer price index.b. percentage change in the consumer price index.c. percentage change in the price of a specific commodity.d. change in the price of a specific commodity.ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 30-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: InflationMSC: Definitional5. Which of the following is not correct?a. The inflation rate is measured as the percentage change in a price index.b. For the last 40 or so years, U.S. inflation hasn’t shown much variation from its average rate of about 2 percent.c. During the 19th century there were long periods of falling prices.d. Some economists argue that the costs of moderate inflation are not nearly as large as the general public believes.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 30-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: InflationMSC: Interpretive6. In which of the following cases was the inflation rate 10 percent over the last year?a. One year ago the price index had a value of 110 and now it has a value of 120.b. One year ago the price index had a value of 120 and now it has a value of 132.c. One year ago the price index had a value of 126 and now it has a value of 140.d. One year ago the price index had a value of 145 and now it has a value of 163. ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 30-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Inflation rateMSC: Applicative7. If the price level increased from 120 to 126, then what was the inflation rate?a. 3 percentb. 5 percentc. 6 percentd. None of the above is correct.ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 30-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Inflation rateMSC: Applicative8. If the price level increased from 120 to 150, then what was the inflation rate?a. 30 percentb. 25 percentc. 20 percentd. None of the above is correct.ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 30-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Inflation rateMSC: Applicative9. When prices are falling, economists say that there isa. disinflation.b. deflation.c. a contraction.d. an inverted inflation.ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 30-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: DeflationMSC: Definitional10. Deflationa. increases incomes and enhances the ability of debtors to pay off their debts.b. increases incomes and reduces the ability of debtors to pay off their debts.c. decreases incomes and enhances the ability of debtors to pay off their debts.d. decreases incomes and reduces the ability of debtors to pay off their debts. ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 30-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: DeflationMSC: Interpretive。

曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解

曼昆《经济学原理〔宏观经济学分册〕》〔第6版〕第35章通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经历，从前辈中获得的经历对初学者来说是珍贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。

以下容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进展咨询。

一、概念题1．菲利普斯曲线〔Phillips curve〕〔师大学2004研；工业大学2005、2006研；大学2006研〕答：菲利普斯曲线是指货币工资变动率与失业率之间交替关系的曲线。

它是由英国经济学家菲利普斯根据1861～1957年英国的失业率和货币工资变动率的经历统计资料提出来的，故称之为菲利普斯曲线。

这条曲线表示，当失业率高时，货币工资增长率低，反之，当失业率低时，货币工资增长率高。

因此，如图35-1所示，横轴代表失业率〔U〕，纵轴代表货币工资增长率〔W〕，菲利普斯曲线是一条向右下方倾斜的曲线。

根据本钱推动型通货膨胀的理论，货币工资增长率决定了价格增长率，所以，菲利普斯曲线也可以表示通货膨胀率和失业率之间的交替关系，即当失业率高时，通货膨胀率低；反之，当失业率低时，通货膨胀率高。

图35-1 菲利普斯曲线新古典综合派经济学家把菲利普斯曲线作为调节经济的依据，即当失业率高时，实行扩性财政政策与货币政策，以承受一定通货膨胀率为代价换取较低的失业率；当通货膨胀率高时，实行紧缩性的财政政策与货币政策，借助提高失业率以降低通货膨胀率。

货币主义者对菲利普斯曲线所表示的通货膨胀率与失业率之间的交替关系提出了质疑，并进一步论述了短期菲利普斯曲线、长期菲利普斯曲线和附加预期的菲利普斯曲线，以进一步解释在不同条件下，通货膨胀率与失业率之间的关系。

理性预期学派进一步以理性预期为依据解释了菲利普斯曲线。

2024版曼昆《宏观经济学》课件讲义

• 产业政策分析：产业政策是政府为了促进特定产业发展而采取的一系列政策措施。在总需求-总供给模型中，产业政策可以通过改变生产要素配置、技术创新和市场竞争环境等方式来影响相关产业的供给能力和市场需求。例如，政府可以通过提供税收优惠、投资补贴等方式来降低企业成本和提高盈利能力；同时也可以通过加强知识产权保护、推动技术创新等方式来提高企业竞争力和市场地位；这些措施可以促进相关产业快速发展并满足市场需求。
总需求曲线表示不同价格水平下，经济社会中商品和劳务的需求量。它通常向右下方倾斜，表明价格水平与总需求量之间存在负相关关系。总需求曲线的推导基于货币数量论、利率效应、财富效应等因素。
影响因素分析
影响总需求曲线的因素包括物价水平、收入水平、利率水平、消费者信心等。物价水平上升会导致实际货币供应量减少，进而降低总需求；收入水平提高会增加消费和投资支出，从而增加总需求；利率水平下降会降低储蓄倾向，增加消费和投资支出，提高总需求；消费者信心增强会促进消费和投资支出增加，推动总需求上升。
经济秩序紊乱
通货膨胀会破坏正常的经济秩序，使价格信号失真，导致资源配置不合理。
经济增长因素、模型及政策含义
劳动力投入
劳动力数量和质量的提高对经济增长有重要推动作用。
资本积累
物质资本和人力资本的积累是经济增长的重要基础。
经济增长因素、模型及政策含义
• 技术进步：科技创新和技术进步是提高生产效率、促进经济增长的关键因素。
同时，汇率变动还会影响国际资本流动和国内物价水平。
国际收支平衡表编制及分析方法
国际收支平衡表的基本构成
包括经常账户、资本与金融账户、错误与遗漏账户等。
经常账户分析
主要分析货物贸易、服务贸易、收益和经常转移等项目的变动情况。

曼昆经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)(第6版)课后习题详解

曼昆《经济学原理〔宏观经济学分册〕》〔第6版〕第34章货币政策和财政政策对总需求的影响课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。

以下容为跨考网独家整理,如您还需更多考研资料,可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

一、概念题1．流动性偏好理论〔theory of liquidity preference〕答：流动性偏好理论是解释实际货币余额的供给与需求如何决定利率的理论。

流动性偏好是人们为应付日常开支、意外支出和进行投机活动而愿意持有现金的一种心理偏好。

该理论由英国著名经济学家约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯〔J·M·Keynes〕于1936年在《就业、利息和货币通论》中提出。

它根源于交易动机、预防动机和投机动机。

交易动机是为了日常交易而产生的持有货币的愿望,预防动机是为了应付紧急情况而产生的持有货币的愿望。

满足交易动机和预防动机的货币需求数量取决于国民收入水平的高低,并且是收入的增函数。

投机性动机是人们根据对市场利率变化的预测,持有货币以便从中获利的动机。

投机动机的货币需求与现实利率呈负相关。

该理论假设中央银行选择了一个固定的货币供给,在此模型中,价格水平P也是固定的,所以实际货币余额供给固定。

实际货币余额需求取决于利率——持有货币的机会成本。

当利率很高时,因为机会成本太高,人们只会持有较少的货币。

反之,当利率很低时,因为机会成本较低,人们会持有较多的货币。

根据流动性偏好理论,利率会调整到使实际货币余额供给与需求相等的水平。

2．财政政策〔fiscal policy〕答：财政政策指政府变动税收和支出以便影响总需求进而影响就业和国民收入的政策。

曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)核心讲义(第30章货币增长与通货膨胀)

第30章货币增长与通货膨胀跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

一、古典通货膨胀理论1．物价水平与货币价值可以从两个方面来看待经济中的物价总水平：（1）物价水平可看作一篮子物品与劳务的价格。

当物价水平上升时，人们必须为他们购买的物品与劳务支付更多的钱。

（2）可以把物价水平看作货币价值的一种衡量指标。

物价水平上升意味着货币价值下降，因为每一美元所能购买的物品与劳务量变少了。

用数学方法来表述上述思想：假设P 是用消费物价指数或GDP 平减指数所衡量的物价水平，那么P 也就衡量了购买一篮子物品与劳务所需要的美元数量。

用一美元所能购买的物品与劳务量等于1/P 。

换句话说，如果P 是用货币衡量的物品与劳务的价格，那么1/P 就是用物品与劳务衡量的货币价值。

因此，当物价总水平上升时，货币价值下降。

2．货币供给、货币需求与货币均衡（1）货币供给货币供给指一定时期内一国银行系统向经济中投入、创造、扩张（或收缩）货币的行为。

货币供给的基本方程式：s M B M =⋅，它提示了影响货币供给的两大基本因素：基础货币（B ）和货币乘数（M ）。

在其他因素不变的情况下，通常认为货币供给是由中央银行决定的。

（2）货币需求①货币需求指有效的货币需求，它必须同时满足两个条件：一是必须有得到或持有货币的意愿；二是必须有得到或持有货币的能力。

②影响和决定货币需求的因素很多，其中主要包括收入状况、信用的发达程度、市场利率、消费倾向、货币流通速度、社会商品可供量和物价水平、心理预期、人们的资产选择等因素。

物价水平上升（货币价值下降）增加名义货币需求量。

曼昆宏观经济学第三十章

– In the long run, the overall level of prices adjusts to the level at which the demand for money equals the supply.
THE CLASSICAL THEORY OF INFLATION
• When the overall price level rises, the value of money falls.
Money Supply, Money Demand, and Monetary Equilibrium
• What determines the value of money? • Money supply
– In this chapter, we ignore the complications introduced by the banking system. – Simply the money supply is a policy variable that is controlled by the Fed.
1921.1: 0.3 mark —— 1922.5: 1 mark —— 1922.10: 8mark 1923.2: 100mark —— 1923.9: 1000mark——10.1: 2000 mark 10.15: 120000 mark——10.29: 1million mark ——11.9 : 5million mark ——11.27: 70million mark
• The Quantity Theory of Money
– How the price level is determined and why it might change over time is called the quantity theory of money.

曼昆宏观第30章_货币增长与通货膨胀

物价水平 P
1 1.33 2 4
$1000
货币量
货币增长与通货膨胀
13
货币供给与货币需求
货币价值 1/P 1
货币价值下降（或物价水平上升）会增加货币的需求量
物价水平 P
1
¾
1.33
½
2
¼
4
MD1
货币量
货币增长与通货膨胀
14
货币供给与货币需求
货币价值 1/P 1
¾
均衡的
货币价值
½
¼
物价水平调整到使 MS1 货币需求等于货币
货币增长与通货膨胀
16
调整过程简述
从图中可以看出：货币供给增加使物价水平上升
这是为什么？简单的考虑: 在最初的物价水平，货币供给增加导致超额的货
币供给
人们用这些超额货币购买物品与劳务，或者向其他人发放贷款，这些贷款又使其他人可以购买物品与劳务
结果：物品的需求增加
但物品的供给并没有增加，因此物价上涨
定义：指在纸币流通条件下，货币流通量超过货币必要量而引起的货币贬值、物价持续上涨的经济现象。
货币增长与通货膨胀
2
衡量通货膨胀的指标是价格指数消费价格指数（CPI）
价格指数生产者价格指数（PPI） GDP平减指数零售物价指数（RPI）
货币增长与通货膨胀
3
通货紧缩（deflation）
= 3 单:位产出/每小时
货币增长与通货膨胀
21
古典二分法
古典二分法：名义变量和真实变量的理论区分
休谟和古典经济学家认为货币制度发展影响名义变量，但不影响真实变量
如果中央银行使货币供给翻一番，休谟和古典经济学家会认为：

曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解

内容摘要
本书特别适用于参加研究生入学考试指定考研参考书目为曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》的考生，也可供各大院校学习曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》的师生参考。曼昆的《经济学原理》是世界上最流行的初级经济学教材，也被众多院校列为经济类专业考研重要参考书目。为了帮助学生更好地学习这本教材，我们有针对性地编著了它的配套辅导用书（均提供免费下载，免费升级）：1．曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第6版）笔记和课后习题详解（含考研真题）[视频讲解]2．曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》【教材精讲+考研真题解析】讲义与视频课程【35小时高清视频】3．曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第6版）课后习题详解4．曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第5版）课后习题详解5．曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》配套题库【名校考研真题（视频讲解）+课后习题+章节练习+模拟试题】6．曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》（第6版）笔记和课后习题详解（含考研真题）[视频讲解]7．曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》【教材精讲+考研真题解析】讲义与视频课程【27小时高清视频】8．曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》（第6版）课后习题详解9．曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》（第5版）课后习题详解10．曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》配套题库【名校考研真题（视频讲解）+课后习题+章节练习+ 模拟试题】本书是曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》（第6版）教材的配套e书，参考国外教材的英文答案和相关资料对曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》（第6版）教材每章的课后习题进行了详细的分析和解答，并对个别知识点进行了扩展。课后习题答案久经修改，非常标准，特别适合应试作答和临考冲刺。另外，部分高校，如武汉大学、深圳大学等，研究生入学考试部分真题就来自于该书课后习题，因此建议考生多加重视。

曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解(第30章货币增长与通货膨胀)

曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》（第版）第章货币增长与通货膨胀课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

一、概念题．货币数量论（）（西北大学研）答：货币数量论是关于货币数量与物价水平关系的一种历史悠久的货币理论。

这种理论最早由世纪法国经济学家波丹提出，现在继承这一传统的是美国经济学家弗里德曼的现代货币数量论。

这一理论的基本思想是：货币的价值（即货币的购买力）和物价水平都由货币数量决定。

货币的价值与货币数量成反比例变动，物价水平与货币数量同方向变动。

这就是说，货币数量越多，货币的价值越低，而物价水平越高；反之，货币数量越少，货币的价值越高，而物价水平越低。

货币数量论还提供了一种对物价水平变动的解释，即认为一个经济体系的物价水平与其货币供应量成正比例变动。

货币数量论以费雪交易方程式为依据，只考虑货币作为交换媒介的作用，而未考虑货币作为价值贮藏的作用。

．名义变量与真实变量（）答：真实变量是用实物单位衡量的变量，例如数量和实际国民收入；名义变量是用货币表示的变量，例如物价水平和通货膨胀率。

并且认为货币供给的变化不影响真实变量。

．古典二分法（）（中国人民大学研；西北大学研）答：古典二分法指古典模型中将名义变量与真实变量进行理论划分，从而使名义变量不影响真实变量的一种分析方法。

古典经济学把变量分为真实变量和名义变量。

真实变量是用实物单位衡量的变量，例如数量和实际国民收入；名义变量是用货币表示的变量，例如物价水平和通货膨胀率。

并且认为货币供给的变化不影响真实变量。

在现实中，在长期，货币供给不会对真实变量产生影响；而在短期，货币供给量会对真实变量产生影响。

曼昆《宏观经济学》讲义.完整版

宏观经济学讲稿第一篇宏观经济变量第一章总产出一、总产出核算的指标1.国民生产总值和国内生产总值（1）国民生产总值（GNP）：指一个国家或地区一定时期内由本地公民所生产的全部最终产品和劳务的价格总和。

GNP在统计时必须注意以下原则：第一，GNP统计的是最终产品，而不是中间产品。

最终产品供人们直接使用和消费，不再转卖的产品和劳务。

中间产品作为生产投入品，不能直接使用和消费的产品和劳务。

第二，GNP是流量而非存量。

流量是指一定时期内发生或产生的变量。

存量是指某一时点上观测或测量到的变量。

第三，GNP按国民原则，而不按国土原则计算。

（2）国内生产总值（GDP）：指一定时期内在一个国家或地区范围内所生产的全部最终产品和劳务的价格总和。

GDP与GNP的关系是：GNP--本国公民在国外生产的最终产品和劳务的价格GDP=GNP+外国公民在本国生产的最终产品和劳务的价格2.国民生产净值与国内生产净值国民生产净值（NNP）与国内生产净值（NDP）：GNP或GDP扣除折旧以后的余额。

它们是一个国家或地区一定时期内财富存量新增加的部分。

3.国民收入（NI）：NNP或NDP扣除间接税后的余额。

它入体现了一个国家或地区一定时期内生产要素收入，即工资、利息、租金和利润的总和。

间接税指能够转嫁税负即可以通过提高商品和劳务的售价把税负转嫁给购买者的税收。

这类税收一般在生产和流通环节征收，如增值税、营业税、关税等。

直接税指不能转嫁税负即只能由纳税人自己承担税负的税收。

这类税收一般在收入环节征收，如所得税。

4.个人收入（PI）：一个国家或地区一定时期内个人所得的全部收入。

它是国民收入进一些必要的调整后形成的一个指标。

最主要的扣减项有：公司未分配利润、社会保障支付；最主要的增加项有：政府对个人的转移支付，如失业救济、退休金、医疗补助等。

5.个人可支配收入（D P I）：个人收入扣除所得税以后的余额。

国民经济核算体系（SNA）各级指标之间的关系是：GNP或GDP减折旧；等于——NNP或NDP减间接税；等于——NI减公司未分配利润、社会保障支付；加转移支付；等于——PI减个人所得税；等于——DPI二、总产出核算的方法1.收入法：把一个国家或地区一定时期内所有个人和部门的收入进行汇总。

曼昆宏观经济学第三十章

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