美国的福利制度Welfare_System
英国福利制度
英国福利制度英国福利制度概述英国福利制度（Welfare System）是指由政府确保公民基本生活需求并提供社会保障的一系列政策和措施。
英国福利制度是一个相对完善和广泛的福利体系，涵盖了社会救助、医疗保健、失业保险、养老金等多个领域。
本文将对英国福利制度的主要方面进行详细介绍。
社会救助英国的社会救助（Social Assistance）政策旨在帮助那些无法自行维持基本生活所需的人群，包括失业者、残疾人、单亲家庭等。
社会救助的核心是提供经济援助和基本生活保障。
其中，最为重要的社会救助项目是福利金（Welfare Benefits），其涵盖了失业救济金、低收入救济金、残疾人津贴等。
失业救济金是英国福利制度的一个重要组成部分。
失业者可以申请一定期限内的经济援助，以帮助他们渡过失业期间。
根据个人的年龄、家庭状况和就业历史等不同情况，失业救济金的数额也有所不同。
低收入救济金则是针对收入较低的家庭提供援助，帮助他们维持基本生活。
残疾人津贴则是为残疾人提供经济支持，以改善他们的生活质量。
医疗保健英国的医疗保健制度（Healthcare System）被广泛认为是世界上最完善的之一。
该制度以公共卫生服务国民健康服务（National Health Service，NHS）为核心，提供免费的医疗保健服务。
无论公民的收入水平和社会地位如何，他们都可以享受到同样的医疗保健待遇。
NHS被分为初级保健和二级保健。
初级保健由全科医生和家庭医生负责，通过诊所和医疗中心提供基本医疗服务。
二级保健则由专科医疗机构负责，提供更为专业的诊断和治疗。
无论是初级保健还是二级保健，公民都可以享受到免费或低廉的医疗服务。
失业保险英国的失业保险（Unemployment Insurance）旨在为失业者提供一定的收入保障，以帮助他们在失业期间维持基本生活。
参加失业保险的个人需要每月缴纳一定的保险费用，一旦失业，他们就可以获得失业救济金作为经济援助。
welfare state名词解释
welfare state名词解释福利国家（Welfare State）是旨在通过政府干预和提供公共服务，确保所有公民都能享有基本的经济和社会权利。
这个概念起源于19世纪末20世纪初的欧洲，特别是在德国和英国。
福利国家的主要目标是减少贫困、不平等和社会不公，提高人民的生活水平和福祉。
福利国家的基本原则包括：1. 社会正义：福利国家认为，政府有责任确保所有公民都能享有基本的经济和社会权利，无论他们的社会地位、财富或能力如何。
这意味着政府需要通过税收和转移支付等手段，重新分配财富，以减少贫富差距。
2. 社会保障：福利国家提供各种社会保障措施，如养老保险、失业保险、医疗保险和住房补贴等，以保障公民在面临经济困难时能够得到帮助。
这些措施旨在减轻个人和家庭的经济压力，提高生活质量。
3. 教育和培训：福利国家重视教育和培训，认为这是提高人民素质、促进经济发展和社会进步的关键。
因此，政府投资于公共教育体系，提供免费或低成本的教育和培训机会，以确保所有人都能接受良好的教育。
4. 公共卫生：福利国家关注公民的健康和福祉，通过投资公共卫生设施和服务，预防和控制疾病，提高人民的健康水平。
这包括提供免费或低成本的医疗服务、疫苗接种、健康教育和环境卫生等。
5. 劳动权益：福利国家保护劳动者的权益，通过立法和监管，确保劳动者在工作中受到公平对待，享有合理的工资、工作时间和工作条件。
此外，政府还提供各种劳动保障措施，如工伤保险、职业病防治和劳动争议调解等。
总之，福利国家是一个旨在通过政府干预和提供公共服务，确保所有公民都能享有基本的经济和社会权利的政治和经济体制。
虽然不同国家的福利制度有所不同，但其核心目标都是提高人民的生活水平和福祉，减少贫困、不平等和社会不公。
美国社会福利制度简介中英文对照
美国社会福利制度简介Introduction to social welfare system American发布于: 2007/11/04 12:58 amPublished: 2007/11/04 12:58 am引用Quote社会福利是日常生活不可或缺的一部分，美国的社会福利制度相当全面完善。
了解美国的社会福利制度，有助于您在移民后合理地利用于自己有利的福利措施，争取和保障自己应有的权益。
Social welfare is an indispensable part of our daily life, America social welfare system is veryperfect. To understand the America social welfare system, help you after the migration toexploit for their favorable welfare measures, strive for and protect theirown rights.美国现行的社会福利制度是从1936年社会安全法案(Social Security Act)实行之后，逐步完善起来的。
社会安全法案包含如下几类福利措施：America current social welfare system is from the social security actof 1936 (Social SecurityAct) after the introduction, gradually improve. The Social Security Act contains the followingbenefits:1、联邦社会保险1, the social insurance联邦社会保险是为就职人士设立的，在职或曾经工作过的本人及其家属都可参加，主要包括退休金(Retirement Benefits)、抚恤金(Survivor’s Benefits)、伤残金(Disability Benefits)和医疗福利(Medicare Benefits)等。
美国的福利制度Welfare_System
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• Strictly control the payment of unemployment benefits and paid time standards in order to facilitate the active re-employment of the unemployed. Time payment of relief, Most of the provisions subject to a week waiting period before they could use to pay a maximum of 26 weeks, Strictly limit the issuance of several weeks is aimed at promoting a positive reemployment of the unemployed. • 严格控制失业救济金发放标准和发放时间，以利 于失业者积极再就业。救济发放时间，大多数规 定需经一周等待期后方可使用，最多支付26周。 严格限制发放周数的目的在于促使失业者积极再 就业。
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Welfare System 0f US
• American welfare system that is known to us, from which we see the American government for the United States of America's old children youth unemployment security, there are many worthy of our study. We also hope that in the future, our country's welfare system will become better and better • .
社会工作专业词汇中英文对照(DOC)
社会工作专业词汇中英文对照社会调查的理论与方法Theories & Methods for Social Investigation 社会调查方法Methods for Social Investigation社会工作Social Work社会统计分析与SYSTAT应用Social Statistics Analysis & SYSTAT Application社会统计学Social Statistics社会问题研究Research on Social Problems社会心理学Social Psychology社会学概论Introduction to Sociololgy社会学简论Brief Introduction to Sociology社会学理论专题Current Issues in Theories of Socilolgy社会学问题研究Research on Problems of Sociology社会学研究方法Research Methods of Sociology社会主义财政学Finance of Socialism社会主义各国政，经体制讨论Discussion on Political ＆Economic Systems in Socialism社会学Sociology社会工作者Social worker案主Client社会问题Social problem社会心理Social mental state社会调查The society investigates个案社会工作Social cases work团体社会工作Social group work社区社会工作social Community work社工导论The introdution of social work社会调查应用the application for society investigates 家庭暴力Domestic violence失恋Disappoint in love人在情境中Person in situation弱势群体disadvantaged groups社会保障social security社会福利制度the social welfare system社会公德social morality单亲家庭single parent family独生子女the only child失业率rate of unemployment民工the imigrant worker社会学概论Introduction to Sociology社会工作概论Introduction to Social Work社会心理学Social Psychology国外社会学学说Sociological Theories in the West社会调查与研究方法Social Survey & Research Method社会统计与计算机应用Social Statistics and Application of Computer马克思主义社会学经典著作选读Selected Readings of Marxist-Leninist Classics社会保障与社会福利Social Security & Social Welfare当代社会学理论Modern Sociological Theories社会政策Social Policy文化人类学Cultural Anthropology中国社会思想史History of Social Theories in China人口社会学Sociology of Population农村社会学Rural Sociology城市社会学Urban Sociology家庭社会学Sociology of Family发展社会学Sociology of Development经济社会学Economic Sociology组织社会学Sociology of Organization专业英语English for Sociology社会学专题讲座Issues of Sociology民俗学Folklore Studies文化社会学Cultural Sociology宗教社会学Sociology of Religion教育社会学Sociology of Education越轨与犯罪社会学Sociology of Deviance & Crime当代社会的生活文化Life Style in Current Society西方社会思想史History of Western Social Thought社会问题Social Problems社会分层与社会流动Social Stratification ＆Mobility科学社会学Sociology of Education社会项目评估和统计指标Statistical Indexes ＆uation of Social Projects文化社会学Cultural Sociology历史社会学Historical Sociology政治社会学Political Sociology法律社会学Sociology of Law环境社会学Sociology of Environment劳动社会学Sociology of Labor公共关系Public Relations团体工作Group Work社区工作Community Work社会工作实习Practice of Social Work社会行政Social Administration数据分析技术Statistical Package ＆Applications for the Social Sciences贫困与发展Poverty and Development社会性别研究Gender Studies家庭社会工作Family Social Work临床社会工作Clinical Social Work社会立法Social lagislation老年社会工作Gerontological Social Work青少年越轨与矫治Juvenile Delinquency ＆Correction社区服务Community Services心理咨询Psychological Counseling整合社会工作实务Integrative Social Work Practice社会工作专业英语English for Social Work保险与信托Insurance and Entrustment教学实习Teaching Practice管理学Management TheoryAdministration 行政Basic assumptions and principles of ～行政的基本假定与原则Collaboration in 行政工作的合并In community organization 社区组织中的行政Consultation in 行政咨询Defined 行政的定义Importancy of 行政的重要性Interagency coopration 行政的重要性Shifting power in 行政分权Supervision in 行政督导social workers'club 社工俱乐部Administration in social work （journal ) 《社会工作行政》（杂志)Adolescents 青少年Drug abuse and 吸毒与青少年Health care services 青少年卫生保健服务Pregnancy and 怀孕与青少年Suicide and 自杀与青少年Adoption 领养Applicants for 申请领养人Indepengdent placements 独立安置Open 公开领养Sa fe families act 《领养与安全家庭法案》Advocacy 倡导In community organization 社区组织中的倡导In future of social work 未来社会工作中的倡导Aftercare facilities 出院后的照顾设施Agency settings 机构场所For group work 小组工作的机构场所Aging 老年Caregivers 老年照顾者Case management 个案管理Community organization and 社区组织与老年Day care centers 老年日间护理中心Health care services 老年健康照顾服务Income adequacy and 充足收入与老人Living arrangemengs and 居住安排与老年Independence and dignity in 老年的独立与尊严Mental health 心理健康Nursing home alternatives 护理院之外的选择Nursing homes 老年护理院Older americans act （1995）《美国老年人法案》（1995) Retirement 退休Suicide and 自杀与老年Trends and 人口老化趋势White house conferences on aging 白宫老年议会AIDS epidemic 艾滋病流行Alcoholism 醺酒Almshouses 济贫院A A for marriage amd family therapy 美国婚姻与家庭治疗协会A A for the study of group work 美国小组工作研究会A A of Group worker 美国小组工作者协会A A of marriage counselors 美国婚姻辅导委员会A A of medical social worker 美国医务社会工作者协会A A of psychiatric social work 美国精神病社会工作者协会A A of schools of social work 美国社会工作院校联合会A A of social workers (aasw）美国社会工作者协会A hospital association 美国议员联合会A psychiatric association 美国精神病学联合会A red cross 美国，自己翻译吧Assessment 评估In case work process 个案过程中的评估Associated charities 联合慈善机构Bachelor of social work （BSW)degress 社会工作学士学位Balanced budget act （1997）《平衡预算法案》1997Caregivers 照顾者Case management 个案管理With aging population 老年人口个案惯例FutureHistory ofParameters of 个案管理的参考标准Purpose ofResearch of 个案管理研究Case study method 个案研究方法Case work 个案工作Biopsychosocial 生理心理社会因素与个案工作DefinedDrug abuse andExamples of 个案工作的案例Freudian approach and 弗洛伊德派与个案工作Generalist perpective 通才观History ofKnowledge and 知识与个案工作Methods of 个案工作的方法Multisystens approach and 多元系统趋向与个案工作Problems inProcess ofPurpose ofSanctions and 社会制裁与个案工作Trends inValus andCertification of social workers 社会工作者认证Changing nature of work 工作性质的改变Charity organization societies （COS) 慈善组织协会Cheating 欺诈Child abuse and neglect 虐待与忽视儿童Child guidance movement 儿童指导运动Child welfareAdoptionAFDC 抚养儿童家庭补助计划个人感觉应该是:Aid to Families with Dependent Children（美国）对有子女家庭补助计划child abuse and neglectdefinedfoster care 给养照顾health care serviceshome caremental health services 儿童心理健康服务origins ofprotective services 儿童保护性服务TANF 给贫困家庭临时性援助?temporary aid to need family L ,need ：贫困.还是应该用need 的形容词？Chronically 慢性精神病ChurchCivil rights movement 民权运动Closed systems 封闭系统CocaineCollaboration 协办Interagency 机构间的协办Teamwork concepts and 团队工作概念与协作Commitment 服务承诺Mental hospital 精神病院服务承诺Committee operation 委员会运作Commonwealth fund 英联邦基金Community chest 公益金貌似特指社区公益基金的意思community organization 社区组织corrections and 矫正和社区组织definedexaples ofhistory ofprinciples ofprocesesses in 社区组织的过程roles inschool social work andsommunity resources 社区资源confideniality 保密consulation 咨询assumptions of 咨询的前提假设future ofprinciples ofcontimuing education （CE) 继续教育contract with America 签约美国control groups 控制组coordination 协调in communityu organization 社会组织中的协调corporate health care 矫治definedgroup work inhistory ofpractice in 矫治实践prevention in 矫治中的预防工作processes and principles ofsocial problems relatedsocial services andCouncil on social work education (CSWE) 社会工作教育委员会Curriculum Policy Statements and Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards (EPAS）课程政策声明与教育政策和审核标准curriculum statements 课程声明generalist perspective and 通才观与CSWEhistory oflobbying by CSWE的游说工作minority groups andmission statement 使命陈述与prevention andpublicationsCouncils of Aocial Afencies 社会机构委员会Counseling 辅导FamilyMarriagePremarital 婚姻辅导Rehabilitation 康复辅导SchoolAnd social workCourts 法庭Crack 快克Crack/[krAk］n。
Welfare_System(1)福利
• Private foundations – The Rockefeller Foundation – The Ford Foundation – The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
the largest transparently operated private foundation in the world, founded by Bill and Melinda Gates. The foundation is "driven by the interests and passions of the Gates family". The primary aims of the foundation are, globally, to enhance healthcare and reduce extreme poverty, and in America, to expand educational opportunities and access to information technology.
• Voluntary organisation play an important role in rendering help to people in need of assistance.
• For most American people Crucial——immediate & accessible
2.Medicare
• Medical Insurance (Health Care) • It means if you are sick, the government will pay for mostly money.
英语缩写大全
1. AAA ：1）. American Accounting Association 美国会计协会2）. American Advertising Association 美国广告协会3）. American Arbitration Association 美国商务仲裁协会2. AAL：American Airlines 美国航空公司3. A.B.C.C.：Association of British Chambers of Commerce 英国商会联合会4. ABS：American Bureau of Shipping 美国船运局5. AC：Air Canada 加拿大航空公司6. ACC：American Chamber of Commerce 美国商会（又简称Amcham）7. A.E.A：American Economic Association 美国经济协会8. AF：Air France 法国航空公司9. AFEB：authorized foreign exchange bank 指定外汇银行10. AFRASEC：Afro-Asian Organization for Economic Cooperation 亚非经济合作组织11. AGM：annual general meeting（公司股东）年度大会12. AID：Agency for International Development（美国）国际开发署13. AMA：American Management Association 美国管理协会14. ASA：American Standards Association 美国标准协会15. Amex：American Stock Exchange 美国证券交易所16. ADB：Asian Development Bank 亚洲开发银行17. APEC: Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation 亚太经济合作组织（2001年10月将在中国上海召开部长级会议和非正式首脑CEO(Chief Executive Officer)，即首席执行官，源自美国20世纪60年代进行公司治理结构改革创新时IT是指信息技术，即英文Information Technology 的缩写.BT是一种P2P共享软件，全名叫"BitTorrent",中文全称:"比特流"又名"变态下载"OEM是英文Original Equipment Manufacturer的缩写，意思是原设备制造商。
精华资料考研必看之paraphrase综合（收费）
Text,B,,Family-unfriendly,Policies01.…,,even,after,a,significant,reform,of,the,welfare,system,,the,single,welfare,mother,has,become,the,public,symbol,of,much,of,what,is,wrong,with,America’s,social,service,programs.,(para,8)0即使福利制度发生重大变革后，领取福利金的单身母亲成了美国福利政策的主要问题。
0Paraphrase:a.,Though,a,major,reform,of,the,welfare,system,has,been,carried,out,,the,policies,of,aiding,the,single,mother,is,still,a,demonstration(a, good,example),to,show,that,the,American,social,service,programs,have,fundamental,problems.0b.,Even,after,a,major,reform,in,welfare,system,,the,single,mother,still,enjoy,too,much,benefits,,which,is,always,regarded,as,the,main,pr oblem,in,America’s,social,service,programs.02.Federal,aid,should,give,incentives,for,couples,to,form,and,sustain,healthy,marriages,,not,encouragement,for,single,parenthood,and,nonmarital,birth.,(para,8)0联邦援助应该鼓励夫妻双方建立并维系健康的婚姻，而不是鼓励单亲家庭和未婚生育。
德国与美国的社会福利制度
美国的社会福利机制介于高福利与无福利之间，未 来的福利与个人收入息息相关，这一体制重在建立 基本的养老保障，而优厚的保障则与个人的努力所 得到的薪酬息息相关。无论是美国还是德国，未来 的养老金赤字都是笼罩在头上的阴影，相比而言， 美国的养老保障压力相对较小。
作为制造大国，德国是中国的前车，作为正在建 立社会保障体制的国家，美国鼓励个人努力的方式 值得借鉴。无论哪一种方式，包括中国心仪已久的 新加坡模式，公平的法律救济是保障模式成功不可 或缺的因素，这也是中国最短的短板。
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2、蒂特马斯的三分法 英国社会政策学者蒂特马斯（ Richard Titmus）
认为社会福利可以分为三种： 剩余性社会福利 工业成就—表现模式 制度性再分配模式 无论是威伦斯基还是蒂特马斯，都不否认在社会
现实中，福利领域的理论或实践其实是剩余模式和制 度模式的混合。
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社会福利的特征
1、社会福利的意识形态色彩 社会民主主义-自由主义- “第三条道路”
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新加坡社会保障制度的主要内容包括： 1、老有所养 2、病有所医
20世纪80年代以来，中央公积金局制定了多项医疗 保健计划，主要包括“保健储蓄计划”、“健保双全 计划”和“保健基金计划”。 3、居者有其屋制度是新加坡维持中产阶级社会的核心 4、学有所教———新加坡教育计划
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对我国社会保障立法的启示
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2.社会福利的功能 （1）以不同的方式分配和再分配公民的收入 （2）促进社会整合和社会和谐 （3）社会福利本身也是社会控制的一种手段，它可 以维护和促进社会的稳定 （4）在出现社会问题时，社会服务能为有需要的人 提供补偿 （5）通过社会服务可以促进个人和整个社会福利状 况的改善 （6）社会服务可以当作是一种社会投资 （吉登斯） （7）社会福利可以增强社会中的利他主义的助人要 素。
美国社会福利制度PPT课件
美国的社会保障体系始于1935年，当年国会通过了社会安 全法，正式为美国工作的人群建立了退休后的养老金体系， 1956年经过修法，养老金也开始涵盖残障人士。
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The social system
工作保险
医疗补助
USA
联邦社会 安全法案
生活补助
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社会安全法案
1、Federal Social Insurance 联邦社会保险
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生活补助 Public Service for Low Income Persons
1、粮食券( Food Stamp) 2、学校提供的廉价或免费膳食(School Lunch Program) 3、家居能源补助计划(Home Energy Assistance Program) 4、廉价公共房屋(Public Low Income Housing)
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医疗补助 Medicaid 1、医药补助(Medicaid) 2、家中照顾计划(In Home Support Service)
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America
1.食品券制度 2.廉租房制度 3.免费医疗制度 4.免费提供食物
VS
China
1、1、低低保保制制度度 2、2、经经济济适适用用房房制制度度 3、医T疗ex救t 助制度 4、城市孤寡老人和 农村五保户供养制度
联邦社会保险是为就职人士设立的，在职或曾经工作过的 本人及其家属都可参加，主要包括退休金 、抚恤金、伤残金 和医疗福利等。
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2、 Unemployment Compensation 失业补助金
As long as you are laid-off unemployed, with or without savings may apply for. General grant period is 6 to 9 months, according to different circumstances may be extended states .
英美两国福利制度比较研究
英美两国福利制度比较研究A Comparative Study of National Welfare System Beween British And American摘要西方现代福利制度是人类社会文明进步的标志，在有利于加强资产阶级统治的同时，也对保障劳动群众的生活安全起到了很大的作用。
作为社会化大生产和工业革命的产物，西方福利制度为整个社会经济的有序运营创造了良好的环境。
各国以立法形式通过国民收入再分配，以社会保障税和其他税收形式将高收入者的一部分收入转移支付给低收入者，谋求实现收入的均等化，缓解了社会矛盾，维持了社会稳定；同时也保证了劳动力的再生产，促进了经济发展；此外，也是道德观念得以维护和延续。
但世界各国国情不同，期福利制度在模式、保障范围、资金支出与管理等方面也存在着巨大的差异。
本文就英美两国的福利政策制度演进历程展开比较，通过研究和借鉴英美国家从剩余型福利政策、到制度型社会福利、再到发展型社会福利的发展和改革的历程；比较英美国家的不同国情的保障制度改革，提出福利制度的改革方向：构建积极的发展性的社会保障制度。
目的在于揭示英美两国由于各自不同的历史传统，政治文化以及民情习惯等因素而形成的福利制度及其模式的特点，并探索他们在目前世界性的福利制度改革大潮中的发展趋势。
还无疑问，这将有足浴我们在思考别国的经验教训，推动目前我国正在进行的社会保障制度的完善与发展进程。
关键词：福利福利制度比较ABSTRACTWestern modern social welfare system is a sign of civilization and progress of human society, in favor of strengthening the rule of the bourgeoisie, but also to protect the lives of working people played a significant role in security. As a large-scale socialized production and the product of the industrial revolution, the Western welfare system for the orderly operation of the entire social economy to create a good environment. States to legislate through the redistribution of the national income to social security taxes and other forms of high-income tax share of income transfer payments to low-income people, the pursuit of revenue equalization, ease social contradictions, and to maintain social stability; the same time also ensure that the reproduction of labor, and promote economic development; besides, it can be maintain and extend moral valued. However, countries in the world have different national conditions, its welfare system in the mode of coverage, capital expenditures and management, there are a huge differences.In this paper, the evolution of British and American welfare system history to start comparison, through research and drawing on Britain and American social welfare policy from the remaining type, the type of social welfare system, to the developmental social welfare development and reform process; more Anglo-American countries, different conditions of security system reform, reform the welfare system put forward: building positive development-oriented social security system. As the United States and Britain intended to reveal their different historical traditions, political culture and public sentiment to form habits, the welfare system and its pattern of characteristics, and to explore their current welfare system reform global tide of trends. Undoubtedly, this will help us to reflect on the lessons of other countries to promote our country was now the perfect social security system and development process.Key word: welfare benefits system compare1、引言英美国家的福利制度理论渊源深厚，福利制度理论的研究也比较完善。
Social Welfare (社会福利)
Welfare System Social Welfare - or public charity, organized provision of educational, cultural, medical, and financial assistance to the needy. Modern social welfare measures may include any of the following: the care of destitute adults; the treatment of the mentally ill; the rehabilitation of criminals; the care of destitute, neglected, and delinquent children; the care and relief of the sick or handicapped; the care and relief of needy families; and supervisory, educational, and constructive activity, especially for the young.1. The Development of Social Work2. Modern Social Work3. Comparing welfare states4. Examples5. The politics of welfare1.The Development of Social WorkSocial work emerged as a profession out of the early efforts of churches and philanthropic groups to relieve the effects of poverty, to bring the comforts of religion to the poor, to promote temperance and encourage thrift, to care for children, the sick, and the aged, and to correct the delinquent. Orphanages and homes for the elderly were typical results of these activities. The word charity best describes the early activities, which were aimed at the piecemeal alleviation of particular maladjustments. In such charitable work the principal criterion in determining aid to families was worthiness, while the emphasis in later social work was on restoring individuals to normal life both for their own sake and for the sake of the community.The first attempts to solve the problem of poverty in a modern scientific way was made by P. G. F. Le Play, who in the 1850s made a detailed study of the budgets of hundreds of French workers' families. Forty years later Charles Booth investigated wages and prices, working conditions, housing and health,standards of living, and leisure activities among the poor of London and revealed the extreme poverty of a third of the population. Booth's social survey became a method for determining the extent of social maladjustment, and through surveys in other cities in Europe and the United States a vast number of facts were accumulated, and methods were developed that provided the basis for modern social work.In 1874 the National Conference of Charities and Correction (now called the National Conference on Social Welfare) was organized in the United States. Public relief and private philanthropic effort remained largely matters of local and state concern until after 1930, when the federal government entered the field of social work on a large scale to cope with the effects of the Great Depression. Resources were made available, the number of social workers was greatly increased, and it became necessary to coordinate public and private activities. Social work has been steadily professionalized, and special graduate schools as well as departments in universities have been established to train social workers. By 1999 there were 377 accredited undergraduate schools of social work in the United States.2.Modern Social WorkModern social work employs three methods of assistance: case work, group work, and community organization. Case work is the method by which individual persons and families are assisted. The person in need of case work may be physically, mentally, or socially handicapped. Among those regarded as socially handicapped are: the unemployed, the homeless, members of broken families, alcoholics, drug addicts, and neglected or problem children. To determine the cause of maladjustment, the social worker must understand individual psychology as well as the sociology of the community. Physicians, psychiatrists, and other specialists may be required to help diagnose the difficulty.Social group work is exemplified by the social settlement, the supervised playground and gymnasium, and the classroom, where handicrafts may be learned. The community may be called upon to provide the buildings and grounds for such activities; often the services of volunteers and of public groups are utilized; in recent years people living in poverty areas have been employed to work in and direct poverty projects in their own communities. Through community organization the welfare work of single agencies as well as of whole communities is directed, cooperation between public and private agencies is secured, and funds are raised and administered. The funds required by private agencies are often pooled in a community chest, from which each agency receives a share. Community welfare councils areorganized to map programs of rehabilitation, to eliminate duplication of services, and to discover and meet overlooked needs.4. ExamplesChild WelfareChild Welfare - services provided for the care of disadvantaged children. Foundling institutions for orphans and abandoned children were the earliest attempts at child care, usually under religious auspices. At first the goal was to provide minimum physical subsistence, but services have been expanded to include social and psychological help. In the late 18th cent., a movement developed around the idea that children should not simply be regarded as small adults, and such educators as Rousseau, Pestalozzi, and Froebel were discussing children's special needs at the same time that the Industrial Revolution intensified the nonagricultural exploitation o f child labor. In the 19th cent. many religious and private institutions were organized to take care of children who were orphaned, destitute, or handicapped. In child-welfare legislation, the British Children's Charter Act of 1908 and the Ohio Children's Code Commission of 1911 marked a new era. The idea that it was the responsibility of the community to provide children with the advantages that their parents could not supply is a 20th-century development. In this category are free school lunches; medical, dental, and psychiatric services and child guidance clinics in schools; playgrounds; children's courts; special schools for handicapped children; and care in foster families for children of broken homes. Infant and child clinics are often provided by municipalities. Many social welfare agencies finance summer camps for both healthy and handicapped children. In the United States child welfare services are administered through the Administration for Children and Families within the U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. A series of new child welfare programs were passed by Congress in the 1960s. These included the Child Nutrition Act, the Head Start Program, and the Foster Grandparent Program. The International Union for Child Welfare (1920) organized relief for child victims of major international and national disasters. The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF, 1946) targets malnutrition and helps reestablish children's services destroyed in war. Current child welfare concerns include child abuse and child care (see day nursery).HomelessnessHomelessness - the condition of not having a permanent place to live, widely perceived as a societal problem only beginning in the 1980s. Estimates of thenumber of homeless people in the United States are imprecise, but in the late 1990s ranged from 700,000 per night to 2 million per year. A survey made in 1994 found that 12 million Americans had experienced homelessness at some point in their lives; the vast majority of those who are homeless consists of single men and families with children. The problem exists in all major cities and many smaller communities. The causes range from large-scale deinstitutionalization of mentally ill people to disintegration of the social fabric in minority communities, drug and alcohol abuse, cutbacks in federalsocial-welfare programs, job loss, and real-estate speculation.Single parentsThe rise in single parenthood is mainly based on three factors: ∙Divorce, which has been increasing as women have gainedindependence in finance and career;∙Unemployment. Unemployment is correlated with divorce, partly because it strains the marriage, and partly, perhaps, because it hasundermined the role of the traditional male breadwinner.∙Cohabitation. This effect is a statistical artefact, rather than a real change in parental status.There is no reason to attribute the rise to teenage motherhood (which, like other forms of motherhood, has tended to fall).The position of single parents who receive social benefits has been controversial. The liberal individualist position is that if people choose to have children it's then up to them to look after their family. The collectivist position, and to a large extent the dominant position in continental Europe, is that children are other people's business as well. There is also a strong body of opinion which considers that the interests of the children override any moral concerns about the status of the parents.Teenage pregnancyTeenage pregnancy was the norm in previous generations, but it has become more common for women to delay childbearing. The reasons for the delay, and for falling birthrates, include∙the effect of urban society on the cost of having children;∙the changing role of women;∙the economic effect of female employment, which leads to a loss of income if women leave the labour market to have children;∙increasing education and later marriage; and∙the availability of contraception.Teenage pregnancy is highest when these factors do not apply to the same degree. This accounts for the apparent association of some social problems with teenage pregnancy.paring welfare statesDeborah Mitchell [1] identifies five main approaches to the comparison of welfare systems:∙Comparison of policy, comparing the explicit terms in which actions are taken. Flora and Heidenheimer review the historical development ofwelfare in Europe and America. They find that welfare in differentcountries often develops on similar lines. [2]∙Comparison of inputs. Inputs are the resources which go into welfare provision. For example, Wilensky's work on welfare spending showsthat the main determinants are the age of the system and the structure of the population. [3]∙Comparing production. Different states operate different kinds of rules and structures. Esping-Andersen uses evidence on the organisationand delivery of specific services to define positions adopted by different welfare states. [4]∙Comparing operations. This is done by considering the detailed operation of benefits and services - what they do, how they are paid for, and who runs them.∙Comparing outcomes. The case can be made that what matters about welfare is not what is intended, nor what the process is, but whether or not people benefit from it. This is the basis of the work done by theLuxembourg Income Study in assessing and comparing social security systems in different countries.The United Kingdom: the Welfare StateAsa Briggs, in a classic essay on the British welfare state, identified three principal elements. These were∙ a guarantee of minimum standards, including a minimum income;∙social protection in the event of insecurity; and∙the provision of services at the best level possible. [5]This has become identified, in practice, with the 'institutional' model of welfare: the key elements are social protection, and the provision of welfare services on the basis of right.In practice, social welfare in the United Kingdom is very different from this ideal. Coverage is extensive, but benefits and services are delivered at a low level. The social protection provided is patchy, and services are tightly rationed. Germany: the Social MarketThe post-war German settlement was based on the idea of a 'social state', sometimes rendered as a 'social market economy'. The first, central principle was that economic development was the best way to achieve social welfare. The structure of social services had to reflect this priority. The principle is represented most clearly in the close relationship of services to people's position in the labour market. Social benefits are earnings-related, and those without work records may find they are not covered for important contingencies. Less clear, but probably even more important, is the general concern to ensure that public expenditure on welfare is directly compatible with the need for economic development and growth.Second, the German economy, and the welfare system, developed through a corporatist structure. This principle was developed by Bismarck on the basis of existing mutual aid associations, and remained the basis for social protection subsequently. Social insurance, which covers the costs of health, some social care and much of the income maintenance system, is managed by a system of independent funds.Third, there is a strong emphasis on the principle of "subsidiarity". This principle is taken in Germany to mean both that services should be decentralised or independently managed, and that the level of state intervention should be residual - that is, limited to circumstances which are not adequately covered in other ways. Higher earners are not covered by the main social insurance system, but are left to make their own arrangements. France: Solidarity and insertionSocial protection in France is based on the principle of solidarity: the commitment is declared in the first article of the French Code of Social Security. The principle is used in a number of different senses. The idea seems, at first sight, to refer to co-operative mutual support. Some writers apply the term inrelation to 'mutualist' groups (friendly societies) and emphasise that people insured within national schemes (les assurés sociaux) are called to contribute and benefit on an equal footing. Others stress that relationships of solidarity are based in interdependence. Solidarity is usually understood, in this context, in terms of common action, mutual responsibility and shared risks.The pursuit of 'national solidarity' was undertaken in the first place by attempting progressively to extend the scope of existing solidarities, most notably through the creation of a 'régime général' for health and social security, and subsequently through its progressive expansion. Since the 1970s this pattern of solidarities has been supplemented by additional measures designed to bring 'excluded' people into the net. The most important of these measures is the Revenu Minimum d'Insertion (RMI), introduced in 1988, which combines a basic benefit with a personal contract for 'insertion' or social inclusion.The French system of welfare is a complex, patchwork quilt of services. This kind of arrangement is relatively expensive, and much of the focus of social policy in recent years has fallen on the control of expenditure - filling 'the hole in the social', le trou de la Sécu. The main areas of concern are not dependency or unemployment, but pensions, because of the special privileges accorded to particular occupational groups, and spending on health care, where the stress on independent, market-led services (la médicine libérale) presents considerable problems in cost control.Sweden: the Institutional-Redistributive modelThe Swedish model can be seen as an ideal form of 'welfare state', offering institutional care in the sense that it offers universal minima to its citizens. It goes further than the British model in its commitment to social equality. Titmuss's 'institutional-redistributive' model combines the principles of comprehensive social provision with egalitarianism. This is an "ideal type", rather than a description of reality. Social protection is not necessarily associated with equality; the French and German systems offer differential protection according to one's position in the labour market. The Swedish system, looked at in greater detail, has many of the same characteristics: Ringen describes the system as "selective by occupational experience". [6] However, the importance of equality - sometimes identified with 'solidarity', in the sense of organised co-operation - is considerable. The model of this is the 'solidaristic wage policy' advocated by the labour movement, which emphasised improving standards, limited differentials, and redistribution.The United States: a 'liberal' regimeThe United States is sometimes described as a ‘liberal'welfare regime, in the sense that it represents individualism,laissez-faire, residualism and a punitive view of poverty. These issues often seem to dominate US debates on welfare: examples are the introduction of'workfare', the exclusion of long-term benefit dependents, and the criticism of the 'underclass'.The US does not, however, have a unified welfare system. Federalism has meant that many important functions are held by the States, including public assistance, social care and various health schemes (Minnesota and Hawaii have state-funded health systems). By comparison with other developed countries, central government has had a limited role in social welfare provision: the main developments of federal provision were during the Roosevelt administration of the 1930s, which laid the foundations for the social security system, and the "War on Poverty" of the 1960s, which provided some important benefits (notably health care for people on low incomes) and engaged the federal government in a wide variety of projects and activities at local level.In practice, the US is pluralistic, rather than liberal. There are significant departures from the residual model - e.g. state schooling, social insurance, or the Veterans' Administration, which provides health care for nearly 40 million people. In addition to federal and state activity, there are extensive private, mutualist and corporate interests in welfare provision. The resulting systems are complex (and expensive): the guiding principle is less one of consistent individualism than what Klass has called "decentralised social altruism". [7] 5.The politics of welfareGovernmentEdmund Burke wrote that "government is a contrivance of human wisdom to provide for human wants".(1) Governments have a wide range of possible actions.Governments establish rules. Governments set the rules by which they and other organisations (like companies or charities) operate.∙Governments ernments can prohibit action (such as child abuse), or require some forms of action (such as sending children toschool).∙Governments provide or purchase services. Provision means that states provide services themselves. Public housing, national healthservices or state education are examples. Purchasing services impliesthat the state accepts responsibility for ensuring provision, but that theservice can be obtained from another agency.∙Governments subsidise.Subsidy consists of a financial inducement to act in a particular way, which may be a reward for doing things (e.g.increasing employment), a form of compensation , or an incentive to do things. Tax can be used in the opposite direction, as a negative subsidy - e.g. to deter people from smoking.∙Governments persuade. Examples are propaganda, exhortation and directed education.∙Governments plan. Governments 'steer' a society by watching and adjusting policy.∙Governments produce. Like independent organisations, governments may offer services to customers - e.g. insurance, banking orcommercial production. There is no rule which says that governmentactivity has to be tax-based or financed.From the perspective of welfare, the main political positions are:MarxismMarxists see society in terms of a conflict between economic classes. A dominant class (the bourgeoisie or 'capitalist' class) owns and controls the means of production; an industrial working class, the 'proletariat', is exploited by them. The marxist analysis of welfare concentrates principally on its relationship to the exercise of power. The state can be seen either as an instrument of the ruling capitalist class, or as a complex set of systems which reflects the contradictions of the society it is part of. It is often argued that welfare has been developed through the strength of working-class resistance to exploitation.Marxism is not a single doctrine; it has come to stand for a wide range of opinions within an analytical framework that is critical of 'capitalist' society. Neo-marxists argue that the state has two main functions. The first is to improve the conditions for the accumulation of capital - that is, the chance for industries to make profits. The second is to legitimate the capitalist system, by introducing measures (like welfare policies, pensions and health services) which lead people to accept the system as it stands. The requirements of accumulation and legitimation may be contradictory, and the costs of legitimation have led to a 'legitimation crisis'.The basic objections to marxist analyses are that the description of 'capitalism' is false; that power in society is divided, and not based in ownership; and that states which promote the welfare of their citizens are not pretending to be more legitimate - they are more legitimate.SocialismSocialism is misrepresented in many popular reference books. There is not one common thread, but many competing understandings. Socialism has been represented as∙ a general movement for the improvement of society by collective action ∙ a set of methods and approaches linked with collective action, such as cooperatives, mutual aid, planning and social welfare services;∙ a set of arguments for social and economic organisation based on ownership and control by the community;∙an ideal model of society based on cooperation and equality;∙ a critique of industrial society, and∙most persuasively, a range of values, rather than a particular view of how society works.The key socialist values are collectivism, empowerment and egalitarianism, though some socialists would add to that issues of rights and democracy.∙Socialism is collectivist: people have to be understood in social context, rather than as individuals. Socialism is often represented in Europe interms of 'solidarity', which means not only standingshoulder-to-shoulder but the creation of systems of mutual aid.∙Socialism calls for people to be enabled to do things through collective action, a principle variously referred to as 'freedom' and (in recent years) as 'empowerment'. This principle has been central to 'guild socialism'and trades unionism.∙Socialism is egalitarian, in the sense that socialists are committed to the reduction or removal of disadvantages which arise in society. The'Fabian' tradition, a reformist movement, attempted to achieve greaterequality through spending on social services.These principles - empowerment, equality, and solidarity - are usually described in other terms. They are the 'liberty, equality, and fraternity' of the French revolution, interpreted in collective and social terms.Historically, socialism is strongly associated with working-class movements, and in much of Europe 'socialist' issues are closely linked with labour relations. It is not equivalent to marxism: although marxists often represent their approaches and beliefs as intrinsic to 'socialism', the marxist analysis ofsociety is irrelevant to much of the mainstream of European socialism, which grew from a range of religious, occupational and communal groups.Social democracyThe differences between social democrats and socialists are hazy, because their ideals may coincide in some aspects and not in others, but two are particularly important. First, many social democrats are individualists rather than collectivists; even if they accept arguments for mutual aid or the reduction of disadvantage, they think it important to stress the liberty of the individual, to develop individual rights (as liberals do), and often to restrict the role of the state. Second, some social democrats are not concerned to remove inequality, but only to mitigate its effects through social arrangements which protect people from the worst consequences of a market society.ConservatismConservatives believe in the importance of social order. This is reflected in a respect for tradition, an emphasis on the importance of religion, and a stress on the importance of inequality - such as inequalities of class or caste - as the basis for structured social relationships. Welfare is a secondary issue, but the kinds of concerns which conservatives have are likely to impose restraints on welfare, with a particular emphasis on traditional values in work, the family, and nationhood. Welfare does raise concern where it is seen to have implications for public order - one British conservative commented, in commending the Beveridge report, that "if you do not give the people social reform they are going to give you revolution."Christian democratic thought is closely related to conservatism, but it also has important distinguishing features. Like conservatives, Christian Democrats place a strong emphasis on order; but order is to be achieved, not primarily through state action, but by moral restraints. These moral restraints have principally in Europe reflected the influence of the Catholic religion. Catholic social teaching has emphasised both the limits of the state and the responsibility of people in families and communities for each other; christian democrats tend, then, to favour limitations in the role of the state while at the same time accepting moral responsibility for social welfare.Liberal individualismLiberalism begins from the premise that everyone is an individual, and that individuals have rights. As a political position, liberalism has been important as a means of defending people from abuse by authority. Although liberalism was initially a radical doctrine, it has also been used since the 19th century to stand for a defence of propertied interests.The central value of liberalism is freedom. All freedoms are not equally important; the main liberal values are concerned with certain particularly important freedoms, such as freedom of assembly, of speech, and of worship. Liberals mistrust the state and argue that society is likely to regulate itself if state interference is removed. Hayek argues that all state activity, whatever its intentions, is liable to undermine the freedom of the individual; that society is too complex to be tampered with; and that the activities of the free market, which is nothing more than the sum total of activities of many individuals, constitute the best protection of the rights of each individual.。
美国的社会福利制度介绍及相关思考
所谓选择性原则是指社会利益的分配依据个人的需要来设计, 通常依据个人收入状况而定。 所谓选择性原则是指社会利益的 分配依据个人的需要来设计, 通常依据个所谓选择性原则是指社会利益的分配依据个人的需要来设计, 通常依据个人收入状况 而定。 所谓选择性原所谓选择性原则是指社会利益的分配依据个人的需 所谓选择性原则是指社会利益的分配依据个人的需 要来设计, 通常依据个人收入状况而定。 要来设计, 通常依据个人收入状况而定。 美国社会保障制度的一个重要特点是面向特定的、特殊的群体提供特殊的服务, 而不是像欧洲那样面向全民。 则是指社会利益的分配依据个人的需要来设计, 通常依据个人收入状况而定。 美国社 所谓选择性原则是指社会利益的分配依据个人的需要来设计, 通常依据个人收入状况而定。 美国社会保障制度的一个重要特点是面向特定的、特殊的群体提供特殊的服务, 而不是像欧洲那样面向全民。 所谓选择性原则是指社会利益的分配依据个人的需要来设计, 通常依据个人收入状况而定。 所谓选择性原则是指社会利益的 分配依据个人的需要来设计, 通常依据个人收入状况而定。 美国社会保障制度的一个重要特点是面向特定的、特殊的群体提供特殊的服务, 而不是像欧洲那样面向全民 美国社会保障制度的一个重要特点是面向特定的、特殊的群体提供特殊的服务, 而不是像欧洲那样面向全民 会保障制度的一 个重要特点是面向特定的、特殊的群体提供特殊的服务, 而不是像欧洲那样面向全民 美国社会保障制度的一个重要特点是面向特定的、特殊的群体提供特殊的服务, 而不是像欧洲那样面向全民人收入状况而定 。 美国社会保障制度的一个重要特点是面向特定的、特殊的群体提供特殊的服务, 而不是像欧洲那样面向
美国社会福利救助制度的历史沿革
第一 阶段
20世纪30年代至60年代，美国社会 救助制度的建立阶段。1929年10月 ，美国爆发特大经济危机，失业率 超过20%，社会矛盾非常尖锐 .1933年，罗斯福总统推行“新政 ”，并于当年5月，签署了《联邦紧 急救助法》，建立起第一个全国性 的救助机构“联邦紧急救助署”， 开辟了社会救助的新纪元。1935年 ，美国国会通过了《社会保障法》 。该法案主要内容之一就是公共救 助，将妇女、儿童、老年退休、残 疾人与失业纳入了公共援助体系， 形成不同类别的援助计划。
英语国家概况AmericanSocialServices课件
• It provides a safety net for a large number of
people against economic disasters.
2.Welfare Programme
• Main federal welfare programs
• Medicaid（公共医疗补助制度） • AFDC / 抚养未成年子女家庭补助) • Food stamp（食物劵）：A stamp or coupon, issued
• Begin from 65 years old 从65岁开始可以退休并获得退休金
• In 1983, age was raised to 66 by 2009 and to 67 by 2027 1983年，政府把退休年龄从2009年起改为66岁，2027 年起改为67岁。
Medicare医疗保险
1
Contents
I. Public social services II. Voluntary services III. Health care services IV. Housing
2
Two Opposite Traditions
• Individualism and Indepedence
Health insurance coverage
2. Public sector
Medicare ( 医 疗 保 险 ) is a social insurance program administered by the United States government, providing health insurance coverage to people who are aged 65 and over; to those who are under 65 and are permanently physically disabled or who have a congenital physical disability; or to those who meet other special criteria. Medicaid (医疗保健) is the United States health program for people and families with low incomes and resources.
大学英语社会福利介绍
Canadian social welfare system
Canada has the world's best social welfare system, the public health system, family support payments, retirement pensions, unemployment benefits, injury assistance, social benefits are all the best social welfare system, citizens and permanent residents can be said to be old some support, medical. After arrival in Canada is one of a few things to do to apply for social security number. The nine-digit number that you can work, pay taxes, the use of government services such as code. Apply for a bank account, telephone number, and many times also are required to have Social Security numbers.
French socich people share a variety of benefits subsidy, the government pulled out from the national treasury every year a lot of money for various welfare benefits. The child from the mother after the first five months of pregnancy, has been growing up until his death, to enjoy the 400 in a variety of benefits. Redistribution of the main characteristics of the French universal access, including farmers and foreigners, the more the welfare of the poor to enjoy more. As long as foreigners have a legal residence status in France, and France will be able to enjoy certain benefits as nationals, without any discrimination, the author in France to enjoy their housing subsidies and other benefits.
社会工作专业词汇中英文对照
社会工作专业词汇中英文对照社会调查的理论与方法Theories & Methods for Social Investigation 社会调查方法Methods for Social Investigation社会工作Social Work社会统计分析与SYSTAT 应用 Social Statistics Analysis & SYSTAT Application社会统计学Social Statistics社会问题研究Research on Social Problems社会心理学Social Psychology社会学概论Introduction to Sociololgy社会学简论Brief Introduction to Sociology社会学理论专题Current Issues in Theories of Socilolgy社会学问题研究Research on Problems of Sociology社会学研究方法Research Methods of Sociology社会主义财政学Finance of Socialism社会主义各国政，经体制讨论Discussion on Political &Economic Systems in Socialism社会学Sociology社会工作者Social worker案主 Client社会问题Social problem叮叮小文库社会心理Social mental state社会调查The society investigates个案社会工作Social cases work团体社会工作Social group work社区社会工作social Community work社工导论The introdution of social work社会调查应用the application for society investigates家庭暴力Domestic violence失恋 Disappoint in love人在情境中Person in situation弱势群体disadvantaged groups社会保障social security社会福利制度 the social welfare system社会公德social morality单亲家庭single parent family独生子女the only child失业率rate of unemployment民工 the imigrant worker社会学概论Introduction to Sociology社会工作概论Introduction to Social Work社会心理学Social Psychology国外社会学学说Sociological Theories in the West叮叮小文库社会调查与研究方法Social Survey & Research Method社会统计与计算机应用Social Statistics and A pplication of Computer马克思主义社会学经典著作选读S elected Readings of Marxist-Leninist Classics社会保障与社会福利Social Security & Social Welfare当代社会学理论Modern Sociological Theories社会政策Social Policy文化人类学Cultural Anthropology中国社会思想史History of Social Theories in China人口社会学Sociology of Population农村社会学Rural Sociology城市社会学Urban Sociology家庭社会学Sociology of Family开展社会学Sociology of Development经济社会学Economic Sociology组织社会学Sociology of Organization专业英语English for Sociology社会学专题讲座Issues of Sociology民俗学Folklore Studies文化社会学Cultural Sociology宗教社会学Sociology of Religion叮叮小文库教育社会学Sociology of Education越轨与犯罪社会学Sociology of Deviance & Crime当代社会的生活文化Life Style in Current Society西方社会思想史History of Western Social Thought社会问题Social Problems社会分层与社会流动Social Stratification & Mobility科学社会学Sociology of Education社会工程评估和统计指标Statistical Indexes & uation of Social Projects文化社会学Cultural Sociology历史社会学Historical Sociology政治社会学Political Sociology法律社会学Sociology of Law环境社会学Sociology of Environment劳动社会学Sociology of Labor公共关系Public Relations团体工作Group Work社区工作Community Work社会工作实习Practice of Social Work社会行政Social Administration数据分析技术Statistical Package & Applications for the Social Sciences贫困与开展Poverty and Development社会性别研究Gender Studies家庭社会工作Family Social Work临床社会工作Clinical Social Work社会立法Social lagislation老年社会工作Gerontological Social Work青少年越轨与矫治Juvenile Delinquency & Correction社区效劳Community Services心理咨询Psychological Counseling整合社会工作实务Integrative Social Work Practice社会工作专业英语English for Social Work保险与信托Insurance and Entrustment教学实习Teaching Practice管理学Management TheoryAdministration行政Basic assumptions and principles of ~行政的根本假定与原那么Collaboration in行政工作的合并In community organization社区组织中的行政Consultation in行政咨询Defined 行政的定义Importancy of行政的重要性Interagency coopration行政的重要性Shifting power in行政分权Supervision in行政督导social workers'club社工俱乐部Administration in social work (journal )?社会工作行政?〔杂志〕Adolescents 青少年Drug abuse and 吸毒与青少年Health care services 青少年卫生保健效劳Pregnancy and 怀孕与青少年Suicide and 自杀与青少年Adoption领养Applicants for申请领养人Indepengdent placements 独立安置Open 公开领养Sa fe families act ?领养与平安家庭法案?Advocacy 倡导In community organization社区组织中的倡导In future of social work未来社会工作中的倡导Aftercare facilities出院后的照顾设施叮叮小文库Agency settings 机构场所For group work小组工作的机构场所Aging 老年Caregivers 老年照顾者Case management 个案管理Community organization and社区组织与老年Day care centers 老年日间护理中心Health care services 老年健康照顾效劳Income adequacy and 充足收入与老人Living arrangemengs and居住安排与老年Independence and dignity in老年的独立与尊严Mental health心理健康Nursing home alternatives护理院之外的选择Nursing homes 老年护理院Older americans act (1995)?美国老年人法案?〔1995〕Retirement退休Suicide and 自杀与老年Trends and 人口老化趋势White house conferences on aging 白宫老年议会AIDS epidemic艾滋病流行叮叮小文库Alcoholism醺酒Almshouses 济贫院A A for marriage amd family therapy美国婚姻与家庭治疗协会A A for the study of group work美国小组工作研究会A A of Group worker美国小组工作者协会A A of marriage counselors美国婚姻辅导委员会A A of medical social worker美国医务社会工作者协会A A of psychiatric social work美国精神病社会工作者协会A A of schools of social work美国社会工作院校联合会A A of social workers (aasw)美国社会工作者协会A hospital association 美国议员联合会A psychiatric association美国精神病学联合会A red cross 美国，自己翻译吧Assessment 评估In case work process 个案过程中的评估Associated charities 联合慈善机构Bachelor of social work (BSW)degress社会工作学士学位Balanced budget act (1997) ?平衡预算法案? 1997Caregivers 照顾者Case management 个案管理With aging population老年人口个案惯例叮叮小文库DefinedFutureHistory ofParameters of 个案管理的参考标准Purpose ofResearch of 个案管理研究Case study method 个案研究方法Case work 个案工作Biopsychosocial 生理心理社会因素与个案工作DefinedDrug abuse andExamples of 个案工作的案例Freudian approach and弗洛伊德派与个案工作Generalist perpective通才观History ofKnowledge and知识与个案工作Methods of 个案工作的方法Multisystens approach and多元系统趋向与个案工作Problems inProcess ofPurpose ofSanctions and 社会制裁与个案工作叮叮小文库In schoolsTrends inValus andCertification of social workers社会工作者认证Changing nature of work工作性质的改变Charity organization societies (COS)慈善组织协会Cheating 欺诈Child abuse and neglect 虐待与无视儿童Child guidance movement儿童指导运动Child welfareAdoptionAFDC 抚养儿童家庭补助方案个人感觉应该是： Aid to Families with Dependent Children(美国)对有子女家庭补助方案child abuse and neglectdefinedfoster care 给养照顾health care serviceshome caremental health services儿童心理健康效劳origins ofprotective services 儿童保护性效劳叮叮小文库TANF 给贫困家庭临时性援助？t emporary aid to need family L ,need : 贫困 .还是应该用 need 的形容词？Chronically慢性精神病ChurchCivil rights movement民权运动Closed systems 封闭系统CocaineCollaboration协办Interagency机构间的协办Teamwork concepts and团队工作概念与协作Commitment效劳承诺Mental hospital精神病院效劳承诺Committee operation委员会运作Commonwealth fund英联邦基金Community chest公益金貌似特指社区公益基金的意思community organization社区组织corrections and矫正和社区组织definedexaples of叮叮小文库history ofprinciples ofprocesesses in 社区组织的过程roles inschool social work andsommunity resources 社区资源confideniality保密consulation 咨询assumptions of 咨询的前提假设future ofprinciples ofcontimuing education (CE)继续教育contract with America签约美国control groups控制组coordination协调in communityu organization社会组织中的协调corporate health care矫治definedgroup work inhistory ofpractice in矫治实践prevention in矫治中的预防工作processes and principles ofsocial problems relatedsocial services andCouncil on social work education (CSWE)社会工作教育委员会Curriculum Policy Statements and Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards (EPAS)课程政策声明与教育政策和审核标准curriculum statements课程声明generalist perspective and 通才观与 CSWEhistory oflobbying by CSWE的游说工作minority groups andmission statement 使命陈述与prevention andpublicationsCouncils of Aocial Afencies社会机构委员会Counseling 辅导FamilyMarriagePremarital婚姻辅导Rehabilitation康复辅导SchoolAnd social workCourts法庭Crack快克Crack/[krAk]n.裂缝,噼啪声v.(使)破裂,裂纹, (使)爆裂adj.最好的, 高明的貌似这个词 ,没搞懂CrimeCultural dissonance 文化失调Day care centers 日间照料中心Day treatment 日间治疗Deinstitutionalization 去机构照顾貌似，没明白division of child and family services 儿童与家庭效劳科Doctoral programs in social work 社会工作博士培养方案Dropout rates 辍学率Drug abuse 吸毒Adolescentys and 青少年与吸毒Alcohol 醺酒Emergency care for 虚度紧急救护Extent and cost of吸毒的范围与代价Growth ofHallucinogens 迷幻药Inhalants吸入剂Inpatient treatment for吸毒住院治疗Marijuana大麻Narcotics 麻醉剂In schoolsSedatives 镇静剂In sports worldStimulants兴奋剂TobaccoTreatmentDrug courts吸毒法庭Drug therapy吸毒治疗Eclecticism 折中主义Education for social work社会工作教育Administration andCommunity organization and Continuing educationFinancial assistanceFuture ofGeneralist practice perspective andGroup work andMinority group andMSW degreeProfessionalism and 专业主义与社会工作教育Specializaton 社会工作教育的专门化Student participation inElizabethan Poor Laws?伊丽莎白济贫法?Employee assistance programs (EPAs) 雇员援助方案Encylopedia of Social Work?社会工作百科全书?Enrichment in living充实生活Evaluation评估见： Assessment：(为征税对财产所作的 )估价 , 被估定的金额Evaluatio ：估价 , 评价 , 赋值Experimental group试验组见： control groups, 控制组Faith-based social service 信心为本的社会效劳FamilyBattered women受虐妇女Battered/[~]adj. 打扁了的 , 敲碎的。
美国习惯用语
(It will be updated if you like it. )walk今天我们要讲的两个习惯用语都是以walk这个字为主的。
Walk就是走路的意思。
我们要讲的两个习惯用语一个是好事，另一个是坏事。
我们先来讲第一个吧！To walk down the aisle. To walk down就是：走下去，aisle就是两组座位之间的走道，就像电影院,大礼堂和教堂里的走道一样。
西方人结婚一般都要在教堂里举行婚礼。
在举行婚礼时，新娘穿着白的礼服，随着结婚进行曲从入口一直走到前面主持婚礼的牧师面前。
因此，to walk down the aisle就是结婚。
我们来举一个例子。
这是一个人在讲英国查尔斯王子和戴安娜公主的婚事。
例句1: Do you remember how the royal couple walked down the aisle in Westminster Cathedral over ten years ago? I hoped they'd be happy forever after and I'm sorry to see them splitting up.这个人说：你还记得十多年前英国王族的一对夫妇在威斯敏斯特教堂举行婚礼的情况吗？当时，我真希望他们能从此永远幸福。
现在看到他们分手真让我难受。
这句话里提到的Westminster Cathedral，也就是威斯敏斯特教堂。
历代英国国王都在这******我们再来举一个例子。
这个例子是在讲一个很现代化的女子对婚姻和事业的看法。
这是她的妹妹在讲话。
例句2: My sister says she won't walk down the aisle with the first man who asks her. What she wants is to establish a career and have some financial independence like so many women these days.这个妹妹说：我姐姐讲她不会跟第一个向她求婚的男人结婚。
美国福利制度
美国福利制度美国福利制度第一章介绍美国福利制度是指为了保障公民的基本生活需求和提供社会保障服务而建立的一系列政策和程序。
该制度主要涉及社会保险、社会救助和就业福利等方面，旨在提供基本经济和社会保障，保障人民的福祉和社会公平。
第二章社会保险1.社会安全制度●社会安全福利金：________提供退休金、残疾金和遗属福利金等。
●社会安全医疗保险：________提供医疗服务和药物补助。
●社会安全失业保险：________提供失业保障和工作培训。
2.医疗保险制度●医疗保险计划：________包括医疗保险养老者、医疗保险贫困人群和医疗保险儿童等计划。
●资助的医保：________提供给低收入家庭的医疗保障。
3.福利住房●公共住房：________提供给低收入和残疾人士的廉租房屋。
●房屋选择券计划：________提供给低收入家庭的补贴式住房计划。
第三章社会救助1.食品券计划●食品券：________提供给低收入家庭用于购买食品的券。
●儿童营养计划：________提供给低收入家庭的额外食品和营养援助。
2.现金援助计划●临时援助贫困家庭计划：________提供给低收入家庭的经济资助。
●无家可归者援助计划：________提供给无家可归者的基本生活和住房援助。
3.学术奖助金●联邦贫困学生补助：________提供给贫困学生的高等教育援助。
●自由和减少教育助学金：________提供给低收入家庭的教育援助。
第四章就业福利1.失业补偿●失业保险金：________提供给失业者的经济援助，以帮助他们过渡期间找到新工作。
2.工人安全保障●工伤保险：________提供给因工作事故或健康问题导致的损伤或疾病的工人的赔偿。
●职业培训和再培训：________提供给失业者的培训和职业技能发展的机会。
附件：________1.社会安全法案2.医疗保险法案3.公共住房法案4.食品券计划法案5.临时援助贫困家庭计划法案6.联邦贫困学生补助法案7.失业保险金法案8.工伤保险法案法律名词及注释：________1.社会安全法案：________美国联邦法律，旨在为退休者、残疾人和遗属提供经济援助和社会保险。
《英语国家概况》American Social Services课件
Social Security Act
1. Social Insurance a. Old-Age and Diability Insurance b. Medicare c. Unemployment Compensation
• Main federal welfare programs
• Medicaid（公共医疗补助制度） • AFDC / 抚养未成年子女家庭补助) • Food stamp（食物劵）：A stamp or coupon, issued
by the government to persons with low incomes, that can be redeemed for food at stores. • General Assistance（一般救助 ） • Supplementary Security Income (SSI)(补充保障收入）
2. Welfare problems a. AFDC b. SSI c. General assistance d. “In kind” Benefit
1.Social Security
• Coverage of social security system 1. the old age, survivors, disability, and health
Medicare医疗保险
• Medicare is the national health insurance program for people over 65 year old .The program provides hospital and medical insurance for people over the age 65 and people under 65 with disability.
社会工作专业词汇中英文对照(DOC)
社会工作专业词汇中英文对照社会调查的理论与方法Theories ＆Methods for Social Investigation社会调查方法Methods for Social Investigation社会工作Social Work社会统计分析与SYSTAT应用Social Statistics Analysis ＆SYSTAT Application社会统计学Social Statistics社会问题研究Research on Social Problems社会心理学Social Psychology社会学概论Introduction to Sociololgy社会学简论Brief Introduction to Sociology社会学理论专题Current Issues in Theories of Socilolgy社会学问题研究Research on Problems of Sociology社会学研究方法Research Methods of Sociology社会主义财政学Finance of Socialism社会主义各国政，经体制讨论Discussion on Political & Economic Systems in Socialism社会学Sociology社会工作者Social worker案主Client社会问题Social problem社会心理Social mental state社会调查The society investigates个案社会工作Social cases work团体社会工作Social group work社区社会工作social Community work社工导论The introdution of social work社会调查应用the application for society investigates 家庭暴力Domestic violence失恋Disappoint in love人在情境中Person in situation弱势群体disadvantaged groups社会保障social security社会福利制度the social welfare system社会公德social morality单亲家庭single parent family独生子女the only child失业率rate of unemployment民工the imigrant worker社会学概论Introduction to Sociology社会工作概论Introduction to Social Work社会心理学Social Psychology国外社会学学说Sociological Theories in the West社会调查与研究方法Social Survey & Research Method社会统计与计算机应用Social Statistics and Application of Computer马克思主义社会学经典著作选读Selected Readings of Marxist—Leninist Classics社会保障与社会福利Social Security & Social Welfare当代社会学理论Modern Sociological Theories社会政策Social Policy文化人类学Cultural Anthropology中国社会思想史History of Social Theories in China人口社会学Sociology of Population农村社会学Rural Sociology城市社会学Urban Sociology家庭社会学Sociology of Family发展社会学Sociology of Development经济社会学Economic Sociology组织社会学Sociology of Organization专业英语English for Sociology社会学专题讲座Issues of Sociology民俗学Folklore Studies文化社会学Cultural Sociology宗教社会学Sociology of Religion教育社会学Sociology of Education越轨与犯罪社会学Sociology of Deviance & Crime当代社会的生活文化Life Style in Current Society西方社会思想史History of Western Social Thought社会问题Social Problems社会分层与社会流动Social Stratification & Mobility科学社会学Sociology of Education社会项目评估和统计指标Statistical Indexes ＆uation of Social Projects文化社会学Cultural Sociology历史社会学Historical Sociology政治社会学Political Sociology法律社会学Sociology of Law环境社会学Sociology of Environment劳动社会学Sociology of Labor公共关系Public Relations团体工作Group Work社区工作Community Work社会工作实习Practice of Social Work社会行政Social Administration数据分析技术Statistical Package ＆Applications for the SocialSciences贫困与发展Poverty and Development社会性别研究Gender Studies家庭社会工作Family Social Work临床社会工作Clinical Social Work社会立法Social lagislation老年社会工作Gerontological Social Work青少年越轨与矫治Juvenile Delinquency ＆Correction社区服务Community Services心理咨询Psychological Counseling整合社会工作实务Integrative Social Work Practice社会工作专业英语English for Social Work保险与信托Insurance and Entrustment教学实习Teaching Practice管理学Management TheoryAdministration 行政Basic assumptions and principles of ～行政的基本假定与原则Collaboration in 行政工作的合并In community organization 社区组织中的行政Consultation in 行政咨询Defined 行政的定义Importancy of 行政的重要性Interagency coopration 行政的重要性Shifting power in 行政分权Supervision in 行政督导social workers'club 社工俱乐部Administration in social work (journal ）《社会工作行政》（杂志）Adolescents 青少年Drug abuse and 吸毒与青少年Health care services 青少年卫生保健服务Pregnancy and 怀孕与青少年Suicide and 自杀与青少年Adoption 领养Applicants for 申请领养人Indepengdent placements 独立安置Open 公开领养Sa fe families act 《领养与安全家庭法案》Advocacy 倡导In community organization 社区组织中的倡导In future of social work 未来社会工作中的倡导Aftercare facilities 出院后的照顾设施Agency settings 机构场所For group work 小组工作的机构场所Aging 老年Caregivers 老年照顾者Case management 个案管理Community organization and 社区组织与老年Day care centers 老年日间护理中心Health care services 老年健康照顾服务Income adequacy and 充足收入与老人Living arrangemengs and 居住安排与老年Independence and dignity in 老年的独立与尊严Mental health 心理健康Nursing home alternatives 护理院之外的选择Nursing homes 老年护理院Older americans act （1995) 《美国老年人法案》(1995）Retirement 退休Suicide and 自杀与老年Trends and 人口老化趋势White house conferences on aging 白宫老年议会AIDS epidemic 艾滋病流行Alcoholism 醺酒Almshouses 济贫院A A for marriage amd family therapy 美国婚姻与家庭治疗协会A A for the study of group work 美国小组工作研究会A A of Group worker 美国小组工作者协会A A of marriage counselors 美国婚姻辅导委员会A A of medical social worker 美国医务社会工作者协会A A of psychiatric social work 美国精神病社会工作者协会A A of schools of social work 美国社会工作院校联合会A A of social workers (aasw) 美国社会工作者协会A hospital association 美国议员联合会A psychiatric association 美国精神病学联合会A red cross 美国，自己翻译吧Assessment 评估In case work process 个案过程中的评估Associated charities 联合慈善机构Bachelor of social work （BSW）degress 社会工作学士学位Balanced budget act （1997）《平衡预算法案》1997Caregivers 照顾者Case management 个案管理With aging population 老年人口个案惯例DefinedFutureHistory ofParameters of 个案管理的参考标准Purpose ofResearch of 个案管理研究Case study method 个案研究方法Case work 个案工作Biopsychosocial 生理心理社会因素与个案工作DefinedDrug abuse andExamples of 个案工作的案例Freudian approach and 弗洛伊德派与个案工作Generalist perpective 通才观History ofKnowledge and 知识与个案工作Methods of 个案工作的方法Multisystens approach and 多元系统趋向与个案工作Problems inProcess ofPurpose ofSanctions and 社会制裁与个案工作In schoolsTrends inValus andCertification of social workers 社会工作者认证Changing nature of work 工作性质的改变Charity organization societies (COS) 慈善组织协会Cheating 欺诈Child abuse and neglect 虐待与忽视儿童Child guidance movement 儿童指导运动Child welfareAdoptionAFDC 抚养儿童家庭补助计划个人感觉应该是：Aid to Families with Dependent Children（美国)对有子女家庭补助计划child abuse and neglectdefinedfoster care 给养照顾health care serviceshome caremental health services 儿童心理健康服务origins ofprotective services 儿童保护性服务TANF 给贫困家庭临时性援助？temporary aid to need family L ,need ：贫困。