英语语言学各章节题目
英语专业英语语言学 配套练习题第一章Chapter One
Chapter OneI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not language in general.3. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.4. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words iscalled morphology.5. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies morphemes,but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.6. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to the society.7. Modern Linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.8. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.9. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spokenlanguage.10. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by Ferdinandde Saussure.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1. Chomsky defines “competence”as the ideal user’s k______ of the rules of hislanguage.2. Langue refers to the a_____ linguistic system shared by all the members of aspeech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of rules.3. D_____ is one of the design features of human language which refers to thephenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.4. Language is a system of a_____ vocal symbols used for human communication.5. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words intopermissible sentences in language is called s_____.6. Human capacity for language has a g____ basis, but the details of language have tobe taught and learned.7. P______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.8. Linguistics is generally defined as the s_____ study of language.III. Define the following terms briefly.1. language2. linguistics3. design features4. arbitrariness5. productivity6. displacement7. duality8. competence9. performance10. langue11. paroleIV. Answer the following questions briefly. Give examples for illustration if necessary.1. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used forhuman communication. Explain it in detail.2. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.3. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?4. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, notthe written？5. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?V. Further readingBooks:1.Aitchison, J. 1992. Linguistics. London: Hodder & Stoughton.2.Sapir, E. 2002. Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press.3.Widdowson, H. G. 1996. Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.4.刘润清等编著，1990，《语言学入门》，北京：人民教育出版社。
语言学试题及答案英语
语言学试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. The smallest unit of sound in a languageB. The smallest unit of meaning in a languageC. The smallest unit of grammar in a languageD. The smallest unit of writing in a language答案：A2. Which of the following is a characteristic of the English language?A. It is a tonal languageB. It has a fixed word orderC. It has no grammatical genderD. It uses ideograms答案：B3. In linguistics, "morpheme" is defined as:A. A unit of soundB. A unit of meaningC. A unit of grammarD. A unit of writing答案：B4. The study of language change over time is known as:A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SyntaxD. Historical Linguistics答案：D5. The branch of linguistics that deals with the meaning of words is called:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：A二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is known as ____________.答案：Phonetics2. The process of changing one language into another is known as ____________.答案：Translation3. The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called a____________.答案：Lexeme4. The study of how language is used in social contexts is known as ____________.答案：Sociolinguistics5. The study of language acquisition in children is known as ____________.答案：Child Language Acquisition三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a phoneme and an allophone. 答案：A phoneme is a linguistic unit that distinguishes meaning in a language, whereas an allophone is a variant of a phoneme that does not change the meaning of a word.2. What is the role of syntax in language?答案：Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a language, determining how words combine to form phrases, clauses, and complex sentences.3. Describe the function of morphology in language.答案：Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and how they are formed by combining morphemes, which are the smallest meaningful units of language.4. How does sociolinguistics contribute to our understanding of language?答案：Sociolinguistics contributes to our understanding of language by examining how social factors such as class, gender, age, and ethnicity influence language variation and use in different social contexts.四、论述题（共20分）1. Discuss the importance of pragmatics in language communication.答案：Pragmatics is crucial in language communication as it deals with the study of how context influences the meaning of linguistic expressions. It helps us understand how speakersconvey intended meanings beyond the literal interpretation of words and sentences, taking into account factors such as tone, body language, and shared knowledge between speakers.2. Explain the significance of historical linguistics in understanding language evolution.答案：Historical linguistics is significant in understanding language evolution as it traces the development of languages over time, revealing how languages change, diverge, and sometimes converge. It provides insights into therelationships between languages, the migration of people, and the cultural history of language communities.。
英语语言学试题(3)
英语语言学试题（3）第一部分选择题Ⅰ.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=2 0%)1.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is ______.A. arbitraryB.non-arbitraryC. logicalD.non-productive2.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips,i.e. rounded, EXCEPT ______.3.The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed t he ______.A.phrase structureB.surface structureC.syntactic structureD.deep structure4.The theory of ______ accounts for the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object po sitions.A.Case ConditionB.Adjacent ConditionC.parameterD.Adjacent parameters5.The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called ______.A.polysemyB.hyponymyC.antonymyD.homonymy6.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day,eight days a week."obviously violates the max im of ______.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner7.In first language acquisition children usually ______ grammatical rules from the linguistic information they hear.eB.acceptC.generalizeD.reconstruct8.Standardization known as ______ is necessary in order to facilitate communications.nguage interpretationnguage identificationnguage choicenguage planning9.Which of the following choices is not the key biological basis for human language acquisition?______.A.Cerebral cortexB.NeuronsC.EyesD.Angular gyrus10.Basically all the following categories except ______ are always missing in the children's telegraphic speech stage.A.the copula verb "be"B.inflectional morphemesC.function wordsD.content words第二部分非选择题Ⅱ.Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)nguage exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a _s_______ study of language.12.An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lun gs meets with any _o________ when a sound is produced.13.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called _b________ morphemes.14.XP may contain more than just X.For example,the NP "the boy who likes his puppy" consists of D et,N and S,with Det being the _s________,N the head and S the complement.15.According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts,"to suggest that someone should see the do ctor" should fall into the category of _d________.16.Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items.The word th at is more general in meaning is called _s________.17.Vowels can be nasalized.The vowel nasalization rule is an _a________ rule,which,for the most part, is caused by articulatory or physiological process in which successive sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another.18.One mark of an informal style is the frequent occurrence of _s________ words and expressions, which make sense only to the people of particular social groups and serve as a mark of membership and solidarity within a given social group.19.The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called _h________, one on the right and one on the left.20.Linguists often use the term native language or mother tongue instead of first language, and _t___ _____ language instead of second language in second language acquisition literature.Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F f or false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)21.( )Human capacity for language has a genetic basis,i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.22.( )A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish m eaning.23.( )Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.24.( )Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order.25.( )The same semantic feature occurs in one part of speech only. For example, "female" occurs only in nouns such as "mother", "woman" "girl" "tigress" and so on but not in other parts of speech.26.( )According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts, inviting, ordering, advising, promising and apologizing all fall into the category of directives.27.( )New words may be formed from existing words by subtracting an affix thought to be part of the old word; that is, ignorance sometimes can be creative. Thus "peddle" was derived from "peddler" on the mistaken assumption that the "-er" was the agentive suffix.28.( )Women in Western countries at least appear to be more status-conscious and sensitive to the social significance of certain linguistic variables.29.( )The case of Genie confirms that the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills cannot develop.30.( )Conscious knowledge of linguistic rules does ensure acquisition of the rules and therefore an immediate guidance for actual performance.Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3%×10=30%)31.narrow transcription32.stem33.derivational affixes34.grammatical relation35.predication36.semantic narrowing37.nonstandard languages38.linguistic taboo39.angular gyrus40.interlanguageⅤ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.。
语言学教程前三章练习题及答案
UNIT11.Which of the following is a main branch of linguistics?A.PsycholinguisticB.SociolinguisticsC.Macrolinguistics正确答案C，得2分2.(单选题，2 分)()refers to the system of a language, i. e. the arrangement of sounds and words which speakers of a language have a shared knowledge of.municative competenceB.Linguistic potentialnguepetence正确答案C3.(单选题，2 分)The function of the sentence "Water boils at 100 degree Centigrade” is ().A.interrogativeB.performativeC.directivermative正确答案D，得2分4.(单选题，2 分)By()we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness.A.displacementB.dualityC.arbitrarinessD.creativity正确答案D，得2分5.(单选题，2 分)When language is used to get information from others. it serves an()function.A.interrogativeB.expressiveC.evocativermative正确答案D6.(单选题，2 分)The functions of language do NOT include ().A.metacognitive functionrmative functionC.phatic functionD.interpersonal function正确答案A，得2分7.(单选题，2 分)Saussure took a(n) ()view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ()point of view.A.semantic. linguisticB.psychological. sociologicalC.sociological.. psychologicalD.applied. pragmatic正确答案C，得2分8.(单选题，2 分)The actual production and comprehension of the speech by speakers of a language is called().A.performancenguage devicepetenceD.grammar rules正确答案A，9.(单选题，2 分)Saussure is closely connected with().nguepetenceC.paroleD.performance正确答案C，得2分10.(单选题，2 分)"A refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2, 000 years ago. " This shows that language has the design feature of().A.creativityB.arbitrarinessC.displacementD.duality正确答案C，得2分11.(单选题，2 分)According to F. de Saussure()refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.nguageB.performancengueD.parole正确答案C，得2分12.(单选题，2 分)The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with().A.auditory phoneticsB.articulatory phoneticsC.acoustic phonetics教师批阅正确答案C，得2分13.(单选题，2 分)Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature?A.ArbitrarinessB.ConventionC.DualityD.Culture transmission正确答案B，我的答案：D得0分14.(单选题，2 分)Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A.bangB.crashC.treeD.typewriter正确答案C，我的答案：A得0分15.(单选题，2 分)The study of language at one point in time is a()study.A.descriptiveB.diachronicC.synchronicD.historical正确答案C，得2分16.(单选题，2 分)Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson 's framework of language functions?A.The emotive function is to convey message and information.B.The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meaning.C.The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake.D.The phatic function is to establish communion with others.正确答案D，我的答案：C得0分17.(填空题，2 分)____grammars attempt to tell what is in the language, while____grammars tell people what should be in the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described.正确答案：(1) Descriptive(2) prescriptive18.(填空题，2 分)The features that define our human languages can be called____features.正确答案：(1) design19.(填空题，2 分)The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of____ ____relation.正确答案：(1) convention20.(填空题，2 分)____ can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society.正确答案：(1) Pragmatics21.(填空题，2 分)Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as____ and.The former refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing.正确答案：(1) langue, parole22.(填空题，2 分)Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and ____ of language makes learning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language, it is this feature of language that is more with noticing than its arbitrariness.正确答案：(1) conventionality23.(填空题，2 分)Chomsky initiated the distinction between ____and performance.正确答案：(1) competence24.(填空题，2 分)Syntagmatic relation in fact is a____ relation.正确答案：(1) positional25.(填空题，2 分)Linguistics is usually defined as the____ study of language.正确答案：(1) scientific26.(填空题，2 分)Our language can be used to talk about itself. This is the____ function of language.正确答案：(1) metalingual27.(填空题，2 分)By____ is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.正确答案：(1) duality28.(填空题，2 分)Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the ____ theory.正确答案：(1) yo-he-ho29.(填空题，2 分)Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the ____ it is associated with.正确答案：(1) meaning30.(填空题，2 分)Semantics and ____ investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning.正确答案：(1) pragmatics31.(填空题，2 分)The relation between them is____.正确答案：(1) arbitrary32.(填空题，2 分)By____, we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness.正确答案：(1) creativity33.(填空题，2 分)In linguistics, ____ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence.正确答案：(1) syntax34.(填空题，2 分)Modern linguistic is ____ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.正确答案：(1) descriptive35.(填空题，2 分)____ mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.正确答案：(1) phonetics36.(填空题，2 分)One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ____ and performance.正确答案：(1) competence37.(填空题，2 分)The most important function of language is ____function.正确答案：(1) informative38.(填空题，2 分)____ refers to the role language plays in communication(e. g. to express ideas, attitudes) or in particular social situations(e. g. Religious, legal).正确答案：(1) Function39.(填空题，2 分)When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather thanexchanging information or ideas, its function is ____function.正确答案：(1) phatic40.(填空题，2 分)The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community is____.正确答案：(1) langue41.(判断题，2 分)It is conclusive that Chinese is regarded as the primeval language.正确答案错，得2分42.(判断题，2 分)Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study正确答案错，得2分43.(判断题，2 分)Onomatopoeic words can show the arbitrary nature of language.正确答案错，得2分44.(判断题，2 分)Wherever humans exist,language exists.正确答案错，得2分45.(判断题，2 分)The bow- wow theory is a theory on the origin of language.正确答案对，得2分46.(判断题，2 分)According to Saussure, the relation between the signified and the signifier is arbitrary.正确答案对，得2分47.(判断题，2 分)When language is used to get information from other,it serves an informative function.正确答案错，得2分48.(判断题，2 分)Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it can tell us how to speak correct language.正确答案错，得2分49.(判断题，2 分)The features that define our human languages can be called DESIGN FEATURES.正确答案对，得2分50.(判断题，2 分)Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meaning.对UNIT21.(单选题，1 分)The vowel()is a low back vowel.A./i:/B./e/C./u/D./a:/教师批阅正确答案D，得1 分2.(单选题，1 分)Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A.[w]B.[f]C.[z]D.[v]教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分3.(单选题，1 分)Which of the following is true of an allophone?A.An allophone changes the meaning of the word.B.There is no possibility of an allophone becoming a phoneme.C.A phone can be the allophone of all English vowel phonemes.D.There are no restrictions on the distribution of an allophone.教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分4.(单选题，1 分)Which of the following CANNOT be considered as minimal par?A./s / /T/B./ai/ /Oi/C./s/ /z/D./p/ /b/教师批阅正确答案A，我的答案：C 得0 分5.(单选题，1 分)Which of the following is the correct description of [v]?A.voiced labiodental fricativeB.voiced labiodental stopC.voiceless labiodental fricativeD.voiceless labiodental stop教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分6.(单选题，1 分)The consonant /s / in the word “smile” can be described as:().A.Voiceless oral alveolar fricativeB.voiced oral bilabial fricativeC.voiceless nasal bilabial liquidD.voiced oral alveolar plosive教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分7.(单选题，1 分)Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest, and explain the reason in ONE sentence.A.residentB.restartC.resolutionD.resignation教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分8.(单选题，1 分)()is the smallest meaningful unit of language.A.PhoneB.PhonemeC.MorphemeD.Syllable教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分9.(单选题，1 分)An aspirated P and an unaspirated p are()of the p phoneme.A.analoguesB.allophonesC.tagmemesD.morphemes教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分10.(单选题，1 分)()refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.A.RhymeB.StressC.ToneD.Coda教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分11.(单选题，1 分)Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A.Acoustic phoneticsB.articulatory phoneticsC.None of themD.auditory phonetics教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分12.(单选题，1 分)A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of word from another in a givenlanguage is a().A.phonemeB.allophoneC.phoneD.word教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分13.(单选题，1 分)()is one of the suprasegmental features.A.stopB.toneC.voicingD.deletion教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分14.(单选题，1 分)Which one is different from others according to places of articulatory?A.[p]B.[m]C.[b]D.[n]教师批阅正确答案D，得1 分15.(单选题，1 分)Classification of English speech sounds in terms of manner of articulation involves the following EXCEPT(). DA.affricatesB.bilabialC. lateralD.fricative教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分16.(单选题，1 分)Of the consonants/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /m/ /z/and /g/, which has the features of voiceless and velar?A./p/B./t/C./g/D./k/教师批阅正确答案D，得1 分17.(单选题，1 分)Of the three cavities, ()is the most variable and active in amplifying and modifying speech sounds.A.none of themB.oral cavityC. pharynx cavityD.nasal cavity教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分18.(单选题，1 分)What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A.Glottal stopB.VoicedC.ConsonantD.Voiceless教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分19.(单选题，1 分)The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in()and vocabulary.A.grammarB.structureC.pronunciationage教师批阅正确答案C，得1 分20.(单选题，1 分)Which of the allowing is not a minimal pair?A./keit/ /feit/B./sai / sei/C./li:f/ /fi:l/D./sip/ /zip/教师批阅正确答案C，得1 分21.(填空题，2.5 分)Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel. And as a result are most conveniently described in terms of____and manner of articulation.正确答案：(1) place22.(填空题，2.5 分)The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are ____allophones教师批阅得2.5 分正确答案：(1) allophones23.(填空题，2.5 分)____are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.正确答案：(1) Consonants24.(填空题，2.5 分)The sound /k/ can be described with "voiceless,____,stop”.教师批阅得2.5 分正确答案：(1) velar25.(填空题，2.5 分)According to ____, when there is choice as to where to place consonant put into the onset rather than the coda.(1) the Maximal Onset Principle26.(填空题，2.5 分)The sound /b/can be described with" ____, bilabial,stop”.正确答案：(1) voiced27.(填空题，2.5 分)____transcription should transcribe all the possible speech sounds, including the minute shades. Narrow28.(填空题，2.5 分)Most speech sounds are made by movements of the tongue and the lips, and these movements are called ____, as compared to those made by hands. These movements of the tongue and lips are made____ _so that they can be heard and recognized.正确答案：(1) gestures(2) audibles29.(填空题，2.5 分)Stress refers to the degree of ____used in producing syllable.force教师批阅得2.5 分正确答案：(1) force30.(填空题，2.5 分)In phonological analysis the words fail -veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes/f/-/v/. This is an example for illustrating____minimal pairs教师批阅得0 分正确答案：(1) minimal pair31.(填空题，2.5 分)The syllable structure in Chinese is ____or____or ____正确答案：(1) CVC(2) CV(3) V32.(填空题，2.5 分)Voicing refers to the ____of the vocal folds.(1) vibration33.(填空题，2.5 分)____refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.正确答案：(1) Assimilation34.(填空题，2.5 分)In English, the two words cut and gut differ only in their initial sounds and the two sounds are two different ____and the two words are a____pair.正确答案：(1) phonemes(2) minimal35.(填空题，2.5 分)In ____assimilation, a following sound is influencing a preceding sound.正确答案：(1) regressive36.(填空题，2.5 分)The sound /p/can be described with____, bilabial,stop”.正确答案：(1) voiceless37.(填空题，2.5 分)In English, consonant clusters in onset and coda positions disallow many consonant combinations, which is explained by the work of____.正确答案：(1) sonority scale38.(填空题，2.5 分)Phonetic similarity means that the____of phoneme must bear some phonetic resemblance.正确答案：(1) allophones39.(填空题，2.5 分)In English there are a number of ____which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.正确答案：(1) diphthongs40.(填空题，2.5 分)The present system of the____derives mainly from one developed in the 1920s by the British phonetician, Daniel Jones (1881-1967) and his colleagues at University of London.正确答案：(1) cardinal vowels41.(判断题，1 分)There are two nasal consonants in English.正确答案错，得1 分42.(判断题，1 分)In English, we can have the syllable structure of CCCVCCCC.正确答案对，得1 分43.(判断题，1 分)In the sound writing system, the reference of the grapheme is the phoneme.正确答案对，得0 分44.(判断题，1 分)Phonology studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is, how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received.正确答案错，得1 分45.(判断题，1 分)The “Minimal Pair” test that can be used to find out which sound substitutions cause differences in meaning do not work well for all languages.正确答案对，得1 分46.(判断题，1 分)The airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modifications to acquire the quality of a speech sound.正确答案对，得1 分47.(判断题，1 分)Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.正确答案对，得0 分48.(判断题，1 分)Sound [p] in the word"spit "is an unaspirated stop.正确答案对，得1 分49.(判断题，1 分)Speech sounds are those sounds made by human beings that have become units in the language system. We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives.正确答案对，得1 分50.(判断题，1 分)Tones in tone language are not always fixed. For example, tones in Chinese never change.正确答案错，得1 分51.(判断题，1 分)The International Phonetic Alphabet uses narrow transcription.正确答案对，得0 分52.(判断题，1 分)All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.正确答案对，得1 分The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communications are all phonemes.正确答案错，得1 分54.(判断题，1 分)Broad Transcription is intended to symbolize all the possible speech sounds, including the minute shades.正确答案错，得1 分55.(判断题，1 分)It is sounds by which we make communicative meaning.正确答案错，得0 分56.(判断题，1 分)All the suffixes may change the position of the stress.正确答案错，得1 分57.(判断题，1 分)The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.正确答案错，得0 分58.(判断题，1 分)The speech sounds which are in complementary distribution are definitely allophones of the same phoneme.正确答案错，得1 分59.(判断题，1 分)Phonetic similarity means that the allophones of a phoneme must bear some morphological resemblance.正确答案错，得1 分60.(判断题，1 分)A syllable can be divided into two parts, the NUCLEUS and the CODA.正确答案错，得1 分61.(判断题，1 分)The last sound of "top can be articulated as an unreleased or released plosive. These different realizations of the same phoneme are not in complementary distribution.正确答案对，得1 分62.(判断题，1 分)All syllables contain three parts: onset, nucleus and coda.正确答案错，得1 分63.(判断题，1 分)Larynx is what we sometimes call “Adam’s apple”.正确答案错，得1 分64.(判断题，1 分)Chinese is a tone language.正确答案对，得1 分65.(判断题，1 分)A phoneme in one language or one dialect may be an allophone in another language or dialect.正确答案对，得1 分When preceding /p/, the negative prefix “in-” always changes to “im-” .正确答案对，得1 分67.(判断题，1 分)The last sound of "sit"can be articulated as an unreleased or released plosive. These different realizations of the same phoneme are not in complementary distribution.正确答案对，得0 分68.(判断题，1 分)The initial sound of"peak "is aspirated while the second sound of"speak"is unaspirated. They are in free variation.正确答案错，得1 分69.(判断题，1 分)[p] is voiced bilabial stop.正确答案错，得1 分70.(判断题，1 分)Pure vowels are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.正确答案错，得0 分UNIT31.(单选题，1 分)“-s” in the word “books” is ().A.a stemB.an inflectional affixC.a derivational affixD.a root教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分2.(单选题，1 分)other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes.A.Poly-morphemic wordsB.Free morphemesC.Bound morphemes教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分3.(单选题，1 分)Of the following sound combinations, only() is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.A.ilmbB.miblC.ilbmD.bmil教师批阅正确答案B，我的答案：C 得0 分4.(单选题，1 分)Which two terms can best describe the following pairs of words: table-- tables, day+ break-- daybreak?A.inflection and derivationpound and derivationC.derivation and inflectionD.inflection and compound教师批阅正确答案D，得1 分5.(单选题，1 分)()is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A.morphologyB.morphemeC.grammarD.syntax教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分6.(单选题，1 分)Which of the following words are formed by blending?A.televisionB.bunchC.girlfriendD.smog教师批阅正确答案D，得1 分7.(单选题，1 分)The word UN is formed in the way of().A.acronymB.clippingC.InitialismD.blending教师批阅正确答案C，我的答案：A 得0 分8.(单选题，1 分)Language has been changing, but such changes are not so obvious at all linguistic aspects except that of().A.phonologyB.lexiconC.semanticsD.syntax教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分9.(单选题，1 分)There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is knownas a(n) ().A.derivational affixesB.free formC.free morphemeD.inflectional affixes教师批阅正确答案D，得1 分10.(单选题，1 分)Which of the following is not a boundary to morpheme? ()A.-putB.-mitC.-tainD.-ceive教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分11.(单选题，1 分)()modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A.AffixesB.PrefixesC.SuffixesD.Roots教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分12.(单选题，1 分)The words that contain only one morpheme are called().A.free morphemeB.affixesC.bound momsD.roots教师批阅正确答案A，我的答案：D 得0 分13.(单选题，1 分)Wife", which used to refer to any woman, stands for a married woman" in modem English. This phenomenon is known as().A.semantic narrowingB.semantic broadeningC.semantic shiftD.semantic elevation教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分14.(单选题，1 分)() are added to an existing form to create a word, which is a very common way in English.A.derivational affixesB.inflectional affixesC.stemsD.free morpheme教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分15.(单选题，1 分)Which of the following is under the category of “open class”? ()A.ConjunctionsB.NounsC.PreparationD.determinants教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分16.(单选题，1 分)Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as().A.lexical wordsB.invariable wordsC.grammatical wordsD.function words教师批阅正确答案A，我的答案：C 得0 分17.(单选题，1 分)The word “selfish” contains two().A.morphsB.phonemesC.allomorphsD.morphemes教师批阅正确答案D，得1 分18.(单选题，1 分)Which of the following ways of word-formation does not change the grammatical class of the stems?()A.coinageB.inflectionpoundD.derivation教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分19.(单选题，1 分)Which of the following is an inflectional suffix?()A.-aryB.-ifyC.-istD.-ing正确答案D，得1 分20.(单选题，1 分)() is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A.MorphemeB.SyntaxC.MorphologyD.Grammar教师批阅正确答案C，得1 分21.(单选题，1 分)()is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.A.MorphemeB.RootC.WordD.Allomorph教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分22.(单选题，1 分)The number of morphemes in the word “girls” is().A.fourB.twoC.oneD.three教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分23.(单选题，1 分)() at the end of stems can modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.A.prefixesB.suffixesC.free morphemesD.roots教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分24.(单选题，1 分)Compound words consist of()morphemes.A.freeB.either bound or freeC.boundD.both bound and free正确答案A，得1 分25.(单选题，1 分)Derivational morpheme contrasts sharply with inflectional morpheme in that the former changes the() while the latter does not.A.speech soundB.formC.MeaningD.word class教师批阅正确答案D，得1 分26.(单选题，1 分)A prefix is an affix which appears().A.in the middle of the stemB.below the stemC.before the stemD.after the stem教师批阅正确答案C，得1 分27.(单选题，1 分)() is the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme.A.AffixB.SuffixC.StemD.Prefix教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分28.(单选题，1 分)The words that contain only one morpheme are called().A.bound morphemeB.free morphemeC.rootsD.Affixes教师批阅正确答案B，我的答案：C 得0 分29.(单选题，1 分)The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is().A.morphemicB.prefixesC.semanticD.grammatical教师批阅正确答案D，得1 分30.(单选题，1 分)()refers to the way in which a particular verb changes for tense, person, or number.A.DerivationB.InflectionC.affixationD.Conjunction教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分31.(单选题，1 分)Those that affect the syntactic category and the meaning of the root as well are ().A.prefixesB.suffixesC.stemsD.affixes教师批阅正确答案B，我的答案：D 得0 分32.(单选题，1 分)() is the smallest meaningful unit of language.A.PhonemeB.WordC.AllomorphD.Morpheme教师批阅正确答案D，得1 分33.(单选题，1 分)The number of the closed-class words is() and no new members are regularly added.A.fixedrgeC.smallD.limitless教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分34.(单选题，1 分)Words like pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles are()items.A.open-classB.variable wordsC.closed-classD.lexical words教师批阅正确答案C，得1 分35.(单选题，1 分)Bound morphemes do not include().A.wordsB.rootsD.suffixes教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分36.(单选题，1 分)Inflectional morphemes manifest the following meaning EXCEPT().A.caseB.numberC.toneD.tense教师批阅正确答案C，我的答案：D 得0 分37.(单选题，1 分)It is true that words may shift in meaning, i.e. semantic change. The semantic change of the word tail belongs to().A.widening of meaningB.meaning shiftC.narrowing of meaningD.loss of meaning教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分38.(单选题，1 分)The word “hospitalize” is an example of() in terms of word formation.poundB.inflectionC.clippingD.derivation教师批阅正确答案D，得1 分39.(单选题，1 分)The morpheme “vision” in the word “television” is a /an().A.inflectional morphemeB.bound formC.free morphemeD.bound morphine教师批阅正确答案C，得1 分40.(单选题，1 分)The compound word "bookstore"is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound().A.is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB.can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC.is the same as the meaning of a free phraseD.None of the above正确答案D，得1 分41.(单选题，1 分)The morpheme “ vision” in the common word “television” is a(n)().A.bound formB.bound morphemeC.free morphemeD.inflectional morpheme教师批阅正确答案C，得1 分42.(填空题，1 分)____is a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. It is the minimum free form.正确答案：(1) Word43.(填空题，1 分)Words can be classified into variable words and invariable words. As for variable words, they may have ____changes. That is, the same word my have different grammatical forms but part of the word remainsrelatively constant.inflective教师批阅得1 分正确答案：(1) inflective44.(填空题，1 分)Bound morphemes are classified into two types: ____and ____ root.正确答案：(1) affix(2) bound45.(填空题，1 分)A word formed by derivation is called a____and a word formed by compounding is called a____.正确答案：(1) derivative(2) compound46.(填空题，1 分)According to Leonard Bloomfield, word should be treated as the minimum ____.morpheme教师批阅得0 分正确答案：(1) conjunction47.(填空题，1 分)Back-formation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案（10套题）
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案（10套题）有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features.Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learnerfactors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basicprinciple is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It isgenerally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In mostpeople, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language,while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English,its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, butit does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
英语语言学试题B卷
英语语言学试题B卷I.Define the following linguistic terms: (2%×10=20%)1)government:It is a type of control over the form of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions.2) exocentric construction(离心结构): It is an construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents.3) complementary antonym(互补反义关系):It is a form of antonym that the assertion of one means the denial of the other, or vice versa.4) perlocutionary force (取效行为): It is an act which is performed by means of a locutionary act.5) applied linguistics: It is a discipline that links the theories of linguistics with the practice of foreign language teaching.6) allophone(音位变体): Variants of a phoneme are called its allophones.7) bound morpheme(粘着语素): The morphemes that do not occur alone.8) interlanguage(中介语): It is formed when the learner attempts to learn a new language, and it has features of both the first language and the second language but is neither.9) arbitrariness(任意性): The forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.10) assimilation:A process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.II. Translation (0.5%×20=10%)Translate the following terms into Chinese: (0.5%×10=5%)1) lateral 边音2) linguistic determinism 语言决定论3)anthropological linguistics 人类语言学4) locutionary act发话行为5) transformation 转换 6) co-hyponym同下义词7) context of situation情景语境8) allomorph语素变体 9) theme主位10) primary stress主重音Translate the following terms into English: (0.5%×10=5%)11) 语篇功能textual function 12) 意义潜势meaning potential13) 直接成分分析法immediate component analysis14) 最大节首辅音原则maximal onset principle 15) 聚合关系paradigmatic relation16) 音位规则phonological structure 17) 前缀prefix 18) 语境context19) 皮钦语/洋泾浜语pidgin 20) 历时语言学historical linguisticsIII. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the corresponding letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (1%×20=20%)1)The study of language at one point of time is a _______ study.A. synchronic(共时)B. historicC. diachronic(历时)D. descriptive2) Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “fall” and “autumn” belong is called _____ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational (搭配)3) The sentence “Joh n likes ice-cream” contains ________ arguments (论元).A. oneB. twoC. noneD. three4) Semantics can be defined as the study of ________.A. namingB. meaningC. communicationD. context5) Once the notion of ________ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content6) Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the _______.A. locutionary act (发话行为)B. perlocutionary act(取效行为)C. illocutionary act (行事行为)D. none of the above7) Most of the violations of the maxims of the Cooperative Principle give rise to _____.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. none of the above8) The significance of Grice’s CP lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey ______ is literally said.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the above9) The goal of ______ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and different social situations.A. psycholinguisticsB. sociolinguisticsC. historical linguisticsD. general linguistics10) Black English has a number of distinctive features in its phonological, morphological and syntactic systems which are _______.A. rule-governedB. systematicC. arbitraryD. both A and B11) As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. psycholinguistic12) Language is a system of arbitrary _________ symbols used for human communication.A. culturalB. conventionalC. decodedD. vocal13) A word with several meanings is called _________.A. an abnormal wordB. a polysemous wordC. a synonymous wordD. none of the above14) There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) __________.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form15) The syntactic rules of any language are ________ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite16) “I bought some roses” __________ “I bought some flowers”.A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with17) The phrase “boys and girls” belongs to the ____________ construction.A. predicateB. endocentricC. subordinateD. exocentric18) Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes19) Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20) Chomsky uses the term _______ to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langue (语言)B. competence (语言能力)C. parole (言语)D. performance (语言表现)IV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false: (1%×15=15%)T 1) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.T 2) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.F 3) The open-class (开放类) words include prepositions.F 4) In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.T 5) According to semantic triangle (语义三角), there is no direct link between a symbol and referent, i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.F 6) Syntactic categories (句法范畴) refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.F 7) By synchrony we mean to study language change and development.T 8) The IC analysis (直接成分分析法) is not able to analyze split verbs like “do sb. in”.T 9) The relationship of “flower”, “violet”, “rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy (上下义关系).F 10) A syllable without a coda(结尾) is a closed syllable.F 11) Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.F 12) Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studied the sentences patterns of a language.F 13) Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.F 14) Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.F 15) Sentences are strings of words put together in a random order.V. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)1) The modern linguistics is d escriptive, not prescriptive, and its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language data.2) M orpheme_ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.3) Langue refers to the language system shared by a community of speaker while p arole contrasted with langue is the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual speaker..4) The transformational component has transformational rules, which change the deep structures generated by the phrase structure component into s urface structure.5) In semantic triangle, the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct, and it is mediated byc oncept..6) H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b road transcription.7) In the cooperative principle, Grice introduced four categories of maxims (准则). They are maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of r elation and maxim of manner.8) The strong version of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that language d etermine s our thinking pattern.9) There are two major approaches to error analysis: c ontrastive and non-contrastive analysis.10) P ragmatics is the study of language in use.VI. The following two are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each expression. (2.5%×2=5%)1) Smoking cigar is very harmful.The cigar that is smoking is very harmful.The act of smoking the cigar is very harmful.2) The boy saw the man with the telescope.The boy saw the man who had a telescope.Using the telescope, the boy saw the man.VII. Answer the following questions in English.(4%×5=20%)1) What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle ?A. The maxim of quantity1. Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange) .2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.B. The maxim of quality1. Do not say what you believe to be false.2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.C. The maxim of relation Be relevant.D. The maxim of manner1. Avoid obscurity of expression.2. Avoid ambiguity.3. Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).4. Be orderly.2) What are the design features of language ?Arbitrariness; Productivity; Duality; Displacement; Cultural transmission;3) What are the differences between modern linguistics and traditional grammar ?A. Linguistics is descriptive, not prescriptiveB. Linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.C. Linguistics differs from traditional grammar in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.4) Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components ? The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components because it cannot be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its constituent words. For example;(A) The dog bit the man.(B) The man bit the dog.If the meaning of a sentence were the sum total of the meanings of all its components, then the above two sentences would have the same meaning. In fact they are different in meanings.As we know, there are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning and semantic meaning. The grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in(A) are different from the grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in (B). The meaning of a sentence is the product of both lexical and grammatical meaning. It is the product of the meaning of the constituent words and of the grammatical constructions that relate one word syntagmatically to another.5) What do you know about linguistics.Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language or, alternatively, as the scientific study of language. It is bound to be an academically and economically favored pursuit. Contemporary linguistics still has a long way to go to enjoy a “boom”. As a science, linguistics now has a set of established theories, methods and sub-branches.。
英语语言学题库
How many syllables are there in the word “rhythmical”?A.ThreeB.FourC.FiveD.Ten答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.02．第2题Which of the following underlined parts is a bound morpheme?A.relationshipB.bedroomkmanD.childlike答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.03．第3题Which of the following is an aspirated consonant?A.[f]B.[s]C.[k]D.[r]答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.04．第4题Which of the following underlined parts is a derivational morpheme?rgerB.dataC.traineeD.Kat e’s答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.0Which of the following sentences is an example of overgeneralization?A.Jane told me to give up smoking.B.Jane asked me to give up smoking.C.Jane advised me to give up smoking.D.Jane suggested me to give up smoking.答案:D标准答案：D您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.06．第6题Which side(s) of muscles of ours does our left brain control?A.both left and rightB.leftC.rightD.sometimes left, sometimes right答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.07．第108题Which of the following pairs of words are homophones?A.flour---flowerB.lead (to guide)---lead (a kind of metal)C.mouth (a speech organ)---mouth(an entrance to a cave)D.animal---cow答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.08．第109题The relation between ‘furniture’ and ‘wardrobe’ is ___.A.homophonyB.homographyC.hyponymyD.polysemy答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.0Which of the following is a representative?A.You’d better go to see a doctor.B.I promise to buy you something when I come back.C.I now declare the meeting close.D.I have never seen the man before.答案:D标准答案：D您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.010．第111题Which of the following is a directive?A.Your money or your life!B.You are fired!C.The earth is round.D.Thank you very much.答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.011．第119题Which of the following is a declaration?A.Open the door, please.B.I appoint you chairman of the committee.C.Would you like to go to the movie with us?D.I’ve never seen her before.答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.012．第120题The word "realization" consists of _____ syllables as against _____ morphemes.A.five/fiveB.five/fourC.four/threeD.four/four答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.0The words “subway” and “underground” are ______ synonyms.A.nearB.dialectalC.collocationally-restrictedD.stylistic答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.014．第122题Which of the following best describes the relations between “Alice is a vegetarian” and “Alice prefers eating steak”?A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.015．第123题‘It is 8 o’clock’ is a ___-place predication.A.noB.oneC.twoD.three答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.016．第124题‘She sings very well’ is a ___-place predication.A.noB.oneC.twoD.three答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.517．第125题‘Slim’ and ‘skinny’ are ___.A.dialectal synonymsB.collocational synonymsC.stylistic synonymsD.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning答案:D标准答案：D您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.018．第126题‘Handsome’ and ‘pretty’ are ___.A.dialectal synonymsB.collocational synonymsC.stylistic synonymsD.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.019．第127题Which of the following pairs of words are homographs?A.sew---sowB.tear(a drop of liquid that flows from the eye)---tear (to pull apart)C.tec---techD.mouth (a speech organ)---mouth(an entrance to a cave)答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.020．第128题Which of the following words is NOT a coined word?A.dacronB.kodakC.xeroxD.gym答案:D标准答案：D您的答案：题目分数：0.521．第129题“Up you go, chaps!” belongs to ____ language.A.intimateB.frozenC.consultativeD.casual答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.022．第130题Language acquisition refers to the child’s acquisition of his ____.A.first languageB.second languageC.foreign languageD.target language答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.023．第131题The first consonants the child can make are made with the lips and they are ____.A.[p,b,n]B.[p,b,m]C.[t,d,n]D.[t,d,m]答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.024．第132题If the child calls all men “Daddy”, then we may say the child has ____ the meaning of the word “Daddy”.A.overgeneralizedB.overextendedC.overusedD.overstressed答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：此题得分：0.025．第7题Arbitrariness of language means language can be used freely. 答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.026．第8题[i] is a semi-close vowel.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.027．第9题[h] is the glottal sound.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.028．第10题Phonetics deals with speech sounds in all human languages. 答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.029．第11题Tsled’ is a possibl e word in English.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.030．第12题English is a tone language.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.031．第13题‘Teach-in’ is a compound word.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.032．第14题The morpheme ‘–or’ in ‘actor’ is an inflectional morpheme.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.033．第15题The –s in ‘works’ of ‘He works hard.’ is a bound morpheme.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.034．第16题In XP, X refers to any such head as N, V, A or P.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.035．第17题The words ‘alive’ and ‘dead’ are relational opposites.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.036．第18题The words ‘lead’(领导) and ‘lead’(铅球) are homographs. 答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.037．第19题The words ‘flat’ and ‘apartment’ are stylistic synonyms.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.038．第20题The words ‘politician’ and ‘statesman’ are collocational synonyms.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.039．第21题The words ‘buy’ and ‘purchase’ are dialectal sy nonyms.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.040．第22题‘His friend is coming.’ presupposes ‘He has a friend.’答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.041．第23题' I fire you!' is a commissive.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.042．第24题' Do not say what you believe to be false' is a maxim of relation.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.043．第25题B' s reply violates the maxim of quality in the dialogue below: A: Where do you live? B: In South China Normal University.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.044．第26题B probably means that he doesn' t want to make any comment on the lecture, in the dialogue below: A: What do you think of the lecture? (The speech maker is coming) B: Do we have classes this evening?答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.045．第27题B probably means that it is impolite to ask about her age, in the dialogue below: A: How old are you? B: I am 80.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.046．第28题B probably means that A should not laugh at him since they know each other, in the dialogue below: A: Are you a good student? B: Are you?答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.047．第29题The word ' mice' , which is pronounced as [mais], was pronounced as [mi:s] in Middle English.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.048．第30题In Chaucer' s the Canterbury Tales, we can find ' his' to replace ' it' in Modern English, as in ' Whan that Aprille with his shoures sooth' . This reflects the change in the ' agreement' rule.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.049．第31题' I love thee not.' before the 16th century, has now become ' I do not love you.' This means the change in negation rule.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.050．第32题The word ' walkman' is a blend.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.051．第33题Linguistics is scientific because it is helpful to language use.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.052．第34题General linguistics deals with the general aspects of language application.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.053．第35题Phonology studies how a sound is produced.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.054．第36题Modern linguistics aims at prescribing models for language users to follow.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.055．第37题Parole is a French word; it means the concrete language events.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.056．第38题F. de Saussure was a Swiss linguist.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.057．第39题Chomsky regards competence as an act of doing things with a sentence. 答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.058．第40题Performance is the focus of Chomsky’s linguistic study.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.059．第41题Duality of language means language is a two-level system.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.060．第42题Linguists are interested in all sounds.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.061．第43题Applied linguistics means the language application to specific areas.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.062．第44题Modern linguistics aims at prescribing models for language users to follow.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.063．第45题Synchronic linguistics deals with a series of language phenomena at the same time. 答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.064．第46题Diachronic linguistics is also called historical linguistics.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.065．第47题The word ' videophone' is an acronym.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.066．第48题UNESCO is a blend.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.067．第49题The word ' tea' is a loan word from Chinese.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：此题得分：0.068．第50题The word ' dinner' comes from French.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.069．第51题Computer language is one of the sources that have influenced the English language.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.070．第52题Pidgins came from a blending of a few languages.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.071．第53题One of the most important features of bilingualism is the specialization of function of the two varieties.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.072．第54题Of ' reply' and ' answer' , the latter is more formal.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.073．第55题A prominent phonological feature of Black English is the deletion of the consonant at the end of a word, as in ' desk' [des].答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：此题得分：0.074．第56题The use of such sentences as ' I ain' t afraid of no ghosts' to mean ' I' m not afraid of ghosts' is one of the syntactic features of Black English.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.075．第57题Received Pronunciation in British English is a dialect of London that is representative of standard English.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.076．第58题The word ' dog' often conjures up different images in the US and Hong Kong.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.077．第59题Language plays a major role in socializing the people and perpetuating culture, especially in print form.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.078．第60题It is acceptable to translate ' Every dog has his day.' into ' 每条狗都有自己的日子。
英语语言学考点测试第二章
a. [k] 1. velar
b.[]2. nasal
c. [] 3. dental
d. [] 4. fricative
e. [l] 5.voiced
f [t]6.voiceless
g.[m] 7.bilabial
h.[h] 8.alveolar
9. plosive
10 glottal
3. Word Completion
4)is one of the suprasegmental features
A Stop B Voicing C Deletion D Tone
5) Narrowtranscriptionis the phonetic transcription with
A diacritics B distinctive features C voicing D articulation
11)The oral stops in English are,,,,,and
12)When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they are collectively known as
A nucleus BcodaC onset
3) A sound which capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of word from another in a given language is a
A allophone BphoneCphoneme
语言学考点英语语言学英语语言学论文英语语言学试卷英语语言学复习资料英语语言学试题英语语言学论文题目英语语言学期末考试英语语言学博士英语语言学毕业论文
大学语言学考试1-7章-试题和答案
12 maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant. it is put into the onset rather than the coda. . The correct syllabification of the word country should be第一章，填空1.The study of the meaning of lingustic words, phrases is callesde mantics.2.Displacement is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wild range of things free from barriers caused by4.Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.5.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.6.Chomsky defines “ competencaes ”the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language.nguage is a means of verbal communication. It is informative in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act.8.The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter ofnguage is distinguished from traffic lights in that the former has the designing feature of duality.10.In linguistics research, bothq uantity and quality approaches are preferred. 判断：11.The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech, thus there are still many languages in today's have no √12.According to Chomsky, the word compentoetn lcime it”ed itso the ability of an ideal native speaker to construct and recognize. ×13.Duality and cultural transmission are two most important design features of human language.×14.Chomsky's competence' and performance are similar in meaning to Saussure 's langue and parole.√15,An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “bestauthors ”√for languag16.In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a of reasons. √17.Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic.× chochronic共时的ngue and parole is the fundamental distinction discussed by Chomsky in his Aspects of the Theory ofdistinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics as Parole and language√.20. According to Chomsky, the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that has been √选择:1.As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyse the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for correct linguistic behavior, it is said to bed escriptive2.I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2000 years ago. This shows thatlanguage has the design feature of displacement.3.“ Don' t end a sentence with a preposition.thisp irse sacnr iepxtiavme rpulele os.f4.Which of the following is most referred to as a branch of the study of meaning in5.The synchronic study of language takes a fixed instant as its point of observation.6.The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentencesis calledp ragmatics.7.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is A 没照下图片arbitrary8.The descriptive of a language as it changes through time is dai achronic study.9.题目没照下来。
英语语言学第1-3章课后练习题答案
英语语言学第1-3章课后练习题答案《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第1-3章练习题参考答案Chapter 1 IntroductionP131. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language？答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things.2. What are the major branches of linguistics What does each of them study答：The major branches of linguistics are:(1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication;(2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication;(3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words;(4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words arecombined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;(5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language;(6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use.3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar答：The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “t raditional gramma r.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional g rammar in several basic ways.Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic Why答：In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing答：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken languageas the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any langu age is always “invented” by its users to record spee ch when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” reco rd of spe ech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.6. How is Saussure's distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance答：Saussure's distinction and Chomsky's are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.7. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language 答：First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what thesymbol stands for.Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.Fourth, language is human-specific, i. e., it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.8. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system（2．2语言的识别性特征）美国语言学家C. Hockett提出了人类语言的12种识别性特征，其中最重要的识别性特种有5种：即语言的任意性、创造性、二重性、移位性和文化传递性。
英语语言学试题(9)
英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.A. a particular languageB. the English languageC. human languages in generalD. the system of a particular language2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: __________.A. voiceless, bilabial, stopB. voiceless, labiodental, fricativeC. voiced, bilabial, stopD. voiced, labiodental, fricative3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is known as a(n) __________.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form4. In the phrase structure rule "S→NP VP", the arrow can be read as __________.A. is equal toB. consists ofC. hasD. generates5. "I bought some roses" __________ "I bought some flowers".A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with6. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, __________, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.A. phrasesB. sentencesC. morphemesD. utterances8. In a speech community people have something in common __________a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.A. sociallyB. linguisticallyC. culturallyD. pragmatically9. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people? __________.A. language and speechB. visual and spatial skillsC. reading and writingD. analytic reasoning10. In general, the __________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child's second year.A. babblingB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiwordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe and collect linguistic f before they can do anything else.12. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s rules.13. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a f___________ morpheme.14. A c sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or".15. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s .16. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C principle proposed by J. Grice.17. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the continual process of cultural t across generations.18. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the s attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.19. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regardthought as "s speech," and speech as "overt thought." In such a case, speaking and thinking take place simultaneously.20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false , you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)21. ( ) An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the "best authors" for language usage.22. ( ) In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.23. ( ) We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.24. ( ) Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properites.25. ( ) The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.26. ( ) Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.27. ( ) In first language acquisition children's grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.28. ( ) The sentences "He crazy" and "He be sick all the time" are both acceptable in Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.29. ( ) Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system.30. ( ) Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic linguistics32. displacement33. a minimal pair34. derivational affixes35. syntax36. language transfer37. hyponymy38. sentence meaning39. lingua franca40. cerebral cortexⅤ. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition ofa second language.参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、B3、C4、B5、A6、C7、C8、B9、B 10、C二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、 facts 12、sequential 13、free 14、coordinate 15、semantics16、Cooperative 17、transmission 18、social 19、subvocal 20、Interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、（T）22、（F）As there is an essential difference between the consonants and the vowels, i.e. there is some kind of obstruction of air in the production of the former, but there is not in the production of the latter, it is impossible to use the same criteria in their classification.23、（F）We cannot always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meaning of its parts.24、（T）25、（F）The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and its referent, i.e. between language and the real world; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.26、（T）27、（F）In first language acquisition children's grammar never models exactly after the grammar of adult language, because children usually construct their personal grammars by themselves and generalize rules from the linguistic information they hear.28、（T）29、（T）30、（F）Instruction and correction are not key factors in child language development. Linguists have found that for the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires littleconscious instruction. Instruction and correction just play a minor role.四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、Linguistics that studies language at one particular point of time, e.g. the study of the kind of English used during Shakespeare's time.32、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language is not restricted by the 'here' and 'now' as animal communication is; we can virtually talk about anything we want, including what happened in the past, what is going to happen in the future, what is not existent in the immediate surroundings and even what we imagine.33、A pair of sound combinations which are identical in every way except one sound, e.g. /pit/ and /bit/.34、Affixes added to an existing form to create a new word ,e.g. in-,-er 35、Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, and it consists of a set of rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.36、Language transfer is a phenomenon that L2 learners subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in their learning process.37、Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more specific word and a more general, more inclusive word. The former is included in the latter. For example, a cat is a hyponym of animal.38、Sentence meaning refers to the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. It is abstract and decontextualized. For example, semantic analysis of the sentence meaning of "The bag is heavy" results in the one-place predication BAG (BEING HEA VY).39、A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people of diverse linguistic backgrounds. For this reason, a lingua franca must be an agree-upon "common tongue" used by people thrown into social contact for various purposes, such as for social or commercial purposes.40、Cerebral cortex is the outside surface of the brain, the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions. Many of the cognitive abilities that distinguish humans from other mammals, such as sophisticated reasoning, linguistic skills, and musical ability, are believed to reside in the cortex.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、Sociological triggers for language change refer to such radical socio-political changes as wars, invasions, occupation, colonialization, and language planning and standardization policies.A typical example in the history of English is the Norman Conquest, a military event that marked the dawning of the Middle English period. This means that Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in English under William the Conqueror in 1066. And for about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest, French remained as the language of the ruling class, as far as literature and administration were concerned. So Middle English was deeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar. For example, such terms as "army," "court," "defense," "faith," "prison" and "tax" came from the language of the French rulers.评分标准：满分10分，其中定义占3分，典型例子占5分，例词占2分。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)
有答案的第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decidewhich one of the four choices best completes the statement and put theletter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word thatintroduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua franca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus 角回B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change theletter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user'sk of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker tosomething's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true orfalse. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of eachstatement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in bothChinese and English.()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in differentregional dialectssuch as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself, for example, within British English or AmericanEnglish.()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violatedand the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversationalimplicatures arise.()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spokentoday also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speechsituations known as domains.()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their firstlanguage.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples forillustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
英语语言学各章节题目
1.Introduction1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness4. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole5. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Comparative linguisticsD. Applied linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.6. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.7. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.8. Only human beings are able to communicate.9. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.10. The conventional nature of language is illustrated by a famous quotation from Shakespear’s play Romeo and Juliet: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”.11. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.III. Fill in the blanks.12. Linguistics is the __________ study of language.13. Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.14. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing.15. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.16. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.17. Linguistic potentia l is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s __________.Explain the following terms:syntaxanthropological linguisticsExplain Halliday's theory of metafunctions of language.2.Speech Sounds1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above3. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]4. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]5. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.6. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.7. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.8. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.9. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into long vs. short or tense vs. lax.10. In English, all the back vowels are rounded.11. In English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded.III. Fill in the blanks.12. According to the feature of voicing, consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are __________.13. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.14. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.15. In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.16.Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs.17. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog.(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricative3.Morphology1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. content wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7. The word DINK is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. compoundingD. blending8. The words like smog and motel are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymyII. Fill in the blanks.9. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class.10. __________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.11. __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.12. A word formed by derivation is called a __________ , and a word formed by compounding is called a __________ .13. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________ .Explain the following term, using examples.AllomorphInflectionBound root4.Syntax1. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite3. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical4. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator5. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.6. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject anda predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.23. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.25. A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.Explain the term "IC analysis".Explain the three types of syntactic relationsDistinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers”37. Draw a tree diagram of the sentence:The student wrote a letter yesterday.5.Semantics1. According to the “semantic triangle” presented by Ogden and Richards, the symbol or ________ refers to the linguistic elements(words, sentences, etc.), the ___________ refers to the object in the world of experience and the thought or reference refers to concept.2. __________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.3. The semantic component of the word _________ are +Human, +Adult, +male, -Married.4. ________ opposites may be seen in terms of degrees of the quality involved.5. We call the relation between “animal” and “cow” as___________.A. polysemyB. antonymyC. homophonyD. hyponymy6. The pair of words “wide/narrow” are called__________.A. gradable oppositesB. complementary antonymsC. co-hyponymsD. relational opposites7. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “rose/tulip”?A. polysemyB. hyponymyC. homophonyD. co-hyponyms8. A word with several meaning is called___________.A. an abnormal wordB. a polysemic wordC. a synonymous wordD. None of the above9. “Words are names or labels for things.” This view is called _________ in semantic theory. A. mentalism B. conceptualism C. naming theory D. contexualism10. The pair of words “borrow/lend” are called __________.A. relational oppositesB. synonymsC. complementariesD. gradable opposites11. Which description of componential analysis for the word “woman” is right?A. +human, -adult, -maleB. +human, +adult, -maleC. +human, +adult, +maleD. +human, -adult, +male12. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “flower/tulip”?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy13. The semantic components of the word “man” can be expressed as________.A. +human, +male, -adultB. +human, -male, -adultC. +human, +male, +adultD. +human, -male, +adultExplain the following term, using examples.1) Componential analysis2) Semantic triangleExplain the three kinds of antonymy.6.Pragmatics1. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context2. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual3. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive4. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act5. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs6. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.A. in their illocutionary actsB. in their intentions expressedC. in their strength or forceD. in their effect brought about7. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicaturesII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.8. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.9. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.10. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.11. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.12. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.13. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences14. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.15. __________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.16. __________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.17. A(n) __________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.18. A(n) __________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.19. A(n) _________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.20. A(n) ________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.21. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of __________ , the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.IV Analyze the implicatures in the dialogues1) A: Can you answer the phone?B: I’m in the bath.2) A: I have to leave now.B: It’s raining hard outside.V . What type of illocutionary act do the following utterances involve?1)‘I suggest that you see a dentist as soon as possible.’2) ‘I will pay you the money I owe you next time.’3) ‘Passengers are reminded that flight No. 2284 leaves here at 7:00 sharp.’4)‘Shut up! Leave me alone!’5)‘I’m very sorry to hear that you’ve just lost your pet dog.’1.The study of _ is Syntax.A textual organizationB sentence structuresC word formationD language functions2.Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?A arbitrarinessB productivityC cultural transmissionD finiteness3.The speech act theory was first put forward by_.A John ScarlB Johan AustinC Noam ChomskyD M.A.K Halliday4.The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in condition is_.A morphologyB general linguisticsC phonologyD semantics5.Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A LandladyB GreenhouseC UpliftD Unacceptable6.The word holiday originally meant holy day; but now the word signifies any which we don’t have to work. This is an example ofA meaning shiftB widening of meaningC narrowing of meaningD loss of meaning7.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of___A. referenceB. meaningC. antonymyD. context8.The words "kid, child, offspring” are examples of___A. dialectal synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. emotive synonymsD. collocational synonyms9.The distinction between parole and langue was made by____A. HallidayB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Saussure10.___ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation. A. Phonology B. Morphology C. Semantics D. Sociolinguistics11.The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPTA. lexicalB. syntacticC. phonologicalD. psycholinguistic12.The word tail once referred to “the tail of a horse”, but now it is used to mean “the tail of any animal.” This is an example ofA. widening of meaningB. narrowing of meaningC. meaning shiftD. loss of meaning13.Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. Displacement.C. Duality.D. Diachronicity.14.What type of sentence is "Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry"?A. A simple sentence.B. A coordinate sentence.C. A complex sentence.D. None of the above.15.The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called___A. hyponymy.B. synonymy.C. polysemy.D. homonymy.16. The study of the mental processes of language comprehension and production is ____A. corpus linguistics.B. sociolinguistics.C. theoretical linguistics.D. psycholinguistics.17.A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purposes of trading is called( )A. dialect.B. idiolect.C. pidgin.D. register.18.When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing____A. an illocutionary act.B. a perlocutionary act.C. a locutionary act.D. none of the above.19. _____ refers to the learning and development of a language.A. Language acquisitionB. Language comprehensionC. Language productionD. Language instruction20.The word “' Motel” comes from “motor + hotel”. This is an example of_____ in morphology. A. backformation B. conversion C. blending D. acronymnguage is the tool of communication. The symbol “' Highway Closed” on a highway serves( ) A. an expressive function. B. an informative function.C. a performative function.D. a persuasive function.22. ______ is defined as the study of the relationship between language and mind.A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. Cognitive linguisticsD. Sociolinguistics23. A vowel is different from a consonant in English because ofA. absence of obstructionB. presence of obstructionC. manner of articulationD. place of articulation24. The definition ”the act of using , or promoting the use of, several languages ,either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers” refer toA. PidginB. CreoleC. MultilingualismD. Bilingualism25. ____ is a language phenomenon in which words sound like what they refer to.A. OnomatopoeiaB. CollocationC. DenotationD. Assimilation26.The sentence "Close your book and listen to me carefully!" performs a(n) _____ function.A. interrogativeB. informativeC. performativeD. directive27. Which of the following pairs of words are homophones?A. wind (v.) / wind (n.)B. suspect (v.) / suspect (n.)C. bare (adj.) / bear (v.)D. convict (v.) /convict (n.)28.In English, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be a vowel. This is a(n)( ) A. assimilation rule B. sequential rule C. deletion rule D. grammar rule29.Which of the following is an example of clipping? A. APEC B. Motel C. Xerox D. Disco30. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to a particular type of situation is called A. register B. dialect C. slang. D. variety31. Which of the following italicized parts is an inflectional morpheme?A. unlockB. government.C. goes D off-stage32. Which of the following sentences has the "S + V + O" structure?A. He died a hero.B. I went to London.C. She became angry.D. Mary enjoyed parties.33. Which of the following CAN NOT be used as an adverb?A. Heart and soul.B. The lion's share.C. Null and void.D. Hammer and tongs.BDBCD BDBDB DADBD DCAAC BCACA DCBDA CDB。
英语语言学练习题1
英语语言学练习题1英语语言学练习题Chapter 1 IntroductionⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks wit h one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky（乔姆斯基）defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages iscalled s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociologica l…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics42. Phonology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics46. Language47. Phonetics48. Morphology49. Semantics50. Sociolinguistics51. Applied Linguistics52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity54. Displacement55. Duality56. Design Features 57. Competence58. Performance59. Langue60. ParoleⅤ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively aspossible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human commu- nication. Explain it in detail.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance?68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performanc e. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Chapter 2 Phonology语音体系Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.1. 语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性cultural transmission2. 语言的功能：传达信息功能informative人济功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic娱乐功能recreatinal元语言功能metalingual3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支语音学Phonetics音位学phonology形态学Morphology句法学syntax语义学semantics语用学pragmatics4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language:a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain languageb. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.c. we can u se language to refer to something not presentd. we can produce sentences that have never been heard before.2.What is the most important function of language?a. interpersonalb. phaticc. informatived.metallingual3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __a informative b. phatic c. directive d. performative4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by __a saussure b. halliday c. Chomsky d. the prague school5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?a. saussureb. chomskyc. halliday d anomymous第二节语音学1.发音器官由声带the vocal cords和三个回声腔组成2.辅音consonant：there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.3.辅音的发音方式爆破音complete obstruction鼻音nasals破裂音plosives部分阻塞辅音partial obstruction擦音fricatives破擦音affricates等4.辅音清浊特征voicing辅音的送气特征aspiration5.元音vowel分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状6双元音diphthongs,有元音过渡vowel glides1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies __.a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechb. the perception of soundsc. the combination of soundsd. the production of sounds2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in __a. the place of articulationb.the obstruction f airstreamc. the position of the tongued. the shape of the lips3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k ta. voicelessb. spreadc.voicedd.nasal4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?a. voicingb. aspirationc.roundnessd. nasality5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?a. voicingb.nasalc. approximationd. aspiration6.The phonological features of the consonant k are __a. voiced stopb. voiceless stopc. voiced fricatived. voiceless fricative7.p is divverent from k in __a. the manner of articulationb. the shape of the lipsc. the vibration of the vocal cordsd.the palce of articualtion8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in __a. aspirationb.nasalityc. obstructiond. voicing第三节音位学phonology1.音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。
英语语言学试题6及答案
英语语言学试题6及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. A single soundB. A letter of the alphabetC. The smallest unit of sound in a languageD. A combination of sounds2. Which of the following is not a branch of linguistics?A. PhoneticsB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Astronomy3. The study of language change over time is known as:A. PhonologyB. MorphologyC. Historical linguisticsD. Sociolinguistics4. In linguistics, "morpheme" is defined as:A. A wordB. A prefix or suffixC. The smallest meaningful unit in a languageD. A sequence of words5. The process of inflection involves:A. Adding affixes to a word to change its meaningB. Changing the order of words in a sentenceC. Combining two words into oneD. Replacing one word with another6. The concept of "register" in linguistics refers to:A. A style of language appropriate to a particular social settingB. A type of language used by a specific group of peopleC. A language used for a specific purposeD. All of the above7. The field of linguistics that studies how language is used in social contexts is:A. PragmaticsB. SociolinguisticsC. PsycholinguisticsD. Computational linguistics8. What is the term for the study of the meanings of words?A. SemanticsB. SyntaxC. PhonologyD. Morphology9. The process of forming new words by combining existing words or word parts is called:A. DerivationB. CompoundingC. BlendingD. Clipping10. In linguistics, "pragmatics" is concerned with:A. The structure of sentencesB. The sounds of languageC. The meaning of language in contextD. The history of language二、填空题（每空2分，共20分）11. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is known as __________.12. In linguistics, the smallest unit of grammar that carries meaning is called a __________.13. The systematic study of language is called __________.14. A dialect is a __________ of a language that is characteristic of a specific group of speakers.15. The process by which children acquire their first language is known as __________.16. The field of linguistics that studies the relationship between sound and spelling is called __________.17. The study of language in relation to culture is known as __________.18. A sentence that is grammatically correct but does not make sense is called a __________.19. The study of the way people use language to communicate is called __________.20. The process of simplifying complex words to create new words is known as __________.三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）21. Explain the difference between "phonetics" and "phonology".22. Describe the role of "pragmatics" in languagecommunication.23. Discuss the concept of "language acquisition" and its significance in linguistics.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）24. Compare and contrast the two main theories of language origin: the "Great Chain of Being" and the "Proto-World" hypothesis.25. Analyze the impact of globalization on language diversity and language change.答案：一、选择题1. C2. D3. C4. C5. A6. D7. B8. A9. B 10. C二、填空题11. Phonetics 12. Morpheme 13. Linguistics 14. variety 15. Language acquisition 16. Orthography 17. Anthropological linguistics 18. Garden path sentence 19. Pragmatics 20. Back-formation三、简答题21. Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds, including their production, transmission, and perception. Phonology, on the other hand, is the study of the abstract system of sounds within a language, focusing on the way sounds function to distinguish meaning.22. Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics that deals with the ways in which context contributes to the meaning of linguistic expressions. It is concerned with how language users understand what others mean, and how they intend theirown utterances to be understood. 23. Language acquisition refers to。
《英语语言学》答案完整版解析
《英语语言学》答案完整版解析《英语语言学概论》答案完整版考核方法：闭卷考试时间：100分钟题型：I. 单项选择(15×1’=15’)II．判断(15×1’=15’)III．填空(10×1’=10’)IV．术语解释(5×2’ =10’)V．简答题(4×5’ =20’)VI. 分析题（30’）重点掌握的术语：1. LinguisticsThe study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics.2. design featuresThey are a series of features which are uniquely a part of human language and unlikely to be found in the communication system of other creatures. They are displacement, productivity, cultural transmission, arbitrariness, discreteness and duality.3. DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to things which are in the past, present or future, real or imagined,or in far-away places.4. DualityIt is generally the case that language is organized at two levels or layers which is known as the physical level and meaningful level simultaneously.5. ArbitrarinessIt is generally the case that there is no ‘natural’ connection between a linguistic form and its meaning.6. Manner of articulationIt is the case that we describe the consonant sounds in terms of how they are articulated.7. Place of articulationIt focuses on describing consonant sounds in terms of where they are articulated.8. articulatory phoneticsThe general study of the characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics. And the study of how speech sounds are made, or ‘articulated’ is articulatory phonetics.9. PhonologyThe description of the systems and patterns of the speech sounds in a language.10. AssimilationIt is the process when two phonemes occur in sequence and some aspect of one phoneme is taken or ‘copied’ by the other. For example, the word ‘can’ in the sentence ‘I can go.’m ay pronounce as [k??] instead of [k?n] because of the influence of the following sound [g].11. Back-formationA word of one type is reduced to form another word of different type. For example, the word‘donation’ first came into use and then the verb ‘donate’ was created from it.12. MorphemeIt is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. For example, the word tourists contains three morphemes tour, -ist, and -s.13. Immediate ConstituentIt is an approach to describe the regular structures of the language. It is designed to show constituents immediately, directly, below the level of a construction.14. SyntaxThe study of structure and ordering of components within a sentence.15.semanticsThe study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentence in particular.16. HyponymyWhen the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another, the relationship is described as hyponymy.17. HomonymyIt is used when one word is written and spoken are the same while possessing different meanings. For example, the bank can be referred to a river and financial institution as well.18.synonymyIt refers to the case that two or more forms have very closely related meanings, which are often, but not always, intersubstitutable in sentence,such as broad and wide.19. PragmaticsThe study of what the writer or speaker of those words intended to convey.20. SynchronicIt is the case that we concentrate on variation in language in terms of differences within one language in different places and among different groups at the same time.第一章语言的起源概念辨析The “bow-wow” theoryThe “yo-heave-ho” theory思考“bow-wow”理论和“哟哦呵”理论的差异何在？The former theory means that primitive words could have been imitations of the natural sounds which early men and women heard around them w hile‘yo-he-ho’ theory means a set of grunts, groans and curses involved in physical effort 自然声音模仿假说有什么不足之处？On the one hand, it does not answer our question regarding the origins of the sounds produced because primates have grunts and social calls, but they do not have developed the capacity for speech.On the other hand, soundless and abstract things have not been explained since a language cannot be only a set of words used as‘names’ for entities.第三章语言的属性概念辨析languageDesign features of languageDisplacementArbitrarinessDuality应用能够根据所观察到的语言现象来解释语言的定义性特征。
英语语言学试题3及答案
英语语言学试题3及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 在语言学中，研究语言结构的学科被称为：A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 结构语言学D. 应用语言学答案：C2. 语言中最小的意义单位是：A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C3. 下列哪项是语言的任意性特征？A. 语言的规则性B. 语言的创造性C. 语言的任意性D. 语言的稳定性答案：C4. 英语中，单词“cat”的词根是：A. catB. -catC. -cattD. ca-答案：A5. 语言的“经济性原则”指的是：A. 用最少的音位表达最多的意义B. 用最少的词汇表达最多的意义C. 用最少的句型表达最多的意义D. 用最少的语法规则表达最多的意义答案：A6. “Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for communication.” 这句话中，“arbitrary”一词的意思是：A. 任意的B. 必然的C. 相关的D. 必要的答案：A7. 语言学家乔姆斯基认为，人类天生具有：A. 语言能力B. 语言知识C. 语言习惯D. 语言技巧答案：A8. 语言的“双重艺术性”指的是：A. 语言的创造性和规范性B. 语言的任意性和规约性C. 语言的表达性和接收性D. 语言的描述性和规定性答案：B9. 下列哪个选项不是语言的功能？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 社会控制D. 艺术创作答案：D10. 在英语中，单词“university”的词缀“uni-”表示：A. 一B. 多C. 不D. 再答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的三个主要分支是语音学、__________和句法学。
答案：语法学2. 根据语言的起源，语言学可以分为历史语言学和__________语言学。
答案：比较3. 语言的“规约性”指的是语言符号的__________。
答案：约定性4. 在语言学中，研究语言在社会中的功能和影响的学科被称为__________语言学。
英语语言学试题及答案
英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. A single speech soundB. A unit of meaningC. A unit of writingD. A unit of grammar答案：A2. Which of the following is NOT a branch of linguistics?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PsychologyD. Syntax答案：C3. The process of changing the form of a word to express different grammatical relationships is called:A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics答案：A4. In English, the word "mouse" is an example of:A. A countable nounB. An uncountable nounC. A proper nounD. An article答案：A5. The study of meaning in language is known as:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：A6. The smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning ina language is called:A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. SyllableD. Word答案：A7. The branch of linguistics that studies the social aspects of language is:A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. NeurolinguisticsD. Computational linguistics答案：A8. The use of language in context is studied in:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：B9. The process of acquiring a first language is known as:A. Second language acquisitionB. Foreign language learningC. Language learningD. First language acquisition答案：D10. The systematic arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences is the study of:A. PhonologyB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of speech sounds is called ____________.答案：Phonetics2. The smallest meaningful unit of language is known as a____________.答案：Morpheme3. The branch of linguistics that deals with the structure of words is ____________.答案：Morphology4. The study of how language is used in social contexts is called ____________.答案：Sociolinguistics5. The process by which children acquire their first language is known as ____________.答案：Language acquisition6. The study of the rules governing the formation of sentences in a language is ____________.答案：Syntax7. The branch of linguistics that examines the psychological aspects of language is ____________.答案：Psycholinguistics8. The study of the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences is known as ____________.答案：Semantics9. The branch of linguistics concerned with the relationship between language and culture is ____________.答案：Anthropological linguistics10. The study of how language is processed in the brain is called ____________.答案：Neurolinguistics三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. Explain the difference between a phoneme and an allophone. 答案：A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning in a language, while an allophone is a variant of a phoneme that does not change the meaning of aword.2. What is the role of syntax in language?答案：Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a language,including how words and phrases are arranged to create well-formed sentences.3. How does sociolinguistics contribute to our understandingof language?答案：Sociolinguistics helps us understand how languagevaries according to social factors such as class, gender, age, and ethnicity, and how these variations affect communication and social interaction.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance of pragmatics in language communication.答案：Pragmatics is crucial in language communication as it deals with the way context influences the interpretation of meaning. It helps us understand how speakers convey intended meanings beyond the literal interpretation of words and sentences, taking into account factors such as tone, body language, and shared knowledge.2. Explain the concept of language universals and give examples.答案：Language universals refer to the structural and functional features that are common to all human languages. Examples include the presence of nouns and verbs, the use ofword order to convey meaning, and the ability to form questions and negations.。
《新编简明英语语言学教程》1-6章复习练习题及答案
EX for English Linguistics (chapter1—6)Chapter I IntroductionI. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d .2.Chomsky defines “c ”as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.3. L refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.4 D is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.5. Language is a system of a vocal symbols used for human communication.6. S is the study of language in relation to society.7. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s .8. Human capacity for language has a g basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.9. P refers to the realization of langue in actual use.10. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a linguistics.11. Language is p________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.12. Linguistics is generally defined as the s study of language.13. To help define and maintain interpersonal relations is the s function of language.14. According to M. A. K. Halliday, the i function is to organize the speaker or writer’s experience of real or imaginary world.15. The t function is to organize written or spoken texts in such a manner that they are coherent within themselves and fit the particular situation in which they are used.II. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1. The description of a language in a fixed instant is a _______ study.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. systematic2. The application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called _____.A. sociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. computational linguisticsD. Applied Linguistics3.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it issaid to be ______________.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic4. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness5. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable6. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because___________.A.in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB.speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of informationconveyed.C.speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mothertongueD.All of the above7. Many modern linguists have criticized traditional grammarians for adopting a _____ approach to language study.A. synchronicB. pragmaticC. prescriptiveD. descriptive8. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative9. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic systemshared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language10. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between_________ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas11. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situationsof the speaker. This feature is called_________,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission12. The distinction between langue and parole was made by _______ early last century.A. American linguist N. ChomskyB. Swiss linguist F. de SaussureC. American linguist Edward SapirD. British linguist J. R. Firth13. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is goodproof that human language is .A. arbitraryB. rationalC. logicalD. culturalChapter 2：PhonologyII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1．An affricate______ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.2．A_________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.3．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b ________ sounds.4．Of all the speech organs, the t _________ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.5．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p ________ of articulation.6．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing outagain is called a s ______.7．S ________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.8．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s_______ rules.9．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with thediacritics is called n transcription.10．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i________.11．P _________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.12. If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in all these words are a sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal.13．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the p cavity, the oral cavity and the nasal cavity.14．T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just likephonemes.15．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s stress.II. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is called ________ phonetics.A. acousticB. articulatoryC. AuditoryD. allomorphic2. The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative3．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords4．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal5．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/6．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature ofa sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar7. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments andthey can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair8. 2.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of ( ).A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental9.A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintainingthe highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle10. Palatal semi-vowel refers to the sound .A. [n]B. [h]C. [w]D. [j]11. A phoneme is a group of phonetically similar sounds called .A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones12.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or morephonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of thesegments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC.suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features13.A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, acollection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme14．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones15. The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _______, respectively.A. stopsB. fricativesC. affricatesD. plosivesChapter 3：MorphologyI. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:1. A root______ is the part of the word left when all the affixes are removed.2. A m______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.3. B______ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.4. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d________ affixes.5. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may change its part of speech.6. A c________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.7. The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two separate words, i.e. “snow” and“fall.” This newly formed word is generally regarded as a c_______.II. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1.The morpheme “vision”in the common word “television”is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme2.The compound word “bookstore”is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A.is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB.can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC.is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D.None of the above.3. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root4. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. RainbowB. MilkshakeC. Icy-coldD. Unpleasant5.The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.6. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words7._________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme8.The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. stylisticC. grammaticalD. semantic9.Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB.can not be combined with other morphemesC.can either be free or boundD.have to be combined with other morphemes.10.____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes11._________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences12.“-s”in the word “books”is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root13. Which of the following does NOT belong to “open class words”?A. NounsB. AdjectivesC. ConjunctionsD. Adverbs14. In the word unreliable, the prefix “un-” is a(n) _______ morpheme.A. freeB. boundC. rootD. inflectional15. Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”, “case”, “aspect”,“degree” and so forth are called morphemes.A. inflectionalB. boundC. freeD. derivational16. The English word “modernizers” is composed of morphemes.A. fourB. threeC. twoD. fiveChapter 5 SemanticsI. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the lettergiven:1. S______can be defined as the study of meaning.2. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d_____ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.3. R _____ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4. Words that are close in meaning are called s_____.5. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h _____.6. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called r_______ opposites.7. R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.8.C_______ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.9. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules calleds________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.10. According to the n ____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.II. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth2. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents_______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviourism3.“Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes4.___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected intomeaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis5.“alive”and “dead”are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. none of the above6._________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense7.___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings havethe same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy8. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms9. The kind of antonymy between "married "and "single" is one of __________A converseB relationalC complementaryD gradable10. According to the componential analysis, the word “girl”and “woman”differ in the feature of _______.A. HUMNANB. ANIMATEC. MALED. ADULT11.The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A.grammatical rulesB.selectional restrictionsC.semantic rulesD.semantic features12. The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different inspelling and meaning. They are _______.A. complete homonymsB. homographsC. hyponymsD. homophones13. In the following pairs of words, are a pair of complementary antonyms.A. old and youngB. male and femaleC. hot and coldD. buy and sell14. The relationship between “violet” and “tulip” is ________.A. co-hyponymsB. superordinateC. hyponymsD. antonyms15. A word with several meanings is called ________word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multipleChapter 6：PragmaticsI.Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:1.P_______ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2.The notion of c_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.3. All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same i_______ point, but they differ in their strength or force.4.If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an u_________.5.The meaning of a sentence is a ______, and decontextualized.6.C________ are statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.7.P________ are sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.8. A l________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.9.An i_______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.10.An e________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.II.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. Sense relationD. Concept2. The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics.A. contextualB. behaviouristicC. IntrinsicD. logical3. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context4. A sentence is a________concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual5. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive6. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act7. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.A. to state, or describe, saying what the speaker believes to be trueB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs.8. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle9. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicature10. The illocutionary point of _______ is to express the psychological state specifiedin the utterance.A. directivesB. expressivesC. commissivesD. representatives11. found that natural language had its own logic and thus concluded thefamous Cooperative Principle.A. John AustinB. John FirthC. Paul GriceD. William Jones12. As far as the sentence “My bag is heavy” is concerned, linguists of pragmatics aremore interested in its ______ meaning.A. literalB. logicalC. utterenceD. sentence13. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether, in the study of meaning, _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context14. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the _________ because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. illocutionary actC. perlocutionary actD. constative act15. “How fast did he drive when he ran the red light?” _________ “He ran the redlight”.A. entailsB. contradictsC. presupposesD. includesChapter 1I. 1. descriptive petence 3. Langue 4. Duality 5. arbitrary6.socialinguistics7. syntax8. genetic9. Performance 10.applied11. productive 12.scientific 13. social 14 .ideational 15. TextualII.1.A 2.D 3. C 4. D 5.C 6.D 7.C 8.B 9.C 10.B 11.A 12. B 13.AChapter 2I. 1.affricate 2. Articulatory 3.bilabial 4.tognue 5.places6.stop7.Suprasegmental8.sequential9.narrow 10.intonation11.Phonology 12. Alveolar 13. pharyngeal 14.Tones 15.sentenceII. 1.A 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.D 7. A8. B 9.C 10.D 11. D 12. C 13. D 14. D 15. CChapter 3I. 1. Root 2. Morpheme 3.Bound 4.derivational 5.suffixpound7. CompoundII.1.D 2.D 3.C 4.D 5.C 6. B 7. C 8. C 9. D 10.A11. B 12.C 13. C 14.B 15.A 16.A 17.Chapter 5I.1. Semantics 2.direct 3. Reference 4.synonyms 5.homophones6.relational7.Relational8. Componential9.semantic 10.namingII. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.C 10.D11.A 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.AChapter 6I.1.Pragmatics 2.context 3.illocutionary 4.utterance 5.abstract6.Constatives7.Performatives8.locutionary9.illocutionary 10.expressive II.1. A 2. C 3.D 4. B 5. C 6.C 7. A 8.A 9.D 10.B11. C 12.C 13.D 14. B 15. A。
英语语言学试题3及答案
英语语言学试题3及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of language as a system of signs is known as:A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics答案：C2. Which of the following is NOT a branch of linguistics?A. SociolinguisticsB. NeurolinguisticsC. AstralinguisticsD. Psycholinguistics答案：C3. The smallest meaningful unit in a language is:A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. SyntaxD. Lexeme答案：B4. In linguistics, the term "register" refers to:A. A language variety defined by the situation in which itis usedB. The study of language change over timeC. The study of language in relation to cultureD. The study of how language is used in different social contexts答案：A5. The process of a language changing over time is called:A. EvolutionB. Diachronic linguisticsC. Synchronic linguisticsD. Dialect答案：B6. Which of the following is a feature of the English language?A. Subject-Verb-Object word orderB. Absence of gender in nounsC. Inflectional languageD. Tones to distinguish meaning答案：A7. The study of language in relation to culture is known as:A. SociolinguisticsB. Anthropological linguisticsC. Cultural linguisticsD. Ethnolinguistics答案：B8. In linguistics, what is the term for the systematic relationship between sounds and meanings?A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PhonologyD. Morphology答案：B9. The use of language to achieve a particular communicative goal is referred to as:A. Speech actB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Syntax答案：A10. Which of the following is a type of language change that involves the borrowing of words from another language?A. CalquingB. Code-switchingC. BorrowingD. Semantic shift答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. The systematic study of the sound patterns of a languageis known as __________.答案：Phonetics12. A language that uses a combination of consonants and vowels is called a __________ language.答案：Syllabic13. The process by which children acquire the ability to understand and use their native language is known as__________.答案：Language acquisition14. The study of the meanings of words in relation to other words in the same language is called __________.答案：Semantics15. A language that has a complex system of inflections and endings is known as a(n) __________ language.答案：Inflectional16. The smallest unit of sound that can change the meaning ofa word is called a __________.答案：Phoneme17. The study of language in relation to the brain is known as __________.答案：Neurolinguistics18. A language that has a relatively small number of distinct sounds is called a __________ language.答案：Phonemic19. The study of language change is known as __________ linguistics.答案：Diachronic20. The use of language in different social situations is studied in the field of __________.答案：Sociolinguistics三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）21. Explain the difference between a dialect and a language.答案：A dialect is a regional variety of a language that is characterized by particular发音（pronunciation）、词汇（vocabulary）、语法（grammar）等特征。
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1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitraryA. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situationA. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness4. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole5. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Comparative linguisticsD. Applied linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.6. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.7. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.8. Only human beings are able to communicate.9. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.10. The conventional nature of language is illustrated by a famous quotation from Shakespear’s play Romeo and Juliet: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”.11. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.III. Fill in the blanks.12. Linguistics is the __________ study of language.13. Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.14. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing.15. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.16. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s __________.Explain the following terms:syntaxanthropological linguisticsExplain Halliday's theory of metafunctions of language.Sounds1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech soundsA. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above3. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulationA. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]4. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowelsA. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]5. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibratingA. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.6. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.7. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.8. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.9. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into long vs. short or tense vs. lax.10. In English, all the back vowels are rounded.11. In English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded.III. Fill in the blanks.12. According to the feature of voicing, consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are __________.13. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.14. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.15. In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs.17. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog.(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricative1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. content wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7. The word DINK is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. compoundingD. blending8. The words like smog and motel are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymyII. Fill in the blanks.9. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class.10. __________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.11. __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.12. A word formed by derivation is called a __________ , and a word formed by compounding is called a __________ .13. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________ .Explain the following term, using examples.AllomorphInflectionBound root1. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite3. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical4. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator5. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.6. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject anda predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.23. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.25. A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which isincorporated into the other.Explain the term "IC analysis".Explain the three types of syntactic relationsDistinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers”37. Draw a tree diagram of the sentence:The student wrote a letter yesterday.1. According to the “semantic triangle” presented by Ogden and Richards, the symbol or ________ refers to the linguistic elements(words, sentences, etc.), the ___________ refers to the object in the world of experience and the thought or reference refers to concept.2. __________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.3. The semantic component of the word _________ are +Human, +Adult, +male, -Married.4. ________ opposites may be seen in terms of degrees of the quality involved.5. We call the relation between “animal” and “cow” as___________.A. polysemyB. antonymyC. homophonyD. hyponymy6. The pair of words “wide/narrow” are called__________.A. gradable oppositesB. complementary antonymsC. co-hyponymsD. relational opposites7. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “rose/tulip”A. polysemyB. hyponymyC. homophonyD. co-hyponyms8. A word with several meaning is called___________.A. an abnormal wordB. a polysemic wordC. a synonymous wordD. None of the above9. “Words are names or labels for things.” This view is called _________ in semantic theory. A. mentalism B. conceptualism C. naming theory D. contexualism10. The pair of words “borrow/lend” are c alled __________.A. relational oppositesB. synonymsC. complementariesD. gradable opposites11. Which description of componential analysis for the word “woman” is rightA. +human, -adult, -maleB. +human, +adult, -maleC. +human, +adult, +maleD. +human, -adult, +male12. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “flower/tulip”A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy13. The semantic components of the word “man” can be expressed as________.A. +human, +male, -adultB. +human, -male, -adultC. +human, +male, +adultD. +human, -male, +adultExplain the following term, using examples.1) Componential analysis2) Semantic triangleExplain the three kinds of antonymy.1. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context2. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual3. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive4. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act5. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs6. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.A. in their illocutionary actsB. in their intentions expressedC. in their strength or forceD. in their effect brought about7. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicaturesII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.8. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.9. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.10. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.11. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.12. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.13. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences14. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.15. __________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.16. __________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.17. A(n) __________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.18. A(n) __________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.19. A(n) _________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.20. A(n) ________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.21. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of __________ , the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner. IV Analyze the implicatures in the dialogues1) A: Can you answer the phoneB: I’m in the bath.2) A: I have to leave now.B: It’s raining hard outside.V . What type of illocutionary act do the following utterances involve1)‘I suggest that you see a dentist as soon as possible.’2) ‘I will pay you the money I owe you next time.’3) ‘Passengers are reminded that flight No. 2284 leaves here at 7:00 sharp.’4)‘Shut up! Leave me alone!’5)‘I’m very sorry to hear that you’ve just lost your pet dog.’study of _ is Syntax.A textual organizationB sentence structuresC word formationD language functionsof the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human languageA arbitrarinessB productivityC cultural transmissionD finitenessspeech act theory was first put forward by_.A John ScarlB Johan AustinC Noam ChomskyD Hallidaystudy of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in condition is_.A morphologyB general linguisticsC phonologyD semanticsof the following is NOT a compound wordA LandladyB GreenhouseC UpliftD Unacceptableword holiday originally meant holy day; but now the word signifies any whic h we don’t have to work. This is an example ofA meaning shiftB widening of meaningC narrowing of meaningD loss of meaning essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of___A. referenceB. meaningC. antonymyD. contextwords "kid, child, offspring” are examples of___A. dialectal synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. emotive synonymsD. collocational synonymsdistinction between parole and langue was made by____A. HallidayB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Saussurerefers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation. A. Phonology B. Morphology C. Semantics D. Sociolinguisticsdistinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPTA. lexicalB. syntacticC. phonologicalD. psycholinguisticword tail once referred to “the tail of a horse”, but now it is used to mean “the tail of any animal.” This is an example ofA. widening of meaningB. narrowing of meaningC. meaning shiftD. loss of meaningof the following is NOT a design feature of human languageA. ArbitrarinessB. Displacement.C. Duality.D. Diachronicity.type of sentence is "Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry"A. A simple sentence.B. A coordinate sentence.C. A complex sentence.D. None of the above.phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called___A. hyponymy.B. synonymy.C. polysemy.D. homonymy.16. The study of the mental processes of language comprehension and production is ____A. corpus linguistics.B. sociolinguistics.C. theoretical linguistics.D. psycholinguistics.special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purposes of trading is called( )A. dialect.B. idiolect.C. pidgin.D. register.a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing____A. an illocutionary act.B. a perlocutionary act.C. a locutionary act.D. none of the above.19. _____ refers to the learning and development of a language.A. Language acquisitionB. Language comprehensionC. Language productionD. Language instructionword “' Motel” comes from “motor + hotel”. This is an example of_____ in morphology. A. backformation B. conversion C. blending D. acronymis the tool of communication. The symbol “' Highway Closed” on a highway serves( ) A. an expressive function. B. an informative function.C. a performative function.D. a persuasive function.22. ______ is defined as the study of the relationship between language and mind.A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. Cognitive linguisticsD. Sociolinguistics23. A vowel is different from a consonant in English because ofA. absence of obstructionB. presence of obstructionC. manner of articulationD. place of articulation24. The definition ”the act of using , or promoting the use of, several languages ,either b y an individual speaker or by a community of speakers” refer toA. PidginB. CreoleC. MultilingualismD. Bilingualism25. ____ is a language phenomenon in which words sound like what they refer to.A. OnomatopoeiaB. CollocationC. DenotationD. Assimilationsentence "Close your book and listen to me carefully!" performs a(n) _____ function.A. interrogativeB. informativeC. performativeD. directive27. Which of the following pairs of words are homophonesA. wind (v.) / wind (n.)B. suspect (v.) / suspect (n.)C. bare (adj.) / bear (v.)D. convict (v.) /convict (n.)English, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be a vowel. This is a(n)( ) A. assimilation rule B. sequential rule C. deletion rule D. grammar ruleof the following is an example of clipping A. APEC B. Motel C. Xerox D. Disco30. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to a particular type of situation is called A. register B. dialect C. slang. D. variety31. Which of the following italicized parts is an inflectional morphemeA. unlockB. government.C. goes D off-stage32. Which of the following sentences has the "S + V + O" structureA. He died a hero.B. I went to London.C. She became angry.D. Mary enjoyed parties.33. Which of the following CAN NOT be used as an adverbA. Heart and soul.B. The lion's share.C. Null and void.D. Hammer and tongs.BDBCD BDBDB DADBD DCAAC BCACA DCBDA CDB。