耶鲁大学心理学导论(第四课)

心理学导论第四课

我想在这节课的开始先回头讲讲弗洛依德I actually want to begin by going back to Freud

解决一下上节课遗留的几个问题and hitting a couple of loose ends.

我周三上课的时候跳过了部分内容There was a point in my lecture on Wednesday where I skipped over some parts.

我当时说"没时间讲了" 就跳过没讲I said, "We don't have time for this" and I just whipped past it.

可整个周末我都因此而寝食难安And I couldn't sleep over the weekend. I've been tormented.

我不该跳过它们所以现在我要讲一下I shouldn't have skipped that and I want to hit--

先告诉大家我当时为什么跳过没讲Let me tell you why I skipped it.

我所跳过的是关于The discussion I skipped was the discussion of

"我们为何会有无意识" 的讨论why we would have an unconscious at all.

我当时正在讲So, I was talking about

在科学上颇有名望的弗洛依德理论the scientifically respectable ideas of Freud 我想给大家讲一些新的and I want to talk about some new ideas

关于"无意识为何会存在"的理论about why there could be an unconscious.

我之所以没讲是因为Now, the reason why I skipped it is

我不能肯定这是考虑这个问题的最佳方式I'm not sure this is the best way to look at the question.

正如我们将会在这门课中了解到的As we will learn throughout the course,

尤其是绝大多数的大脑活动by far the vast majority of what our brains do, 绝大多数的心理活动the vast majority of what our minds do,

其实都是无意识的是无法察觉到的is unconscious and we're unaware of it.

因此问题或许不该是So the right question to ask may not be,

"为什么有些心理活动是无意识的""Why are some things unconscious?"

而应该是"为什么心理活动的一小部分but rather, why is this tiny subset of mental life--

为什么这一小部分是有意识的"why is this conscious?

另一方面On the other hand,

这些关于无意识功能的主张these claims about the utility of unconsciousness, 是很具有煽动性很有趣的I think, are provocative and interesting.

所以我想很快地来给你们大家讲一下So I just wanted to quickly share them with you.

那么从进化的观点来看So, the question is, from an evolutionary standpoint,

要问的问题便是"无意识为何得以进化""Why would an unconscious evolve?"

一些心理学家与生物学家们所给出的答案And an answer that some psychologists and biologists have given

是欺骗is deception.

大多数动物都会有一些欺骗行为So, most animals do some deception.

而广义上的欺骗是以愚弄的方式And deception defined broadly is simply

使他人相信虚假之事to act or be in some way

认为虚假之事是真实的that fools others into believing or thinking

或是使他人对虚假之事做出反应or responding to something that's false.

举一个欺骗的实例There's physical examples of deception.

当黑猩猩受到威胁When threatened, chimpanzees--

它们的毛发会竖起来their hair stands up on end

使得他们看上去更加强壮and that makes them look bigger

从而使其他黑猩猩误以为它们to fool others to thinking they're more dangerous 比原先想象中更加危险than they are.

在深海中生活着琵琶鱼There's an angler fish at the bottom of the ocean

这种鱼的头顶会长出鱼竿状的长刺that has a rod sticking up from the top of its head

用于引诱和捕获其他鱼类with a lure to capture other fish

让它们误认为那是食物to fool them in thinking that this is something edible 然后它们自己就被吃掉了and then to themselves be devoured.

总的来说灵长类动物特别是人类But humans, primates in general but particularly humans,

都是欺骗大师are masters of deception.

我们不断地利用我们的心理We use our minds

行为和动作and our behaviors and our actions

去哄骗他人相信那些虚假的事情continually to try to trick people into believing what's not true.

比如我们总是试着去欺骗他人We try to trick people, for instance,

使他人相信我们比实际更加into believing that we're

强壮聪明性感tougher, smarter, sexier,

更加可靠或是更加值得信赖等等more reliable, more trustworthy and so on, than we really are.

社会心理学中也有很大一部分内容And a large part of social psychology

在关注我们向他人展现自己的方式concerns the way in which we present ourselves 人们会尽力使积极印象最大化to other people so as to make the maximally positive impression

即使留下的印象是虚假的even when that impression isn't true.

但同时At the same time,though,

我们也进化出了很好的欺骗检测机制we've also evolved very good lie detection mechanisms.

因此不仅存在着要求我对你说谎So not only is there evolutionary pressure for me

的进化压力to lie to you,