英语四级语法全
英语四级常考语法总结
英语四级常考语法总结摘要：1.引言2.英语四级常考语法点一：动词时态3.英语四级常考语法点二：被动语态4.英语四级常考语法点三：从句5.英语四级常考语法点四：情态动词6.英语四级常考语法点五：虚拟语气7.英语四级常考语法点六：非谓语动词8.英语四级常考语法点七：介词、连词和代词9.英语四级常考语法点八：句子成分和结构10.结论正文：【引言】英语四级考试是很多大学生必须面对的一项重要考试。
为了帮助大家更好地备战四级，本文将总结英语四级考试中经常出现的语法点，希望能够提高大家的学习效率，轻松应对考试。
【英语四级常考语法点一：动词时态】动词时态是英语四级考试中的重点和难点，考生需要掌握各种时态的构成和用法。
主要包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时等。
【英语四级常考语法点二：被动语态】被动语态在英语四级考试中也非常重要，主要有三种形式：一般被动语态、完成被动语态和被动语态的否定形式。
掌握被动语态的用法，有助于提高阅读理解和写作的能力。
【英语四级常考语法点三：从句】从句是英语四级考试中不可或缺的部分，主要包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句和状语从句。
学会识别和运用各种从句，对提高四级成绩至关重要。
【英语四级常考语法点四：情态动词】情态动词在英语四级考试中占有重要地位，如：can、could、may、might、must、should等。
掌握情态动词的用法，有助于提高语法填空和完形填空的正确率。
【英语四级常考语法点五：虚拟语气】虚拟语气在英语四级考试中也有一定的出现频率，主要包括条件句中的虚拟语气、宾语从句中的虚拟语气、主语从句中的虚拟语气等。
学会运用虚拟语气，能让你的句子更加丰富多彩。
【英语四级常考语法点六：非谓语动词】非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词。
在英语四级考试中，非谓语动词的应用范围广泛，如：作主语、作宾语、作定语等。
【英语四级常考语法点七：介词、连词和代词】介词、连词和代词在英语四级考试中贯穿始终，掌握它们的使用方法，能有效提高填空题和选择题的正确率。
英语四级必备语法知识点总结归纳
英语四级必备语法知识点总结归纳英语四级必备语法知识点总结归纳为了帮助广大考生顺利通过英语四级考试，以下是本文对英语四级必备语法知识点的总结归纳。
英语四级考试是国内大学英语水平测试的重要组成部分，对于大多数大学生来说，通过四级考试是必要的。
合理掌握并熟练运用英语的语法规则，是取得良好成绩的关键要素。
一、名词1. 可数名词与不可数名词的区别：可数名词可单复数，不可数名词只有单数形式。
2. 名词的所有格：表示所属关系，通常在名词的后面加'的。
3. 名词的单复数形式：英语名词有单数和复数两种形式。
二、冠词1. 定冠词（the）：用于特指的名词前。
2. 不定冠词（a/an）：用于泛指的名词前。
3. 零冠词：指不用冠词的情况。
三、代词1. 人称代词：主要包括主格代词和宾格代词。
2. 物主代词：表示所属关系，用于代替名词的所有格形式。
3. 反身代词：表示动作反射回自己。
4. 指示代词：用于指示特定的人或物。
5. 疑问代词：用于提问特定的人或物。
四、动词1. be动词的形式和用法：包括am, is, are, was, were等。
2. 一般现在时：表示经常性或普遍性的动作。
3. 一般过去时：表示过去发生的动作或状态。
4. 一般将来时：表示将来要发生的动作或状态。
5. 动词的时态：包括现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时等。
6. 动词的语态：包括主动语态和被动语态。
五、形容词和副词1. 形容词和副词的比较等级：用于表示不同程度的级别。
2. 形容词修饰名词：通常形容词位于名词的前面。
3. 副词修饰动词或形容词：通常副词位于动词或形容词的前面。
六、介词1. 表示位置关系：用于描述物体之间的位置关系。
2. 表示时间关系：用于描述事件或活动的发生时间。
3. 表示方式和手段：用于描述做事的方式或使用的手段。
4. 表示原因和目的：用于描述事件或行为的原因和目的。
七、连词1. 并列连词：用于连接同等重要的两个句子或成分。
大学英语四级语法表(最新版)
大学英语四级语法表(最新版)
本文档是大学英语四级语法表的最新版本，旨在帮助学生系统地研究和掌握英语四级考试中的语法知识。
以下是主要内容：
1. 词类
- 名词：用途、单复数形式、所有格
- 代词：人称代词、指示代词、反身代词、不定代词
- 动词：时态、语态、情态动词
- 形容词和副词：形容词和副词的比较级和最高级、副词修饰动词、形容词修饰名词
- 介词：常见介词及其用法
- 连词：并列连词、从属连词、关联词等
2. 句子结构
- 句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等
- 句子类型：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句等
- 句子的基本结构：主谓结构、主谓宾结构、主谓宾补结构、主谓双宾结构等
3. 从句和复合句
- 名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等
- 定语从句：限制性定语从句、非限制性定语从句
- 状语从句：时间状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句等
- 复合句：主从复合句、并列复合句
4. 语态和时态
- 时态：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时等
- 语态：主动语态、被动语态
5. 其他语法知识点
- 倒装句
- 强调句
- 虚拟语气
- 直接引语和间接引语
以上仅为大纲内容，具体细节请参考教材和相关语法书籍。
注意：本文档仅供参考，语法知识的学习还需结合实际练习进行。
祝你考试顺利！。
(简明版)大学英语四级语法大全
(简明版)大学英语四级语法大全一、名词（Noun）名词是一个词汇类别，用于表示人、动物、事物、地点等。
在句子中，名词可以作为主语、宾语、定语、表语等。
例如：- 主语：Cats are cute animals.Cats are cute animals.- 宾语：I love dogs.dogs.- 定语：The green tree is beautiful.green tree is beautiful.- 表语：My brother is a doctor.doctor.二、代词（Pronoun）代词是一个词汇类别，用于替代名词。
它们可以替代特定的人或事物，以避免重复使用相同的名词。
例如：- 人称代词：I am going to the store.I am going to the store.- 物主代词：That book is mine.mine.- 指示代词：This is my car.This is my car.- 相互代词：They saw each other at the party.each other at the party.三、形容词（Adjective）形容词是用于描述名词或代词的词汇。
它们可以提供关于名词或代词的特征、性质、状态等信息。
例如：- 描述名词：She has a beautiful voice.beautiful voice.- 描述代词：I am so tired.so tired.- 修饰词组：He bought a red sports car.red sports car.四、副词（Adverb）副词是用于描述动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子的词汇。
它们可以提供关于时间、地点、程度等信息。
例如：- 描述动词：She sings beautifully.beautifully.- 描述形容词：He is extremely tall.extremely tall.- 描述副词：She runs very fast.very fast.- 描述整个句子：Certainly, I can help you.Certainly, I can help you.五、动词（Verb）动词是用于表示动作、状态或发生事件的词汇。
英语四级语法
• 1. (1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配:
• 主句
从句 (if)
• 与现在事实相反 would/情态动词过去式+do were (不分人称)/did 与过去事实相反 would/情态动词过去式+have done had done 与将来事实相反 would/情态动词过去式+do should do / were to do
• 1. 现在分词表示主动，表示动作在进行。 过去分词表示被动，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。
• 2. 分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式：
• (1)表示时间，多置于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语 动词，要用完成式。
• (2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用 一般式。
• (2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：
• (3)识别事实和假设混合句：
• (4) 省略if, 条件从句倒装
• 2. 从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。考生应熟悉：
• (1)下列动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：
desire, advise, recommend, command, direct, order, ask, demand, request, require, insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer, urge, vote。
• (3)If only…谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。
• (4)lest/for fear that/in case 从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。
• (5)whether…or…有时谓语用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用 法经常采用倒装结构。如： The business of each day, be it selling
CET4语法考点全解析
CET4语法考点全解析在准备英语四级考试的过程中，语法一直是考生们比较头疼的一个部分。
由于语法知识点众多，考试时往往容易混淆，因此，了解并掌握每个语法考点是非常重要的。
本文将对CET4考试中常见的语法考点进行全面解析，帮助考生在备考中有针对性地进行复习。
一、冠词冠词是英语中一种常见的虚词，包括定冠词“the”和不定冠词“a/an”。
定冠词“the”表示特指，常用于特定的人、事物或概念；不定冠词“a/an”表示泛指，常用于不特定的人、事物或概念。
在考试中，考生需要注意正确使用冠词，避免使用错误或遗漏。
二、时态英语时态是考试中的重要考点之一，主要包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时等。
考生需要根据句意和语境选择正确的时态，避免时态错误导致句子不通顺或不符合语法规则。
三、名词名词是英语中一种表示事物、人或概念的词汇，可分为可数名词和不可数名词。
在考试中，考生需要注意名词的单复数形式、所有格形式以及名词性从句的使用，避免在句子中出现名词错误。
四、动词动词是英语中一种表示行为或状态的词汇，主要包括一般动词、情态动词、动词的时态和语态等。
在考试中，考生需要注意动词的时态和语态的正确使用，避免主谓不一致或动词形式错误。
五、代词代词是英语中一种用来代替名词或其他词汇的词汇，包括人称代词、物主代词、反身代词等。
在考试中，考生需要注意代词的正确使用，避免在句子中出现代词错误或误解。
六、连接词连接词是英语中一种用来连接句子、短语或词汇的词汇，包括并列连词、从属连词和连接副词等。
在考试中，考生需要注意连接词的使用，保持句子逻辑性和通顺性。
七、介词介词是英语中一种用来表示位置、方向或关系的词汇，包括时间介词、地点介词和方式介词等。
在考试中，考生需要注意介词的正确使用，避免在句子中出现介词错误或误解。
总结：通过上述对CET4语法考点的全面解析，考生可以更好地理解和掌握英语语法知识，提高语法水平和应试能力。
完整版)大学英语四级语法大全
完整版)大学英语四级语法大全doing/to do:to do" means to。
doing something in order to do something else。
while " doing" means to simply。
doing something。
For example。
"XXX" means they ped what they were doing in order to smoke。
while "I must。
smoking" means to quit XXX.XXX: She reached the top of the hill and ped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path.XXX do:et to do" means to et to do something that you were supposed to do。
while "etting doing" means to et that you have already done something.XXX: The light in the office is still on。
He ot to turn it off。
(He didn't turn it off.) He ot turning the light off。
(He ot that he had already turned it off.)XXX do:Remember to do" means to remember to do something that you need to do。
while "remembering doing" means to remember that you have already done something.XXX: XXX.)Remember to go to the post office after school。
英语四级语法总结
英语四级语法总结英语四级语法总结英语四级语法是英语四级考试中的重要一部分，掌握好语法知识对于提高阅读、写作以及听力的能力都有很大的帮助。
下面是英语四级语法的总结，希望对大家备考四级有所帮助。
一、时态1. 一般现在时用于表达经常性、习惯性的动作、状态或客观事实。
结构：主语 + 动词原形 (+其他)例如：She often goes jogging in the morning.她经常在早上慢跑。
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.水在100摄氏度时沸腾。
2. 现在进行时用于表示现阶段正在进行的动作。
结构：主语 + be动词(am/is/are) + 现在分词 (+其他)例如：I am studying for the exam.我正在为考试而学习。
3. 一般过去时用于表示已经发生过的动作或状态。
结构：主语 + 动词过去式 (+其他)例如：She traveled to Japan last year.她去年去了日本。
4. 过去进行时用于表示过去某个时间里正在进行的动作。
结构：主语 + was/were + 现在分词 (+其他)例如：They were watching a movie at 8 p.m. yesterday.昨天晚上8点他们正在看电影。
5. 一般将来时用于表示将来发生的动作或状态。
结构：主语 + will/shall + 动词原形 (+其他)例如：We will go on a trip next month.我们下个月将去旅行。
6. 将来进行时用于表示将来某个时间段里正在进行的动作。
结构：主语 + will be + 现在分词 (+其他)例如：He will be sleeping at midnight.他将在午夜时睡觉。
7. 现在完成时用于表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
结构：主语 + have/has + 过去分词 (+其他)例如：I have finished my homework.我已经完成作业。
英语四级必备语法
英语四级必备语法一、简单句和并列句1.简单句的五种形式：（1）主语+谓语（不及物动词）；（2）主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语；（3）主语+谓语+宾语+补语；（4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语；（5）主语+系动词+表语。
两类系动词：①be动词；②一些实意动词用作系动词：feel,taste,smell等；2.并列句：一个句子当中包含两个或者更多互不相依的主谓结构，中间用一些连接词连接起来的句子。
并列句不能只用逗号隔开，而要用连接词连接。
连接词：<1>并列关系句型：连接词有and，as well as，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...Eg:Last year I met Kate and we became friends.Either my uncle can do it,or my aunt can do it.<2>转折概念并列句型：转折词有butEg：It has no much,but it can talk.<3>对比关系的句型：Eg：He liked sports,while i would rather collect stamps.二、句子成分句子六大成分：主谓宾、定状表。
主语、宾语和表语：通常由代词或者名词构成，定语：修饰名词；表语：接在系动词后面；状语：修饰形容词或者动词；（一）.代词：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词。
着重讲下不定代词：some,someone,something,any,anyone,anything,no,no one,nothing,all,both,neither,either,each,every,ever ybody,everyone,everything.一些重要的不定代词之间的区别：（1）all，each,each:①all和every可以指代三个火三个以上的人或物；all可以表示所有东西的总和，是一不可分割的整体；each只能两个或两个以上的人，侧重个体；②。
大学英语四级语法大全
大学英语四级语法大全大学英语四级语法大全8.1 stop doing/to dostop to do停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing停止做某事。
They stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来，抽了根烟。
I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了。
典型例题She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have restedB. restingC. to restD. rest答案：C。
由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。
因此，应选择"stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事"。
而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。
8.2 forget doing/to doforget to do忘记要去做某事。
(未做)forget doing忘记做过某事。
(已做)The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。
(没有做关灯的动作)He forgot turning the light off.他忘记他已经关了灯了。
( 已做过关灯的动作)Don’t forget to come tomorrow.别忘了明天来。
(to come动作未做)典型例题---- The light in the office is still on.---- Oh，I forgot___.A. turning it offB. turn it offC. to turn it offD. having turned it off答案：C。
由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。
英语四级考试语法结构与词汇
英语四级考试语法结构与词汇一、语法结构部分。
1. 时态。
- 一般现在时。
- 用法：表示经常发生的动作、存在的状态或客观事实。
- 结构：主语 + 动词原形（第三人称单数主语时动词加 -s或 -es）。
例如：I play football every Sunday.（play，动词原形，[pleɪ]）He plays football every Sunday.（plays，动词第三人称单数形式，[pleɪz]）- 一般过去时。
- 用法：表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
- 结构：主语+动词的过去式。
例如：I saw a movie yesterday.（saw，see的过去式，[sɔː]，动词）- 现在进行时。
- 用法：表示现在正在进行的动作。
- 结构：主语+be动词（am/is/are）+动词的 -ing形式。
例如：She is reading a book.（is，be动词第三人称单数形式，[ɪz]；reading，动词的 -ing形式，['ri ːdɪŋ]）- 过去进行时。
- 用法：表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。
- 结构：主语+be动词（was/were）+动词的 -ing形式。
例如：He was watching TV at 8 o'clock last night.（was，be动词第一、三人称单数过去式，[wɒz]；watching，动词的 -ing形式，['wɒtʃɪŋ]）2. 从句。
- 定语从句。
- 概念：在句中作定语，修饰名词或代词。
- 关系代词：who（指人，主格，[huː]），whom（指人，宾格，[huːm]），which（指物，[wɪtʃ]），that（指人或物，[ðæt]）。
例如：The boy who/that is standing there is my brother.（这里who/that引导定语从句修饰the boy）- 名词性从句。
大学英语4级语法笔记
大学英语4级语法笔记
1. 主谓一致
- 主语和谓语在人称和数上保持一致。
- 当主语是单数第三人称时，谓语动词要加s。
- 当主语是复数时，谓语动词不加s。
2. 动词时态
- 一般现在时：表示经常性或惯性的动作。
- 现在进行时：表示现在正在进行的动作。
- 一般过去时：表示过去某个时间发生的动作。
- 过去进行时：表示过去某一段时间内正在进行的动作。
- 现在完成时：表示过去某个时间发生的动作对现在造成的影
响或结果。
- 过去完成时：表示过去某个时间发生的动作对过去的另一个
时间或动作造成的影响或结果。
3. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
- 比较级：注意形容词和副词在比较级前面要加上more或less。
- 最高级：注意形容词和副词在最高级前面要加上the most或the least。
4. 名词所有格
- 表示属于关系时，在名词后面加's。
- 表示复数名词所有格时，在名词后面加'。
5. 祈使句和感叹句
- 祈使句表示命令、请求或建议，一般用动词原形。
- 感叹句表示惊讶、赞叹等情感，常以What、How等引导。
6. 介词的用法
- 介词用于表示位置、时间、方式等关系。
- 常用的介词有in、on、at、under、over等。
以上是大学英语4级语法的一些基础知识点，请在学习和写作时注意运用。
大学英语四级语法精要(PDF,已排版)
CET大学英语四级语法精要大学英语四级语法精要Ⅰ动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等）1.时态1)现在完成进行时态(have/has been+-ing分词构成):动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束．I’ve been writing letters for an hour.I’ve been sitting in the garden.2)过去完成进行时(由had been+ing分词构成):过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作I’d been working for some time when he called.We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.3)将来完成进行时:将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作．By next summer,he will have been working here for twenty years.In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.4)将来完成时(由shall/will have+过去分词构成):将来某时会业已发生的事．I shall have finished this one before lunch.They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.2.语态1)可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如：He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等．It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.The ship is supposed to have been sunk.担当be supposed to与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如：Why are you driving so fast in this area?You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit.(你应该晓得速度限制）2)双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态a)双宾语结构的被动语态:双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语．He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.b)宾补结构的被动语态:She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was considered quite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clean and tidy.3.短语动词1)Vi+advThe plane took off two hours late.2)Vi+prepThey looked round the Cathedral.3)Vi+prep(有被动语态）She’s looking after her sister’s children.The children were always well looked after.4)Vi+adv+prepI began to look forward to their visits.5)Vt+O+advSome women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.The children were brought up by their mother.They took him on.6)Vt+adv+O(无被动语态）I am trying to give up smoking.7)Vt+O+prepWe talked Donald into agreement.4.省略1)在以as,than,when,if,unless等引导的从句中的省略：在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉．a)Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions,the drug has no side effects.While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.Although not yet six months old,she was able to walk without support.If not well managed,irrigation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers,they gained in fighting capacity.This viewpoint,however understandable,is wrong.Enemies,once discovered,were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.Fill in the application as instructed.Whenever known,such facts should be reported.The documents will be returned as soon as signed.He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise,you should keep it.b)If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver)necessary.If possible,I should like to have two copies of it.As scheduled,they met on January20at the Chinese Embassy.2）在以than a)或as b)引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略．a)He told me not to use more material than(it is)necessary.We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.b)They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people(did).He is now a vice-manager,but still often works in the kitchen as before.Their training is free,as is all education.We will,as always,stand on your side.3）错误的省略His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.While standing there in her nightgown,two bullets struck the wall beside her.5.一致1)如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with,together with,as well as,as muchas,no less than,more than等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式．Terry,along with her friend,goes skating every Saturday.An expert,together with some assistants,was sent to help in this work.The captain,as well as the coaches,was disappointed in the team.2)代词作主语时的一致a)each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待．Each of us has something to say.Is everybody ready?Somebody is using the phone.Neither of us has gone through regular training.Has either of them told you?b)some,few,both,many等作复数c)some可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一．none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念，但none在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数：None of the books are easy enough for usNone of us seem to have thought of it.None(=not a single one)of us has got a camera.None(=nobody)has felt it more keenly than she did.None of this worries me.all和most可后接复数,也可接不可数名词(all of the…，most of the…),动词用单数.3)由and或both…and连接名词词组时,后用复数;由not only…but(also),either…or,neither…nor或or连接的并列主语,谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuademy daughter to change her mind.如果一个句子是由there或here引导,而主语又不止一个,谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致. There was carved in the board adragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen,a few envelopes and some paper for you.4)people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽),militia(民兵)等通常都用作复数.Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.有些集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待,主要根据意思来决定.very large.His family isn’ｔHis family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a month.The committee aredivided in opinion.The audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at the words.有些名词单复数同形,可根据意思决定谓语动词的数:This new series is beginning next month.These new series are beginning next month.This species is now extinct.These speciesare now extinct.5)表示时间,重量,长度,价值等的名词,尽管仍是复数形式,如果作整体看待,动词也可用单数形式(当然用复数动词也是可以的):Three weeks was allowed for making the necessarypreparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.6)其他问题a)书名,国家名用单数:Talesfrom Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.b)学科名,如mathematics,economics用单数.c)many a或more than one所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式:Many a person has had that kind of experience.More than one person has involved in the case.a number of后接复数,the number of后接单数:A number of books have been published on the subject.The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.d)one of those后用单数.在“one of+复数名词+关系分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式：Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.当one之前友the only等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据one而定，即采用单数形式：He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.Ⅱ非谓语动词1.不定式1)形式主动形式被动形式一般式to do to be done完成式to have done to have been done进行式to be doing完成进行式to have beendoinga)完成式:不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作,在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生,就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother(=I am glad I have seenyour mother).(比较:I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seenme.b)进行式:如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时要用不定式的进行式.quite recovered yet.You are not supposedto be working.You haven’ｔexpect you to be waiting for us here.We didn’ｔHe pretended to be listening attentively.c)完成进行式:在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,就要用不定式的完成进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.d)被动式:当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.2)功用:不定式可以作主语(a),宾语(b),表语(c),定语(d)或是状语(e).a.To scold her would not be just.b.We are planning to build a reservoir here.c.One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d.Do you have anything to declare?e.We have come to learn from you.3)不带to的不定式:a)在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中,如果动词是表示感觉意义的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等,或是表示“致使”意义的have,make,let等,其后的不定式结构不带to.John made her tell him everything.这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面的不带to的不定式一般还原为带to的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.b)在had better,had best,would rather,would sooner,would just as soon,might(just)as well,cannot but等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带to.I’ｄr ather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.c)在make do,make believe,let drop,let fall,let fly,let slip,let drive,let go of,let there be,hear say,hear tell,leave go of等固定搭配中,用不带to的动词不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.I’ve heard tell of him.d)在动词help(或help+宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式,也可用带to的不定式.Can I help(to)lift this heavy box?e)在介词except,but之后,如果其前有动词do的某种形式,不定式一般不带to,反之带to. There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.n o choice but to wait till it stops raining.There’ｓf)连词rather than,sooner than置于句首时,其后的不定式不带to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do,he forced himself to pick it up.出现在句中其他位置时,其后的不定式有时带to,有时不带to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.g)用作补语的动词不定式,如果主语是由“all+关系分句”，“thing+关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing+不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.What he will do is(to)spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the formThe only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.4)不定式的其他用法a)too…to结构通常表示否定意义:She was too young to understand all that.enough…to结构则表示肯定意义:She was not old enough to understand all that.not too,but too,all too,only too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:He’ｓonly too pleased to help her.so…as(to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.b)如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.在以某些形容词(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid, careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表语时,不定式前可加一个of引起的短语,来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:kind of you to think so much of us.It’ｓ(It is)Awfully good of you to come and meet us.very nice of you to be so considerate.It’ｓIt’ｓunwise of them to turn down the proposal.2.V+ing形式(现在分词及动名词)1)形式a)完成式:如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,通常用动名词的完成形式.mention having met me.He didn’ｔI regret not having taken her advice.在某些动词后(或成语中),常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式,尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.Excuse me for coming late.remember ever seeing him anywhere.I don’ｔ现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中,表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.Having been there many times,he offered to be our guide.Having found the cause,they were able to propose a remedy.另外,独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.The guests having left,they resumed their discussion.The children,having eating their fill,were allowed to leave the table.b)被动式:当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时,动名词一般要用被动形式. His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.bear being made fun of like that.He couldn’ｔ但要注意,在want,need,deserve,require等动词后,尽管表示的是被动的意思,却用动名词的主动形式.My pen needsfilling.The point deserves mentioning.This problem requires studying with great care.在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.Her method is worth trying.现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语,宾语补足语,状语及用于独立结构中.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.You’llfind the topic being discussedeverywhere.very well refuse.Being asked to give aperformance,she couldn’ｔThese are sold at reduced prices,the defects always being pointed out to the customers.c)完成被动式:如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生,有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.I don’ｔremember having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式,而用一般被动形式代替,以免句子显得累赘.现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中.Having been given such a good chance,how could she let it slip away?The decision having been made,the next problem was how to make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected,the teacher sent the students home.2)句法功用a)作主语:Walking is good exercise.nice talking to you.It’ｓThere is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity.b)作宾语:Your shoes needpolishing.d elay sending the tractors over.You mustn’ｔHe avoided giving us a definite answer.c)作介词宾语:动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多.它常可以用在某些成语后面,常见的有:insist on,persist in,think of,dream of,object to,suspect…of,a ccuse…of,charge…with,hear of, approve of,prevent…from,keep…from,stop…from,refrain from,be engagedin,look forward to, opposed to,depend on,thank…for,feel like,excuse…for,aim at,devote…to,set about,spend…in, get(be)used to,be fond of,be capable of,be afraid of,be tired of,be sick of,succeed in,be interested in,feel(be)ashamedof,be proud of,be keen on,be responsible for.d)作表语:The real problem is getting to know the needsof the people.动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语.一般说来,在表示抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词;在表示具体某词动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式.e)作宾语补足语:分词可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,find,keep,get,have等动词后作宾语补足语.The words immediately set us all laughing.Once we caught him dozing off in class.His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等动词后,及可用现在分词,也可用不定式构成宾语补足语.用现在分词时,表示动作正在发生,用不定式时表示动作发生了.Do you hear someone knocking at the door?Yes,I did.I heard him knock three times.f)作状语:现在分词作状语时,通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作,来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬.I ran out of the house shouting.I got home,feeling very tired.Driving to Chicago that night,I was struck by a sudden thought.现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因,相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.get in touch with her.Not knowing her address,we couldn’ｔSeeing nobody at home,she decided to leave them a note.want to go to the cinema.Having already seen the film twice,she didn’ｔ现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语,相当于when引起的从句:help thinking of those memorable days they spent together.Seeing those pictures,he couldn’ｔ如果两个动作是完全同时发生的,多用when或while加分词这种结构.Be careful when crossing the street.When leaving the airport,they waved again and again to us.She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.3)前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构:一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词的所有格结构),来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语.Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.Do you mind my reading your paper?They insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子开头,这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词宾格),这比用所有格更自然一些.I don’ｔm ind him going.She hates people losing their temper.help,mind,admit,enjoy,leave off, 4)只能用动名词作宾语的动词:suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can’ｔrequire,postpone,put off,delay,practise,fancy,excuse,pardon,advise,consider,deny,endure, escape,miss5)既可用动名词,也可用不定式作宾语的动词:love,like,hate,dislike,begin,start,continue,intend,a ffordattempt,can’ｔb ear,propose,want,need,remember,forget,regret,neglect,try,deserve,can’ｔ等.有时两种结构之间意义差别不大,有时却有不同的意思.在remember,regret,want,try等词后差别是比较明显的.I remember seeing her once somewhere.I must remember to take my notebooks with me.I regret not having accepted your advice.I regret to say I haven’ｔgiven you enough help.want(need)to come.She doesn’ｔThe house wants(needs)cleaning.We must try to get everything done in time.t ry doing the work some other way.Let’ｓ6)悬垂修饰:分词作状语时,表示的必须是主语的一个动作或状态.Walking through the park,we saw a lot of flowers.(walking是we的动作,正确)Walking through the park,the flowers looked very beautiful.(错误)Standing on the tower,we could see the whole city.(正确)Standing on the tower,the whole village could be seen.(错误)3.分词1)意义:过去分词通常来自及物动词,带有被动意义和完成意义;而现在分词有的来自及物动词,有的来自不及物动词,通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.frozen food a freezing winda bored traveller a boring journeya lost cause a losing battlea conquered army a conquering armya finished article the last finishing touchthe spoken word a speaking birda closed shop the closing houra recorded talk a recording machine来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语,能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词,仅表示完成意义,不表示被动意义.the risen sun,fallen leaves,faded/withered flowers,returned students,retired workers,departed friends,escapedprisoners,the vanished jewels,newly-arrived visitors用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分,在意义上相当于关系分句.Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends.2)句法作用a)作定语:distinguished guest贵宾,unknown heroes无名英雄,armed forces武装部队,cannedfood罐头食品,boiled water开水,steamedbread馒头,stricken area灾区分词还可构成合成词作定语:simply-furnished room陈设简单的房间,clear-cut answer明确的答复, highly-developed industry高度发展的工业,heartfelt thanks衷心的感谢,hand-made goods手工制品,man-made satellite人造卫星b)作补足语:可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词.I saw the students assembled in the hall.We found her greatly changed.make,get,have,keep等表示”致使”意义的动词:I have my hair cut every ten days.She got her bad tooth pulled out.Please keep us informed of the latest developments.like,want,wish,order等表示希望,要求,命令等意义的动词:want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal.I don’ｔHe won’ｔlike such questions(to be)discussed at the meeting.c)过去分词短语常用作状语,修饰谓语,很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况.Guided by these principles,they went on with the work,Delighted with her work,they made her the general manager.过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因,相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Influenced by his example,they performed countless good deeds.有时也可说明动作发生的时间,相当于一个表示时间的状语从句.This method,tried in areas near Shanghai,resulted in a marked rise in total production.间或也可表示一个假设的情况,相当于一个条件从句.Given closer analysis,we can see this is totally wrong.偶尔也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句.Picked20years a year,it grows tired only after40or50years.d)独立结构:在用分词短语作状语时,它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一.致.但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语,这种结构称为独立结构,一般表示一种伴随的动作或情况.He rushed into the room,his face covered with sweat.有时可以表示时间:Late that autumn,his work finished,he prepared to return to his institute.表示原因:Her eyesdimmed with tears,she did not see him enter.条件:All things considered,her paper is of greater value than yours.Ⅲ虚拟语气1.that从居中:1)wish,would rather(sooner),had better:I wish I were as strong as you.I wish I had paid more attention to our pronunciation.I wish I remembered the address.I would rather they came tomorrow(you had gone there too).I had rather(that)you told him than I did.2)suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,desire,insist等动词后的宾语从句:The commander ordered that all civilians(should)be evacuated.He asked that he be given an opportunity to try.She urged that he write and accept the post.3)it is desired,it is suggested,it is requested,it was ordered,it was proposed,it is necessary,it isimportant,it hasbeen decided等结构后的主语从句中.It was arranged that they leave the following weekIt will be better that we meet some other time.4)suggestion,motion,proposal,order,recommendations,plan,idea等后面的表语从句和同位语从句:His sole requirement is(was)that thy system be adjusted.2.在某些句型中1)it is time thatIt is time that we went(或should go)to bed.It is high time we(should)put an end to this controversy.2)as if(though)引起的从句:They talked(are talking)as if they had been friends for years.It seems as if it was(were)spring today.He acts(acted)as if(though)he were(was)an expert.3)以lest,for fear that和in case引起的从句(这时谓语多用should+动词原形):He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain.He put his coat over the child for fear that(或lest)he should catch cold.I’ll keep a seat for you in caseyou should needit.4)以whatever,whoever,no matter what这类代词或词组引起的从句(这时,谓语多用may加动词原形构成):Whatever defects he may have,he is an honest man.Come what may,we will go ahead.不管发生什么情况,我们都要干下去.I accept that he is old and frail;be that as it may,he’ｓs till a good politician.我承认他年老体衰,然而尽管如此,它仍是优秀的政治家.3.条件句1)虚拟条件句主要有下面两类:a)表示现在及将来情况(表示纯然假设或实现的可能性不大的情况):谓语主要形式如下(be多用were这个形式):从句主句过去式would+动词原形If I were you,I wouldn’ｔl ose heart.How nice it would be if you could stay a bit longer.b)表示过去情况的虚拟条件句(与事实完全相反的假设情况),谓语主要形式如下:从句主句had+过去分词would have+过去分词She would have come if we had invited her.taken your advice,I would havemade a bad mistake,If I hadn’ｔYou wouldn’ｔh ave caught cold if you had put on more clothes.2)有时候,条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作,发生的时间是不一致的(如一个是过去发生的,一个是现在发生的).这时,动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整.这种句子可以称为错综时间条件句.If he had received six more votes,he would be our chairman now.got everything ready by now,we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.If we hadn’ｔ3)有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示,而是通过一个介词短语来表示.Without music,the world would be a dull place.We could have done better under more favorable conditions.That would have been considered miraculous in the past.But for the storm,we should have arrived earlier.4)如果条件句从句中包含有were,had,should或could,有时可把if省略掉,并把were,had,should或could放在主语前面.Had we made adequatepreparation,we might have succeeded.Should there be a flood,what should we do?Were it not for their assistance,we would be in serious difficulty.Ⅳ介词1.合成介词和复杂介词1)合成介词:inside,into,onto,out of,outside,throughout,upon within,without2)复杂介词:according to,along with,apart from,as for,as to,becauseof,by means of,in frontof,in spite of,instead of,in accordance with,on account of,on behalf of,owing to,due to,together with,up to,with regard to,prior to等2.介词在句末:This is what he is interested in.Does everyone has a seatto sit on?3.名词加介词(n+prep)1)某些名词之后要求用某些介词:solution to,faith in,glance at,needfor2)某些名词之前要求用某些介词:on one’ｓguard,at one’ｓrequest,in all probability,to mydelight4.动词加介词1)Vi+prep:prevail on,appeal to,fall into,apply for,touch upon2)Vt+O+prep:lay emphasison,take advantage of等3)Vi+adv+prep:I don’ｔw ish to break in on your thoughts.The family came up against fresh problems.You’re not telling me the whole story.You’re holding out on me.She got off with him soon after she began to work at the institution.4)Vt+O+adv+prep:take your resentment out on me.You shouldn’ｔput the shortage down to bad planning.We shouldn’ｔ5.形容词加介词about---anxious,careful,careless,certain,considerate,enthusiastic,guilty,happy,mad,particular, sad,sure,timid,unhappy,etcat---awkward,bad,clever,disappointed,disgusted,good,marvellous,quick,skilful,skilled, useless,weak,etcfor---convenient,eligible,grateful,homesick,hungry,necessary,noted,perfect,responsible,etcfrom---evident,exempt,inseparable,safe,tired,etcin---deficient,expert,liberal,quick,rich,successful,weak,etcof---apprehensive,characteristic,critical,destructive,envious,hard,inconsiderate,impatient, dependent,jealous,positive,scared,sensible,short,sick,suspicious,typical,worthy,etcon---dependent,keen,intent,etcto---acceptable,accessible,agreeable,alive,attentive,blind,comparable,courteous,deaf, destructive,essential,favourable,hostile,indifferent,married,obedient,parallel,preferable,related, responsible,sensitive,suitable,unjust,etcwith---awkward,bored,careful,disappointed,generous,identical,ill,impatient,popular,sick, wrong,etcⅤ连词1.并列连词1)表示意义的引申：and,both…and,not only…but(also),as well as,and…as well,neither…nor2)表示选择：or,either…or3)表示转折：but,while,whereas,yet,however/nevertheless(也可认为是副词）4)表示因果：for,so,therefore,hence2.从属连词1)表示时间：when,while,as,after,before,since,until(till),as soon as,once2)表示原因：because,as,since,now that,seeing that3)表示条件：if,unless,in case,provided(that),suppose,as long as,on condition(that),4)表示其他关系：(al)though,than,as/so…as,lest,in order that,so…thatⅥ定语从句1.限制和非限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少的一个组成部分,去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确；非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质，去掉了不会影响主要意义，通常用逗号与它的先行词分开．The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained.The boys,who wanted to play football,were disappointed when it rained.如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词，或是带有形容词性物主代词(my,his,etc)或形容词性指示代词(this,that,etc)作限定词，其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的：Mary Smith,who is in the corner,wants to meet you.Her mother,who had long suffered form arthritis,died last night.All these books,which have been donated by visiting professors,are to be used by the postgraduates.在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人，用which指物,通常不用that替代．My father,who had been on a visit to America,returned yesterday.All the books,which had pictures in them,were sent to the little girl.2.定语从句的引导词1)that,who,whom:非限制性定语从句，如果修饰人，一般用who,有时用that(作主语时用who较多).如果关系代词在从句中作宾语，就应当用宾格whom或that,但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉，在口语中可用who代替whom.Here is the man(whom)you’ve been looking for.He is a man(that)you can safely depend on.The people(who/that)you were talking to were Swedes.There are some people here who I want you to meet.但在介词后只能用whom:This is the man to whom I referred.但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去，这时可用that,但省略时更多一些．Have you met the person about whom he was speaking?Have you met the person(that)he was speaking aboutThe girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.The girl(who/that)I spoke to is my cousin.2)限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”,用关系代词that的时候较多,也有时用which..当这个代词在从句中是用作宾语时,在绝大多数情况下都是省略的,特别是口语中(尤其是当被。
大学英语四级必考语法汇总
大学英语四级必考语法汇总大学英语四级考试是学生们普遍参加的考试，语法是其中必考的部分，以下是四级必考语法汇总：1. 时态英语时态有12种，四级考试中要掌握以下几种：- 一般现在时：表示经常性或惯性的动作，或现在的状况。
- 现在进行时：表示现在正在进行的动作。
- 一般过去时：表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。
- 过去进行时：表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。
- 现在完成时：表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
- 过去完成时：表示过去某个时间之前曾经发生的动作或状态。
- 将来时：表示将来某个时间发生的动作。
2. 从句从句是指一个完整的句子，它在句子中充当某个成分，四级考试中要掌握以下几种：- 定语从句：修饰某个名词或代词。
- 主语从句：作为主语的从句。
- 宾语从句：作为宾语的从句。
- 同位语从句：阐述前面名词或代词的内容。
- 状语从句：修饰或补充主句的内容。
- 结果状语从句：表示结果的从句。
- 让步状语从句：表示让步的从句。
- 条件状语从句：表示条件的从句。
3. 词性和词组四级考试中需要掌握名词、代词、动词、形容词和副词的用法，以及一些固定用法的词组，例如：- be based on：基于。
- be fond of：喜欢。
- as soon as possible：尽快。
- break the ice：打破僵局。
4. 语态英语语态有两种，四级考试中需要了解和区分主动语态和被动语态，以及两种语态在句子中的变化。
5. 语气英语语气有三种，四级考试中需要了解和区分陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。
以上就是大学英语四级必考语法的汇总，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
大学英语四级语法
（听说、听到）
d) 在动词help(或help +宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式, 也可用带to的不定式. Can I help (to) lift this heavy box
e) 在介词except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do的某种 形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to. There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining. Smith will do anything but work on a farm. There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.
/
过去将来 should/would do
/
should/would have done 用于虚
拟语气 /
过去
现在
将来
过去将来
一般
was/were given am/is/are given
will/shall be given
should/would be given
进行
was/were being am/is/are being given
动名词
具有动作性特征的名词 1)是名词 seeing is believing 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语
一)动名词的形式:
一般形式：I don't like you smoking. 完成形式：I regret not having taken your
advice. 被动形式：This question is far from being
c) 在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不带to的动词不定式. John let fly a torrent of abuse at me. （一顿咒骂）
英语四级语法总结(全)
英语四级语法总结（全）一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。
谓语动词的时态见下表：1．主动形式2．被动形式❖CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。
❖时间状语从句当中的时态：一般过去时所有的过去用一般现在时表示现在和将来现在完成时现在完成和将来完成一．非谓语动词一．不定式：一）不定式的常考形式：1)一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生2)完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前二）不定式常考的考点：1）不定式做定语----将要发生2）不定式做状语----目的3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe.三)不定式的省略1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+ doing表示动作的连续性，进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。
(强调"我看见了"这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）❖感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原toI ‘d like to have John do it.I have my package weighed.Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn.3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to dobe ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。
四级语法知识汇总
四级语法知识汇总在英语四级考试中，语法是重要的一个部分，涉及到形式、用词、语法结构等多个方面。
下面是四级语法知识的汇总，希望能够对大家备考有所帮助。
一、名词1.可数名词和不可数名词2.可数名词复数变化规则- 一般在词尾加-s，如book-books, pen-pens。
- 以-s, -ch, -sh, -x, -o结尾的名词在词尾加-es，如bus-buses, watch-watches, box-boxes。
- 以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，变-y为-i再加-es，如city-cities, baby-babies。
- 特殊变化，如man-men, woman-women, child-children, foot-feet。
3.名词所有格在名词后加-apostrophe(" ' ")和-s表示所有格，如the girl's book。
如果名词后已经有-s，则只需要加-apostrophe(" ' ")表示所有格，如the students' books。
如果名词是不可数名词，则在其后加-of来表示所有格，如a cup of tea。
二、代词1.人称代词人称代词包括主格、宾格、所有格等，如I(me, my, mine), you(you, your, yours), he(him, his), she(her, hers), it(its), we(us, our, ours), they(them, their, theirs)等。
2.指示代词指示代词包括this, that, these, those等，用来指示特定的人或物。
如This is the book I want。
3.反身代词反身代词包括myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves，用于表示动作的承受者和动作的执行者是同一个人，如I hurt myself when I fell down。
英语四级语法大全
语法大全之目录1.名词2.冠词和数词3.代词4.形容词和副词5.动词6.动名词7.动词不定式8.特殊词精讲9.分词10.独立主格11.动词的时态12.动词的语态13.句子的种类14.倒装15.主谓一致16.虚拟语气17.名词性从句18.定语从句19.状语从句20.连词21.情态动词1. 名词名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词(Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。
普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。
普通名词又可分为下面四类：1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。
2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。
3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。
4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。
归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：_______________________________________ ||专有名词||| 名|| 个体名词|||||| 可数名词|||| 集体名词||||普通名词|||| 词|| 物质名词|||||| 不可数名词|||| 抽象名词||1.1 名词复数的规则变化___________________________________________________情况构成方法读音例词__________________________________________________一般情况加-s 1.清辅音后读/s/;map-maps2.浊辅音和元音后bag-bags读/z/;car-cars___________________________________________________以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es读/iz/bus-buseswatch-watches___________________________________________________以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-s读/iz/license-licenses___________________________________________________以辅音字母+y变y 为i结尾的词再加es读/z/baby---babies___________________________________________________1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：如：two Marys the Henrysmonkey---monkeys holiday---holidays比较：层楼：storey ---storeys story---stories2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：a. 加s，如：photo---photos piano---pianosradio---radios zoo---zoos；b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoesc. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：a. 加s，如：belief---beliefs roof---roofssafe---safes gulf---gulfs；b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halvesknife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolveswife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；c. 均可,如：handkerchief:handkerchiefs / handkerchieves1.3 名词复数的不规则变化1）child---children foot---feet tooth---teethmouse---mice man---men woman---women注意：与man 和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men 和-women。
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四级语法一：时态:所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。
谓语动词的时态见下表:Λ⅛⅛⅛w⅛rΛΛ⅛r‰κ⅛r⅛⅛r‰rwwfcruπ⅛⅛＊⅛”j” "■ - ■R”” ,"J™1.主动形式CET—4常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在 /过去）完成进行时. 时间状语从句当中的时态:一般过去时J Ir所有的过去用1 一般现在时「表示j现在和将来—现在完成时J I现在完成和将来完成一.非谓语动词-.不定式：J不定式的常考形式:1) 一般形式： He decided to Work harder in order to CatCh UP With the others.被动形式：He Preferred to be assiqned some heavier work to do。
语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生2) 完成形式： He Pretended not to have Seen me.被动形式： The book is Said to have bee n tra nslated into many Ia nguages。
语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前二）不定式常考的考点：1 )不定式做定语--—-将要发生2）不定式做状语——--目的3 ）不定式充当名词功能———To See is to believe。
三）不定式的省略1）感官动词 see， watch, observe, notice， look at, hear, Iisten to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性,真实性;+ doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性I SaW him work in the garde n yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了. （强调"我看见了 "这个事实）I SaW him work ing in the garde n yesterday。
感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词： The Cake tastes good 2）使役动词have bid make let等词后不定式要省略但同I ’ d like to have John do it 。
I have my PaCkage weighed 。
PaUl doesn ’ t have to be made to learn 。
3） help help Sb do help Sb to do help do help to do 四）有些动词后只跟不定式如：Want ，WiSh ， hope ， man age ， PrOmiSe ， refuse ， Prete nd ， pla n ， offer ， decide , agree , expectallow Sb to do ， CaUSe Sb to do ， Permit Sb to do ， en able Sb to doforce Sb to do. be more likely to do love to do Warn Sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do. begin to do . Start to do 五）有的时候to 后面要接—ing 形式accustom (on eself ） to ； be accustomed to ； face UP to; in additi on to ； look forward to; ObjeCt to; be reduced to ； resig n on eself to ； be resig ned to ； resort to; Sink to; be USed to; be alter native to; be close/close ness to; be dedicati on/dedicated to; be oppositi on /opposed to; be SimiIarity/similar to 。
三、need/want 后的—ing 形式具有被动的意思.其中，Want 不太常用.He n eeds （a lot of) en COUrag ing.二.动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词1） 是名词 Seeing is believing 2) 具有动词性特征可以带宾语StarVing troops is necessary 。
一） 动名词的形式：一般形式： I don't like you smoking 。
_完成形式： I regret not having take n your advice.被动形式: ThiS questi on is far from being Settled. _ 二） 动名词常考的点 1) 动名词做主语谓语动词为单数2） 在动名词和不定式中，做为介词的宾语是动名词 3） 动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词 ，通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给岀逻辑主语I would appreciate ____ back this after noonA . you to callB . you callC . you callingD . you’re calling （ Key : C your calling 也对)I regret not having taken your advice. 4) 有些词后只能接动名词admit ； appreciate ； avoid; CeIebrate; con sider ； con template; defer ； delay; deny; detest ；discQntinue; dislike ； dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse ； explain; fancy ； feel like ； finish; forgive ； Can’t help； hinder; imagine; it involves; keep ； it means ； mention; mind ； miss ； itn ecessitates; Pard on; postp one ； practice; PreVe nt ； recall; report; rese nt ； resist ； risk; suggest; Un dersta nd 。
.。
另外还有一些接—ing 形式的常用说法：it's no good; it's no /little/hardly any/ use ； it’s no t/hardly/sCarCeIy use; it’s worthwhile; SPe nd mon ey/time ； there’s no； there's no point in ； there’s no thi ng worse tha n; what's the use/po in t.。
5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可remember, forget, try ， stop, go on, cease, mean 容。
昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
（强调 我见他正干活"这个动作）;It feels comfortable 1） 一样被动以后要还原 to后面用不定式和-ing 形式，意义截然不I remembered to post the letters.（I remembered posting/having posting forgot与 remember I regret to in form 指未来/过去未来的动作）the IetterS （ 我记得这个动作）try to 努力 You really must try -ng 试验 Try PraCtiCing 的用法类似。
you that ••我很遗憾地通知你…the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。
try to overcome your Shyn ess.five hours a day.I mean to go, but my father would nOt allow me to.[ 打算、想］我想去，但我父亲不让我去.To raise Wage means inCreaSingPUrChaSing power.［ 意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力Prefer 的用法:我宁愿在这里等。
I Prefer to Wait here 。
（所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。
） I Prefer Waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做.）I Prefer SWimming to cycling.(这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。
)3分词:现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 现在分词的形式：1） 一般式： Do you See the man talking to the dean (主任） ？ 2) 完成形式： Not having made adequate PreParations ， they failed 。
3) 完成被动形式： HaVing been adaPted ， the SCriPt SeemS PerfeCt.(过去分词1） 过去分词表示被动: Fight no battle UnPrePared J ____2）过去分词的进行形式： You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere 。
（ 这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。
他们 之间的一致关系 ——主动还是被动，往往就是考点.独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之 间的主动被动的关系。
二：虚拟三：虚拟语气∙UJ ⅛4T m ・ R4LJ ⅛∙L54⅛∣m ∙ -・"”・・・" H J ⅛J ⅛" Ji* ・ R ・・・ M R W ⅛⅛⅛∙ ・・・ “ H ・ K IF M・「1 Rill ・・ T R ・・情态动词所表达的可能性程度: must/ca n't should/should n't might/may （not ）另外两个”类情态词的形式： ”n eed/need n't; have to/do n't have to最自然的虚拟状态:由 should∕would+ 原型时态（不含时间只含状态）本质上是过去将来时：即，时间固定在过去将来，状态不同：一般、进行、完成、完成进行。