英语词汇学-1
英语词汇学第一章
重点、难点讲解在我们做具体讨论之前，有必要弄清楚有关词和词汇的一些基本概念。
词是一个很模糊的概念，所以在讨论前要先仔细思考一番。
声音和意义的关系，声音与形式的关系，词与词汇的关系，也都需要讨论。
此外，本章我们还将对词汇分类的常用标准进行考察，并对个别词类作一些说明。
1．词的定义(What Is a Word)什么是词?这一问题长期受到语言学家的关注，虽然人们提出了很多的定义，但似乎没有一个看起来完美无缺，迄今为止，学者们也未能在词的定义这个问题上达成一致。
当我们谈论词时，我们往往从词的视觉角度来考虑。
按照这一思路词可以定义为横向书写或印刷在纸上的一组有意义的字母。
从口语的角度下定义，词是用人类发音器官有意识地发出来的一个或一个声音组合。
语义学家认为，词是一个意义单位。
语法学家则认为，词是一个自由形式可以在句子中起作用。
总的来说，词的定义包括下列几点：①是语言最小的自由形式；②是声音统一体；③是意义单位；④在句子中能独立起作用的形式。
由此，我们可以下这样一个定义：词是二门语言中具有一定的声音、意义和句法功能的最小的自由形式。
无论是简单词，还是复杂词，都必须符合以上的定义标准。
Man和fine是两个简单词，但都有声音、意义和句法功能，都可以在句子中单独起作用，所以它们是词。
有些词结构复杂，如mis·for·tune和man·age·ment。
两个都是多音节词，在句子中能起“主语”、“宾语”和“表语”的作用。
虽然misfortune能再分成mis-和fortune，前缀mis-并不能独立成词。
同样，management也可以分为manage和-ment，-ment也不能自由使用。
Blackmail可以分为black和mail，这两个部分在句子中都可以单独使用，但汇合后的词义绝对不是两个词意义的叠加。
Black是一种颜色，与“白”相对，而mail的含义则是“邮件”。
词汇学(第一章)-PPT课件
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14
3. Native words and borrowed words 本族语词和外来语词
Native words / Angle-Saxon words
Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are native
words. They form the great majority of the
.
13
Another important characteristic is that function words belong to a relatively small and permanent set of words, in comparison to content words. The total number of functional words is about 154. They are stable; they do not come and go with changing fashions and ideas.
basic word stock of the English language.
The basic word stock is the foundation of the
vocabulary accumulated over a number of
epochs. Most native words in modern
.
6
What causes the differences between sound and form?
➢ 1) More morphemes than letters, ➢ 2) Stabilization of spelling, ➢ 3) Deliberate change of spelling by
英语词汇学-第一章
语素是音义相结合的最小的语言单位。 一般地说，一个语素就是一个音节，书面上就是一个汉字，有时侯还是一个词。但是音节是从语音学角度分析的结果，文字是书面记录的符号，语素则是语言中构词的基本成份，词是指音义相结合的能够独立运用的最小的语言单位。这四者角度不同，并不是一回事。 1、同一个汉字，可以代表不同的语素。 汉字虽然相同，但读音不同：会议/会计 汉字和读音都相同，但是词性不同：老人/老虎/老是捣乱 汉字、读音和词性都相同，但是意义不同：公家/公牛 2、汉语的语素绝大多数是单音节的，但有时侯，一个汉字并不代表一个语素，只代表一个音节，也就是说，一个语素也可以是两个以上音节。 连绵词：磅礴；口语词：尴尬；音译词：咖啡，奥林匹克 3、有时侯，一个汉字在不同场合，有的是语素，有的不是语素。 马匹（语素）/马达（非语素） （邵敬敏，现代汉通论，上海教育出版社，2001，P113-4）
2
Sound and meaning
Sound and meaning
This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary. There is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself. Lodwig and Barrett, 1973
Why the written form is not always similar to the oral form?
The development of the language letters from Romans for 46 sounds in English The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. Some of the differences were created by the early scribes.
英语词汇学第一章
Chapter 11.1 What Is a Word词的概念：A word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters.（一个词可以被定义为一组有意义的字母）词包含以下几点：① a minimal free form of a language.一门语言中最小的形式② a sound unity.一个声音统一体③ a unit of meaning.一个意义单位④ a form that can function alone in a sentence.能在句子中起独立作用的一个形式A word is a free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntacticfunction.词是一门语言中具有一定的声音，意义和句法功能的最小形式Words can be simple and complex.词可以是简单的也可以是复杂的1.2 Sound and Meaning声音与意义之间的关系：This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary,and there is no logical relationship between the sound and the actual thing and idea itself .The relationship between them is conventional. 这种象征性的联系几乎总是任意的，声音与实际的事物和观念本身没有逻辑关系。
他们之间的关系是约定俗成的。
1.3 Sound and Form读音与拼写不一致的原因：①The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.②The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years.③Some of the differences were created by the early scribes.①英语字母表是从罗马人那里采用的，罗马人没有一个单独的字母来代表语言中的每个声音。
英语词汇学(一) 期末考试试题及参考答案
15.Some words in the basic word stock are said to be stable because they _____. [ ]
A. are complex words.
Test 1
I.Stylistics is the study of style. It is concerned with the user‘s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effects
A. situation B. context C. time D. place
B. are technical words
C. refer to the commonest things in life.
D. denote the most important concepts.
II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book（10％）
B. Danish origin
C. Latin origin
D. Greek origin
14. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.
D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation
4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ]
《英语词汇学第一章》PPT课件
• B. Allomorphs 词素变体 • A morpheme may take various shapes or forms. • 如：books, pigs, horses共同词素是什么？ • 曲折词素-(e)s。 • 有三种不同发音：/-s, -z, -iz/
• An elusive notion • have has had ？ • friend friends ？
• entry词条in a dictionary --- lexeme 词位 • word form 词形：词的不同形状 • lexical unit 词汇单位：一个词形跟一个意义的结合
• Definition: • A word is an independent, minimal, meaningful linguistic unit.
• 粘着词根大多源自希腊语或拉丁语，不能独立使用。
• 观察下面几个单词，找出共同词根： • revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious, vivid • 拉丁词根：vit-/viv-, 意思：life or live • 复兴，复活；维生素；十分重要的；生机勃勃的，活泼的；生动的
zable into smaller forms. • 词素是语言中最小的语音语义结合体。(P13)
• Q: What’s the difference between a “word” & a “morpheme”? • 词：能独立运用的、最小的语音语义结合体 • 词素：不一定能独立运用 • Example • 试分析：denationalization共有几个词素？ • nation • nation+al • nation+al+ize • de-nation+al+ize • de-nation-al-iz-ation 使非国有化,使私营化
英语词汇学chapter 1 Lexicology
With stylistics: Leech defines stylistics as the study of the use of language in literature and considers stylistics a meeting ground of linguistics and literary study. To put it here concerning lexicology, Stylistics is the study of optional variations in the sounds, forms, or vocabulary of a language, different situations of use, or different literary types.
Lexicology
The
first semester of 2013-2014
Chapter one the definition of lexicology
1.1 Lexicology
The term lexicology contains two Greek morphemes: lexicon and logie. The former means word and the latter means learning or the study of. The literal meaning of the term is the science of words
Chapter one the definition of lexicology
Students will use the basic knowledge of English lexicology to understand the material already familiar to them from English classes and apply it in their further study of English.
英语词汇学学习资料1
1.外来词分为四类：1 Denizens ,cup from cuppa , port form portus 2) Aliens garage , décor 3) Translation –loans e.g. long time no see 4) Semantic- loans.e.g. dream.2.Motivation 分类：onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation, etymological motivation. Types of meaning: grammatical ~ & lexical ~; conceptual ~& associative ~(connotative~, stylistic~, affective ~, collocative ~,)多义关系及两种研究方法:Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural language that one word has two or more senses or meanings. Diachronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies how a word derived its different meanings from its primary meaning in the course of time.3.Synchronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time.4.Primary meaning is the only meaning that a word had when it was first created.5.Derived meanings are the meanings that a word gets from the primary meaning at different stages of its development in the course of time.6.同形同音异义关系Homonymy is one of the features of words that a word is different in meaning from another, but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling with the other Homonyms generally fall into three classes: perfect homonyms (same name); homographs (same spelling) and homophones （some sound）. Perfect homonyms are those words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning, e.g. bear /bea/ (n) a large heavy animal; bear /bea/ (v) to put up with. Homographs are the words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. saw / / (v) to scatter seeds; sow /sau/ (n) female adult pig. Homophones refer to the words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear /dia/ (n) a loved person; deer /dia/ (n) a kind of animal.7.同形同音异义词与多义词的区别Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling and pronunciation. This creates the problem of differentiation. The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. One important criterion is to see their etymology, i.e. homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning to a greater or lesser degree, e. g. neck (See 6.1 Polysemy) . On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.8.同义关系Synonyms are words which share the same or nearly the same meaning with each other but different in sound and spelling. There are absolute synonyms and relative synonyms which result from borrowing, dialects and regional English, figurative and euphemistic use of words, coincidence with idiomatic expressions. There exists the difference between or among synonyms in terms of their denotation, connotation or application. Absolute synonyms or complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. Relative synonyms or near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.9.Sources of Synonyms 1) Borrowing 2)Dialects and regional English 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions10.如何区分同义词？1Difference in denotation2 Difference in connotation 3 Difference in application11.What are the characteristics of antonyms?12.1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition 2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. 3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. 4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intenisty, so each has its own corresponding opposite.13.上下义关系:Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. Superordinates refer to some general words; subordinates denote those more specific words. Hyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graphs, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinates. But their status either as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms. For example, horse, dog, pig are subordinates in relation to animal, but superordinates of mare, hound and boar, Animal itself becomesa subordinate of creature. And creature in turn becomes14.词义变化的种类There are five types of meaning, changes: extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation, and transfer among which extension and narrowing are the most common. Changes in meaning can be accounted for from extra-linguistic factors (historical reason, class reason, and psychological reason) and intra-linguistic factors (shortening, the influx of borrowing, and analogy).15.词义的扩大Extension is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to cover a broader or less16.definite concept. Compare the following；词义的缩小Narrowing is a process by which a word of wider meaning acquires a specialized sense；词义的升华Elevation is a process by which a word moves from a derogatory or neutral sense to a neutral and/or appreciative sense；词义的降格Degradation is a process by which a word of reputation slides into a pejorative use,；词义的转移Transfer is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a different but related thing. Paper serves as an example. This word formerly denoted an African plant papyrus, which was once used to make paper. In modern times, paper is made from rags, wood, straw and the like, but the product has retained the same name. There is associated transfer. There are other kinds of transfer, such as, concrete to abstract, abstract to concrete and transfer of sensation.17.语境的种类:非语言语境。
英语词汇学自考题1
英语词汇学⾃考题1英语词汇学⾃考题-1(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)⼀、Ⅰ.(总题数：30，分数：30.00)1.A tricycle has ______ wheels.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four（分数：1.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：词缀“tr-”是表⽰数字的前缀，它表⽰的意思是“三……”。
例如，a triangle指的是三⾓形。
2.The idiom Jack of all trades results from ______.A. additionB. position-shiftingC. dismemberingD. shortening（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D. √解析：缩短法(shortening)偶尔出现在部分格⾔或者谚语中，这些格⾔或谚语以⼀部分指代整个句⼦所代表的含义。
习语“jack of all trades”的完整形式是“jack of all trades and master of none”。
3.Degradation of meaning is the opposite of ______.A. semantic transferB. semantic pejorationC. semantic elevationD. semantic narrowing（分数：1.00）D.解析：4.______ is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of individuals.A. Stylistic meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Affective meaning（分数：1.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：内涵意义(connotative meaning)指的是词的语法意义所包含的暗⽰意思和相关联想。
英语词汇学(1)PPT
3. Approach (system)
■
derivation
A process by which noninflectional affixes can be added to roots to form words e.g.: persistence circumspect
4. Lexicology (structural analysis)
aero: aero-plane, aerodrome, ■ aqua: aquarium, aquatic ■ sol: parasol, sub-solar, solar ■ agri: agri-motor, agrology ■ anthrop: philanthropist, anthropotomy ■ bio: biocide, bio-clean, biology ■ vor: carnivore, carnivorous, herbivore, ■ act: activate, inaction, interact
I. Survey
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Importance (two questions) Objective (memory, retrieval) Approach (system) Lexicology (structural analysis) Sociology (system’s construction) Terms for lexicology (five)
■ ■
lexical, lexicon, lexicographer mythology, theology, psychology, sociology
4. Lexicology (word memory)
英语词汇学1
1.5 Classification of Words
Criteria for classification: 1. use frequency: basic word stock & non-basic V. 2. notion: content words & functional words 3. origin: native words & borrowed words
1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary
BUT Not all the words of the basic word stock have these characteristics. Pronouns, numerals: monosemous non-productive ―All national character‖ is the most important of all characteristics.
1.3 Sound and Form
3. Spelling affected by scribes
difficult to recognize and the scribes changed spelling forms. sum cum wuman wunder munk some come woman wonder monk
1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary
3. Productivity dog: doglike, doghood, dogcart, dogcheap, dog-ear, dog-fall, dog-fight, doghole, dog paddle, dogsleep
词汇学1-现代英语词汇学概述
பைடு நூலகம்
attaché charge ,
d’affaires, café concert, duet, piano, soprano, solo, tenor, model, bust, studio, dome, balcony, piazza armada, cargo, vanilla, cocoa, cigar
Modern English (1776-) English borrowed words form an increasing number of languages, the major ones being the three Romance languages: French: attaché charge d’affaires, café ,
chemist, function, scientific, vacuum; area, irony, theory, education, adapt, exist, appropriate, precise
Greek loan words: mostly literary, technical and scientific
astronaut and cosmonaut, blast off, countdown, capsule, launching pad, space suit, spacemen, space platform, space shuttle
computer science:
software, hardware, input, output, memory, monitor, process, programming, data base, internet, log on (off), etc.
英语词汇学-英语词汇学习题1及答案
英语词汇学-英语词汇学习题1及答案试题一第一部分选择题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（30%）1.In Old English there was _______ agreement between sound form.A. moreB. littleC. lessD. gradual2.Both LDCE and CCELD are _______.A. general dictionariesB. monolingual dictionariesC. both A and BD. neither A and B3.The word "MINISKIRT" is _______.A. morphologically motivatedB. etymologically motivatedC. semantically motivatedD. none of the above4.The most important way of vocabulary development in present-day English is _______.A. borrowingB. semantic changeC. creation of new wordsD. all the above5.Generalization is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become ________.A. generalizedB. expandedC. elevatedD. degraded6.Some morphemes have _______ as they are realized by more than one morph according to their position in word.A. alternative morphsB. single morphsC. abstract unitsD. discrete units7.Old English vocabulary was essentially _______ with a number of borrowings fromLatin and Scandinavian.A. ItalicB. GermanicC. CelticD. Hellenicpounds are different from free phrases in all the following ways EXCEPT _______.A. semanticsB. grammarC. phoneticsD. lexicology9.If two main constituents of an idiom share the same initial sound, it is called _______.A. repetitionB. alliterationC. rhymeD. none of the above10.Which of the following words is a functional word?A. OftenB. NeverC. AlthoughD. Desk11.Rhetorical features are shown in such respects of phonetic and lexical manipulation as well as _______.A. semantic unityB. structural stabilityC. idiomatic variationD. figure of speech12.The advantage of classifying idioms according to grammatical functions is to _______.A. use idioms correctly and appropriatelyB. understand idioms correctlyC. remember idioms quicklyD. try a new method of classification13.Borrowing as a source of homonymy in English can be illustrated by _______.A. long（not short）B. ball（a dancing party）C. rock（rock'n'roll）D. ad（advertisement）14.The change of word meaning is broughtabout by the following internal factors EXCEPT _______.A. the influx of borrowingB. repetitionC. analogyD. shortening15.Which of the following is NOT a component of linguistic context?A. Words and phrases.B. SentencesC. Text or passageD. Time and place第二部分非选择题II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.（10%）16.Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation and ___________________.17.The language used in England between 450 and 1150is called _________________.ELD is a ________________ dictionary.19.In the phrase "the mouth of the river",the word "mouth" is _________________ motivated.20.Physical situation or environment relating to the use of words is ________________ context.Ⅲ. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1)types of meaning changes;2)types of meaning;3)language branches and 4)meaning and context.（10%）A B21.Scandinavian（） l（place where things are made）22.Germanic（） B.grammatical23.extension（） C.double meaning24.narrowing（） D.Swedish25.linguistic（）prehend/understand26.ambiguity（） F.Dutch27.participants（）G.degermined28.difference in denotation（）H.pigheaded29.appreciative（）I.non-linguistic30.pejorative（）J.iron（a device for smoothing clothes）Ⅳ. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1）types of bound morphemes underlined, and 2）types of word formation or prefixes.（10%）31.predict（）32.motel（）33.potatoes（）34.blueprint（）35.preliminaries（）36.Southward（）37.demilitarize（）38.hypersensityve（）39.retell（）40.multi-purposes（）Ⅴ.Define the following terms.（10%）41.acronymy42.native words43.elevation44.stylistic meaning45.monolingral dictionaryⅥ.Answer the following questions. Your answers should the clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.（12%）46.How many types of motivation are there in English? Give ONE example for each type. 47.What are the major sources of English synonyms? Illustrate your points.48.What are the clues generally provided in verbal context?Ⅶ.Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.（18%）49.analyze the morphological structures of following words and point out the types of the morphemes.Recollection, nationalist, unearthly50.Pick out the idioms in the following extract and explain its origin and the effect of using this form."Well, it's the old story of the stitch in time," he said.参考答案Ⅰ.(3%)1.A2.C3.A4.C5.A6.A7.B8.D9.B10.C11.D12.A13.B14.B15.DⅡ.(10%)16.transfer17.OLD English18.monolingual19.semantically20.extralinguistic/non-linguisticⅢ.(10%)21.D22.F23.A24.J25.B26.C27.I28.E29.G30.HⅣ.(10%)31.bound root32.（head+tail）blinding33.inflectional affix/morpheme34.a+n35.full conversion36.suffix37.reversative prefix38.prefix of degree39.prefix40.number prefixⅤ.(10%)41.The process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.42.Native words, also known as Anglo-Saxon words, are words brought to Britian in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes.43.The process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. 44.The distinctive stylistic features of words which make them appropriate for differentcontext.45.A dictionary written in one language, or a dictionary in which entries are defined in the same language.Ⅵ.(12%)46.There are four types of motivation:1）Onomatopoeic motivation, e.g. cuckoo, squeak, quack, etc.2）Morphological motivation, e.g. airmail, reading-lamp, etc.3）Semantic motivation, e.g. the mouth of the river, the foot of the mountain, etc.4）Etymological motivation, e.g. pen, laconic, etc.47.Key points:borrowing; dialects and regional English; figurative and euphemistic use of words; coincidence withidiomatic expressions.48.Key points:definition; explanation; example; synonymy; antonymy; hyponymy; relevant details and word structure.Ⅶ.(18)49.1）Each of the three words consists of three morphemes, recollection （re+collect+ion）,nationalist （nation+al+ist）,unearthly（un+earth+ly）. 2）Of the nine morphemes, only "collect","nation" and "earth" are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves.3）All the rest re-,-ion,-al,-ist,un- and -ly are bound as none of them can stand alone as words.50.1）the stitch in time ----- a stitch in time saves nine（3分）2）proverbs are concise, forcible and thought-provoking（1分）3）using an old saying is more persuasive（2分）4）the short form saves time, more colloquial（2分）5）indicates intimacy or close relationship（1分）。
英语词汇学(1)
考查：平时20%；期终80%。 平时：向班长或学委请假获准并缺席1次者不扣 分；缺席2次及以上者每次扣2分；旷课者每次扣5分 ；扣完20分为止。（8次课）
期终考查：开卷；用英语回答若干问题。
英语词汇学
教材： 1、陆国强的《现代英语词汇学》，上海外语 教育出版社，中文编写。 2、汪榕培、卢晓娟的《英语词汇学教程》， 上海外语教育出版社，中文编写。 3、汪榕培、王之江的《英语词汇学》，上海 外语教育出版社，中文编写。 4、汪榕培、王之江、吴晓维的《英语词汇学 教程读本》，上海外语教育出版社，英语编写 。
英语词汇学
3. By usage,words can be grouped into:popular words and learned words
4.By character,words may fall into:abstract words and concrete words
5.Bymotivation(logicalexplanation),transparent(motivat ed) words(echo,compound,miniskirt)and opaque(nonmotivated)words(egghead,eggplant,pineapple,pinenut ,midwives,evil,news,black market)
英语词汇学
B. Functional words(empty words/form words) Functional words include prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles. They make up a very small number of the vocabulary, remain stable. However, they do far more work of expression on average than content words.
英语词汇学-第一章
Modern English vocabulary
The Future Development of English Vocabulary
Summary: The future development of English vocabulary is likely to be influenced by globalization, technology, and cultural exchange.
Communication: A sound knowledge of Lexicology aids in effective communication, whether in writing, speaking, or translation.
Educational: Teachers and students of English can benefit from a better understanding of the vocabulary they are working with.
Words are grouped according to their meanings or semantic fields.
Words are grouped according to their internal structure and the formation processes that led to them.
Definition and characteristics
输入 标题
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Definition and characteristics
Characteristics
Practical: The knowledge gained from Lexicology is applied in areas like translation, education, and lexicography.
英语词汇学-1
I International English Who are using English?
The countries that take E as a FL include China, Korea, Japan---
II Standard English
the variety of the EL which is normally employed in writing and normally spoken by ‘educated’ speakers, which students of English as a FL/SL are taught when they receive formal instruction — — Peter Trudgill, Jean Hannah The term Standard English refers to grammar and vocabulary (dialect) but not to pronunciation (accent).
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage.
英语词汇学教程夏洋邵林主编unit 1
Examples for etymology
Examples for semantics
Translate into English
Translate into Chinese
打油 打哪儿来 打叉 打信号 打腹稿 打价儿 打脸 打嗝 打起精神 打证明 打头面
Consider
“考虑”
con-together sider-star, from Latin “together with stars, observe the star” 古时候人们观测星象来推测旦夕祸福，正如现代人通过黄历来考虑婚 丧嫁娶一样
Disaster
“灾难”
dis – not aster-star disaster-no star, stars that are not at the right places. 星星不见了，星位不正、星位偏移，主大凶
[职官给力制度]秦汉以来，历代朝廷都制定法律规定，百姓除纳粮外，成年男子必须为朝 廷服力役和兵役。服力役的百姓，有“力”、“事力”、“吏力”、“力人”等不同叫 法。所以朝廷向官员供给劳役就叫做“给力”。即使在力役制度取消后，朝廷仍然按给 力人数，折成钱粮后然后支付给官员，这笔费用往往超过官员的工资。 至现代，出现于闽南话，说更早点则是来自古中原的河洛话。 “使力、使劲” 2010年5月，由中国传媒大学南广学院学生上传网络的一段日本动画片。
Read textB & C, answer the questions
A word is an item that usu. separated from other items by spaces. A word is the minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and performs syntactic function.
英语词汇学教程夏洋邵林主编unit 1
Lexicology
a branch of linguistics, ‘ the science of words’
现代英语词汇学 7
What should be concerned about by lexicologists?
Four interrelated areas
M O R P H O L O G Y
m?n?u??ltr??maikr?s?k?pik?silik?v?l?kein?ko?n??o?sisultrabeyond越过microverysmall极小的observing观察或注意的volcanomountainreleasesfireash火山的dust尘土的disease表示疾病moreblackbirdsblackbirdblackestbirdsunityeachwordcanacquiregrammticalformsitsown职官给力制度秦汉以来历代朝廷都制定法律规定百姓除纳粮外成年男子必须为朝廷服力役力役和兵役
What are the relationships among these terms?
Word vs. Vocabulary
Read and match
Contexts Meanings 1. The total number of the words in a language. 2. All the words used in a particular historical period. 3. All the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline. 4. All the words that an individual person knows, learns, or uses.
英语词汇学 Chapter1
English is a crazy language, full of wonders and attractions, thus making it an interesting subject as well as a useful one.
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What is language?
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information.
Aims of the course:
Offer an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary. Discuss the problems of word-structure and word-formation Study the use of English words , their meanings and changes in meaning, their sense relations. Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary.
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If a vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a humanitarian eat? Why do people recite at a play, and play at a recital? Ship by truck or car and send cargo by ship?(动词与动 词的功能差异；为什么演话剧时人们要朗诵，而在 独奏会上却要演奏：----（polysemy)一词多义
英语词汇学教程课件第1章English Lexicology 1
Lexicography involves the writing and compilation of dictionaries, especially dealing with the principles that underlie the process of compiling and editing dictionaries.
a new waste paper basket
The second type of definition considers the word as a thought unit or a psychological unit.
Farmer Rethink Spoonful all of a sudden as usual.
Semantics
Semantics studies meaning. It is usually approached from one of two perspectives: philosophical or linguistic.
Philosophical semantics is concerned with the logical properties of lanபைடு நூலகம்uage, the nature of formal theories, and the language of logic.
Linguistic semantics involves all aspects of meaning in natural languages, from the meaning of complex utterances in specific context to that of individual sounds in syllables.
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English Lexicology(I)
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Aims and Significance of the Course
The significance of the course
Develop your personal vocabulary and consciously increase your word power (active vocabulary). Understand word-meaning and organize, classify and store words more effectively. Raise your awareness of meaning and usages, use words more accurately and appropriately. Develop your skills and habits of analyzing and generalizing linguistic phenomena in your learning experiences. Ultimately improve your receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production.
English Lexicology(I)
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Lexicology as a part of linguistics
Lexicology is the part of linguistics, dealing with the vocabulary of a language and the properties of words as the main units of language. Vocabulary means the sum of all the words in the language. Good knowledge of the description of the vocabulary, rules of word-formation, origin and history of words helps to guess and remember the meaning of new-learned words, to master the standards of their usage, and to prevent mistakes. Two ways to study lexicology: 1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学 2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学
English Lexicology(I)
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1.1 What Is a Word?
The definition of a word
To sum up, the definition of a word comprises the following points
A minimal free form of a language A sound unity A unit of meaning A form that can function alone in a sentence
English Lexicology
“Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.”
Introduction
Language, Linguistics and Lexicology Aims and Significance of the Course
English Lexicology(I)
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Aims and Significance of the Course Aims of the course
Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary. Offer an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary. Discuss the problems of word-structure and wordformation Study the use of English words , their meanings and changes in meaning, their Word?
The definition of a word
词是能独立运用的、最小的、有语义的语言单位。 词是能独立运用的、最小的、有语义的语言单位。 A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 词是语音、意义和语法特点三者统一的整体。 词是语音、意义和语法特点三者统一的整体。词又是语 句的基本结构单位。 句的基本结构单位。 A fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function. 今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用， 词 ， 今指语言组织中的基础单位 ， 能独立运用 ， 具有声 意义和语法功能。 ——《辞海》1984，上海辞书出版社 辞海》 音、意义和语法功能。 ，
“Language is man’s way of communication with his fellow man and It is language alone which separate him from the lower animals”
English Lexicology(I)
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Language, Linguistics and Lexicology What is linguistics?
Generally speaking, linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of language. To be more exact, linguistics studies the general principles upon which languages are constructed and operate as systems of human communication
Chapter 1 A General Survey of a Word
1.1 What Is a Word? 1.2 Sound and Meaning 1.3 Grammatical meaning and lexical meaning 1.4 Meaning and Concept 1.5 Word and vocabulary
Therefore, we can say that ‘a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.
English Lexicology(I) 13
Language, Linguistics and Lexicology What is language?
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information.
1.1 What Is a Word?
The definition of a word
It is quite difficult to state the criteria by which a word can be defined; so far no completely satisfactory definition has been given. In brief, a word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function. Therefore, from the lexicological point of view, a word is a combination of form (phonological) and meaning (lexical and grammatical). In addition, a word acts as a structural unit of a sentence.
English Lexicology(I)
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Aims and Significance of the Course What is lexicology?
English lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. It is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and of English words in particular. However, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and study many usage examples. Naturally, there will be a large quantity of practice involved.